C S D Liu Phn Tn

ti:Phn mnh dc
Nhm 3:Phm V Minh Hong(nhm trng)
L Quang Hng
Li Ngc Tuyn
V Trng Khanh
ng Vn Oanh
4/20/2012 1
Ni Dung:
1. Khi qut v phn mnh d liu
2. Phn mnh dc
a. nh ngha,yu cu ca phn mnh dc
b. Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc
c. Thut ton t nhm
d. Thut ton phn mnh
3. Kt lun
4/20/2012 2

Khi qut v phn mnh d liu

nh ngha phn mnh d liu:
Phn mnh (fragmentation) d liu l vic chia cc quan h
trong mt c s d liu(CSDL) thnh cc quan h nh hn hay
cn gi l cc mnh (fragment).

4/20/2012 3
Khi qut v phn mnh d liu

V tr ca phn mnh trong thit k cc h c s d liu phn tn
4/20/2012 4
Khi qut v phn mnh d liu
Cc kiu phn mnh d liu:
Phn mnh ngang
Phn mnh dc
Phn mnh kiu kt hp
Cc thng tn yu cu cho phn mnh:
Thng tinh v c s d liu gm tp cc quan h,tp cc
ph thuc
Thng tin v cc ng dng gm cc cu truy vn trn cc
quan h
4/20/2012 5
Khi qut v phn mnh d liu
L do phn mnh d liu:
Xut pht t c im ca CSDL tp trung,cch thc truy cp vo
cc CSDL tp trung.c im v yu cu ca ng dng truy vn.
Tng mc hot ng ng thi v tng lu lng hot ng ca
h thng

Mt s hn ch:
Tng chi ph truy xut d liu n cc mnh v tng chi ph kt ni
cc mnh.
Vic kim sot ng ngha,bo m tnh c lp d liu,ton vn d
liu s gp kh khn hn.
4/20/2012 6

Phn mnh dc

nh ngha phn mnh dc: Phn mnh dc l s phn chia tp thuc tnh
ca mt quan h ton cc thnh tp thuc tnh con, cc mnh dc c c
bng cch chiu quan h ton cc trn mi tp thuc tnh con.



4/20/2012 7 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
Phn mnh dc
V d1:cho c s d liu ton cc sau:


Phn mnh theo chiu dc quan h BRANCH thnh 2 quan h
v

v kt qu l:






( )
,
BRANCH
MACN VON
[
( )
, , DDIEM
BRANCH
MACN TENCN
[
1 BRANCH 2 BRANCH
4/20/2012 8 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
( )
1
, MACN VON
BRANCH
( )
2
, , MACN TENCN DDIEM
BRANCH
( )
, , , MACN TENCN VON DDIEM
BRANCH
Phn mnh dc
Yu cu ca phn mnh dc:
Gi s ta c quan h R
Tp cc thuc tnh ca quan h R:
Tp cc mnh ca mnh ca R:
K l kha ca quan h R
Tnh y :bt k thuc tnh no trong quan h R u c th tm thy trong
mi mnh con.


Tnh khi phc li:






4/20/2012 9 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
;
1 2
| ...
i i R n R F R R R R
e =

{ }
1 2
, ,...,
m
a a a
O=
{ }
1 2
, ,...,
R n F R R R
=
, , 1. ;
|
k k k
n
k a k R R F a
=
e
O - e e
Phn mnh dc
Tnh tch bit:


Vi l tp thuc tnh kha ca
( )
( )
, |
k j k j
k j D
R R
= = C

DeO
k j
v
R R
4/20/2012 10 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc

Ma trn gi tr s dng thuc tnh:
Xt: Q={q
1
,q
2,
..,q
q
} :tp cc cu truy vn
R(A
1
,A
2
,,A
n
):quan h ton cc
:Ma trn thuc tnh s dng.Vi i=1,,q
v j= 1,,n
Trong :
4/20/2012 11 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
( ) ( )
,
qxn
j
i
A use q
A
=
Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc
V d 2:Xt 4 cu truy vn sau i vi quan h BRANCH
q1: Tm vn ca chi nhnh theo m chi nhnh
SELECT VON
FROM BRANCH
WHERE MACN=Value
q2: Tm tn chi nhnh v vnca tt c cc chi nhnh
SELECT TENCN, VON
FROM BRANCH
q3: Tm tn chi nhnh theo tn a im
SELECT TENCN
FROM BRANCH
WHERE DDIEM=Value





