TNG QUAN H THNG GSM Phn 1:

Gii thiu
Phn ny gii thiu cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h u, th h th hai. Ni dung phn ny bao gm: Mng v tuyn cell Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h u Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cell th h th hai v cc h thng phi GSM Cc h thng cell trn th gii v s phn b thu bao

GII THIU CC H THNG CELL

Mng v tuyn cell

Cc c tnh ca mng v tuyn di ng Mng v tuyn di ng hnh thnh theo cu trc t bo nn cn c tn gi l mng v tuyn cell. Mi cell l vng ph ca 1 anten. V th hnh dng ca cell ph thuc vo kiu anten v cng sut pht ca tng trm gc. Dng anten thng s dng l anten v hng pht ng hng v anten c hng tp trung cng sut pht theo hng nht nh S lng tn s trong mng l hu hn. Do , s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v tuyn ta cn s dng li tn s cc BTS khc nhau Tnh di ng gia cc cell thc hin c nh vo chuyn giao (gii thiu c th chng 8).

Hnh 1.1-Mc thi gian ra i ca cc th h mng

H thng cell th h th nht

Cc c tnh ca h thng cell th h th nht: Gii thiu rng ri u nm 1980 S dng k thut iu ch tng t Dng kiu a truy xut phn chia theo tn s Ch dng cho thai Khng c kh nng roaming vi mng ngoi Khng an ton trn giao din v tuyn

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Cc chun mng th h th nht AMPS (Analogue Advanced Mobile Phone System): theo chun Bc M dng bng tn 800Mhz. TACS (Total Access Communications System): chun Hoa K da trn AMPS dng bng tn 900Mhz. NMT(Nordic Mobile Telephony System): theo chun Bc u dng bng tn 450Mhz v 900Mhz. C-450: theo chun c dng bng tn 450Mhz JTACS: theo chun Nht dng bng tn 900Mhz Quy hach cell cho mng th h th nht Macrocellular: t v tr cao cho vng ph ln, anten trn mi nh Hach nh tn s: i vi cc mng s cell nhiu hn s tn s th cn phi hach nh cho tn s Cell kch thc ln, vng ph 30km Chuyn giao cng: Mi MS ti 1 thi im ch c kt ni ti duy nht 1 cell Cell c hnh dng lc gic

Hnh 1.2- S phn b tn s gia cc cell trong mng v tuyn cell.

H thng cell th h th hai

Cc c tnh h thng cell th h th hai Gii thiu rng khp trong nhng nm 1990 Dng iu ch s Dng nhiu k thut a truy cp khc nhau S dng ph v tuyn hiu qu hn Truyn thai v d liu chuyn mch mch tc thp C kh nng roaming quc t An tan trn giao din v tuyn Tng thch vi ISDN

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Trong khi nhng h thng th h u dng kin trc cell v ti s dng li tn s th cc h thng s vn pht trin quan dim ny v dng thm cc thng s cell a lp (cc microcell v macrocell). Ti s dng tn s cht hn do nhiu trong truyn dn s gim. Cc c tnh ca mng CDMAOne Nhng mng u tin nm 1996 Bt ngun t giao din v tuyn Qualcomm IS-95 a truy cp phn chia theo m Mng li ANSI-41 Tc chip l 1.2288Mcps Cc c tnh D-AMPS/PDC TDMA(D-AMPS) Dng TDMA/FDMA Phn ln c dng Bc v Nam M Hach nh ging mng GSM Mng core ANSI-41 PDC Dng TDMA/FDMA Phn ln c dng chu Hach nh ging mng GSM

S pht trin ca GSM v cc c tnh

Cu trc cell Mc ch ca h thng cu trc cell l s dng tn s sn c mt cch hiu qu Cu trc cell cho php ti s dng tn s trong mng Vic hach nh thng s ti s dng tn s l phn chnh ca thit k h thng Hach nh GSM Cc thng s chnh cn quan tm khi hach nh mng Vng ph Dung lng Cht lng Cc thng s ty chn yu cu khi hach nh mng Cu trc cell phn bc(macrocell/microcell) Nhy tn Truyn khng lin tc iu khin cng sut Phn tch dung lng thu bao: dung lng gii hn bi s TRX

S phn b thu bao trong cc h thng cell

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Hnh 1.3-S phn b thu bao ng vi cc th h mng di ng

Hnh 1.4-S phn b thu bao di ng trn th gii

Cc c tnh ca mng 2.5G

iu ch s Thai v d liu chuyn mch mch tc va K thut roaming 2G An tan trn giao din v tuyn Da trn cc chun u th tn ti trong mng 2G nh GSM v CDMAOne Tc d liu c tng cao

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Phn 2:

TNG QUAN V KIN TRC MNG

2.1 Cc s nhn dng trong mng GSM 2.1.1 IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) l s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t, dng phn bit tng my TD. Khng th c hai TD cng mang mt s IMEI. Thng thng, s IMEI do mt s t chc cung cp cho nh sn xut TD. IMEI c lu trong AuC, my, EIR. EIR dng s ny nhn dng thit b di ng bi ly cp v ngn cm truy cp vo mng S IMEI lun gm 15 ch s theo dng:

TAC(Type Approval Code) c 6 ch s 2 ch s u cho bit t chc no cung cp s IMEI cho nh sn xut TD. Bn ch s k tip c gi l Mobile Equipment Type Identifier, dng nhn dng dng (model) TD FAC (Final Assembly Code) dng xc nh xut x ca sn phm SNR (Serial Number) s xri ca sn phm Spare cho s dng trong tng lai V d: Nu IMEI l 350893-30-952659-2 :s u 35 cho bit do t chc BABT cp, c sn xut ti Hn Quc(30).

2.1.2 IMSI-International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMSI l s nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t dng phn bit cc thu bao di ng tan cu. N c dng cho bo hiu trong mng, c lu trong SIM, HLR v VLR ang phc v S IMSI lun gm 3 phn:

MCC(Mobile Country Code): M nc di ng(Vit Nam l 452) MNC(Mobile Network Code): M nh cung cp mng di ng(Viettel l 04) MSIN(Mobile Station Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di ng

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2.1.3 TMSI-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TMSI l s nhn din thu bao di ng tm thi. S ny c gi tr trong tng LA, c cp mi cho MS mi khi thc hin IMSI attach, hay khi cp nht v tr do MS chuyn sang LAI khc. S ny c s dng tm gi MS trn giao din v tuyn, c thay i sau tng cuc gi hay theo chu k trnh cho MS b theo di bng cch nghe ln tn hiu gi trn ng v tuyn. Ch khi khng th gi c bng TMSI th mng mi tm gi MS bng IMSI. TMSI c lu trong VLR v trong SIM. TMSI bao gm 4 octet. Mi nh iu hnh mng c th chn cu trc TMSI

2.1.4 LAI-Location Area Identity

Mng PLMN s c chia thnh nhiu vng nh gi l LA(Location area). Mi vng nh ny s c 1 s nhn dng v s ny gi l LAI. LAI c broadcast u n bi cc BTS trn knh BCCH. Cng dng ca LAI l dng tm gi v cp nht v tr cho thu bao Cu trc nh sau:

LAC(Location Area Code):16 bit cho php 65536 vng nh c xc nh trong 1 PLMN

2.1.5 MSISDN-Mobile Station ISDN Number

y l s thc ca 1 thu bao khi lin lc vi thu bao ta s gi s ny .MSISDN l s m t thu bao di ng trong mng PSTN. Khi 1 my c nh gi cho 1 my di ng trong bo hiu vi tng i c nh th a ch ca my b gi chnh l s MSISDN v tng i c nh s cn c vo s iu khin kt ni ti mng di ng(GMSC-HLR) ca my b gi. Cu trc nh sau :

CC(Country Code) : M nc NDC(National Destination Code):M mng SN(Subscriber Number): S thu bao

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VD:84 98 8000345 2.1.6 MSRN-Mobile Station Roaming Number
MSRN l 1 s tm thi c cp bi VLR c dng nh tuyn cuc gi gia 2 thu bao thuc 2 mng khc nhau(GMSC-MSC) hay 2 thu bao thuc 2 MSC khc nhau Cu trc gm 3 phn:

2.1.7 CI-Cell Identifier

CI l s nhn dng cell dng nhn dng cc cell khc nhau trong 1 mng PLMN

2.1.8 BSIC-Base Station Identity Code

BSIC l m dng phn bit cc cell khc nhau khi cc cell ny c cng tn s BCCH. Hai cell c tn s BCCH ging nhau th BISC phi khc nhau Cu trc nh sau:

NCC(Network Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7 BCC(Base Station Color Code) 3 bit tng ng t 0 n 7

2.1.9 CGI-Cell Global Identity

CGI c dung nhn dng cc cell ring bit trong cng mt LA. Nhn dng cell thc hin bng cch cng CI vi LAC. CI c chiu di ti a l 16 bit. CGI bao gm:

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2.2 Tng quan kin trc mng

Sw itching S ystem SS AUC

V LR O ther netw orks B ase S tation S ystem

H LR

EIR

GM SC

MSC

B SS
BSC N MC and OMC

S ignaling transm ission Call connections and signaling transm ission

BTS

MS

Mng GSM hnh thnh t 3 phn: Mobile Station (MS) Base Station Sub-system (BSS) : Gm 1 BSC v nhiu BTS Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) : gm MSC v VLR, HLR, EIR, AUC

