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anan1...a
1a0
+ N 8 (hoc 125)
a8 a7a6 +) - [( a5 a4a3
a11a10a9 +) 11
(hoc 13)
+ N 37 ( a2 a1a0 +
a5 a4a3 +) 37
+ N 19 ( a0+2an-1+22an-2++ 2na0) 19
IV. NG D THC
a. nh ngha: Cho m l s nguyn dng. Nu hai s nguyn a v b cho cng s d khi chia
cho m th ta ni a ng d vi b theo modun m.
K hiu: a b (modun)
Vy: a b (modun) a - b m
b. Cc tnh cht
1. Vi a a a (modun)
2. Nu a b (modun) b a (modun)
3. Nu a b (modun), b c (modun) a c (modun)
4. Nu a b (modun) v c d (modun) a+c b+d (modun)
5. Nu a b (modun) v c d (modun) ac bd (modun)
6. Nu a b (modun), d Uc (a, b) v (d, m) =1
a
b
(modun)
d
d
a
b
m
(modun )
d
d
d
V. MT S NH L
1. nh l Euler
Nu m l 1 s nguyn dng (m) l s cc s nguyn dng nh hn m v nguyn t
cng nhau vi m, (a, m) = 1
Th a (m) 1 (modun)
Cng thc tnh (m)
Phn tch m ra tha s nguyn t
m = p1 1 p2 2 pk k vi pi p; i N*
1
1
1
Th (m) = m(1 )(1 ) (1 )
p1`
p2
pk
2. nh l Fermat
Nu t l s nguyn t v a khng chia ht cho p th ap-1 1 (modp)
3. nh l Wilson
Nu p l s nguyn t th
( P - 1)! + 1 0 (modp)
PHN II:
CC PHNG PHP GII BI TON CHIA HT
1. Phng php 1: S DNG DU HIU CHIA HT
V d 1: Tm cc ch s a, b sao cho a56b 45
Gii
Ta thy 45 = 5.9 m (5 ; 9) = 1
a56b 45 a56b 5 v 9
111
111
81 s1
81
Gii
Ta thy: 111111111 9
C
111
111
= 111111111(1072 + 1063 + + 109 + 1)
81 s1
111
111
81 s1
81 (pcm)
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: Tm cc ch s x, y sao cho
a. 34x5y 4 v 9
b. 2x78 17
Bi 2: Cho s N = dcba CMR
a. N 4 (a + 2b) 4
b. N 16 (a + 2b + 4c + 8d) 16 vi b chn
c. N 29 (d + 2c + 9b + 27a) 29
Bi 3: Tm tt c cc s c 2 ch s sao cho mi s gp 2 ln tch cc ch s ca s .
Bi 4: Vit lin tip tt c cc s c 2 ch s t 19 n 80 ta c s A = 1920217980. Hi
s A c chia ht cho 1980 khng ? V sao?
Bi 5: Tng ca 46 s t nhin lin tip c chia ht cho 46 khng? V sao?
Bi 6: Chng t rng s
11
11
22
22
100 s1
100 s2
HNG DN - P S
Bi 1: a. x =
v y = 2
x=
v y = 6
b. 2x78= 17 (122 + 6x) + 2(2-x)17 x = 2
m + i = nqi + r
m + j = qjn + r
Gi s:
1 i; j n
i - j = n(qi - qj) n i - j n
m i - j< n i - j = 0 i = j
m + i = m + j
Vy trong n s c 1 s v ch 1 s chia ht cho n
9(n 2 + 1) 9
m
18n 9
A 9 (PCM)
V d 3: CMR: n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n 3 84 vi n chn, n 4
Gii
V n chn, n 4 ta t n = 2k, k 2
Ta c n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 + 16n = 16k4 - 32k3 - 16k2 + 32k
= t 16k(k3 - 2k2 - k + 2)
= t 16k(k - 2) (k - 1)(k + 1)
Vi k 2 nn k - 2, k - 1, k + 1, k l 4 s t nhin lin tip nn trong 4 s c 1 s chia ht
cho 2 v 1 s chia ht cho 4. (k - 2)(k - 1)(k + 1)k 8
M (k - 2) (k - 1)k 3 ; (3,8)=1
(k - 2) (k - 1) (k + 1)k 24
16(k - 2) (k - 1) (k + 1)k (16,24)
Vy n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n 384 vi n chn, n 4
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR: a. n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 6
b. n5 - 5n3 + 4n 120 Vi n N
Bi 2: CMR: n4 + 6n3 + 11n2 + 6n 24 Vi n Z
Bi 3: CMR: Vi n l th
a. n2 + 4n + 3 8
b. n3 + 3n2 - n - 3 48
c. n12 - n8 - n4 + 1 512
Bi 4: Vi p l s nguyn t p > 3 CMR : p2 - 1 24
Bi 5: CMR: Trong 1900 s t nhin lin tip c 1 s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 27.
