07 Cacphanungvocothuonggap

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Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai
Chng trnh Ha hc
IX. CAC PHAN NG VO C THNG GAP KHAC

1. Kim loai tac dung vi oxi Kim loai (Tr Ag, Au, Pt) Th du:
Natri
O2
Oxit kim loai
2Na Ca
+ + + +
1/2O2
Oxi
Natri oxit Canxi oxit Nhom oxit t0 Sat t oxit t0 t t

0 0
Na2O
Canxi Nhom
1/2O2 3/2O2 2O2 1/2O2 3/2O2 1/2O2 1/2O2 1/2O2
CaO
2Al
Al2O3
3Fe
Sat
Fe3O4
[ Co the:
Fe + 2Fe + Cu + Zn + 2K +
t0
FeO Sat (II) oxit Fe2O3 Sat (III) oxit tuy theo gia thiet ] CuO ong (II) oxit ZnO Kem oxit K2O Kali oxit
Lu y L.1. Hau het kim loai tac dung vi oxi, khong nhiet o thng th nhiet o cao, e tao oxit kim loai tng ng, nhng cac kim loai bac (Ag), vang (Au), bach kim (Pt) khong tac dung vi O2, ngay ca khi un nong nhiet o cao. Ag, Au, Pt + O2
t0
L.2. Ozon (O3) co the oxi hoa c bac (Ag) 2Ag L.3. Cu + + O3 1/2O2 1/2O2 Ag2O +
t0
1/2O2 CuO
ong (mau o)
ong (II) oxit (mau en) t0 cao
2Cu
ong (I) oxit (mau o gach)
Cu2O
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
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L.4.
Hau het oxit cua kim loai la oxit baz. Tuy nhien co mot so oxit kim loai la oxit lng tnh (Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2), va oxit ng vi hoa tr cao nhat cua kim loai co nhieu hoa tr la oxit axit (Mn2O7, CrO3). Th du: Na2O, Ag2O, CaO, MgO, Cu2O, CuO, HgO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 la cac oxit baz.
2. Phi kim tac dung vi oxi Phi kim + (Tr cac halogen) Th du: O2 Oxit phi kim
Lu huynh
+ + + + + + +
Oxi
O2
t0
Kh sunfur, Anhirit sunfuric, Lu huynh ioxit t0
SO2
Cacbon
C C
O2 (d) 1/2O2 (thieu) 1/2O2 O2

t0
Kh cacbonic, Anhirit cacbonic, Cacbon ioxit t0
CO2
Cacbon oxit, Cacbon monoxit
CO
Hiro
H2 Si
Nc, Hiro oxit t0
H2O
Silic
Silic oxit, Anhirit silicic
SiO2
Photpho
2P 2P
5/2O2 (d) 3/2O2 (thieu)
Anhirit photphoric, iphotpho pentaoxit
P2 O 5
Anhirit photphor, iphotpho trioxit
P2O3
Lu y L.1. Oxi (O2) tac dung c vi phan ln cac phi kim e tao oxit phi kim tng ng, nhng cac halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) khong phan ng trc tiep vi oxi. L.2. Lu huynh (S) khi ot chay ch tao kh sunfur (SO2). Ch khi nao ot chay lu huynh ma co chat xuc tac thch hp (V2O5 hay Pt) th mi co the tao ra SO3
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(anhirit sunfuric). SO3 c tao ra la do SO2 tac dung tiep vi O2 khi co hien dien chat xuc tac va nhiet o thch hp (V2O5 hay Pt 4500C). S 2SO2 + + O2 O2
t0
SO2
V2O5 (Pt), 4500C
Anhirit sunfur
Anhirit sunfuric
2SO3
(V2O5: Vanai oxit, ivanai pentaoxit) L.3. Nit (N2) c coi la mot kh khong chay (tng oi tr). N2 ch tac dung c mot phan vi oxi (O2) e tao NO (nit oxit) khi nhiet o rat cao (30000C) hay vi s hien dien cua tia la ien. NO la mot kh khong co mau, kh nay tac dung de dang vi O2 cua khong kh e tao kh NO2 (nit ioxit, kh co mau nau). N2
Nit
+ +
O2
Oxi
t0 t0 rat cao (30000C) hay tia la ien
N2
O2
Nit oxit
2NO
Nit oxit (Kh khong mau)
2NO
Oxi (khong kh)
O2
Nit ioxit (Kh mau nau, mui hac)
2NO2
L.4.
Hau het oxit cua phi kim la oxit axit, tuy nhien CO, NO, N2O (init oxit) la cac oxit khong tao muoi (oxit tr).
Bai tap 46 Cho 1,92 gam bot lu huynh (S) vao mot kn co the tch 12,32 lt. Trong bnh co cha khong kh (20% O2, 80% N2 theo the tch) va mot t bot V2O5 lam xuc tac. 27,30C, ap suat trong bnh la 1atm (coi chat ran chiem the tch khong ang ke). Bat tia la ien e ot chay het lu huynh. Sau phan pham chay, thu c hon hp kh hi A. Dan hon hp A qua bnh nc brom, hon hp A lam mat mau va u 3,2 gam Br2 hoa tan trong nc. a. Tnh % the tch moi kh trong hon hp A. b. Neu cho hon hp A qua lng d dung dch BaCl2. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c. c. Tnh hieu suat SO2 b oxi hoa trong s ot chay tren. Tr phan ng SO2 b oxi hoa trong qua trnh chay tren, cac phan ng khac xay ra hoan toan. (S = 32; Br = 80; Ba = 137; O = 16) S: a. 83,33% N2; 4,17% O2; 4,17% SO2; 8,33% SO3 b. 9,32g c. 66,67%
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Bai tap 46 Cho m gam bot lu huynh (S) vao mot bnh kn co the tch 8,96lt. Trong bnh co cha khong kh va mot t bot vanai oxit lam xuc tac. Cac chat ran chiem the tch khong ang ke, 27,30C, ap suat kh trong bnh la 836 mmHg. Bat tia la ien e ot chay hoan toan lu huynh. Sau phan ng chay, trong bnh ch con lai chat xuc tac va thu c hon hp gom cac kh hi A. Hon hp A lam mat mau va u 100 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,12M. Neu cho lng hon hp A tren qua dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th thu c 11,17 gam ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh % khoi lng moi kh trong hon hp A. c. Tnh hieu suat SO2 b oxi hoa trong qua trnh ot chay lu huynh tren. Tr phan ng SO2 b oxi hoa trong s ot chay lu huynh, cac phan ng khac co hieu suat 100%. Khong kh gom 20% oxi, 80% nit theo the tch. (S = 32; Ba = 137; S = 32; O = 16; N = 14) S: a. m = 1,6g b. 68,29% N2; 4,88% O2; 14,63% SO2; 12,20% SO3 c. 40% 3. Oxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho tac dung vi nc Oxit kim loai kiem Oxit kim loai kiem tho Th du:
Natri oxit Kali oxit
H2O
Hiroxit kim loai kiem Hiroxit kim loai kiem tho
Na2O K2O
+ H2O + + +
Nc
2NaOH 2KOH
Natri hiroxit Kali hiroxit Canxi hiroxit
H2O H2O H2O
Canxi oxit Bari oxit
CaO BaO
Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
Lu y L.1. Ch co oxit cua kim loai kiem, kiem tho mi hoa tan c trong nc va tac dung vi nc e tao baz tng ng. Cac oxit kim loai khac khong hoa tan trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc. Th du: Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + H2O CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, AgO, ZnO, HgO, Cr2O3
H2O
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L.2.
Peoxit kim loai kiem, kiem tho tac dung vi nc tao hiroxit kim loai tng ng va kh oxi.
1 O2 2 1 O2 2
Th du: Na2O2
Natri peoxit
+ H2O
Nc
t0
2NaOH
Natri hiroxit
+ + +
Oxi
CaO2 K2O2 BaO2