2.2.1 MS-Mobile Station

MS l thit b thu pht c nhn do ngi ng k thu bao trc tip s dng bao gm: Thit b di ng : ME Mobile equipment. Module nhn dng thu bao: SIM Subscriber Identity Module. SIM ct gi thng tin v thu bao, mng bao gm: S IMSI, kha nhn thc, thut tan kim tra nhn thc, bo mt TMSI, LAI, danh sch cc tn s c dng cho vic chn cell Module nh s danh b, tin nhn ME c phn bit bi s IMEI Cn c vo cng sut pht ti a ca MS m ta phn MS thnh cc lp nh sau:

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Nhng thit b di ng u cui dng trong mng GSM thng l class 3 v 4 i vi bng tn 900 , class 1 v 2 i vi bng tn 1800(DCS). Nhng class khc dng cho nhng thit b lp t c nh hay lp trn xe

2.2.2 BSS-Base Station Subsystem 2.2.2.1 BTS-Base Transceiver

BTS gm c Cc TRX c chc nng pht v nhn tn hiu Cc thit b iu khin v x l tn hiu Cc cp feeder v anten Hin nay 1 BTS gm c 3 anten t theo 3 hng khc nhau. Mi anten ti ra mt vng ph sng nh gi l cell. Nhiu cell to thnh 1 LA. Ty theo lai thit b BTS m cho php 1 cell c th c ti a bao nhiu TRX Chc nng ca BTS l to ra vng hat ng cho MS

2.2.2.2BSC-Base Station Controller

BSC thc hin cc chc nng chnh sau: Cp pht knh v tuyn Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn Duy tr cuc gi nh gim st cht lng, iu khin cng sut pht ca MS hay BTS, iu khin chuyn giao iu khin 1 hay nhiu BTS

2.2.2.3Topo mng BSS

Gm cc topo sau:

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Dng chui(Chain): chi ph r, d thc hin nhng nu lin kt b h s tc ng n nhiu BTS

Dng vng(Ring): an tan nh bo v nu lin kt h nhng kh hn cho vic m rng

Dng sao(star): y l cu hnh ph bin cho nhng h thng GSM u tin. Chi ph t v mi BTS u c lin kt ring vi BSC, 1 lin kt b h khng tc ng n BTS khc

Cc BTS c lin kt n BSC theo 1 trong nhng topo chun. Cc lin kt vt l c th l vi ba, cp quang hay ng.

2.2.3 NSS-Network Switching Subsystem

NSS gm cc thnh phn sau: Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Home Location Register (HLR) Authentication Centre (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Gateway MSC (GMSC) Nhng thnh phn ny c kt ni bng mang SS7

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2.2.3.1 MSC-Mobile Switching Centre

Mt MSC l 1 tng i thc hin chc nng: Chuyn mch, iu khin v ghi li cuc goi Giao din vi PSTN, ISDN, PSPDN Qun l tnh di ng Qun l 1 phn ti nguyn v tuyn nh handover gia cc BSC Thng tin tnh cc Mt MSC qun l nhiu BSC nn vng qun l ca MSC l tan b vng ph ca cc BTS thuc quyn qun l ca cc BSC

2.2.3.2VLR-Visitor Location Register

VLR l 1 c s d liu phc v cho cc thu bao m hin thi ang nm trong vng phc v ca 1 MSC. Mi MSC trong mng s kt hp vi 1 VLR nhng 1 VLR c th phc v nhiu MSC. Nhng hin nay th mi VLR c tch hp trong 1 MSC. Mt MS di chuyn trong vng phc v ca 1 MSC c iu khin bi VLR kt hp vi MSC . Thng tin trn VLR cp nht t ng Khi di chuyn sang vng mi, MS thc hin cp nht v tr. Nu vng mi ny cn trong phm vi qun l ca MSC-VLR c th ch cn cp nht s LAI mi(v tr mi) ca MS trn VLR. Nu v tr mi thuc phm vi qun l ca 1 MSC-VLR khc th VLR mi phi ly thng tin ca MS t HLR v HLR cng s yu cu VLR c xa thng tin v MS. Sau VLR mi mi cp nht s LAI ca MS. Do VLR ch ct thng tin tm v s b mt khi MS di chuyn sang vng mi hay MS ri mng qu lu Thng tin ct trong VLR bao gm: IMSI MSISDN MSRN

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TMSI LAI Nhng thng s dch v cng thm Trng thi ca thu bao(tt, bt..)

2.2.3.3HLR-Home Location Register

HLR l 1 c s d liu m nhim vic qun l cc thu bao di ng. Mt mng PLMN c th c 1 hay nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu bao di ng, dung lng ca thit b v s t chc ca mng Thng tin ct trong HLR gm: IMSI MSISDN a ch MSC-VLR Cc dch v cng thm MSRN Thng tin thu bao Nhng gii hn dch v Cng vi AuC, HLR kim tra tnh hp l ca thu bao Lu :VLR cho bit MS thuc LAI no nhng HLR ch cho bit MS thuc vng qun l ca MSC-VLR no

2.2.3.4AUC-Authentication Centre
AuC c kt hp vi HLR, cha kha nhn thc ca cc thu bao ng k trong HLR Kha ny c dng to ra: D liu c dng nhn thc 1 MS c quyn truy nhp vo mng hay khng Mt kha c dng mt m thng tin trn ng v tuyn gia MS v mng Nhng th tc c dng cho nhn thc v m ha s c miu t y hn chng an tan trong GSM

2.2.3.5GMSC-Gateway Mobile Switching Centre

GMSC l 1 thit b nh tuyn lu lng trong 1 mng di ng n ch n GMSC truy cp HLR ca mng tm xem thu bao di ng c gi thuc MSCVLR no Mt MSC ring bit c th ng vai tr nh 1 GMSC Nh iu hnh mng c th dng 1 hay nhiu GMSC GMSC nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc MSC hay gia MSC vi mng ngai

2.2.3.6EIR-Equipment Identity Register

EIR l 1 c s d liu lu tr cc s IMEI. Trong c 3 danh sch: Danh sch trng l nhng s IMEI c php kt ni vi mng

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Danh sch xm l nhng s IMEI ca ME c quyn s dng dch v mng nhng di tm gim st ca mng Danh sch en l nhng s IMEI ca cc ME b nh cp hay l 1 ME khng c ng dng trong mng GSM. Nhng u cui ny s khng c php kt ni vo mng ME c th c phn lai thuc danh sch trng, en hay xm cho bit trng thi ca MS y l 1 thit b ty chn. N c th c dng bi nh iu hnh mng iu khin truy nhp n mng cho php, gim st hay ngn cm(i vi thit b b nh cp) kt ni mng.

2.3

Cc giao din trong mng GSM

2.3.1 Giao din A

y l quan n: giao din gia MSC v BSS ca n. Giao din ny c dng mang thng tin lin Qun l BSS X l cuc gi Qun l tnh di ng

2.3.2 Giao din Abis

y l giao din gia BSC v BTS h tr nhng dch v cung cp cho thu bao. Giao din ny cng cho php iu khin thit b v tuyn v cp pht tn s v tuyn trong BTS.

2.3.3 Giao din B

y l giao din gia MSC v VLR. Dng trong cc trng hp sau: Bt c khi no MSC cn d liu lin quan n 1 MS ang nm trong vng phc v ca n, n s truy vn VLR

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Khi 1 MS thc hin 1 th tc cp nht v tr vi 1 MSC, MSC s nhc nh VLR ca n ct gi thng tin lin quan Khi 1 thu bao kch hat 1 dch v cng thm c bit no hay b sung 1 vi d liu v 1 dch v, MSC s yu cu (thng qua VLR) HLR ct gi cc thng tin b sung ny v HLR cp nht cho VLR nu c yu cu

2.3.4 Giao din C

y l giao din gia MSC v HLR. GMSC phi truy vn HLR ly thng tin nh tuyn cho 1 cuc gi hay 1 tin nhn n thu bao

2.3.5 Giao din D

y l giao din gia VLR v HLR. Giao din ny c dng trao i d liu lin quan n v tr thu bao v qun l thu bao. Dch v chnh ca 1 thu bao di ng l thit lp hay nhn cuc gi trong 1 mng. h tr dch v ny, cc thanh ghi v tr phi trao i d liu vi nhau Khi MS di chuyn sang MSC khc, VLR thng bo cho HLR bit v tr ca MS v cung cp cho n (khi thit lp cuc gi) s roaming ca MS . HLR gi cho VLR tt c thng tin h tr dch v ca MS . HLR sau yu cu VLR c hy b thng tin v tr ca MS Vic trao i thng tin c th xy ra khi: MS yu cu 1 dch v c th no MS mun thay i vi thng tin thu bao Mt thng tin ca thu bao c b sung bi cc phng tin qun tr

2.3.6

Giao din E

y l giao din gia cc MSC. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t 1 MSC ti 1 MSC khc trong 1 cuc gi. Mt th tc chuyn giao phi c thc hin dy tr cuc gi. V mc ch cc MSC phi trao i d liu khi to 1 knh MSC mi v gii phng knh MSC c Sau khi chuyn giao thnh cng cc MSC s trao i thng tin truyn bo hiu giao din A nu cn thit. Khi 1 tin nhn c truyn gia MS v trung tm dch v nhn tin(Short Message Service Centre-SC), giao din ny c dng truyn bn tin gia MSC phc v MS v MSC ni vi trung tm dch v nhn tin

2.3.7 Giao din F

y l giao din c dng gia MSC v EIR trao i d liu, EIR c th xc nh tnh trng MS thng qua s IMEI

2.3.8

Giao din G

y l giao din gia cc VLR. Khi 1 MS di chuyn t vng phc v ca VLR ny sang vng phc v ca VLR khc th tc cp nht v tr s xy ra. Th tc ny nhm ly li thng s IMSI v cc thng s nhn thc t VLR c