4/20/2012 12 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc
q4:Tm tng vn ca cc chi nhnh ti mi thnh ph
SELECT SUM(VON)
FROM BRANCH
WHERE DDIEM=Value

Ma trn gi tr s dng thuc tnh:

4/20/2012 13 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
A=
1
2
3
4
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
q
q
q
q
(
(
(
(
(

1 2 3 4
A A A A
Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc
Ma Trn lc ht :


Vi:



Trong :
ref(q
k
) :s truy xut n cc thuc tnh (A
i,
A
j
) cho mi ng dng ca q
k
ti
v tr S
l

acc(q
k
) :s o tn s truy xut ng dng.

:[( ( , ) ( , ) ] 1
( , ) ( ) ( )
k i k j l
i j l k l k
k use q A use q A S
aff A A ref q acc q
. =
=

4/20/2012 14 Nhm 3 - L Quang Hng
( )
( )
a ,
AA
nxn
i j
ff
A A
=
Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc
V d 3:
gi s ref(q
k
)=1 cho tt c q
k
v S
l
. S o tn s truy xut ng dng gi thit
nh sau:
acc
1
(q
1
)=12 acc
2
(q
1
)=15 acc
3
(q
1
)=8
acc
1
(q
2
)=5 acc
2
(q
2
)=0 acc
3
(q
2
)=0
acc
1
(q
3
)=25 acc
2
(q
3
)=20 acc
3
(q
3
)=25
acc
1
(q
4
)=2 acc
2
(q
4
)=0 acc
3
(q
4
)=0
Tnh s o i lc gia cc thuc tnh A
1
v A
3
ng dng duy nht truy xut n
c hai thuc tnh ny l q
1
nn ta c:



3
1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
1 1
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 35
l
k
k l
aff A A acc q acc q acc q acc q
= =
= = + + =

4/20/2012 15 Nhm 3 - Li Ngc Tuyn

Thng tin cn thit ca phn mnh dc
Ta c c ma trn lc ht thuc tnh nh sau:





4/20/2012 16 Nhm 3 - Li Ngc Tuyn
1
2
3
4
35 0 35 0
0 75 5 70
35 5 42 2
0 70 2 72
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

1 2 3 4
A A A A
AA=
Thut ton t nhm

Yu cu thut ton:
u vo:mt ma trn gi tr lc ht thuc tnh AA
X l:hon v cc hng v ct AA
u ra:mt ma trn lc ht t CA.
Cc bc thc hin thut ton:
Bc 1:t c nh 1 ct ca AA vo AC(chn ct 1).
Bc 2:ln lt la chn v t n i ct cn li ca AA vo tng v
tr sao cho s o lc ht chung AM l ln.
Bc 3:sp xp th t hng ph hp vi v tr tng i vi cc ct.

4/20/2012 17 Nhm 3 - Phm V Minh Hong
Thut ton t nhm
S o lc ht chung AM c nh ngha nh sau:


Cu ni(bond) gia hai thuc tnh A
x
v A
y
l:


Khi AM c biu din nh sau:


4/20/2012 18 Nhm 3 - Phm V Minh Hong
1 1
1 1
( , )[ ( , ) ( , )]
n n
i j i j i j
i j
AM aff A A aff A A aff A A
+
= =
= +

z x z y
1
( , ) aff(A ,A )aff(A ,A )
n
x y
z
bond A A
=
=

( )
3
( )
1
( ) 2
1 1
1
[ ( , ) ( , )]
n
j j j j
j
AM bond A A bond A A
+
=
= +

Thut ton t nhm

Xt n thuc tnh:
AM AM
Khi o lc ht chung ca n thuc tnh l:
AM
old
= AM + AM + + +
+

1 2 1 1
, ,... , , , ,...
i i j j n A A A A A A A +
1
( , )
i i
bond A A

,
( , )
i j
bond A A
( , )
j i
bond A A
, 1
( )
j j
bond A A
+
4/20/2012 19 Nhm 3 - Phm V Minh Hong
( ) 4
1 1
1
1 1
1
[ ( , ) ( , )]
[ ( , ) ( , )] 2* ( , )
i
l l l l
l
n
l l l l i j
l i
bond A A bond A A
bond A A bond A A bond A A
+
=
+
= +
= +
+ + +

Thut ton t nhm

t thm mt thuc tnh vo gia v trong ma trn
t lc ht.
Khi :
AM
new
= AM + AM+ + +
+
= AM+AM+2* +2* (5)
V th ng gp thc cho s o i lc chung khi t thuc tnh
A
k
gia A
i
v A
j
l:

k A
i A j A
( , )
i k
bond A A
( , )
k j
bond A A
,
( )
j k
bond A A
( , )
i k
bond A A
( , )
k j
bond A A
4/20/2012 20 Nhm 3 Phm V Minh Hong
( )
6
( , )
k i
bond A A
( , , )
2* ( , ) 2* ( , ) 2* ( , )
i k j new old
i k k j i j
cont A A A AM AM
bond A A bond A A bond A A
=
= +
Thut ton t nhm
V d 4:xt ma trn lc ht thuc tnh AA,tnh phn ng gp
khi chuyn thuc tnh vo gia v







4 A 1 A 2 A
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 4 2 1 4 4 2
1 2
ont , , 2* , 2* ,
2* ,
C bond bond
bond
A A A A A A A
A A
= +

( )
1 4
, 35*0 0*70 35*2 0*72 70 bond
A A
= + + + =
( )
4 2
, 0*0 70*75 2*5 72*70 10300 bond
A A
= + + + =
( )
1 2
, 35*0 0*75 35*5 0*75 175 bond
A A
= + + + =
( )
1 4 2
ont , , 2*35 2*10300 2*175 20495 C
A A A
= + =
4/20/2012 21 Nhm 3 V Trng Khanh
Thut ton t nhm
V d 5:Xt ma trn gi tr lc ht AA v d 3

1 2
A A
1 3 2
A A A
4 2 3 1
A A A A
1
2
3
4
35 0
0 75
35 5
0 70
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
4
35 35 0
0 5 72
35 42 5
0 2 70
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
4
35 35 0 0
0 5 75 70
35 42 5 3
0 2 70 72
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

1
3
2
4
35 35 0 0
35 42 5 2
0 5 75 70
0 2 70 72
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

4/20/2012 22 Nhm 3 - V Trng Khanh
CA=
CA=
CA=
CA=
1 3 2 4
A A A A
Thut ton phn mnh
Mt s khi nim c bn:
tp nh (top) TA v tp y (bottom) BA


4/20/2012 23 Nhm 3 ng Vn Oanh
Thut ton phn mnh
K hiu:
Q = {q
1,
q
2
, , q
n
}:tp cc ng dng.
AQ(q
i
) = {A
j
| use(q
i
, A
j
) = 1} :tp cc thuc tnh c truy xut bi
ng dng q
i

TQ = {q
i
| AQ(q
i
) TA}:Tp cc ng dng truy xut trn cc thuc
tnh TA
BQ = {q
i
| AQ(q
i
) BA}:Tp cc ng dng truy xut trn cc thuc
tnh BA
OQ = Tp cc ng dng truy xut trn c BA v TA


_
_
9/13/2011 24 Nhm 3 - ng Vn Oanh
Thut ton phn mnh
nh ngha phng trnh chi ph nh sau:




Phng trnh ti u ha xc nh im z sao cho




( ). ( )
j i j i
qi Q Sj
CO ref q acc q
e
=

( ). ( )
j i j i
qi TQ Sj
CTQ ref q acc q
e
=

( ). ( )
j i j i
qi BQ Sj
CBQ ref q acc q
e
=

( ). ( )
j i j i
qi OQ Sj
COQ ref q acc q
e
=

( )
1 z n s s
4/20/2012 25 Nhm 3 - ng Vn Oanh
2
* ax
i i i
Z M
CTQ CBQ COQ
=
Thut ton PARTITION
u vo: Ma trn i lc t CA, Quan h R, Ma trn s dng thuc tnh ref, ma trn tn s truy xut
acc, K tp thuc tnh kha chnh ca R
u ra: Tp cc mnh F

Begin
Z l v tr thuc tnh ct th nht
Tnh CTQ
1
; tnh CBQ
1
; tnh COQ
1;


Best : = CTQ
1
* CBB
1
COQ
1
*COQ
1


For i := 2 to n do Begin
Tnh CTQ
i
; tnh CBQ
i
; tnh COQ
i
;


iF z > best Then best :=z
End;
;


End.

1
: ( )
TA
R R K =
[
2
: ( )
BA
R R K =
[
2 2
: F R R =
2
: *
i i i
Z
CTQ CBQ COQ
=
4/20/2012 26 Nhm 3 ng Vn Oanh
Thut ton phn mnh
V d 6:xt

1 2 3 4
A A A A
acc
1
(q
1
) = 12 acc
2
(q
1
) = 15 acc
3
(q
1
) = 8
acc
1
(q
2
) = 5 acc
2
(q
2
) = 0 acc
3
(q
2
) = 0
acc
1
(q
3
) = 25 acc
2
(q
3
) = 20 acc
3
(q
3
) = 25
acc
1
(q4) = 2 acc
2
(q
4
) = 0 acc
3
(q
4
) = 0

1
3
2
4
35 35 0 0
35 42 5 2
0 5 75 70
0 2 70 72
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

1 3 2 4
A A A A
4/20/2012 27 Nhm 3 - Li Ngc Tuyn
A=
AA=
1
2
3
4
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
q
q
q
q
(
(
(
(
(

Thut ton phn mnh
v tr 1:


CTQ
1
= 35
CBQ
1
=112
COQ
1
= 35
z = 2695
v tr 2:


CTQ
2
= 42
CBQ
2
= 77
COQ
2
= 8
z = 3170

{ }
{ } { } { }
1 3
1 2 4 2 3 4 2 4
, , , , , , , , , TA TQ BQ OQ
q q q q q q q q
A A
= = = =
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
1
1 1
, , ,
1 2 3 4
, , , BQ TQ q OQ q q q q q
TA A
= = =
=
4/20/2012 28 Nhm 3 - Li Ngc Tuyn
Thut ton phn mnh
v tr 3

CTQ
3
= 112
CBQ
3
= 72
COQ
3
= 72
z = 2880
Ta chn v tr 2 lm im phn chia v ti v tr ny gi tr chi ph l cao
nht. Nh vy chng ta c BRANCH
1
= {A
1
, A
3
}v BRANCH
2
={A
1
, A
2
, A
4
}
Tc l:
BRANCH
1
= {MACN,VON} v BRANCH
2
= {MACN, TENCN, DDIEM}

{ }
{ } { } { }
1 3 2
1 2 3 4 3 4
, , , , , , , , ,
3 4
, BQ TQ q q q q OQ q q q q
TA A A A
= = =
=
9/13/2011 29 Nhm 3 - Li Ngc Tuyn
Kt lun
Phn mnh dc ni ring v phn mnh ni chung l
mt phn trong qu trnh thit k cc h c s d liu
phn tn,l cng vic u tin phi thc hin.vi mc
ch to ra cc n v cp pht logic,sao cho chi ph
thc hin truy vn thng tin l thp nht.
Bi ton thit k h c s d liu phn tn l bi ton
kh v phc tp,vn ti u cc h c s d liu
phn tn cn c gii quyt v hin nay vn ang
c i su nghin cu.
4/20/2012 30