Bari peoxit
+ +
H2O H2O
t0 t t0
0
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
Canxi peoxit
2KOH Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
+ H2O
Nc
1/2O2 1 + O2 2
Oxi
Peoxit kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi nc to ra hiroxit kim loi kim, kim th v hiro peoxit (H2O2) trc. H2O2 khng bn, d b phn tch to nc (H2O) v kh oxi (O2) sau. Qu trnh phn hy H2O2 xy ra cng nhanh nu un nng. Do c ti liu ghi peoxit kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi nc to hidroxit kim loi kim, kim th v H2O2 nhit thng. Bai tap 47 em un nong nhe 1,89 gam hon hp A gom hai kim loai Na va Mg trong khong kh kho trong mot thi gian ngan. Thu c hon hp B gom cac chat ran. em hoa tan B trong nc, thu c dung dch C va hon hp D gom cac chat ran (khong co tao chat kh). Cho dung dch MgCl2 d vao dung dch C th thu c 0,87 gam ket tua. Con khi hoa tan het lng hon hp D bang dung dch HCl th thu c 224 ml H2 (ktc). a. Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp A. b. Tnh khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp D. c. Tnh hieu suat Mg b oxi hoa khi un nong hon hp A. Cho biet khi un nong hon hp A ch co s tao oxit kim loai. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan, tr phan ng Mg b oxi hoa khi un nong. (Mg = 24; Na = 23; O = 16; H = 1) S: a. 36,51% Na; 63,49% Mg b. 1,6g; 0,24g c. 80% Bai tap 47 un nong m gam hon hp A dang bot gom Ba va Al trong khong kh kho, cac kim loai trong A b oxi hoa het tao oxit kim loai tng ng. em hoa tan lng hon hp oxit tren trong nc d, thay con lai 1,02 gam chat ran. Con neu em hoa tan 0,075 mol hon hp A trong lng nc d th thu c 1,344 lt H2 (ktc) va con lai m gam chat ran. a. Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp A.
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b. Tnh m Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Ba = 137; Al = 27; O = 16) S: a. 55,92% Ba; 44,08% Al b. m = 0,81g 4. Oxit axit tac dung vi nc Oxit axit + H2O Axit tng ng
(Tr SiO2 va oxit lng tnh)
Th du:
Kh cacbonic Nc Anhirit cacbonic
CO2
H2 O
Axit cacbonic
H2CO3
Kh sunfur Anhit sunfur
SO2
H2O
Axit sunfur
H2SO3
Anhirit sunfuric
SO3
H2O 3H2O H2O
Axit sunfuric
H2SO4
Anhirit sunfuric
P2O5
Axit photphoric
2H3PO5
Anhirit nitric
N2O5
Nc
Axit nitric
2HNO3
Anhirit cloric
Cl2O5
+ +
H2O H2O H2O
Axit cloric
2HClO3
Anhirit pemanganic
Mn2O7 CrO3
Axit pemanganic
2HMnO4
Anhirit cromic
Axit cromic
H2CrO4
Lu y L.1. Hau het oxit axit tac dung c vi nc mot phan hoac hoan toan e tao axit tng ng, nhng silic oxit va cac oxit lng tnh khong hoa tan trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc. SiO2 + H2 O
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Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2 L.2.
NO2 (Nit ioxit) la mot kh mau nau, mui hac, rt c, c coi la mot oxit axit cua hai axit (HNO3, axit nitric, va HNO2, axit nitr). Khi hoa tan NO2
vao nc, mi au co s tao ra hai axit, HNO3 va HNO2, nhng do axit nitr (HNO2) khong ben, no de b phan tch tao HNO3, NO va H2O. Do o khi hoa tan NO2 trong nc th thc te thu c HNO3 va NO. Tuy nhien neu hoa tan NO2 trong nc ma co suc tiep kh oxi (O2) vao th ch thu c HNO3. Khi cho NO2 tac dung vi dung dch kiem th thu c hon hp muoi nitrat (NO3-), muoi nitrit (NO2-) va nc (H2O). 3 2NO2 + 3HNO2 6NO2 3NO2 H2O HNO3 + HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO 4HNO3 + 2NO
+ H2O
+ 2H2O + H2O 1 O2 2
Nit oxit
Nc
Axit nitric
2HNO3 + NO
Nit oxit
2NO2 2NO2
+ H2O + 2OH-
2HNO3 NO3+ NO2+ H2O
Nit ioxit
Dung dch kiem
Muoi nitrat
Muoi nitrit
Nc
Th du: 2NO2 + 2NaOH

dd Xut Natri nitrat
NaNO3
+ NaNO2 +
Natri nitrit
H2 O 2H2O
4NO2 +
2Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
Ba(NO3)2 + Ba(NO2)2 +
Bari nitrat Bari nitrit
L.3. CO (cacbon oxit), NO (nit oxit), N2O (init oxit, kh ci, kh vui, laughing gas) la cac oxit khong tao muoi (oxit tr), nen cac kh nay khong hoa tan trong nc va khong tac dung vi nc. CO, NO, N2O L.4.
H2O
NO (nit oxit) la mot kh khong mau, no tac dung de dang vi oxi (O2) cua khong kh e tao NO2 (nit ioxit), la mot kh co mau nau. 2NO + O2 2NO2
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L.5.
Hi SO3 (anhirit sufuric, lu huynh trioxit) tac dung vi dung dch muoi bari clorua (BaCl2) hay bari nitrat (Ba(NO3)2) tao ket tua mau trang bari sunfat (BaSO4), ket tua nay khong hoa tan trong axit manh. Kh SO2, CO2 khong tao c ket tua vi dung dch BaCl2 cung nh Ba(NO3)2. Ngi ta thng van dung tnh chat nay e nhan biet SO3. S d SO2, CO2 khong tac dung c vi dung dch BaCl2, cung nh Ba(NO3)2 v SO2, CO2 la cac oxit axit cua axit yeu (H2SO3, H2CO3), nen cac ket tua BaSO3, BaCO3 khong hien dien c trong moi trng axit manh (HCl, HNO3). SO3 + SO3 + SO2, CO2 BaCl2 + H2O Ba(NO3)2 + H2O Ba(NO3)2 (BaCl2), H2O BaSO4 BaSO4 + + 2HCl 2HNO3
Bai tap 48 em nung nong m gam bot sat trong khong kh, thu c hon hp A gom sat t oxit va mot kim loai. Hoa tan het hon hp A bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c kh NO duy nhat va dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tac dung vi lng d dung dch xut, thu c 42,8 gam mot ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Lng kh NO tren thoat ra trong khong kh a chuyen hoa het thanh mot kh mau nau. Cho lng kh nau nay hap thu vao dung dch potat d, thu c dung dch C. Dung dch C nay lam mat mau va u 266,7ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1M trong moi trng axit (H2SO4). Tnh hieu suat sat a b khong kh oxi hoa tao Fe3O4 khi nung m gam sat trong khong kh. Cho biet cac phan ng con lai xay ra hoan toan. KMnO4, trong moi trng axit, oxi hoa muoi nitrit tao muoi nitrat, con KMnO4 b kh tao muoi mangan (II). (Fe = 56; O = 16; H = 1) S: a. m = 22,4g b. 75% Bai tap 48 Hoa tan het 3,48 gam mot oxit sat FexOy bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c kh NO duy nhat va dung dch A. em co can dung dch A, thu c 10,89 gam mot muoi. a. Xac nh cong thc cua FexOy. b. Lng kh NO tren hoa nau het khi tiep xuc khong kh. Lng kh nau nay c hap thu hoan toan vao dung dch xut d, thu c dung dch B. Dung dch B lam mat mau va u V ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1M trong moi trng axit H2SO4. Viet cac phan ng xay ra va tnh V. (Fe = 56; O = 16; N = 14) S: a. Fe3O4 b. 10ml
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5. S nhiet phan hiroxit kim loai Hiroxit kim loai (Tr hiroxit KL kiem)
t0 cao (nung)
Oxit kim loai
+ H2O
Th du:
Nhom hiroxit
2Al(OH)3 Cu(OH)2 Zn(OH)2
t0 cao
Nhom oxit t0 cao
Al2O3 + + + + + +
Hi nc
3H2O
ong(II) hiroxit t0 cao
CuO ZnO Fe2O3 MgO CaO
H2O H2O 3H2O H2O H2O
Kem hiroxit
Sat (III) hiroxit
2Fe(OH)3
t0 cao
Magie hiroxit
Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2
t0 cao
t0 cao
Canxi hiroxit
Lu y L.1. Hau het hiroxit kim loai, khi nung nhiet o cao, b nhiet phan tao oxit kim loai tng ng va hi nc bay i, nhng hiroxit kim loai kiem (tr liti hiroxit) khong b nhiet phan, du nung nhiet o cao. NaOH KOH 2LiOH
t0 cao t0 cao t0 cao (>5000C)
Liti hiroxit
Liti oxit
Li2O
Hi nc
H2O
Hiroxit KL kiem Nhiet o nong chay Nhiet o soi L.2.
b phan huy 5000C
LiOH 4500C
NaOH 3280C 13400C
KOH 3600C 13240C
Tat ca hp chat cua amoni (cha NH4+) eu b nhiet phan khi nung nhiet o cao, nen NH4OH b nhiet phan. Hn na, NH4OH ch ton tai trong dung dch
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loang, no de dang b nhiet phan tao NH3 va nc khi un nong dung dch NH4OH. NH4OH
t0
Amoni hiroxit
Kh amoniac (co mui khai)
NH3
H2O
L.3.
Fe(OH)2 la mot chat ran khong tan trong nc, co mau trang (hi luc nhat). Khi e Fe(OH)2 ngoai khong kh (co oxi, hi nc), no de dang b oxi hoa tao Fe(OH)3, la mot chat khong tan trong nc co mau nau o. 2Fe(OH)2 + 1 O2 2 + H2O 2Fe(OH)3
Sat (III) hiroxit Chat ran mau nau o
Sat (II) hiroxit Khong kh Chat ran trang hi luc nhat
L.4.
Sat (II) hiroxit Chat ran mau trang
Khi nung Fe(OH)2 trong khong kh, no b oxi hoa va b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3, mot chat ran co mau nau o. Ch khi nao nung Fe(OH)2 trong chan khong hay trong moi trng khong co kh oxi (O2), th Fe(OH)2 mi b nhiet phan tao FeO, mot chat ran co mau en. 1 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 t0 Fe2O3 + H2O 2
Oxi Khong kh Sat (III) oxit Hi nc Chat ran mau nau o
Fe(OH)2
t0 (Chan khong)
Sat (II) oxit (chat ran co mau en)
FeO
H2O
L.5. Fe2O3 la mot chat ran co mau nau o, khi nung Fe2O3 nhiet o that cao, no b mat bt oxi va tao Fe3O4, chat ran co mau en. 3Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit t0 cao
2Fe3O4
Sat t oxit
1 O2 2
Oxi
L.6. Muoi sat (III) tac dung vi dung dch muoi SCN- (sunfoxianat, tioxianat) tao muoi Fe(SCN)3 co mau o mau. Fe3+ Th du:
Sat (III) clorua
3SCN
Sat (III) sunfoxianat, Sat (III) tioxianat Co mau o mau
Fe(SCN)3
FeCl3
Kali tioxianat
3KSCN
Sat (III) tioxianat
Fe(SCN)3
+ 3KCl
Kali clorua
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Sat (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3
Amoni tioxianat Amoni sunfoxianat
6NH4SCN
Sat (III) tioxianat Amoni sunfat Sat (III) sunfoxianat
2Fe(SCN)3
+ 3(NH4)2SO4
Bai tap 49 Chia 2,24 gam bot mot kim loai M ra lam hai phan bang nhau. Phan (1) c hoa tan het trong dung dch HCl, thu c V ml kh H2 (ktc) va dung dch A. Phan (2) c hoa tan het trong dung dch HNO3 loang, cung thu c V ml kh NO (ktc) va dung dch B. Neu em co can dung dch A va dung dch B th thu c 7,38 gam hon hp hai muoi khan. a. Xac nh kim loai M. TnhV. b. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 vao dung dch A, loc lay ket tua trong khong kh, roi em nung ket tua thu c cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c chat ran R. Lay chat ran R em nung nhiet o that cao th lai co kh K thoat ra, va con lai chat ran F. Mot phan F cho tac dung vi dung dch H2SO4 loang; Mot phan F cho tac dung vi dung dch H2SO4 am ac, nong, co tao kh G. Xac nh K, R, F, G va viet cac phan ng xay ra. (Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al= 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn= 65; N = 14; O = 16; Cl = 35,5) S: Fe; 448ml Bai tap 49 X la mot kim loai. Hoa tan het 2,34 gam X bang dung dch HCl, thu c V ml H2 va dung dch A. Hoa tan het 1,56 gam X bang dung dch HNO3 loang va u, thu c 2 V ml NO va dung dch B. em co can hai dung dch A, B thu c 12,675 gam hon 3 hp hai muoi khan. a. Xac nh kim loai X. The tch hai kh H2 va NO o trong cung ieu kien ve nhiet o va ap suat. b. Neu cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vao lng dung dch B tren, loc lay ket tua em nung cho en khoi lng khong oi, thu c m gam mot chat ran. Tnh m. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (Be = 9; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ag = 108; Pb = 207; Cl = 35,5; N = 14; O =16) S: a. Cr b. m = 1,52g 6. S nhiet phan muoi cacbonat
Cacbonat kim loai
t0 cao
Oxit kim loai
+ CO2
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(Tr kim loai kiem) Th du:

Canxi cacbonat a voi
CaCO3
t0 cao
CaO
Canxi oxit Voi song
Kh cacbonic
CO2
Bari cacbonat
BaCO3
t0 cao
BaO MgO ZnO
+ + +
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
Magie cacbonat
MgCO3 ZnCO3
t0 cao
t0 cao t0
Bac cacbonat
Ag2CO3
Ag2O +
Lu y L.1. Hau het muoi cacbonat kim loai b nhiet phan, tao oxit kim loai va kh cacbonic, khi nung nhiet o cao, nhng cacbonat kim loai kiem khong b nhiet phan.
t0 cao Natri cacbonat (Xo a)
Na2CO3
Kali cacbonat
K2CO3
t0 cao
Cac muoi cacbonat kim loai kiem rat ben vi nhiet. Sau ay la nhiet o nong chay (khong b phan huy) cua mot so kim loai kiem. Cacbonat KL kiem Nhiet o nong chay Li2CO3 7350C Na2CO3 8530C K2CO3 8940C Rb2CO3 8370C
L.2. Khi nung FeCO3 trong khong kh no b oxi hoa va b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3 va CO2. Ch khi nao nung FeCO3 trong chan khong hay trong moi trng khong co oxi (O2) th no mi b nhiet phan tao FeO va CO2. 2FeCO3 +
1 O2 2
t0 cao
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit
2CO2
Kh cacbonic
Sat (II) cacbonat Oxi Xierit (Khong kh)
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t0 cao (Chan khong)
Sat (II) cacbonat
FeCO3
Sat (II) oxit
FeO
CO2
l.3.
Tat ca hp chat cua amoni eu b nhiet phan khi nung nong, nen muoi amoni cacbonat b nhiet phan. (NH4)2CO3
t0
2NH3
+ H2O
+ CO2
L4. Tat ca muoi cacbonat axit eu b nhiet phan khi nung nong. Nhng san pham nhiet phan khac nhau tuy theo o la muoi cua kim loai kiem hay khac kim loai kiem. Cacbonat axit KL kiem
t0 cao
Cacbonat KL kiem + CO2
+ H2O
Cacbonat axit KL ( KL kiem)
t0 cao
Oxit KL + CO2 + H2O
Th du: 2NaHCO3 (r)

t0 cao Natri cacbonat axit Natri hirocacbonat Natri bicacbonat t0 t0 cao t0 t0 cao t0 t0 cao Natri cacbonat Xo a (soda)
Na2CO3 (r)
Kh cacbonic
CO2
Hi nc
H2O
2NaHCO3 (dd) Ca(HCO3)2 (r) Ca(HCO3)2 (dd) 2KHCO3 (r) 2KHCO3 (dd) Mg(HCO3)2 (r)
Na2CO3 (dd) CaO (r) + CaCO3 K2CO3 (r)
+ CO2 +
H2O
2CO2 + H2O H2O H2O H2O
+ CO2 + + CO2 +
K2CO3 (dd) + CO2 +
MgO (r) + 2CO2 + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 (dd) NH4HCO3 (r)

t0
t0
MgCO3
CO2 + H2 O
H2O
NH3 + CO2 +
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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t0
2NH4HCO3 (dd)
Amoni cacbonat axit
(NH4)2CO3 (dd)
Amoni cacbonat
+ CO2 + H2O
Bai tap 50 A va B la hai kim loai eu co hoa tr 2. Lay m gam hon hp hai muoi cacbonat cua A va B em nung nong mot thi gian, co V (lt) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai p (gam) hon hp cac chat ran. a. Lap bieu thc lien he gia m,V, p. b. Hoa tan het p gam hon hp cac chat ran tren bang dung dch HCl d, co V (lt) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai dung dch D. Co can dung dch D, thu c q (gam) hon hp muoi clorua. Lap bieu thc lien he gia m, q, V, V. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. c. Xac nh A, B neu biet V = 5,04 lt; V = 1,68 lt; q = 51,1 gam; Tong khoi lng nguyen t cua A va B la 161 vC; T le so phan t gam hai muoi cacbonat A, B trong hon hp au tng ng la 1 : 2. (C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5; Be = 9; Mg = 24; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni = 59; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ba = 137) S: a. m = p + 11V/5,6 b. m = q - 11(V + V)/22,4 c. Mg; Ba Bai tap 50 Hon hp A gom hai muoi cacbonat cua hai kim loai hai chu ky ke tiep trong phan nhom chnh nhom II. em nung m gam hon hp A trong mot thi gian, co 1,68 lt CO2 (ktc) thoat ra va con lai 6,38 gam hon hp cac chat ran (hon hp B). a. Tnh m. b. em hoa tan het 6,38 gam hon hp B tren bang dung dch HCl, co V(ml) kh CO2 (ktc) thoat ra. Dan lng kh CO2 nay qua 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M, thu c ket tua mau trang va dung dch D, un nong dung dch D e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c them 0,985 gam ket tua na. Tnh V, xac nh hai muoi trong hon hp A. Tnh khoi lng moi muoi trong hon hp A. c. Tnh % khoi lng moi chat trong hon hp B. Biet rang t le so mol moi chat trong hon hp A b nhiet phan bang t le so mol cua chung trong hon hp luc au. (Be = 9; Mg = 24; Ca = 40; Sr = 88; Ba = 137; Ra = 226; C = 12; O = 16) S: m = 9,68g; V = 560ml; 1,68g MgCO3, 8g CaCO3; 9,40% MgO; 52.67% CaO; 6,58% MgCO3; 31,35% CaCO3
7. S nhiet phan muoi sunfit Sunfit kim loai kim loai kiem
t0 cao
sunfat KL kiem + sunfua KL kiem
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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Th du: 4Na2SO3 4K2SO3

t0 cao (6000C) t0cao (6000C) Natri sunfit Kali sunfit Natri sunfat Kali sunfat
3Na2SO4 3K2SO4
+ +
Natri sunfua Kali sunfua
Na2S
K2S
8. S nhiet phan muoi sunfat Sunfat kim loai