2.3.9 Giao din Um

y l giao din gia MS v BSS

2.3.10 Giao din H

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y l giao din gia HLR v AuC. Khi HLR nhn 1 yu cu cung cp d liu cho nhn thc v mt m cho 1 MS, HLR khng gi d liu yu cu, HLR s yu cu d liu t AuC. Giao thc ny c dng truyn d liu trn giao din ny

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Phn 3: GIAO DIN V TUYN

3.1 Gii thiu
Giao din v tuyn l giao din gia u cui di ng (MS) v trm thu pht gc (BTS) m n c truy nhp. 3.2 Cp pht ph tn trong GSM 3.2.1 Ph trong thng tin di ng Ph v tuyn l mt ti nguyn gii hn Cc di tn ang s dng trong thng tin di ng

Ton b ph v tuyn c chia thnh cc bng tn nh VHF, UHFbng tn UHF c s dng trong thng tin di ng. Cp pht tn s Cc yu t chn bng tn s dng: V tr Mc cng sut Loi iu ch Bng thng Cc t chc qui nh v cp pht tn s trn th gii: ITU (International Telecomunication Union) ESTI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) RA (Radiocommunications Agency) ti Hoa k Chi ph chnh ban u cho cc nh khai thc mng l tm c licence s dng mt phn bng tn v tuyn. Phng php cp pht bng tn hot ng khc nhau trong cc

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nc, nhng c th c u gi hoc chn trc tip nh hot ng bi t chc chnh ph. 3.2.2 Ph GSM c bn Ph P-GSM (Primary GSM)

GSM s dng phn chia tn s song cng (FDD), mi knh ng ln v xung hot ng mt tn s khc nhau. Do , c 2 bng tn c cp cho GSM, cch nhau 20MHz. Bng tn u tin c cp trong GSM (P-GSM): Bng tn 890MHz n 915MHz cho ng ln (uplink) t MS n BTS Bng tn 935MHz n 960MHz cho ng xung (downlink) t BTS n MS Mi bng tn c chia thnh mt s sng mang, mi sng mang c bng thng 200KHz. Do c 125 sng mang cho mi bng tn ln, xung. Trong , mt knh c dng nh knh bo v, iu ny lm gim s knh cn 124 knh. Hai tn s n nh cho mi cp knh cch nhau 45MHz. Mi cp tn s c nhn dng bi mt s ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel) Tnh ton tn s knh ng ln v xung: Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 890 MHz + (0,2 MHz) n Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz n = ARFCN vi 1 n 124 3.2.3 Ph E-GSM (Extended-GSM)

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E-GSM cp thm 10MHz ca bng thng ti u cui ca bng tn ng ln v xung. Cc bng tn nh sau: ng uplink: 880MHz n 915MHz ng downlink: 925MHz n 960MHz Kt qu: Thm 50 cp sng mang (cc knh 10MHz/200KHz) Gim khong cch bng thng gia bng tn ng ln v ng xung t 20MHz xung10MHz. Tng kch thc bng tn ng ln v xung t 25MHz ln 35MHz Cp dy sng mang tn s v tuyn mi t 975-1023. Sng mang tn s v tuyn 0 trong P-GSM chuyn t bng bo v thnh mt sng mang tn s v tuyn c gi tr. Cc knh tn s v tuyn ng ln v xung trong E-GSM c tnh nh sau: Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 890 MHz + (0,2 MHz) n (0<=n<=124) Ful(n)=890MHz+(0,2MHz) (n 1024) (975<=n<=1023) Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz 3.2.4 Ph DCS 1800

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H thng thng tin s (DCS) -1800 gii thiu dy ph 1800MHz cho GSM. c tnh ca cc tn s v tuyn trong dy ny, tiu biu l DCS-1800 c dng cho cc microcell c vng ph nh hn cc macrocell GSM-900 ang tn ti. Mi cp tn s ng ln v xung cch nhau 95MHz v khong cch gia 2 bng l 20MHz: Bng tn uplink: 1710MHz n 1785MHz Bng tn downlink: 1805MHz n 1880MHz Mi bng c chia thnh cc sng mang 200KHz. Nh vy, c 374 sng mang trong mi bng tn ng ln v xung. S knh trong dy 512-885 (ARFCNs). Cp knh n nh c sp xp 2 tn s cch nhau 95MHz. Cc tn s knh ng ln v xung trong DCS-1800 c tnh nh sau: Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 1710.2 MHz + (0,2 MHz) (n 512) (512<=n<=885) Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 95 MHz S dng bng tn 1800MHz ti UK Vic phn b cc tn s ti UK hin ti ca cc nh khai thc l:

Biu ph ny cho thy cch phn b bng tn 1800MHz gia cc nh khai thc ti UK. 3.2.5 Ph PCS-1900

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H thng thng tin ring (PCS)-1900MHz c dng ti USA v Trung M cung cp dch v tng t nh GSM. Bng tn 1900MHz c chn ti USA v thiu bng tn 1800. Mi di tn ng ln v xung l 60MHz, khong cch gia 2 di tn l 20MHz. Bng tn uplink: 1850MHz n 1910MHz Bng tn downlink: 1930MHz n 1990MHz Mi bng c chia thnh cc sng mang 200KHz, do , c 299 sng mang trong mi bng ng ln v xung. S knh trong di 512-810 (ARFCNs) Cp knh n nh c sp xp 2 tn s cch nhau 80MHz. Cc tn s knh ng ln v xung trong DCS-1900 c tnh nh sau: Cc tn s uplink: Ful (n) = 1850.2 MHz + (0,2 MHz) (n 512) (512<=n<=810) Cc tn s downlink: Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 80 MHz 3.2.6 Ph GSM -450 GSM-450 chun c pht trin t mt nghin cu nh gi chun s thay th ton b h thng NMT-450 tng t. Thun li ca bng tn 450MHz so vi bng tn GSM ang tn ti (900/1800/1900) l tng vng ph trn cell v s lng trm t hn trong cng mt khu vc trin khai so vi thit lp trn 3 bng tn . N cng cung cp thm dung lng.

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3.3 K thut a truy cp trong GSM Mc ch: cho php nhiu user chia s ti nguyn ca giao din v tuyn trong mt cell. Cc phng php: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia tn s TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia thi gian CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): a truy nhp phn chia theo m K thut a truy nhp cho php s dng hiu qu hn ph v tuyn. Cc h thng th h th nht ch s dng FDMA, s dng hon ton mt sng mang v tuyn n nh cho mt ngi dng qua cuc gi. iu ny lm gim hiu sut s dng ph. 3.3.1 a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA)

Chia ph tn s c sn thnh cc knh, mi knh s dng hon ton mt bng thng Vic phn chia knh t c bi cc b lc: Tnh chn lc tt Cc bng bo v gia cc knh Mi user truy nhp vo mng trn 1 tn s khc nhau . Ch mt ngi dng trn knh tn s ti mt thi im Hn ch: Dung lng khng cao do ti nguyn bng thng hn ch Nhiu xuyn knh cao 3.3.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) Truy nhp vo ph c gii hn trong cc khe thi gian Mi user c cp pht ph trong sut mt khe thi gian Cc khe thi gian c lp li trong cc khung.

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TDMA c php s dng trong cc h thng s nh GSM m cc lung d liu c th c chia thnh cc cm v c n nh vo mt khe thi gian. 3.3.3 K thut a truy nhp s dng trong GSM

GSM s dng kt hp c 2 k thut a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA trn giao din v tuyn: FDMA cung cp cc sng mang v TDMA chia s truy cp vo cc sng mang.

3.4 Cc knh trong giao din v tuyn

GSM nh ngha 2 loi knh c bn Knh vt l: Trong thng tin di ng, bng thng ca h thng c chia thnh cc bng tn nh, mi bng tn ny c gi l 1 knh tn s. Mi knh tn s c phn chia thnh 8 khe thi gian Mi khe thi gian (TS) c gi l knh vt l. Mt nhm 8 khe thi gian trn mt sng mang c xem nh mt khung TDMA

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Mt cm d liu (data burst) (chu k 0.577ms hay 156.25 bit) c truyn trn mt knh vt l. Knh lun l (knh logic) Ty vo ni dung thng tin c truyn trn cc knh vt l m c chia thnh cc knh logic khc nhau. Mt knh vt l c th h tr mt hay nhiu cc knh logic Hai loi knh logic c nh ngha: knh lu lng v knh iu khin Mi knh c chia thnh cc knh ph nh sau:

3.4.1 Knh lu lng (TCH) Mt knh vt l (mt khe thi gian) c th h tr: 1 TCH/F (Full rate) hay 2 TCH/H (Half rate) TCH/F: mang thng tin tc 13Kbps voice hay 9.6Kbps data, c cp pht hon ton knh vt l trn mt khe thi gian trong khung TDMA. TCH/H: mang thng tin tc 6.5Kbps voice hay 4.8Kbps data, 2 knh lu lng c n nh trn 1 knh vt l n. ng b ng ln/xung