HNG DN - P S
Bi 1: a. n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = n(n + 1) [(n + 1) + (n + 2)]
= n(n + 1) (n - 1) + n(n + 1) (n + 2) 6
2
2 2
b
chn b 4 m 4
2
Vy M = abc 3.4.5 = 60
5. Phng php 5:
BIN I BIU THC CN CHNG MINH V DNG TNG
Gi s chng minh A(n) k ta bin i A(n) v dng tng ca nhiu hng t v chng minh
mi hng t u chia ht cho k.
V d 1: CMR: n3 + 11n 6 vi n z.
Gii
3
3
2
Ta c n + 11n = n - n + 12n = n(n - 1) + 12n
= n(n + 1) (n - 1) + 12n
V n, n - 1; n + 1 l 3 s nguyn lin tip
n(n + 1) (n - 1) 6 v 12n 6
Vy n3 + 11n 6
V d 2: Cho a, b z tho mn (16a +17b) (17a +16b) 11
CMR: (16a +17b) (17a +16b) 121
Gii
16a + 17b11
(1)
17a + 16b11
16a + 17b11
17a + 16b11
T (1) v (2)
n2 - n 6
n(n - 1) 3 (1)
30 6n
30 n (2)
T (1) n = 3k hoc n = 3k + 1 (k N)
T (2) n {1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 10; 15; 30}
Vy t (1); (2) n {1; 3; 6; 10; 15; 30}
Thay cc gi tr ca n vo P ta c
n {1; 3; 10; 30} l tho mn
Vy n {1; 3; 10; 15; 30} th P = (n + 5)(n + 6) 6n.
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR: 13 + 33 + 53 + 73 23
Bi 2: CMR: 36n2 + 60n + 24 24
Bi 3: CMR: a. 5n+2 + 26.5n + 8 2n+1 59
b. 9 2n + 14 5
Bi 4: Tm n N sao cho n3 - 8n2 + 2n n2 + 1
HNG DN - P S
Bi 1: 13 + 33 + 53 + 73 = (13 + 73) + (33 + 53)
= 8m + 8N 23
2
Bi 2: 36 + 60n + 24 = 12n(3n + 5) + 24
Ta thy n v 3n + 5 khng ng thi cng chn hoc cng l
n(3n + 5) 2 PCM
Bi 3: a. 5n+2 + 26.5n + 8 2n+1
= 5n(25 + 26) + 8 2n+1
= 5n(59 - 8) + 8.64 n
= 5n.59 + 8.59m 59
b. 9 2n + 14 = 9 2n - 1 + 15
= (81n - 1) + 15
= 80m + 15 5
3
2
Bi 4: C n - 8n + 2n = (n2 + 1)(n - 8) + n + 8 (n2 + 1) n + 8 n2 + 1
Nu n + 8 = 0 n = -8 (tho mn)
Nu n + 8 0 n + 8 n2 + 1
n + 8 -n 2 1 Vi n 8 n 2 + n + 9 0 Vi n 8
2
2
n + 8 n + 1 Vi n 8
n n 7 0 Vi n 8
10
m 2 12 n + 2
Gii
Vi n = 1 m2 - 1 = (m + 1)(m - 1) 8 (v m + 1; m - 1 l 2 s chn lin tip nn tch ca
chng chia ht cho 8)
Gi s vi n = k ta c
m2
k +1
m2
m 2 12k + 2 m
2k
= 2 k + 2.q + 1
k +1
( )
1 = m2
=
Vy
12 k +3
Tht vy
m2
m 2 12 k + 2
1 = 2 k + 2.q
2 k +3 (2 k +1 q 2 + q ) 2 k +3
m 2 12 n + 2
(q z )
vi n 1
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR: 3 - 26n - 27 29 vi n 1
Bi 2: CMR: 42n+2 - 1 15
Bi 3: CMR s c thnh lp bi 3n ch s ging nhau th chia ht cho 3 n vi n l s nguyn
dng.