t0 cao
(Tr cac KL: Na, K, Ca, Ba)
Oxit kim loai
SO3
Th du:
Magie sunfat
MgSO4
t0 cao
Magie oxit t0 cao
MgO
Anhirit sunfuric
SO3
Nhom sunfat
Al2(SO4)3 Ag2SO4 CuSO4
Al2O3 + 3SO3 Ag2O CuO Fe2O3 ZnO + + SO3 + SO3 + 3 SO3 SO3
t0 cao
Bac sunfat t0 cao
ong (II) sunfat
Sat (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3 ZnSO4
t0 cao
t0 cao
Kem sunfat
Lu y L.1. Ch co cac muoi sunfat cua cac kim loai Na, K, Ca, Ba la ben oi vi nhiet, khong b phan huy nhiet o 10000C. Cac muoi sunfat khac b phan huy nhiet o thap hn nhieu, tao oxit kim loai tng ng va kh SO3. Na2SO4, K2SO4, CaSO4, BaSO4 t0 cao L.2. Do SO3 b phan huy tao SO2 va O2, nen khi nhiet phan muoi sunfat kim loai co the tao oxit kim loai, SO2 va O2. 1 Th du: MgSO4 t0 cao MgO + SO2 + O2 2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
124
L.3. Sat (II) sunfat khi nung nong b nhiet phan tao sat (III) oxit, SO2 va O2, ngay ca khi nung trong chan khong. (V O2 tao ra do s nhiet phan se oxi hoa tiep FeO tao Fe2O3) 1 2FeSO4 t0 cao Fe2O3 + 2SO2 + O2 2 9. S nhiet phan muoi nitrat Tat ca muoi nitrat kim loai eu b nhiet phan khi em nung nhiet o cao, nhng san pham nhiet phan khac nhau tuy theo kim loai trong muoi nitrat khoang nao trong day the ien hoa. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au a. Nitrat kim loai
t0 cao
(KL ng trc Mg, gom KL kiem, kiem tho)
Nitrit kim loai
+ O2
Th du: KNO3
Kali nitrat t0 cao
KNO2 +
Kali nitrit
1 O2 2
Oxi
Ca(NO3)2
t0 cao
Canxi nitrat t0 cao
Ca(NO2)2 + O2
Canxi nitrit
Oxi
NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2
Bari nitrat
NaNO2 +
1 O2 2
t0 cao
Ba(NO2)2 + O2
Bari nitrit
Ghi chu: Co tai lieu cho rang muoi bari nitrat b nhiet phan tao bari oxit, NO2 va O2. a so tai lieu khac cho rang s nhiet phan bari nitrat tao san pham nh a th du tren. Ba(NO3)2
t0 cao
BaO
+ 2NO2 +
1 O2 2
b. Nitrat kim loai

(KL: t Mg - Cu, ke ca Mg va Cu)
t0 cao
Oxit kim loai +
NO2
+ O2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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Th du: Mg(NO3)2
Magie nitrat t0 cao
MgO
Magie oxit
+ 2NO2
Nit ioxit
+ +
1 O2 2
Oxi
2Fe(NO3)3
t0 cao
Fe2O3
+ 6NO2
3 O2 2 1 O2 2
Cu(NO3)2 c. Th du: AgNO3

Bac nitrat
t0 cao
CuO + 2NO2
t0 cao
Nitrat kim loai
(KL: ng sau Cu)
Kim loai
+ NO2 +
O2
t0 cao
Ag
Bac
NO2 +
Nit ioxit
1 O2 2
Oxi
Thuy ngan (II) nitrat
Hg(NO3)2
t0 cao
Hg
+ 2NO2 + O2
3 O2 2
Au(NO3)3
Vang (III) nitrat
t0 cao
Au + 3NO2 +
Vang
Lu y L.1. Khi un nong mot dung dch cha muoi nitrat kim loai th khong co s nhiet phan xay ra, ma ch co hien tng dung moi nc bay hi (s co can dung dch). Ch khi nao co can het dung moi nc, con lai muoi nitrat khan, ma con nung nong tiep na, th mi co s nhiet phan xay ra. Bi v khi con dung moi nc th nhiet o trong dung dch khong the tang cao c, nc trong dung dch nhan nang lng nhiet do s un nong cung cap e bay hi nen nhiet o trong dung dch khong cao. V the s nhiet phan muoi nitrat (cung nh hau het cac muoi khac) khong xay ra trong dung dch. Th du: KNO3 (dd) KNO3 (khan)
t0 cao t0 cao (Ch co dung moi nc bay hi)
KNO2
1 O2 2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
126
L.2. Khi nung Fe(NO3)2, ngay ca trong chan khong, th no b nhiet phan tao Fe2O3, NO2 va O2. V O2 tao ra do s nhiet phan oxi hoa tiep FeO e tao Fe2O3. 1 2Fe(NO3)2 t0 cao Fe2O3 + 4NO2 + O2 2
Sat (II) nitrat Sat (III) oxit Nit ioxit Oxi
L.3. Muoi NH4NO3 b nhiet phan tao kh N2O va hi H2O 2100C. Khi nung NH4NO3 3000C, th co s no tao N2, O2 va hi nc. N2O (init oxit) la mot chat kh khong mau, co mui de chu. Khi ht phai mot lng t kh N2O th co cam giac say va hay ci, nen kh nay con c goi la kh vui hay kh gay ci (laughing gas). Khi ht lng nhieu kh N2O th b me. Trong y hoc, ngi ta dung hon hp gom 20% O2 va 80% N2O (% the tch) e gay me trong cac ca tieu phau.u iem cua chat gay me nay la chung mau loai khoi c the nen t gay cam giac kho chu sau khi gay me. N2O la mot oxit khong tao muoi hay oxit tr, no kem hoat ong nhiet o thng, nhng khi un nong 5000C, no b phan huy tao N2 va O2, nen nhiet o cao, th N2O co the phan ng vi nhieu chat nh H2, NH3,...(Do tac dung c vi O2, do N2O phan huy ra). NH4NO3
2100C
Amoni nitrat
init oxit Hi nc Kh ci, Kh vui 3000C
N2O
+ 2H2O
NH4NO3
N2 +
1 O2 + 2H2O 2 1 O2 2
N2O N2O +
t0 cao (5000C)
N2 N2
+ +
H2
t0 cao t0 cao
H2O + 3H2O
3N2O + 2NH3
4N2
L.4. Dung dch bao hoa Amoni nitrit b nhiet phan tao N2 va hi nc (phan ng ieu che kh nit trong phong th nghiem) NH4NO2
t0
Amoni nitrit
Nit
N2 + 2H2O
Nc
L.5. Cac muoi cha nhieu oxi (O) trong phan t va co tnh oxi hoa manh, nh
KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, KClO3, Ca(ClO)2, tat ca cac muoi nitrat kim loai (NO3-),.... khi nung nhiet o cao th chung b nhiet phan va thng co tao kh oxi (O2)
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
127 K2MnO4 + + 3O2 MnO2
t0 Kali pemanganat (Thuoc tm)
2KMnO4 K2Cr2O7
Kali manganat
Mangan ioxit
+ +
Oxi
O2
t0
Kali icromat, Kali bicromat
Kali cromat
K2CrO4 +
Crom (III) oxit
Cr2O3
Oxi
O2
Kali clorat Kali clorua Oxi (Neu khong dung MnO2 lam xuc tac th KClO3 b nhiet phan nhiet o cao hn).
2KClO3
MnO2 t0
2KCl
Canxi hipoclorit
Ca(ClO)2
t0
Canxi clorua
CaCl2
O2
Oxi
L.6. Amoni icromat b nhiet phan tao N2, Cr2O3 va hi nc (NH4)2Cr2O7

t0
Amoni icromat
Nit
N2 +
Crom (III) oxit
Cr2O3
Hi nc
4H2O
L.7. Hon hp gom 75% KNO3, 10% S va 15% C (% khoi lng) la thuoc no en. Phan ng no cua thuoc no en la: 2KNO3 + 3C + S
no
K2S + N2
+ 3CO2
H < 0 (Toa nhiet)
10. Phan ng nhiet nhom
Phan ng nhiet nhom la phan ng trong o kim loai nhom ay c cac kim loai yeu hn no ra khoi oxit kim loai nhiet o cao.
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Al + Oxit kim loai
t0 cao
(KL: ng sau Al trong DTH)
Al2O3
Kim loai
Th du: 2Al
Nhom
Sat (III) oxit t0 cao t0 cao t0 cao
Fe2O3
t0 cao
Nhom oxit
Al2O3 + 2Fe
Sat
2Al
+ 3CuO 3MnO2
Al2O3 + 3Cu 2Al2O3 + Al2O3 + 3Mn 2Cr
4Al +
2Al + Cr2O3
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
128
Al
+ MgO K2 O
t0 cao t0 cao
Al +
Lu y L.1. Ngoai nhom (Al), ngi ta con dung 3 chat kh khac e kh cac oxit kim loai la hiro (H2), cacbon oxit (CO) va cacbon (C) nhiet o cao. Tuy nhien 4 chat kh nay ch kh c cac kim loai ng sau Al trong day the ien hoa. K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Al H2 CO C Th du: + + + + Oxit KL Oxit KL Oxit KL Oxit KL
t0 t0 t0 t0
Al2O3 + H2O CO2 CO + + +
KL KL KL KL (KL: ng sau Al)
H2 CO
+ CuO + CuO CuO + + + + + + + 3CuO Fe2O3 ZnO FeO Al2O3 Mg PbO
t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0 t0
H2O CO2 CO Al2O3 3H2O CO CO2
+ + + +
Cu Cu Cu 3Cu + + + 2Fe Zn Fe
C +
2Al
3H2 C CO H2 CO C
CO
Pb
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
129 + + Cr2O3 K2O