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MS pht cm tr 3 khe thi gian sau cm t BTS. Tr ny cho php: S dng cng s khe thi gian cho trong khung TDMA cho c ng ln v xung. Cho php thi gian tr (TA) m c th gim tr 3 khe thi gian. Cung cp thi gian cho MS chuyn gia cc ch thu v pht 3.4.2 Cc knh qung b (BCH) Tt c cc knh thuc knh BCH (knh tn s iu khin) ch c s dng cho ng xung v c cp pht trn khe thi gian 0 (TS0). Cc knh BCH gm: Knh hiu chnh tn s FCCH (Frequency control channel) gi n MS 1 cm tt c cc bit 0 hot ng nh mt mo u v cho php MS hiu chnh tn s ng xung v ng b thi gian. Knh ng b SCH (Synchronisation channel) cho php ng b s khung TDMA bng vic gi gi tr tuyt i ca s khung (FN) cng vi m nhn dng trm gc BSIC. Knh iu khin qung b BCCH (Broadcast control channel) gi thng tin ring ca mng nh cc bn tin qun l ti nguyn v tuyn v iu khin, nhn dng khu vc v tr (LAI), cng sut pht ti a cho php truy cp vo cell Knh qung b (BCH): pht qung b thng tin chung trn c s mt knh cho mt BTS. 3.4.3 Knh iu khin chung (CCCH) CCCH cha tt c cc knh ng xung im n a im (BTS n vi MS) v knh truy cp ngu nhin ng ln (RACH): Knh truy cp ngu nhin RACH (Random Access Channel): c pht bi MS yu cu ti nguyn trong mng, v d nh l mt knh SDCCH cho vic thit lp cuc gi. Knh chp nhn truy cp AGCH (Access Grant Channel) c dng cp pht mt knh dnh ring SDCCH cho mt MS. Knh tm gi PCH (Paging channel) gi bn tin tm gi thng tin cho MS v mt cuc gi. Knh qung b cell CBCH (Cell Broadcast Channel) pht qung b cc bn tin SMS. Knh NCH c dng cho cc dch v thoi nh dch v VBS (voice broadcast service) hay VGCS (voice group calling service). 3.4.4 Knh iu khin dnh ring (DCCH) DCCH bao gm cc knh iu khin hai hng (ln/xung)

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Knh iu khin dnh ring SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Channel) c dng thit lp cuc gi, cp nhp v tr v SMS. Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) s dng cho c ng ln gi cc bn tin o v ng xung gi cc lnh iu khin cng sut v cc lnh chuyn giao cuc gi. Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel) c dng (khi cn) cho bo hiu cuc gi, ch yu cho vic pht cc bn tin chuyn giao v nhn bit khi mt TCH c n nh.

3.5 Cu trc khung, a khung

3.5.1 Khi nim a khung a khung c dng m t s lp li cc TS, c pht lin tc trn mt knh vt l. 3.5.2 a khung knh lu lng (TCH) Khi mt user c n nh mt TS trong mt khung TDMA cho mt cuc gi, thng thng user dnh ring TS (lu lng ton tc) trong sut cuc gi. V vy, user pht mt cm d liu trn 1 TS ca khung TDMA. Tuy nhin sau 12 cm c gi, 1 cm knh logic SACCH c chn vo v sau 12 cm lu lng c gi tip th mt cm ri (idle burst) c chn. iu ny c lp li lin tc c sau 26 cm n khi kt thc cuc gi. S lp li 26 cm knh lu lng c xem l a khung knh lu lng. C th:

a khung TCH bao gm 26 TS a khung TCH nh x cc knh logic sau: TCH, SACCH, FACCH Ngoi cc TS TCH va SACCH, knh lu lng cng mang thng tin FACCH. FACCH l knh logic duy nht khng dnh ring TS truyn dn. FACCH nh cp TS ca TCH khi c yu cu. 3.5.2.1 Thi gian ca mt a khung TCH Mt a khung l s thit lp lin tc ca cng mt TS trong khung TDMA. Chu k khung TDMA l 4.615ms, do , thi gian cho 1 a khung c tnh l: chiu di ca a khung (cc TS) x 4.615ms.

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3.5.2.2 Chc nng SACCH trong a khung TCH: Trong sut mt cuc gi MS lin tc gim st mc cng sut t cc cell neighbor. Vic gim st c thc hin trong cc khong gia thi gian n nh TS. Sut mi a khung knh lu lng, c mt cm SACCH ng ln c dng gi bo co kt qu o v cell phc v hin ti. BTS dng cm SACCH ng xung gi lnh iu khin cng sut v cc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi khc cho MS 3.5.2.3 Chc nng knh Idle trong a khung TCH. TS Idle (TS 25 trong a khung) xy ra khi MS hot ng ch half rate TCH/H, 2 MS chia s a khung. Khi slot 25 s l mt cm SACCH th hai thit lp report n trm gc. 3.5.2.4 Chc nng FACCH trong a khung TCH FACCH c dng yu cu truy nhp ngay khi c bn tin lnh chuyn giao t trm gc. Khi cn, FACCH dng mt cm TCH v thit lp c nh cp trong cm thng bo n khng l cm knh lu lng. 3.5.3 a khung knh iu khn 3.5.3.1 Sng mang BCCH Mt cell c th c nhiu sng mang (nhiu tn s) nhng phi c t nht mt TS ca mt trong cc sng mang dnh cho chc nng iu khin. Knh iu khin vt l ny vn chuyn mt s cc knh bo hiu logic trn TS0. Quan trng nht ca cc knh bo hiu logic ny l knh BCCH v n mang thng tin cu hnh mng. V l do ny m sng mang cha knh logic BCCH c xem nh sng mang BCCH 3.5.3.2 Cu trc a khung knh iu khin a khung knh iu khin ghp cc knh logic bo hiu vo mt knh vt l n.

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Cc knh logic truyn thng tin iu khin c t chc lp li mi 51 TS0 trong lin tc 51 khung TDMA. 3.5.3.3 a khung knh iu khin kt hp v khng kt hp (combined v non-combined) Knh CCCH l cc block bo hiu (mi 4 TS) c n nh cc knh bo hiu dnh ring ty thuc vo dung lng bo hiu yu cu. Bao gm s n nh: SDCCH, SACCH, AGCH v PCH. Khi cc yu cu dung lng bo hiu c tnh ton, c th dung lng trn mt knh iu khin n c sn khng , trong trng hp ny thm knh vt l n nh cho bo hiu. Khi a khung knh bo hiu vt l yu cu n nh sng mang BCCH dng TS 2, 4 hay 6 (ngoi TS0). Ghp knh bo hiu c sp xp trong c hai nh dng kt hp (combined) v khng kt hp (non-combined). Cu trc ca ghp knh bo hiu c th thay i ty thuc vo dung lng bo hiu yu cu. Cu hnh ghp knh bo hiu Trong a khung khng kt hp, c th dnh 7 trong 9 blocks cho AGCH.

Trong a khung kt hp, c th dnh 2 trong 3 blocks cho AGCH.

S blocks CCCH dnh ring cho AGCH c ch nh trong bn tin thng tin h thng m MS c trn BCCH.

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3.5.4 Phn bc cu trc a khung trong GSM Cp bc khung (Frame)

3.5.4.1 Siu khung (superframe) Mc ch c bn ca lp siu khung l cung cp mt im m ti a khung knh lu lng v a khung knh iu khin c ng b. V vy, 51 a khung TCH ca 26 khung c nhm ln nhau v 25 a khung CC ca 51 khung c nhm. Trong c hai trng hp, thi gian ca 1 siu khung l 26x51 frame=6.12s. 3.5.4.2 Siu siu khung Knh ng b (SCH) pht s khung (FN) TDMA m cho php mt MS ng b vi trm gc ti mc khung TDMA. FN l mt s 22 bit m c reset sau mi siu siu khung (sau 2048x26x51=2715648 frame TDMA)

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Phn 4: CC NGHI THC TRONG GSM

4.1 Gii thiu Bt c khi no cc h thng trao i thng tin vi nhau u phi s dng nghi thc. Nghi thc l tp hp cc nh ngha v tha thun trao i thng tin. 4.2 M hnh OSI 7 lp M hnh OSI 7 lp xc nh nhiu chc nng phc v cho thit lp v phc v thng tin gia cc im cui trong mng. 7 lp c th chia thnh hai khi chc nng chung: Cc lp chc nng ng dng: lp 4-7 trong m hnh OSI v lin quan ti cc chc nng end-to-end gia hai hay nhiu user ngoi vi mng. Cc lp chc nng mng: lp 1-3 trong m hnh OSI bao gm chc nng vn chuyn d liu trong mng.

Hnh 4.1: M hnh OSI Chc nng ca tng khi trong m hnh OSI Application layer: cung cp dch v h tr cho vic x l ng dng ca user v iu khin thng tin gia cc ng dng. y l lp xem xt n nhn thc v thng tin c nhn ca user, cc gii hn v c php d liu. Chc nng ca lp 7 c th l file transfer, x l bn tin, vn hnh v bo dng,.. Presentation layer xc nh cch trnh by d, chuyn i cu trc d liu ca ng dng sang dng cu trc chung cn thit cho vic lin lc gia cc ng dng. Lp 6 bao gm chc nng nn, mt m d liu. Session layer thit lp kt ni gia cc lp presentation trong cc h thng khc nhau. N cng iu khin kt ni, ng b, gii phng kt ni. N cho

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php lp presentation xc nh cc checkpoint bt u truyn li khi d liu b gin on. Transport layer: bo m cho cht lng d liu c truyn khng c li theo th t v khng mt mt, ngt qung hoc d tha. iu khin dng t ngun ti ch. Lp transport ti u thng tin d liu bng cch ghp hay chia cc dng d liu trc khi n mng. Network layer: chc nng c bn ca lp mng l cung cp transparent channel gia cc lp transport ca cc h thng khc nhau. Ngha l, lp ng dng yu cu cp pht knh m khng cn quan tm n li v mng v y l nhim v ca cc lp di. Lp mng thit lp, bo tr v gii phng kt ni gia cc node mng v x l a ch v nh tuyn cc mch. Data link layer: truyn dn mt cch tin cy (error-free) d liu lp mng thng qua mt lin kt n (point to point), pht hin li ng truyn, sa li, iu khin lung v truyn li, ng b cho mc vt l, nhi bit cho cc chui c s bit 1 nhiu hn 5. Physical layer cung cp cc ti nguyn c, in, chc nng, th tc kch hot, bo tr, kha cc mch vt l dng cho vic truyn bit gia cc data link layer. Lp vt l c chc nng chuyn d liu thnh cc dng tn hiu tng thch vi mi trng truyn.