HNG DN - P S
Bi 1: Tng t v d 1.
3n+3
11
a
a...
a
3n
3n (1)
sa
aa ... a =111 a 3
aa ... a
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k tc l
Vi n = 1 ta c
3k
s
a
a
a...
a
k+
1
s a
k
a
... a a
... a a
... a = aa...a.102.3 + aa...a.103 + a
...a
a...
a =a
k
k
k
3k +1 s a
3k
2.3
3
k +1
= aa
...
a 10 + 10 + 1 3
3k
1. Phng php 7:
S DNG NG D THC
Gii bi ton da vo ng d thc ch yu l s dng nh l Euler v nh l Fermat
V d 1: CMR: 22225555 + 55552222 7
Gii
C 2222 - 4 (mod 7) 22225555 + 55552222 (- 4)5555 + 45555 (mod 7)
Li c: (- 4)5555 + 42222 = - 45555 + 42222
1111
= - 42222 (43333 - 1) = - 4 2222 4 3
1
( )
V 43 = 64 (mod 7) 4 3
22225555 + 55552222 0 (mod 7)
Vy 22225555 + 55552222 7
V d 2: CMR:
24 n +1
34 n +1
+3
((
1111
1 0 (mod 7)
+ 522 vi n N
Gii
Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
310 1 (mod 11)
210 1 (mod 11)
Ta tm d trong php chia l 24n+1 v 34n+1 cho 10
C 24n+1 = 2.16n 2 (mod 10)
24n+1 = 10q + 2 (q N)
C 34n+1 = 3.81n 3 (mod 10)
34n+1 = 10k + 3 (k N)
Ta c:
32
4 n +1
4 n +1
+ 33
+ 5 = 310q+ 2 + 210 k +3
= 32.310q + 23.210k + 5
1+0+1 (mod 2)
0 (mod 2)
12
32
4 n +1
4 n +1
+ 33
V d 3: CMR:
22
+ 522 vi n N
4 n +1
+ 7 11 vi n N
Gii
2 (mod 10)
Ta c: 2 6 (mod) 2
24n+1 = 10q + 2 (q N)
4
22
4 n +1
4n+1
= 210q+ 2
22
4 n +1
+ 7 = 210q+ 2 + 7
22
4 n +1
+ 7 11 vi n N (PCM)
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR
26 n + 2
+ 319
vi n N
Bi 2: CMR vi n 1 ta c
52n-1. 22n-15n+1 + 3n+1 .22n-1 38
Bi 3: Cho s p > 3, p (P)
CMR 3p - 2p - 1 42p
Bi 4: CMR vi mi s nguyn t p u c dng
2n - n (n N) chia ht cho p.
HNG DN - P S
Bi 1: Lm tng t nh VD3
Bi 2: Ta thy 52n-1. 22n-15n+1 + 3n+1 .22n-1 2
Mt khc 52n-1. 22n-15n+1 + 3n+1 .22n-1 = 2n(52n-1.10 + 9. 6n-1)
V 25 6 (mod 19) 5n-1 6n-1 (mod 19)
25n-1.10 + 9. 6n-1 6n-1.19 (mod 19) 0 (mod 19)
Bi 3: t A = 3p - 2p - 1 (p l)
D dng CM A 2 v A 3 A 6
Nu p = 7 A = 37 - 27 - 1 49 A 7p
Nu p 7 (p, 7) = 1
Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
A = (3p - 3) - (2p - 2) p
t p = 3q + r (q N; r = 1, 2)
A = (33q+1 - 3) - (23q+r - 2)
= 3r.27q - 2r.8q - 1 = 7k + 3r(-1)q - 2r - 1 (k N)
vi r = 1, q phi chn (v p l)
A = 7k - 9 - 4 - 1 = 7k - 14
Vy A 7 m A p, (p, 7) = 1 A 7p
M (7, 6) = 1; A 6
A 42p.