t0 t0
3CO C L.2.
3CO2 +
2Cr
Cacbon Than coc
3C
Canxi oxit Voi song
CaO
t0
Cacbon oxit Cacbon monoxit t0
CO
Canxi cacbua at en, Kh a
CaC2
9C L3.
2Al2O3
6CO
Nhom cacbua
Al4C3
Hon hp bot nhom (Al) vi bot sat t oxit (Fe3O4) hay sat (III) oxit (Fe2O3) c goi la hon hp thermite (tecmit). Hon hp tecmit c dung e han cac thanh sat ln b nt hay c dung e che tao bom la. V phan ng nhiet nhom gia nhom vi oxit sat toa lng nhiet rat ln, co the at ti nhiet o 3 0000C, nhiet o cao nay Al2O3 va Fe tao ra eu dang long, t khoi cua sat kim loai ln hn so vi nhom oxit, nen sat (long) nam pha di, nhom oxit (long) noi ben tren, khi nguoi, sat hoa ran lam ket dnh cac thanh sat vi nhau. Va nhiet o rat cao nay, khien cac chat ni tha bom de phat hoa trong khong kh. Tuy nhien phan ng nhiet nhom can phai cung cap mot nhiet lng ban au e tao mot nhiet o tng oi cao th mi xay ra c (nh ot chay mot si day Mg e khi mao phan ng). 8Al + 3Fe3O4 2Al + Fe2O3
t0 t0
4Al2O3 + Al2O3 +
9Fe 2Fe
L.4. Trong lo cao (lo luyen gang) CO kh Fe2O3 tng nac nh sau: Fe2O3 + 3Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO + +
CO, t0
CO CO CO
Fe3O4 CO, t0 t0 Fe3O4 +

t0 t0
FeO CO2 CO2 CO2
CO, t0
Fe
3FeO Fe
+ +
Tong quat phan ng khong hoan toan, sau phan ng co the thu c hon hp ran gom 4 chat la Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 va hon hp kh gom 2 chat la CO2, CO. Neu gia thiet cho phan ng hoan toan va co CO d th Fe2O3 b kh het tao Fe. Fe2O3 + 3CO
t0
2Fe
3CO2
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
130
Bai tap 51 Hon hp tecmit A gom bot Al va Fe2O3. un nong 22,75gam hon hp A e phan ng nhiet nhom xay ra hoan toan, ch co nhom kh Fe2O3 tao kim loai, thu c hon hp B. a. Tnh khoi lng hon hp B. b. Cho lng hon hp B tren tac dung hoan toan dung dch xut d, co 1,68 lt mot kh (ktc) thoat ra. Xac dnh thanh phan khoi lng hon hp B. (Al = 27; Fe = 56; O = 16) S: b. 1,35g Al; 10,2g Al2O3; 11,2g Fe Bai tap 51 Hon hp X dang bot gom nhom va mot oxit sat FexOy. Thc hien phan ng nhiet nhom hoan hoan 119,04 gam hon hp X (ch co nhom kh oxit kim loai tao kim loai), thu c hon hp Y. Khi cho hon hp Y tac dung dung dch KOH d khong tao chat kh. Neu hoa tan het lng hon hp Y tren bang dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c 21,056 lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc). Con neu hoa tan het lng hon hp X tren bang dung dch HCl th thu c 26,88 lt mot kh (ktc). Xac nh cong thc FexOy va tnh the tch t nhat dung dch HNO3 1M can dung e hoa tan het lng hon hp Y tren. (Fe = 56; Al = 27; O = 16) S: Fe3O4; 7,12 lt Bai tap 52 Hoa tan hoan toan 55,68 gam sat oxit FexOy bang dung dch H2SO4 am ac, nong, d, thu c kh SO2 va 144 gam mot loai muoi sat duy nhat. a. Xac nh cong thc FexOy. b. Tron 13,5 gam bot kim loai nhom vi 41,76 gam bot oxit sat tren roi tien hanh phan ng nhiet nhom. Gia s ch co qua trnh kh FexOy tao kim loai. Lay hon hp cac chat sau phan ng nhiet nhom em hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 26% (D = 1.19 g/cm3) th thu c 12,32 lt H2 ( 27,30C; 91,2 cmHg). . Tnh hieu suat phan ng nhiet nhom. . Tnh the tch toi thieu dung dch H2SO4 26% can dung. (H= 1; S = 32; O = 16; Al = 27; Fe = 56) S: Fe3O4; 83,33%; 418,1 cm3 Bai tap 52 23,2 gam mot oxit sat c hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 ac nong, thu c kh mui hac va 60 gam mot loai muoi sat duy nhat. 1. Xac nh cong thc cua oxit sat. 2. Tron 6,48 gam bot Al vi 27,84 gam bot oxit sat tren roi thc hien phan ng nhiet nhom, ch co phan ng nhom kh oxit sat tao sat kim loai. Lay cac chat sau phan
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
131
ng nhiet nhom em hoa tan het bang dung dch H2SO4 16% (co t khoi 1,11) th thu c 6,696 lt kh hiro (136,50C; 1,4 atm). a. Tnh hieu suat phan ng nhiet nhom. b. Tnh the tch toi thieu dung dch H2SO4 16% can dung. (Fe = 56; O = 16; S = 32; H = 1; Al = 27) S: Fe3O4; 90%; 418,8 ml 11. S ot chay muoi sunfua kim loai Sunfua kim loai + O2
t0 (chay)
Oxit kim loai + SO2
Th du: Ag2S
Bac oxit
3 O2 2 3 O2 2 9 O2 2 3 O2 2
t0
Ag2O
Bac oxit
SO2
Kh sunfur
CuS
t0
CuO +
SO2
Al2S3
t0
Al2O3
3SO2
Na2S
t0
Na2O
SO2
Lu y L.1. Tat ca muoi sunfua kim loai khi chay eu tao oxit kim loai tng ng va kh sunfur. L.2. Tat ca muoi sunfua sat khi chay eu tao sat (III) oxit va kh SO2. 2FeS +
7 O2 2 7 O2 2 11 O2 2
t0
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit t0
2SO2
Kh sunfur
Sat (II) sunfua
Fe2S3
Sat (III) sunfua
Fe2O3
3SO2
2FeS2
t0
Fe2O3
Sat (III) oxit
4SO2
Kh sunfur
Sat (II) pesunfua;,Pirit sat
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
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12. Muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz Muoi axit la muoi ma trong o goc axit con cha H axit, tc H nay co the phan ly tao ion H+ hay H nay co the c thay the bi ion kim loai. Khi cho muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz, coi nh co phan ng trung hoa gia axit vi baz nen co s tao muoi trung tnh va nc. Tuy theo tac chat muoi axit, baz dung cung nh tuy theo ieu kien co baz d hay muoi axit d, ma khi cho muoi axit tac dung vi dung dch baz, ta co the thu c mot trong bon hng san pham nh sau: (e n gian va chu y en cac muoi axit thng gap, ay ch xet muoi axit cha 1 H axit, nh HCO3, HSO3, HSO4, HS,...)
-
Muoi axit Muoi axit Muoi axit Muoi axit
+ + + +
Baz Baz Baz Baz
1 Muoi trung tnh va nc 2 Muoi trung tnh va nc 1 Muoi trung tnh, 1 Baz mi va nc 1 Muoi trung tnh, 1 Muoi axit mi va nc
Th du: NaHCO3 + NaOH NaOH (d) Na2CO3 + Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 (d) Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaHCO3 + 2KOH Cac san pham Na2CO3, K2CO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat NaHCO3 hoac KOH co d. 2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 (neu co d) 2NaHCO3 + 2Ca(OH)2 (d) NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d) Na2CO3 CaCO3 2CaCO3 CaCO3 + + + + CaCO3 2NaOH + 2H2O
2NaOH + 2H2O NaOH + H2O
Ba(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH Ba(HCO3)2 (neu co d) + Na2CO3 2Ba(HCO3)2 (d) Ba(HCO3)2 (d) KHSO3 + + + 2NaCO3 NaCO3
BaCO3 + Na2CO3 + BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 BaCO3 BaCO3 H2O
2H2O
+ 2NaHCO3 + 2H2O + NaHCO3 + H2O
KOH
K2SO3 +
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
133
Kali hiroxit Kali sunfit Nc
Kali sunfit axit
K2SO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat KHSO3 hoac KOH co d 2KHSO3 + 2NaOH K2SO3 + Na2SO3 + 2H2O
Cac san pham K2SO3, Na2SO3 khong tac dung tiep vi cac tac chat KHSO3 hoac NaOH neu co d. 2KHSO3 + Ba(OH)2 K2SO3 + Ba(OH)2 (neu co d) 2KHSO3 KHSO3 + + 2Ba(OH)2 (d) Ba(OH)2 (d) K2SO3 + BaSO3 BaSO3 + 2KOH 2BaSO3 BaSO3 + + 2KOH KOH + 2H2O
+ +
2H2O H2O 2H2O
Ca(HSO3)2 + 2KOH Ca(HSO3)2 (neu co d) + K2SO3 2Ca(HSO3)2 (d) Ca(HSO3)2 (d) + + 2KOH KOH
CaSO3 + K2SO3 + CaSO3 + 2KHSO3 2CaSO3 CaSO3 + +
2KHSO3 + 2H2O KHSO3 + H2O
Kali sunfat axit
2KHSO4 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 (neu co d) + K2SO4 + 2Ba(OH)2 (d) 2KHSO4 + Ba(OH)2 (d) KHSO4
Bari hiroxit
K2SO4 + BaSO4 + 2H2O BaSO4 + 2KOH 2BaSO4 + 2KOH + 2H2O BaSO4 + KOH + H2O
Bari sunfat Kali hiroxit
Nc
Lu y Muoi sunfat axit (HSO4) la muoi axit cua axit manh (H2SO4) nen no co tnh axit kha manh (Ka2 = 10-2, co o manh axit trung bnh). Do o khi cho muoi sunfat axit tac dung vi muoi cua cac axit yeu (nh muoi cacbonat) th no ay c axit yeu hn no ra khoi muoi (coi nh axit tac dung vi muoi, ch khong phai muoi tac dung vi muoi) Th du: 2KHSO4
(Coi nh axit tac dung vi muoi)
Na2CO3
K2SO4 BaSO4
+ Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O + 2KHSO4
(Phan ng trao oi gia 2 muoi) 2KHSO4 (d)
Ba(HSO4)2
K2SO4
Ba(HCO3)2 Ba(HCO3)2 (d)
2CO2 + 2H2O + BaSO4 + K2SO4 CO2 + H2O + BaSO4 + KHCO3
KHSO4
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Bai tap 53 ot chay hoan toan m gam chat hu c A can dung13,44 lt O2 (ktc). Cho tat ca san pham chay, ch gom CO2 va hi nc, hap thu het vao bnh cha 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1,25M, khoi lng bnh tang 28,4 gam. a. Tnh m. b. Loc lay ket tua trong bnh, thu c m gam chat ran. Cho dung dch NaOH d vao phan nc qua loc, thu c 29,55 gam ket tua na. - Tnh m. - Xac nh CTPT, CTCT va oc ten chat A co the co. Biet rang CTPT cua A cung la cong thc n gian cua no. Cac phan ng xay ra hoan toan. (C = 12; H =1; O = 16; Ba = 137) S: m = 9,2g; m= 19,7g; C2H6O Bai tap 53 ot chay hoan toan 6 gam chat hu c A (c tao bi cac nguyen to C, H, O) can dung 50,4 lt khong kh (ktc, gom 20% O2, 80% N2 theo the tch). Cho cac chat thu c sau phan chay hap thu vao mot bnh ng 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,09M, khoi lng tang m gam. Trong bnh co tao m gam ket tua. a. Tnh m. b. Loc lay phan dung dch cua bnh nc voi tren, cho tiep nc voi trong d vao phan dung dch nay, thu c 24 gam ket tua na. - Tnh m. - Xac nh CTPT, cac CTCT co the co cua A va oc ten cac chat nay. Cho biet t khoi hi cua A nho hn 3. Cac phan ng xayra hoan toan. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ca = 40) S: m = 20,4g; m = 6g; C3H8O
13.
Cacbon tac dung vi hi nc C + H2 O