4.3 Khi qut v cc nghi thc GSM Mng GSM c nhiu nghi thc khc nhau iu khin lung d liu v bo hiu gia cc phn t trong mng. V GSM l mng vn chuyn nn n ch yu gm 3 lp di trong m hnh OSI. Ni dung chng ny ch yu phn tch cc nghi thc s dng trong GSM t lp 1 ti lp 3. 4.3.1 Lp 1: Lp vt l bao gm cc chc nng cn thit truyn cc dng bit qua mi trng vt l. N cung cp dch v vn chuyn cho cc knh GSM logic, bao gm cc dch v: Kh nng truy nhp (GSM 0408): Cc knh logic c ghp knh trn cc knh vt l. Cc knh vt l l nhng n v c sp xp theo thi gian trong mi trng v tuyn. Trong , mt s c dng cho s dng chung nh t hp CCCH v BCCH, s khc dng kt ni vi MS (cc knh vt l c n nh). Pht hin li: t sa li (forward error correction) hay yu cu truyn li (backward error correction) thc hin lp 1. Cc khung li s khng c chuyn ti lp 2. M ha d liu
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4.3.2 Lp 2 s dng nghi thc LAPDm, bao gm cc chc nng: Truyn khng kt ni trn cc knh bo hiu im n im hay im n a im. Thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni lp 2 trn cc knh bo hiu im ti im. Truyn hng kt ni, bm m cho vic truyn theo th t, pht hin v sa li. 4.3.3 Lp 3: Lp 3 bao gm cc phn lp iu khin cc knh bo hiu (BCH, CCCH v DCCH): Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (Radio Resource Management - RR): lp qun l RR c chc nng thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni gia MS v MSC trong sut mt cuc gi, v duy tr kt ni khi MS di chuyn. RR thc hin cc chc nng: la chn cell, handover, cp pht v gii phng cc knh point-to-point, gim st v chuyn tip ca cc kt ni v tuyn, gii thiu mt m (cc loi c th s dng), thay i c ch truyn. Qun l di ng (Mobility management - MM) thc hin cc chc nng cn thit cho di ng nh: nhn thc, cp pht li TMSI, qun l v tr thu bao. Qun l kt ni (connection management - CM) dng set-up, duy tr v gii phng cc kt ni cuc gi, bao gm ba nhm nh: iu khin cuc gi: qun l cc kt ni cuc gi H tr dch v gia tng H tr dch v tin nhn (SMS-short message service) C BTS v BSC u khng c c bn tin CM v MM. Cc bn tin ny c trao i gia MS v MSC theo nghi thc DTAP (Direct Transfer Application Part) trn giao din A. Cc bn tin RR c nh x vo BSSAP (Base Station System Application Part) trao i vi MS.

4.4 Nghi thc truyn

Nghi thc truyn lin quan ti vic vn chuyn v mt vt l d liu th trong mng GSM v cc nghi thc khc lin quan n chc nng ny.

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Hnh 4.2: Nghi thc truyn trong GSM mc truyn dn, lp vt l cung cp cc knh tc 13kbps. Tuy nhin, thch ng vi cc nhc im ca giao din v tuyn, pht hin v t sa li c thc hin da vo cc mo u (overhead). Thm vo , lp truyn dn iu khin cc qu trnh m ha v truy nhp FDMA/TDMA trn giao din v tuyn. Ti mt s giai on, cc knh 13kbps c chuyn thnh 64kbps vn chuyn qua mng PSTN. Chc nng ny c thc hin bi phn t mng TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adaption Unit). Chc nng chnh ca TRAU l chuyn cc knh thoi 16 kbps thnh cc knh PCM 64 kbps trn ng ln v ngc li ng xung. Chc nng ny cn thit v MSC ch c th chuyn mch mc knh 64 Kbps. Do , khi thc hin cuc gi gia hai MS, knh khi u phi chuyn t 16 Kbps thnh 64 Kbps, chuyn mch bi MSC v sau chuyn li thnh 16 Kbps truyn ti MS ch. Vic chuyn i tc c thc hin da theo lut A. V mt k thut TRAU c th t BTS, BSC hay MSC nn c th ci t nhiu cu hnh khc nhau.

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Hnh 4.3: Cu hnh TRAU. Nu TRAU c ci t BTS, mi knh GSM 16 Kbps s c nh x thnh cc knh PCM 64 Kbps. Do , cu hnh ny gy lng ph 75% bng thng truyn dn trn giao din Abis v A. Tuy nhin, nu TRAU c t MSC th b ghp 4 knh 16Kbps thnh knh PCM 64Kbps c th c t ti BTS. Vi cu hnh ny, vic chuyn i 16kbps sang 64kbps ch cn thit khi n MSC, do , hiu sut s dng truyn dn t gi tr ti a bng cch tng s knh trn mt PCM 2048 t 30 ln 120 knh. Bng cch tp trung chc nng TRAU MSC, s lng TRAU trong mng s gim ng k. G.703: TRAU chuyn cc knh GSM thnh ISDN knh D theo khuyn ngh ca G.703. G.703 ch r cc c tnh vt l, in ca cc giao din theo mc tc bit (G.702). Cc giao din c nh ngha cc tnh cht, c im u vo, u ra, kt ni cho gia cc im, lut m ha, 4.5 Nghi thc bo hiu GSM

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Hnh 4.4: Nghi thc bo hiu Bo hiu trong GSM gm c cc nghi thc: Nghi thc lp 1: TDMA a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian G.703 cu trc khung PCM (ITU) MTP message transfer part Nghi thc lp 2 LAPDm nghi thc truy nhp di ng knh D LAPDm nghi thc truy nhp knh D Nghi thc lp 3 RR qun l ti nguyn v tuyn MM qun l di ng CM qun l kt ni BTSM qun l BTS BSSMAP BSS management application part DTAP Direct transfer application part

Hnh 4.5: Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho cho tng nghi thc. 4.6 Nghi thc trn giao din Um Giao din Um kt ni MS v mng c nh nh BTS.

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Lp 1: Mi trng vt l lp 1 l ng v tuyn UHF c iu ch GMSK. Cu trc truyn da vo cu hnh knh D ISDN 16Kbps, s dng phng php truy nhp TDMA. Lp 1 bao gm chc nng nn, m ha knh t sa li (FEC), chn bit, mt m, iu ch. Lp 2: Lp 2 dng nghi thc LAPDm, phin bn chnh sa t nghi thc ISDN LAPD ca mng c nh. LAPD v LAPDm khc nhau ch chc nng pht hin v sa li trn giao din Um c thc hin lp1. Cc khung trn LAPD c th di hn nhiu so vi khung LAPDm v cc khung LAPDm phi va vi cc burst. Chc nng chnh ca lp 2 l vn chuyn cc bn tin mt cch trong sut gia cc entities lp 3. Chc nng lp 2 cn bao gm setup - gii phng kt ni, bo m d liu truyn theo ng th t v hot ng theo ch acknowledged hay unacknowledged. Lp 3: cc bn tin bo hiu lp 3 thc hin mt trong 3 chc nng: qun l iu khin cuc gi, qun l di ng, qun l ti nguyn v tuyn. 4.7 Nghi thc trn giao din Abis Giao din Abis kt ni gia BTS v BSC trong khi BSS. Mi trng vt l trn giao din ny c th l cp ng, cp quang hay vi ba. Lp 1: cu trc ng truyn vt l da vo cu hnh knh D ISDN 16kbps. 4 knh D c ghp knh trn mt knh B ISDN v sau ghp knh trn ng E1 2048 Kbps (32 knh 64 Kbps). Lp 2: nghi thc lp lin kt d liu giao din Abis da vo nghi thc truy nhp kt ni knh D (LAPD). Bn thn nghi thc ny li da vo nghi thc HDLC (High-level data link control). LAPD hot ng tng t nh LAPDm nhng trn giao din Abis gia BTS v BSC. Lp 3 s dng nghi thc qun l BTS (BTSM). Hu ht cc bn tin RR u truyn thng qua BTS n BSC v ngc li. Ch c mt s thng tin RR m BTS cn dch nh thng tin truy nhp ngu nhin ca MS, bt u ciphering v tm gi. BTSM bao gm cc chc nng x l bn tin v qun l BTS. 4.8 Nghi thc trn giao din A Giao din A gia BSC v MSC c xem nh mt phn ca mng li GSM. Khc vi cc giao din Um v Abis, giao din A hot ng theo chun bo hiu SS7. Cc nghi thc trn giao din ny c ch r trong lot ti liu 08 ca ETSI.
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Lp 1: tng t nh lp 1 trn giao din Abis. Lp bo hiu 1 v 2: bo hiu giao din A da trn nghi thc SS7 bao gm lp 1 v lp 2 theo m hnh chun. Cc bn tin trong mng SS7 c vn chuyn qua MTP (message transfer part). MTP l phin bn iu chnh ca MTP bo v vic vn chuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trn giao din A. Lp 3: lp 3 s dng nhiu nghi thc cho nhiu chc nng khc nhau. Bo hiu gia BSC v MSC dng BSSAP. BSSAP c chia thnh BSSMAP v DTAP. Ngoi ra, cc bn tin lp 3 c vn chuyn qua SCCP. DTAP dng vn chuyn cc bn tin gia MS v MSC nh CC v MM. Ti giao din A, cc bn tin ny truyn c t MSC bng DTAP, chuyn tip qua BSS trn giao din Abis n MS, BTS khng cn dch bn tin. BSSMAP l nghi thc dng cho qun tr ti nguyn v tuyn. Tuy nhin, mt s chc nng cn c s tham gia ca MSC nh mt s trng hp handover, gii phng kt ni hay gii phng knh. Cc hot ng ny c bt u v iu khin bi MSC. SCCP: cc transaction bo hiu gia MSC v MS (CM v MM) cn phi thit lp v nhn bit cc kt ni logic ring bit.