Bi 4: Nu P = 2 22 - 2 = 2 2
Nu n > 2 Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
2p-1 1 (mod p)
13
2. Phng php 8:
S DNG NGUYN L IRICHLET
Nu em n + 1 con th nht vo n lng th c t nht 1 lng cha t 2 con tr ln.
V d 1: CMR: Trong n + 1 s nguyn bt k c 2 s c hiu chia ht cho n.
Gii
Ly n + 1 s nguyn cho chia cho n th c n + 1 s d nhn 1 trong cc s sau: 0; 1; 2;
; n - 1
c t nht 2 s d c cng s d khi chia cho n.
Gi s ai = nq1 + r
0 r<n
aj = nq2 + r
a1; q2 N
aj - aj = n(q1 - q2) n
Vy trong n +1 s nguyn bt k c 2 s c hiu chia ht cho n.
Nu khng c 1 tng no trong cc tng trn chia ht cho n nh vy s d khi chia
mi tng trn cho n ta c n s d l 1; 2; ; n - 1
Vy theo nguyn l irichlet s tn ti t nht 2 tng m chi cho n c cng s d
(theo VD1) hiu cadr tng ny chia ht cho n (PCM).
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: CMR: Tn ti n N sao cho 17n - 1 25
Bi 2: CMR: Tn ti 1 bi ca s 1993 ch cha ton s 1.
Bi 3: CMR: Vi 17 s nguyn bt k bao gi cng tn ti 1 tng 5 s chia ht cho 5.
Bi 4: C hay khng 1 s c dng.
19931993 1993000 00 1994
HNG DN - P S
2
25
Bi 1: Xt dy s 17, 17 , , 17 (tng t VD2)
Bi 2: Ta c 1994 s nguyn cha ton b s 1 l:
1
11
111
111
11
1994s 1
Khi chia cho 1993 th c 1993 s d theo nguyn l irichlet c t nht 2 s c cng s d.
Gi s l
ai = 1993q + r
0 r < 1993
aj = 1993k + r
i > j; q, k N
aj - aj = 1993(q - k)
111
11 00
0 =1993 (q k )
i - j 1994 s 1
i s 0
111
11.10
=1993 (q k )
i - j 1994s 1
14
111
11 1993 (PCM)
1994s 1
Bi 3: Xt dy s gm 17 s nguyn bt k l
a1, a2, , a17
Chia cc s cho 5 ta c 17 s d t phi c 5 s d thuc tp hp{0; 1; 2; 3; 4}
Nu trong 17 s trn c 5 s khi chia cho 5 c cng s d th tng ca chng s chia
ht cho 5.
Nu trong 17 s trn khng c s no c cng s d khi chia cho 5 tn ti 5 s c s
d khc nhau tng cc s d l: 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 10
Vy tng ca 5 s ny chia ht cho 5.
Bi 4: Xt dy s a1 = 1993, a2 = 19931993,
a1994 =
1993
1993
1994s 1993
em chia cho 1994 c 1994 s d thuc tp {1; 2; ; 1993} theo nguyn l irichlet c t
nht 2 s hng c cng s d.
Gi s: ai = 1993 1993 (i s 1993)
aj = 1993 1993 (j s 1993)
aj - aj 1994
1 i < j 1994
ni
1993
1993
.
10
1993
j - i s 1993
3. Phng php 9
PHNG PHP PHN CHNG
CM A(n) p (hoc A(n) p )
+ Gi s: A(n) p (hoc A(n) p )
+ CM trn gi s l sai
+ Kt lun: A(n) p (hoc A(n) p )
V d 1: CMR n2 + 3n + 5 121 vi n N
Gi s tn ti n N sao cho n2 + 3n + 5 121
4n2 + 12n + 20 121 (v (n, 121) = 1)
(2n + 3)2 + 11 121 (1)
(2n + 3)2 11
V 11 l s nguyn t 2n + 3 11
(2n + 3)2 121 (2)
T (1) v (2) 11 121 v l
Vy n2 + 3n + 5 121
V d 2: CMR n2 - 1 n vi n N*
Gii
Xt tp hp s t nhin N*
Gi s n 1, n N* sao cho n2 - 1 n
Gi d l c s chung nh nht khc 1 ca n d (p) theo nh l Format ta c
2d-1 1 (mod d) m < d
ta chng minh m\n
Gi s n = mq + r (0 r < m)
15
16