t0 cao (10500C)
Cacbon
Hi nc t0 cao (10500C)
Cacbon oxit
CO
+ H2 +
Hiro
+ 2H2O
Cacbon oxit Kh cacbonic
CO2
H2
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Lu y L.1. Khi cho hi nc i qua than nong o nhiet o cao, ta thu c hon hp kh gom CO, CO2 va H2 (do co hai phan ng tren). Hon hp kh nay c goi la kh than t (kh hi nc, kh than nc). Trong kh than t th co CO va H2 chay c, nen kh than t c dung lam nhien lieu (chat ot). L.2. Con khi nung than trong ieu kien thieu khong kh, ta thu c hon hp kh gom CO va CO2. Hon hp kh nay c goi la kh than kho. Trong kh than kho th co CO chay c, nen kh than kho cung c dung lam nhien lieu. 2C + O2 C + O2
t0 t0
2CO CO2
L.3. Khi bai toan hoa hoc cho hon hp kh than t A, gom CO, CO2 va H2, c tao ra do hi nc tac dung vi cacbon nhiet o cao. Neu ta at x la so mol cua CO; y la so mol cua CO2; z la so mol cua H2 co trong hon hp A, th ta co phng trnh toan hoc lien he gia x, y, z da theo he so mol cua hai phan ng xay ra e tao hon hp A. C C + + H2O 2H2O pt:
t0 t0
x + 2y
CO x CO2 y = z
H2 x + 2H2 2y
Bai tap 54 Hon hp kh than t A gom CO, CO2 va H2, c tao ra do hi nc tac dung vi than nong o nhiet o cao. Cho 6,16 lt hon hp A (ktc) tac dung hoan toan vi ZnO lng d un nong. Thu c hon hp chat ran B va hon hp kh C. Hoa tan het hon hp B bang dung dch HNO3 am ac th thu c 8,8 lt kh NO2 duy nhat (o 27,30C; 1,4 atm). a. Tnh % the tch moi kh trong hon hp A. b. Tnh khoi lng than a dung e tao c lng hon hp A tren. Biet rang phan ng tao hon hp A co hieu suat 80% va than gom cacbon co lan 4% tap chat tr. c. Cho lng hon hp kh C tren tac dung hoan toan vi 1,4 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,08M, thu c m gam ket tua D va dung dch E. un nong dung dch E, e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c m gam ket tua D na. Tnh m, m. (Ca = 40; C =12; H = 1; O = 16)
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S: 36,36% CO, 9,09% CO2, 54,55% H2; 1,953g than; m = 9,9g; m = 1,3g Bai tap 54 Cho hi nc i qua than nung o nhiet o cao, thu c hon hp A gom cac kh CO, CO2 va H2. Lay 7,84 lt hon hp A ( 27,30C; 836 mmHg) tac dung hoan toan vi CuO d, un nong, thu c hon hp chat ran B va hon hp kh C. Hoa tan het lng hon hp B tren trong dung dch HNO3 loang, thu c 4,48 lt kh NO duy nhat (ktc). a. Xac nh phan tram the tch moi kh trong hon hp A. b. Cho lng hon hp C tren hap thu vao 600 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 th thu c ket tua D va dung dch E. un nong dung dch E, phan ng hoan toan, th thu them 5,91 gam ket tua D na. Xac nh nong o mol cua dung dch Ba(OH)2. c. Tnh khoi lng than a dung e tao c lng hon hp A tren. Cho biet hieu suat phan ng tao A la 75% va than cha cacbon co lan 5% tap chat tr. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Ba = 137) S: 28,57% CO, 14,29% CO2, 57,14% H2; 0,2M; 2,526g 14. Cac kim loai, phi kim tac dung c vi dung dch baz Kim loai tac dung c vi dung dch baz: Kim loai co oxit lng tnh (tr crom): Al, Zn, Be, Sn, Pb; Kim loai kiem, kiem tho: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra. Phi kim tac dung c vi dung dch baz: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, Si. Al
Nhom Kem
+ +
OH + H2O
Dung dch baz manh Dung dch baz manh
AlO2
Muoi aluminat Muoi zincat
+ + + + +
Zn
2OH
ZnO2
Kh hiro Kh hiro
3 H2 2
H2
Be
Berili Thiec
+ +
2OH
Dung dch baz manh
Sn
t0 Dung dch baz manh t0 Dung dch baz manh
2OH 2OH
Muoi berilat Muoi stanit
BeO22
SnO22
Kh hiro Kh hiro
H2
H2
Pb
Ch
Muoi plumbit
PbO22
Kh hiro
H2
Kim loai kiem, kiem tho hoa tan trong dung dch kiem la do chung tac dung vi nc co trong dung dch kiem, tao hiroxit kim loai tng ng va kh hiro bay ra. Th du:
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Cho Na vao dung dch NaOH: Na Na

Natri
+ +
NaOH H2O NaOH

Natri hiroxit
Nc trong dd NaOH
1 H2 2
Hiro
Cho K vao dung dch Ba(OH)2: K K + + Ba(OH)2 H2O KOH +

1 H2 2
Cho Ca vao dung dch KOH: Ca Ca + + KOH 2H2O
Ca(OH)2
H2
Cho Bari vao mot dung dch kiem: Ba Ba + + OH2H2O
Ba(OH)2
H2
Cac phi kim Cl2, Br2, I2 tac dung vi dung dch kiem giong nhau: X2 + + + + + 2OHX+ XO+ H 2O
Halogen
Dung dch kiem
Muoi halogenua
Muoi hipohalogenit
Nc
Clo
Cl2
2NaOH
dd Xut
Natri clorua
NaCl
+ +
Natri hipoclrit
NaClO
+ +
H2O (Nc Javel)