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Phn 5: M HA THOI V KNH

5.1 Gii thiu
Hai qu trnh m ha c s dng trong h thng GSM. Qu trnh u tin c dng chuyn tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s. V qu trnh m ha th hai l nn v bo v thng tin d liu truyn trn giao din v tuyn.

5.2 K thut m ho thoi

Qui trnh m ha thoi v knh trong GSM

Thoi cha nhiu thng tin hn vn bn phin dch li t vic ni. Chng ta c th nhn ra ngi ni, v nhn bit nhiu thng tin khng c ni thnh m thoi Mi khi trong qui trnh lin quan cc phng php x l thng tin thai khc nhau m bo cht lng tn hiu to li tt nht trong bng tn nh nht. 5.2.1 M ho thoi ng truyn GSM s dng kiu iu ch s - thoi phi c chuyn thnh cc s nh phn. Lu m ha n gin nht l iu ch xung m (PCM) Chu k ly mu 125s. Ly mu vi tn s 8KHz v dng 8 bit m ha tn hiu nn tc d liu yu cu 64Kbps. Tc ny qu cao cho bng thng c sn trn cc knh v tuyn

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S m ha thoi

Giai on u ca m ha thoi l chuyn ting ni c pht bi micro xem nh tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s tng ng. GSM thc hin chuyn i A/D bng vic ly mu tn hiu thoi tng t mi 125ms hay 8000 mu/s. Mi mu c lng t thnh mt trong 8192 mc in p. Mi mc ny c biu din bi m nh phn 13bit (213). V vy, mi giy c 8000x13bit mu tn hiu tng t c to ra, do , tc d liu th l 104Kbps. Lung bit th ny c chia thnh cc block 20ms a vo b Vocoder RPELTP (vocoder regular pulse excitation-Long time prediction). Sau , mi block c x l ring l. B Vocoder chia mi block d liu 20ms thnh 3 phn: D liu m ha d on tuyn tnh thi gian ngn (LPC) D liu d on tuyn tnh thi gian di (LTP). D liu kch thch xung u (RPE) Speech digitisation

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Dng sng ca LTP v LPC c m ha nh thng tin tn s v bin ca cc block 36 bit, trong khi RPE c m ha block 188 bit m bo c tnh m thoi c to li ng. Tc d liu 13Kbps ph hp cho bng thng ng truyn trn giao din v tuyn. V vy, mi 20ms block d liu 2080 bit a vo u vo ca b vocoder to ra on d liu 260 bit mi 20ms u ra. V vy, mt t l nn xp x 10:1 t c m khng gim cht lng thoi c ch. S m ha thoi RPE-LTP n gin

5.3 K thut m ho knh S m ha knh trong GSM

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M sa li to li thng tin thoi, b gii m cn t l bit li khng qu 0.1%. Cc knh v tuyn c t l li 1% hay nhiu hn th cn sa li. M ha knh gip sa li Hai phng php sa li: Backward error correction (BEC) Forward error correction (FEC) 5.3.1 Backward error correction Trong BEC, gi s rng nu cc bit kim tra c truyn mt cch chnh xc th cc bit d liu cng chnh xc. Nu cc bit kim tra khng n nh mong mun, h thng yu cu truyn li. Yu cu truyn li t ng (ARQ) khng thch hp cho thoi v thai yu cu thi gian thc.

Cc block c kim tra ti u cui bng vic so snh FCS/BCS, nu pht hin li yu cu b pht truyn li khi d liu. BEC dng m ha khi. BEC thch hp cho truyn d liu khng thch hp cho truyn thai. 5.3.2 Forward error correction Vic m ha s thm cc bit m cho php d liu gc c to li vi mt s nh cc li ngu nhin. FEC khng dng c ch pht li nn ph hp cho truyn thai

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FEC thng c s dng trong m ha chp 5.3.3 M ha khi (block channel coding) Block d liu hin hnh (c truyn) c dng to mt m. M ny c gi i cng vi cc bit d liu gc.

5.3.4 M ha chp (convolutional channel coding)

B m chp c m t bi t l ca cc bit thng tin ng vo trn cc bt m ha ng ra m c to bi cc b cng tr qua qu trnh kt hp d liu t cc thanh ghi dch. T l m m t s bit d trong d liu c m ha T l m truyn gp hai ln s bit d liu tht Tc d liu c chia i V d, mt b m ha to 2 bit ng ra cho mi bit thng tin u vo s dng mt thanh ghi 5 bit c xem nh mt b m ha t l m vi mt tr l 5. Nu t l li cao, m chp c th lm tng cc li M chp hiu qu hn m khi, m chp gim t l li bng vic tng cc bit truyn. M chp

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B m ha trn gm 4 bit thng tin trn lung bit vo cc thanh ghi v a ra 2 a thc: Cng modulo 2 ca d4+d3+1 cho ra bit G0 Cng modulo 2 ca d4+d3+d1+1 cho ra bit G 2 bit ny c a n ng ra. Cc bit c lu trong cc thanh ghi c chuyn n thay th ngay v bit thng tin k tip c a vo. Qu trnh trn c lp li. Kt qu 2 bit c to ra cho mi bit thng tin c a vo b m ha. Cc bit ny khng l d liu gc nhng gn ging d liu gc. V vy, m chp khng th pht hin li, n gin n to li d liu bng vic dng cc thng tin c lu trong cc bit truyn.

5.4 M knh
GSM dng kt hp 2 phng php m khi v m chp. u tin, cc bit thng tin c m khi, to ra cc khi thng tin, mi khi lin kt vi BCS (block check sequence). Tt c cc bit m khi (gm c BCS) c chuyn qua b m chp a ra cc bit m cui cng. M knh TCH/F trong GSM

L do cho vic kt hp m l v m ha chp pha sau s pht hin v sa tt c cc li. Tuy nhin, nu d liu b h hng nng, m khi s b qua d liu v yu cu pht li khi d liu b hng. S m ha trong GSM c m t nh s kt hp v phn chia d liu thnh 3 class u tin tu thuc vo s quan trng ca d liu vi t tnh thoi. Khi n

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cung cp cc mc m ha khc nhau. M cui cng l s kt hp 3 class trn truyn. B m kt hp m t r tc dng trong GSM. Mc ch ca vic thm 4 bit ui trong s trn l m bo cc thanh ghi trong b m ha c kch (flushed) sau mi khi 260 bit c m ha.

5.5 Ghp xen

5.5.1 Nguyn l ghp xen Hiu qu ca m chp da vo gi nh rng cc li c phn b ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, ng truyn v tuyn xu hng thin v tn s - ph thuc loi cm li c bn do fading. Do vy, m chp khng th b s lng ln cc li lin tc trn mt knh tn s n. 5.5.2 Ghp xen khi

khc phc iu ny, cc burst d liu khng c gi theo th t m c ghp xen d liu gia cc TS trong mt a khung. Ghp xen c a ra sau m sa li v c khi phc li trc khi gii m. V vy, cc li c phn b ngu nhin. Ghp xen v cc nh hng ca burst nhiu

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Trong v d trn 8 block d liu cho mi knh (3 knh) c truyn lin tc. Nu mt nhiu cm xy ra trong ng truyn lin tc (khng ghp xen), 6 block d liu b nh hng, 1 block trn knh 1 v 5 block trn knh 2. iu ny c th khng nh hng n d liu trn knh 1 nhng nh hng n knh 2. Nu cc block d liu trn cc knh c ghp xen, 6 block vn b nh hng nhng ch 2 block trn mi knh nh hng. V vy cm nhiu c gim. Ghp xen

Ngoi ra, tnh nng ca cc thut ton sa li hiu qu nht khi cc li c ngu nhin. V vy, kh nng sa tt c cc li c phn b trn mi knh s cao hn so vi kh nng sa tt c cc li tp trung trn 1 knh trong trng hp khng ghp xen. 5.5.3 Thc hin ghp xen trong GSM GSM thc hin ghp xen gim nh hng ca nhiu cm trn giao din v tuyn. Ghp xen xy ra sau khi m ha knh nhng trc khi chuyn cc lung bit m ha vo cc cm d liu. Mc ghp xen dng trong GSM ph thuc vo lu lng sng mang. Khi block 456 bit d liu c truyn qua: 8 TS cho thoi full rate 4 TS cho hu ht cc knh iu khin 19 TS cho truyn d liu Mi TS tng ng vi mt cm d liu trn giao din v tuyn. 5.5.4 Ghp cm v tuyn 5.5.4.1 Nguyn l ghp cm v tuyn D liu c truyn thnh cc block trn giao din v tuyn. Mi block c xem nh 1 cm. 1 cm p ng 1 TS trong 1 khung TDMA 8 TS. Ty thuc vo chc nng ca cm, GSM nh ngha mt s loi cm. Tuy nhin, tt c u c kch thc 156.25 bit trong khong thi gian 0.577ms

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Tuy nhin, tn ti khong bo v trn mi cm cung cp mt b m trong TS. V vy, kch thc cm thng l kch thc ca phn thng tin trong cm. V d, 1 cm bnh thng normal burst 156.25 bit c khong bo v 8.25 bit, v vy kch thc cm thng tin l 148 bit. Bit trong mi cm c nh s t 0-156, bit cui cng nh s 156. Bit 0 lun c truyn u tin. 5.5.4.2 Cc loi cm d liu (data burst) Khong thi gian truyn 156.25 bit ca mt TS c th t chc cc loi burst d liu khc nhau.