Nc
Brom
Br2 I2
2NaOH 2NaOH 2Ca(OH)2
Natri bromua
NaBr
Natri hipobromit
NaBrO
H2O + H2O + 2H2O
Iot
Natri ioua
NaI
Natri hipoioit
NaIO
2Cl2
Canxi hiroxit
Canxi clorua
CaCl2
Canxi hipoclorit
Ca(ClO)2
Flo (Fluor, F2) tac dung vi dung dch kiem khac vi cac halogen tren: 2F2
Flo
2NaOH
dd Xut
Natri florua
2NaF
H2O
Nc
iflo oxit
F2O
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nhiet o thng, Silic (Si) khong tac dung vi axit, nhng no tac dung manh liet vi dung dch kiem, tao muoi silicat (SiO32-) va kh hiro (H2). Si + + 2OH+ H2O H2O SiO32+ 2H2
Silic
dd kiem
Muoi silicat
Hiro
Silic
Si
Dung dch kali hiroxit
2KOH
Kali silicat
K2SiO3
2H2
Hiro
Th du: Al
Nhom
NaOH
H2O
NaAlO2
Natri aluminat
Dung dch xut
3 H2 2
Hiro
2Al Zn +
Ba(OH)2 2NaOH
dd xut
2H2O Na2ZnO2
Bari aluminat
Ba(AlO2)2 + + H2 H2
3H2
Kem
Natri zincat
Zn
Ca(OH)2
Canxi zincat
CaZnO2
Lu y L.1. Khac vi nhom, kim loai kem (Zn) b hoa tan c trong ca dung dch baz yeu amoniac, la do co tao ion phc tan. Al + NH3 + H2O
+ 2H2O [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 (Phc tan) + H2 Zn + 4NH3 L.2. Clo (Cl2) tac dung vi dung dch baz loang, nguoi tao muoi clorua (Cl-), muoi hipoclrit (ClO-) va nc; Con khi cho kh Cl2 tac dung vi dung dch baz am ac, nong se thu c muoi clorua, muoi clorat (ClO3-) va nc. Cl2 + 3Cl2 2Cl2 2KOH + + 6KOH () 2Ca(OH)2 KCl
t0
Kali clorua
Kali hipoclorit
KClO
H2O KClO3 + 3H2O + 2H2O
Kali clorua
5KCl
Kali clorat
CaCl2
Ca(ClO)2
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6Cl2 L.3.
6Ba(OH)2 ()
t0
5BaCl2
Ba(ClO3)2 + 6H2O
Bertholet thanh pho Javel, gan Paris (thu o nc Phap). Nc Javel c tao ra do kh clo tac dung vi dung dch xut (NaOH) nhiet o thng. Trong cong nghiep, nc Javel c ieu che bang cach ien phan dung dch muoi an loang (dd NaCl 15- 20%) trong bnh ien phan khong co vach ngan, catod bang sat, anod bang than ch (graphit). Kh Cl2 tao anod tac dung vi dung dch NaOH tao catod bnh ien phan, se thu c nc Javel. Trong nc Javel co natri hipoclorit (NaOCl), chat nay co tnh oxi hoa manh, nen nc Javel c dung e tay trang, cung nh e sat trung. Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Nc Javel la dung dch trong nc cua natri clorua (NaCl) va natri hipoclorit (NaClO). S d co ten nh vay la v no c ieu che au tien bi
L.4. Clorua voi la mot chat bot mau trang, co mui xoc, giong mui cua kh clo, no c coi nh hon hp muoi canxi clorua (CaCl2) va canxi hipoclrit (Ca(OCl)2) hay Cl Ca hay CaOCl2 O Cl Ngi ta ieu che clorua voi bang cach cho kh clo (Cl2) tac dung vi huyen phu ac cua Ca(OH)2 trong nc (voi sa) 300C. 2Cl2 + Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + CaOCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 H2O + 2H2O
Hay:
Cung giong nh nc Javel, clorua voi c dung e tay trang (si, vai, giay,...), sat trung (tay ue cac ho rac, cac cong ranh, cac xac chet ong vat, cac o gay mam bnh,...). Do co kha nang tac dung c vi nhieu chat hu c, nen clorua con c dung e chong chat oc hoa hoc trong chien tranh,... Trong phong th nghiem, clorua voi con c dung e ieu che kh clo (Cl2), kh oxi (O2), do co cac phan ng sau: CaOCl2 2CaOCl2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + Cl2 + + H2 O O2
t0, Xt (CuO hay Fe2O3)
2CaCl2
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Canxi clorua
Clorua voi
Oxi
Bai tap 55 Neu ch c phep dung nc va mot chat kh, neu cach phan biet cac chat ran sau: Si, Ba, Al, Fe, Ag. Bai tap 55 Ch c phep dung nc, hay nhan biet cac chat ran sau ay: Zn, Al, K, Ni, NH4Cl. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. Bai tap 56 Bo sung va can bang cac phan ng sau ay, neu co: (Viet hai cach) FexOy + HCl 1. 2. Fe + Cl2 3. Fe + S 4. Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 5. NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 (d) 6. Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl 7. Zn + KOH 8. Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 ... 9. SO2 (thieu) + Ba(OH)2 SO2 (d) 10. Na2O + H2O 11. K2O2 + H2O 12. MgO + H2O to 13. Cu(NO3)2 to 14. KNO3 to 15. AgNO3 ... CO2 (d) 16. CO2 (thieu) + Ca(OH)2 17. NaH + H2O 18. CaH2 + HCl 19. Ba(HSO3)2 (d) + KOH 20. Kim loai M (hoa trn n) + HNO3 (loang) 21. CuCl2 + H2S 22. CuS + HCl x NO + y N2O + .... 23. Al + HNO3 24. Si + dd KOH 25. HF + SiO2 26. Fe3O4 + H2SO4 (l) 27. FeO + HNO3 (l) to 28. Fe3O4 + Al (Cac trng hp co the co) 29. Zn + FeCl3
...
to
...
...
to
...
NO
+ ... + ...
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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
NO2 + NaOH Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 ( Cac trng hp co the co) Fe + AgNO3 t0 KMnO4 CuSO4 + NH3 (dd) KHSO4 + Na2CO3 Fe(NO3)2 t0 SO2 + K2CO3 Al + NaOH (dd) Al(OH)3 + CO2 C + H2O t0 cao KClO3 t0, MnO2 t0 cao K2Cr2O7 FeS2 + HCl FeS2 + HNO3 (ac, nong) FeS2 + H2SO4 (ac, nong) FeS + HNO3(ac, nong) FeS + H2SO4(loang) CuS + O2 FeS + H2SO4 (ac, nong) CuO + H2 to Fe(CH3COO)2 + AgNO3 Cu + H2SO4(l) + O2 KCl + AgNO3 KF + AgNO3 AgNO3 + Fe(CH3COOH)3 AgNO3 + FeCl3
Bai tap 57 Hoan thanh cac chuyen hoa sau ay: 1. Kh A H2O B 2. NaHCO3 3. CaCl2 4. Ba(NO3)2 5. C CO2
HCl
C NaOH Kh A HNO3 D CaCO3 CaCl2 Ba(NO3)2 CO2
to
Kh E
t0 cao hn
N2 +O2
Na2CO3 CaCO3 BaCO3 CO
CO2 Ca(NO3)2 BaC2O4 H2CO3
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6. ZnS
H2S
Na2S
ZnS K2SO3 KOH SO2 (NH4)2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 NH4Cl Al(OH)3
7. Na2SO3 8. S SO2
SO2 H2SO3
9. FeS2
SO2 CaSO3 SO2 ZnO
SO3 CaCl2
H2SO4
10. ZnS
Ca(HSO3)2 Zn
Na2SO3 ZnSO4
Bai tap 58 Trong mot coc cha bot Mg, lan lt them vao coc cac chat theo th t sau (moi lan them chat ke tiep theo, i cho phan ng lan them trc ket thuc): H2SO4 (loang) d; NaOH d; CH3COOH d; BaCl2 d; Na2CO3 va u (khong tao muoi axit); Tiep theo la suc kh CO2 d; Loc bo ket tua va em un nong dung dch nc qua loc e co can dung dch en kho. em nung chat ran thu c cho en khoi lng khong oi. Cuoi cung em hoa tan cac chat ran thu c trong nc d. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra, liet ke tng chat thu c trong tng giai oan va hay cho biet chat ran nhan c sau khi hoa tan trong nc la chat nao? Cho biet khi nung nhiet o cao th muoi natri axetat b nhiet phan tao xoa (Na2CO3) va axeton (CH3-CO-CH3). Bai tap 59 Viet phng trnh phan ng va mo ta hien tng xay ra khi: 1. Tha mot chiec inh sat (d) vao dung dch Cu(SO4 2. Cho day ong (d) vao dung dch AgNO3 3. Cho bot kem vao dung dch potat. 4. Cho mieng nho Natri (Na) vao dung dch FeCl3. 5. Cho lan lt cac mieng natri nho vao dung dch Al2(SO4)3. Bai tap 60 Giai thch cac hien tng sau va viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra: nho dung dch NaOH vao AlCl3, dung dch tr nen uc. Tiep tuc nho dung dch NaOH d vao, dung
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dch hoa trong. Bay gi nho dung dch HCl vao, dung dch tr nen uc, cho tiep dung dch HCl lng d vao, dung dch tr lai trong. Bai tap 61 1. Giai thch hien tng tng t nh cau 60 va viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra: Nho dung dch KOH vao dung dch ZnSO4, thay co tao ket tua. Tiep tuc nho dung dch KOH lng d vao, ket tua b hoa tan. Bay gi nho dung dch HCl vao, co ket tua. Tiep tuc nho dung dch HCl lng d vao, thay ket tua b hoa tan. 2. Cho bot sat vao dung dch CuSO4 th mau xanh lam cua dung dch nhat dan. Ngc lai, khi cho bot ong vao dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 th thay mau vang nau cua dung dch giam dan va dung dch co mau xanh lam tang dan. Bai tap 62 Mot dung dch gom hai chat tan la ZnCl2 va FeCl2 cho tac dung vi dung dch KOH d, thu c mot ket tua trang hi luc nhat. Khi loc lay ket tua nay ngoai khong kh, th ket tua tr nen co mau nau o. em say va nung ket tua nay nhiet o cao th thu c chat bot ran cung co mau nau o. Chat bot nay tan c trong dung dch HCl tao dung dch co mau vang nau. Giai thch, viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Bai tap 62 Mot dung dch gom ba chat tan la ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3 va FeSO4. Cho dung dch nay tac dung vi dung dch xut lng d, thu c mot chat khong tan co mau trang hi co mau xanh chuoi non. Loc lay chat khong tan nay trong khong kh th thu c chat ran co mau nau o. em nung chat ran nay cho en khoi lng khong oi th thu c chat bot ran cung co mau nau o. Chat bot ran nay tac dung vi kh CO un nong th thu c hon hp gom 4 chat ran. em hoa tan bon chat ran nay trong dung dch H2SO4 loang co d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lam mat mau tm cua dung dch KMnO4. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Bai tap 63 Co the dung dung dch baz nao (dung dch NaOH hay dung dch NH3?) e tao cac ket tua: Cu(OH)2; Zn(OH)2; Fe(OH)3; Al(OH)3 t dung dch muoi cua cac kim koai o. Moi trng hp hay viet phan ng tong quat dang ion va mot phan ng dang phan t cu the e minh hoa. Bai tap 63 Co 5 dung dch sau ay: AgNO3; MgCl2; CuSO4; Zn(CH3COO)2; AlBr3. Cho moi dung dch tren lan lt tac dung vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 va dung dch amoniac
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t t en nhieu dan. Viet cac phan ng xay ra dang phan t va dang ion. Mo ta hien tng thay c. Bai tap 64 Neu s thc hien c hoac khong c trong tng qua trnh trong s o sau, co giai thch nguyen nhan. Viet phan ng xay ra neu co. 1. Dung dch NaCl Ca 2. Al H2SO4
(1)
(1)
CaCl2
CO2 + H2O
(2)
CaCO3 AlCl3
H2SO4
(3)
CaSO4
Al2(SO4)3
ZnCl2
(2)
Ba(OH)2 (3)
NaCl (4)
Al(OH)3
t0 (5)
Al2O3
H2O
(6)
Al(OH)3
Bai tap 64 Neu s thc hien hoac khong c trong tng qua trnh sau ay. Giai thch. Viet phan ng xay ra neu co. Moi mui ten la mot phan ng. Cac qua trnh nay oc lap nhau (ngha la mac du san pham nay khong the tao c t qua trnh trc, van coi la co san cho qua trnh sau):
Fe
HNO3
(1)
Fe(NO3)3 Cu (2)
Cu(NO3)2 H2SO4 (8) Cu(OH)2
Fe Fe Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 Cu (3) (4) (5) Cu (9) NO2 Cu2SO4 NaOH (15) H2O (10) NaNO2
Cu(NO3)2 NaOH Cu(OH)2 (6) CuSO4 Fe(OH)3 (11) Cu(OH)2
NH3 (7) t0 (12)
[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 CuO H2O (13)
CuSO4 HNO3 (14)
Bai tap 65 Mot loai quang boxit (bauxite) cha chu yeu Al2O3 va hai tap chat chnh la Fe2O3, SiO2. Hoa tan quang trong dung dch HCl d, loc va tach loai phan khong tan. Cho dung dch nc qua loc tac dung vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c ket tua A co mau nau o. Loc va tach rieng ket tua A. Them t t dung dch H2SO4 (loang) va phan nc qua loc cho en thu c ket tua B toi a. Loc lay ket tua B. em nung B 12000C. San pham thu c cho hoa tan trong Na3AlF6 (Criolit, AlF3.3NaF) nong chay 9500C roi ien phan san pham nong chay vi anot (anod) bang than ch (graphit). a. Giai thch toan bo qua trnh tren va viet cac phan ng xay ra.
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b. Neu tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua ket tua A. c. Neu dung thieu hoac d dung dch H2SO4 th co anh hng g en s tao ket tua B hay khong? Bai tap 65 Hay cho biet ten va cong thc cua ba oxit dang ran, trong o co mot oxit axit, mot oxit baz va mot oxit lng tnh. Neu phng phap hoa hoc e tach lay rieng moi oxit ra khoi hon hp gom ba oxit tren. Bai tap 66 Cho kim loai Bari (Ba) lan lt vao tng dung dch: NaHCO3; CuSO4; Al(NO3)3. Viet phng trnh phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra. Bai tap 66 Cho Natri (Na) vao tng dung dch: Ca(HSO3)2; FeCl3; ZnSO4. Viet phng trnh phan ng va neu hien tng xay ra. Bai tap 67 a. Co hai n chat kh A va B khong mau, khong mui. Trong nhng ieu kien thch hp, A va B tac dung vi nhau tao thanh mot chat kh C khong mau. C tac dung de dang vi B tao thanh kh D co mau nau. D tan trong nc tao thanh dung dch lam qu tm hoa o. Xac nh A, B, C, D va viet cac phan ng xay ra. b. Kim loai M va phi kim N cung mot chu ky trong bang he thong tuan hoan. M phan ng vi N tao thanh hp chat co cong thc MN. MN tac dung vi dung dch HCl tao kh co cong thc H2N co mui trng ung (trng thui, trng thoi). Xac nh M, N, MN. Viet cac phan ng xay ra.
Bai tap 67 X, Y, Z la cac kim loai va phi kim cung mot chu ky trong bang phan loai tuan hoan. X, Y tac dung c n chat cua Z tao cac hp chat co cong thc XZ va YZ3. X tac dung vi nc tao dung dch D va co mot kh thoat ra. Khi cho dung dch D t t vao dung dch YZ3 th dung dch uc, dung dch hoa trong khi cho nhieu dung dch D. Xac nh X, Y, Z va viet cac phan ng xay ra. Cho biet cac kim loai va phi kim tren thuoc ba chu ky au cua bang phan loai tuan hoan. Bai tap 68 Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra khi: a. Cho t t a mol NaOH vao dung dch cha b mol H2SO4. b. Cho t t c mol KOH vao dung dch cha d mol H3PO4.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
146
c. Cho t t b mol H2SO4 vao dung dch cha a mol NaOH. d. Cho t t d mol H3PO4 vao dung dch cha c mol KOH. Tm ieu kien gia a,b; gia c,d va so mol cac chat tan trong dung dch thu c sau phan ng theo a, b; c, d ng vi cac trng hp co the co. Cho biet H2SO4 cung nh H3PO4 phan ly tng nac trong dung dch. Bai tap 68 a. Cho t t dung dch xut t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng P2O5. b. Ngc lai, cho t t chat ran P2O5 t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng dung dch xut. c. Cho rat t t dung dch HCl t t en nhieu dan vao mot coc ng dung dch Na2CO3. Cho t t dung dch NH3 vao mot coc ng dung dch CuSO4. d. e. Cho t t bot kem vao mot coc ng dung dch Fe(NO3)3. Hay viet cac phng trnh phan ng co the xay ra ng vi cac trng hp co the co.
Giao khoa Hoa vo c
147