GSM nh ngha 5 loi cm gm: Cm bnh thng (normal burst)

Cm ng b (Synchronisation burst) Cm hu chnh tn s (Frequency correction burst) Cm truy nhp (Access burst) Cm gi (Dummy burst)

Normal burst Normal burst l loi burst ph bin nht v c dng thng xuyn mang d liu ngi dng nh thoi qua knh lu lng (TCH) v cho cc knh iu khin khc ngoi cc knh FCCH, SCH, RACH. Kch thc burst thng tin l 148bit (8.25 bit bo v). Cm bao gm cc thnh phn:

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Block data: burst bao gm 2 block data 57 bit (2x57). Cc block ny (k c cc bit nh cp) c m ha Tail Bit: burst bao gm 2 block tail bit 3 bit (2x3). Cc block ny lun thit lp 0,0,0. Mc ch l h tr cc b cn bng xc nh u/cui mu bit. Training bit: Mi burst cha chui hng dn 26 bit. Chui ny c dng bi b cn bng b vo thi gian thay i trn knh. Stealing flag bit : Mi burst cha 2 bit nh cp, mi bit lin kt vi mi block thoi/d liu. 1 stealing bit c thit lp ln 1 khi block d liu m n lin kt b FACCH nh cp s dng. Guard period: 8.25 bit bo v khng mang thng tin, cho php khong thi gian trng gia cc TS lin tc ngn nhiu gia cc TS. Khong bo v cng cho php thi gian b pht dch ln hay dch xung. Frequency correction burst

Frequency correction burst c dng ng b tn s ca MS. Tt c cc bit bng 0 tng ng mt sng mang cha iu ch vi mt tn s la chn ring. Lp li ca 1 burst c xem nh knh hiu chnh tn s (FCCH). Kch thc burst thng tin 148bit. Chc nng cc tail bit v guard period nh trong normal burst. Synchronisation Burst

Synchronisation burst c dng ng b thi gian ca MS vi BTS. C bn n khc vi normal burst: synchronisation burst c chui hng dn c m rng n 64 bit v kch thc block d liu gim. Lp li ca 1 burst c xem nh knh ng b (SCH). Kch thc burst thng tin 148 bit. 1 burst ng b bao gm cc thnh phn: Block data: Burst bao gm 2 block data 39 bit m ha. Cc block ny mang thng tin v s khung TDMA v m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC). N c qung b cng vi burst hiu chnh tn s. S khung (FN) c mt m thnh mu 19 bit ch ra chnh xc 1 khung trong siu siu khung v c lp li mi 2,715,648

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khung . S khung c dng bi MS xc nh loi knh logic pht trn knh iu khin, TS0. BSIC cng c dng bi MS kim tra nhn dng MS khi thc hin o cng sut. Training bit: chui training bit m rng n 64 bit c dng cho php khong thi gian ng b gia MS v BTS. Cc tail bit v guard bit chc nng tng t nh trong normal burst. Dummy burst

nh dng ca dummy burst ging nh normal burst. Tuy nhin n khng mang thng tin. N thng c pht bi BTS trn cc TS ca sng mang BCH khi khng c thng tin no khc c gi cc cell neighbor vn thc hn o cng sut. Access burst

Access Burst c dng truy nhp vo mng, ch dng cho ng uplink. N cng c dng yu cu ti nguyn t cc cell mi trong chuyn giao. Kch thc burst thng tin ca burst truy nhp ngn 88 bit. Cc thnh phn ca burst truy nhp: Block data: Burst bao gm 1 block d liu 36 bit. Block ny cha thng tin yu cu ti nguyn mng ca MS. Tail Bit: Burst bao gm 1 block 3 bit ui bnh thng v block 8 bit ui m rng. Training bit: mi burst cha mt chui hng dn m rng 41 bit cho php b cn bng cung cp thi gian cn chnh. Chui ny c dng ng b gia MS v BTS. BTS pht hin chui truy nhp 41 bit v tnh gi tr timing advance sau c pht n MS. Guard period: khong bo v c m rng n 68.25 bit v khi MS mi kt ni vo mng n khng c thng tin v timing advance. Khong bo v ny cho php timing advance ti a ban u (gi tr timing advance max cn 64 bit) n khi MS c thng tin v mc timing advance chnh xc.

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Phn 6: Qun l di ng MM
6.1 Gii thiu MM (mobility management) l phn lp trong nghi thc bo hiu gia MS v MSC. Cc thng tin MM c trung chuyn thng qua BSS. MM thc hin cc chc nng iu khin cn thit cho thu bao di ng: nhn thc, cp pht TMSI, qun l v tr thu bao,.. 6.2 Cc qu trnh qun l di ng (MM) 6.2.1 MM common procedures MM common procedure cung cp cc thng tin nhn dng thu bao. Qu trnh MM thng thng c th bt u khi cc kt ni v ti nguyn v tuyn (RR) tn ti. Nhm common procedure li c th chia thnh 2 nhm: Qu trnh do MS khi ng Qu trnh do mng khi ng Cc qu trnh MM do mng: Qu trnh cp pht li TMSI: cung cp s nhn dng tm thi nhm bo mt cc thng tin nhn dng v v tr ca thu bao. Mng thc hin qu trnh ny khi MS thay i LA, cp nht v tr theo nh k. Qu trnh nhn thc (authentication): mng kim tra tnh hp l ca thu bao v cung cp cc thng s cho php MS tnh li ciphering key mi. Qu trnh nhn dng (identification): yu cu MS cung cp thng tin nhn dng cho mng nh IMSI, IMEI, Qu trnh abort: mng hy cc kt ni MM hoc ang thit lp. Qu trnh abort ch thc thi c khi kt ni MM ang thit lp hay thit lp, khng thc thi c trong qu trnh MM specific hay IMSI detach. Qu trnh IMSI detach (ri mng) l qu trnh MM thng thng do MS khi ng tt my. Qu trnh IMSI detach khng th khi ng c khi qu trnh MM specific ang chy. Qu trnh ny c th hon li cho n khi MM specific kt thc nu khng th IMSI detach b b qua. 6.2.2 MM-specific procedures Qu trnh MM-specific h tr cho tnh di ng ca thu bao, v d nh cung cp cho mng v v tr hin ti ca thu bao. Mt qu trnh MM-specific khng th bt

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u khi mt qu trnh MM-specific ang thc hin hay mt MM connection ang tn ti. Trong qu trnh MM specific, nu CM entity yu cu kt ni MM th yu cu ny s b t chi hoc ch cho n khi qu trnh MM specific kt thc. Cc qu trnh trong nhm ny gm c: Qu trnh cp nht v tr bnh thng Qu trnh cp nht v tr theo chu k Qu trnh IMSI nhp mng 6.2.3 Qu trnh qun l kt ni MM Qu trnh qun l kt ni MM cho php thit lp, duy tr, gii phng kt ni MM gia MS v MSC, gip cho cc entity ca lp CM (call management) bn trn trao i thng tin ln nhau. Khi nhn c yu cu kt ni MM t CM entity, phn lp MM gi yu cu thit lp kt ni RR ti phn lp RR. Khi kt ni RR thit lp, mng c th bt u qu trnh MM common nh nhn thc, cp pht li TMSI. Kt ni MM ch c thit lp khi khng c qu trnh MM-specific no ang chy. Nhiu kt ni MM c th tn ti cng mt thi im. 6.3 Cc trng thi di ng Thu bao di ng c th c mt trong ba trng thi MS tt my, m my trong ch idle, m my trong ch dedicated. MS tt my (turn off) Trong trng hp ny mng khng th lin lc c vi MS do MS ra ngoi ngoi vng ph sng trong thi gian di, MS tt my hay SIM b rt ra khi my. Trong tt c trng hp ny, MS khng th tr li cc bn tin tm gi (paging) v khng th cp nht v tr theo chu k. Mng xem nh thu bao ri mng (IMSI detached) MS m my trong ch idle Trong ch idle, MS camp-on, ng b, v sn sng thc hin hay nhn cuc gi. MS c th nhn cc bn tin tm gi v thc hin cp nht v tr theo chu k, la chn li cell khi MS di chuyn trong mng. MS m my trong ch dedicated MS tham gia vo cc qu trnh trao i thng tin nh thoi hay d liu. 6.4 IMSI attach / detach 6.4.1 Trnh t kt ni mng

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Khi MS m my trong vng ph sng, n s qut tt c cc tn s c cp pht trong di. MS o mc cng sut ca cc tn s v sp xp chng theo th t. MS chn v lng nghe trong s cc tn s sng mang mnh nht ly thng tin v FCCH. Qu trnh ny nhm ng b tn s vi BTS pht. Sau khi ng b tn s, MS lng nghe trn SCH ly thng tin tin v ng b khung. Knh SCH cha thng tin v s khung v BSIC. Sau khi ng b khung, MS bt u c v gii m cc thng tin khc trn BCCH: danh sch cc cell k cn (LAC+CI), mc cng sut nhn thp nht, LAI, tn s BCCH ca cc cell xung quanh. MS tip tc gim st knh PCH nhn yu cu tm gi cho cc cuc gi n, gi cp nht v tr nh k, ghi li mc tn hiu ca cc cell k cn. Nu khng tm thy FCCH hay SCH, MS s chn li sng mang RF cao nht tip theo t danh sch v lp li qu trnh.