07 Cacphanungvocothuonggap

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

IX. CAC PHAN NG VO C THNG GAP KHAC

Oxit kim loai

Natri oxit Canxi oxit Nhom oxit t0 Sat t oxit t0 t t

1/2O2 3/2O2 2O2 1/2O2 3/2O2 1/2O2 1/2O2 1/2O2

ong (II) oxit (mau en) t0 cao

ong (I) oxit (mau o gach)

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Kh sunfur, Anhirit sunfuric, Lu huynh ioxit t0

O2 (d) 1/2O2 (thieu) 1/2O2 O2

Kh cacbonic, Anhirit cacbonic, Cacbon ioxit t0

Cacbon oxit, Cacbon monoxit

Nc, Hiro oxit t0

Silic oxit, Anhirit silicic

5/2O2 (d) 3/2O2 (thieu)

Anhirit photphoric, iphotpho pentaoxit

Anhirit photphor, iphotpho trioxit

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

t0 t0 rat cao (30000C) hay tia la ien

Nit oxit (Kh khong mau)

Oxi (khong kh)

Nit ioxit (Kh mau nau, mui hac)

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Hiroxit kim loai kiem Hiroxit kim loai kiem tho

Natri hiroxit Kali hiroxit Canxi hiroxit

H2O H2O H2O

Canxi oxit Bari oxit

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

CaO2 K2O2 BaO2

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

(Tr SiO2 va oxit lng tnh)

Kh sunfur Anhit sunfur

H2O 3H2O H2O

H2O H2O H2O

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2 L.2.

2HNO3 NO3+ NO2+ H2O

Dung dch kiem

Th du: 2NO2 + 2NaOH

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

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Giao khoa Hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Oxit kim loai

2Al(OH)3 Cu(OH)2 Zn(OH)2

Nhom oxit t0 cao

ong(II) hiroxit t0 cao

CuO ZnO Fe2O3 MgO CaO