Hnh 6.1: Trnh t MS kt ni mng. 6.4.2 IMSI attach IMSI attach thng bo cho mng MS bt ngun (power-on). IMSI attach l mt phn ca qu trnh cp nht v tr. Gi s IMSI nhp mng vo LA c. Qu trnh IMSI attach din ra theo th t:

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Hnh 6.2: IMSI attach (1) MS camp-on vo cell phc v tt nht. MS gi yu cu cp pht SDCCH ti BSS trn RACH. BSS tr li bng bn tin Immediate Assignment trn AGCH bao gm thng tin v knh SDCCH. (2) MS gi bn tin IMSI attach trn knh SDCCH ti MSC thng qua BSS (3) MSC chuyn IMSI attach ti VLR. VLR xa c IMSI detach v khi phc trng thi bnh thng cho MS. Thng tin v IMSI ri mng cng c cp nht trn HLR (ty chn) . Nu MS bt ngun LA mi th qu trnh bo mt c tin hnh nh nhn thc, kim tra IMEI trn EIR. (4) VLR cp TMSI cho MS. VLR gi bn tin phc p IMSI acknowledge ti MSC. (5) MSC chuyn bn tin ti MS thng qua BSS. MS c nhp mng. (6) MSC gi clear command cho MS trn knh SDCCH gii phng cc ti nguyn dng trong qu trnh IMSI attach. 6.4.3 IMSI detach MS dng qu trnh IMSI detach khi thu bao tt my. Thu bao s c nh du unreachable trn VLR v h thng s khng tm gi thu bao ny na. Thng tin h thng qung b trong cell thng bo cho MS bit qu trnh IMSI attach / detach c cn thc hin hay khng. Cc trng hp IMSI detach Tng minh: MS thng bo IMSI detach Khng tng minh: sau mt khong thi gian xc nh, MSC khng lin lc c vi MS, MSC xem nh MS ri mng. Qu trnh IMSI detach tng minh:

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Hnh 6.3: IMSI detach (1) Khi MS ang tt my, MS gi bn tin channel Request trn knh RACH ti BSS yu cu cp knh SDCCH. BSS n nh knh SDCCH, thng bo ti MS trn knh AGCH. (2) MS gi bn tin IMSI Detach Indication trn knh SDCCH ti BSS v BSS chuyn bn tin ny ti MSC thng bo MS chuyn sang ch detach. (3) MSC gi bn tin Detach IMSI n VLR. VLR bt c IMSI detach v t chi tt c cc cuc gi ti MS. VLR thng bo s thay i ti HLR (ty chn). VLR thng bo cho MSC bng bn tin Acknowledge IMSI Detachment. MSC khng thng bo cho MS v khi ny c th MS ri mng. MSC gi clear Command ti BSS gii phng knh SDCCH. Qu trnh kt thc khi BSS gii phng ti nguyn v gi Clear complete ti MSC. 6.5 Cp nht v tr 6.5.1 Cc ty chn cp nht v tr bo m cho vic nh tuyn cc cuc gi n ng MS, mng cn phi bit v tr ca MS chnh xc ti mc cell. Cc phng php: Cp nht v tr mi khi thay i cell Mi khi di chuyn sang vng phc v ca cell khc, MS gi cp nht v tr cho mng. Thun li ca phng php ny l khng cn phi xc nh v tr cell ca MS mi khi c cuc gi n. tuy nhin,

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phng php ny li lm tng ti bo hiu trong mng mt cch ng k. Tm gi tt c cc cell Mi khi c cuc gi n, mng s tm gi trn tt c cc cell xc nh cell phc v ca MS. Phng php ny khng cn phi cp nht v tr lu li v tr hin ti ca MS nhng li lm tng ti bo hiu trong mng. Chia mng thnh cc vng tm gi nh hn Mi khi di chuyn ti mt vng tm gi mi, MS thng bo cho mng v s nhn dng ca vng ny. Khi c cuc gi n MS, mng ch gi bn tin tm gi n cc cell trong vng tm gi hin ti. Phng php ny kt hp u im ca hai phng php trn lm gim ng k dung lng bo hiu trong mng. 6.5.2 GSM location areas Trong mng GSM, mt vng tm gi nh c gi l mt location area, mi vng bao gm nhiu cell. Tt c cc cell trong cng mt LA c iu khin bi mt MSC. Mi LA c mt s nhn dng duy nht LAI (Location Area Identifier) 6.5.3 Cc iu kin cp nht v tr Cp nht v tr xy ra khi tha mt trong cc iu kin sau: Thay i LA Cp nht theo chu k MS bt my (IMSI attach) Mi khi vo mt LA mi, MS thc hin cp nht v tr. Nu MS khng di chuyn th khng xy ra qu trnh cp nht LA. Do nu sau mt khong thi gian m khng c hot ng no xy ra th MS s cp nht v tr theo chu k c n nh bi nh khai thc mng. Sau mt s chu k, VLR khng nhn c cp nht v tr t MS, VLR s xem nh thu bao ri mng (forced IMSI detach) Mi khi IMSI attach xy ra, thong tin cp nht v tr c gi v VLR. Nu MS nhp mng vo VLR c th khng cn phi cp nht li v tr. Nu MS nhp mng vo VLR mi th qu trnh cp nht v tr phi thc hin. Trong trng hp ny VLR phi gi cho HLR mi cc thng tin c lin quan ti LAI mi ca MS. 6.6 Roaming

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Roaming l kh nng MS di chuyn t PLMN ny sang PLMN khc m khng lm gin on dch v. thc hin dch v ny, cc mng PLMN phi c tha thun roaming vi nhau.

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PHN 7: QUN L TI NGUYN V TUYN

7.1 Gii thiu
Th tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RR) bao gm cc chc nng lin quan n qun l ti nguyn truyn dn nh cc knh vt l, cc kt ni lin kt d liu trn cc knh iu khin. N ch tn ti gia MS v BSS. Mc ch ca cc th tc qun l RR l thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc kt ni RR cho php giao tip im im gia mng v MS. Th tc RR bao gm cc th tc chn cell/chn li cell v th tc chuyn giao. Tuy nhin, cc th tc qun l RR cng bao gm thu 1 chiu thng tin t BCCH v CCCH khi khng c kt ni ti nguyn v tuyn c thit lp. iu ny cho php chn cell/chn li cell t ng

7.2 Thit lp kt ni ti nguyn v tuyn

Mobile initiated RR connection setup.

Network - initiated RR connection setup.

Gii phng kt ni RR c bt u ch bi mng Cc l do bao gm:

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Kt thc mt cuc gi Qu nhiu li Chuyn knh v cuc gi u tin cao hn MS ch cho 1 khang thi gian ngn v tr li trng thi ri

7.3 Selection cell v reselection cell

Khi bt my, MS o mc cng sut thu nh k trn mi tn s sng mang BCCH ca tt c cc cell trong di. T cc ln o nh k ny MS tnh ton gi tr mc thu trn mi cell, c lu trong tham s RXLEV(n) (n: s cell neighbor). Da vo cc gi tr c tnh ny, MS selection cell kt ni n. Qu trnh kt ni ny xem xt cell camping-on. Khi 1 MS bt vo 1 cell, n lin tc o sng mang BCCH ca cc cell neighbor tm cell tt hn. Gi tr OFFSET (tr) ngn chn vic reselection cell khng cn thit khu vc bin cell 7.3.1 Th tc selection cell Khi MS bt ngun, MS bt u o mc tn hiu thu c t tt c cc cell trong dy MS tnh ton mc cng sut thu trung bnh t mi cell v c lu trong tham s RXLEV(n) MS tnh ton tham s C1 cho mi cell da vo RXLEV(n) v cc tham s dnh ring C1 (n)=RXLEV(n)-RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN-MAX(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX-P) RXLEV(n): mc cng sut BCCH thu trung bnh t cell n RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN: mc cng sut thu nh nht m MS thu c truy nhp vo h thng. MS_TXPWR_MAX: mc cng sut pht ln nht ca MS cho php truy cp vo mng. P: mc cng sut pht ln nht c th t c ca MS do nh sn xut qui nh.
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MS so snh mc thu cc cell da vo gi tr C1 v bt vo cell c gi tr C1 cao nht. 7.3.2 Reselection cell MS trong GSM phase 1 i vi GSM phase 1, chn li cell c thc hin bng cch so snh C1 cell hin hnh vi C1 c o trn cc cell neighbor. Gia cc cell trong cng LAC C1(new)> C1 (old) (trong khong hn 5s) Gia cc cell bin LAC C1(new)> C1 (old) + OFFSET (trong khong hn 5s) MS trong GSM phase 2 GSM phase 2 s dng c 2 tham s C1 v C2 trong th tc cell reselection. Mc ch: Ngn chn li cell nhiu ln cho cc MS ang di chuyn nhanh m bo MS truy cp vo cell thnh cng nht. C2 c tnh: C2=C1+OFFSET (TEMPORARY_OFFSET x H(PENALTY_TIME T) ti u chn li cell, tham s chn li cell c th c broadcast trn BCCH ca mi cell. Qu trnh chn li cell da vo cc tham s ny (pht trn BCCH) tnh ton tham s C2. Cc tham s c dng tnh C2:
C2=C1+CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET (TEMPORARY_OFFSET x H(PENALTY_TIME T)

Vi PENALTY_TIME <> 11111 C2 = C1- CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET Vi PENALTY_TIME = 11111 V H(x)=0 khi x<0 {x= PENALTY_TIME T} H(x)=1 khi x>0 CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET Tham s chn ny l mt offset m hoc dng trn mi cell khuyn khch hoc khng khuyn khch MS chn li cell
PENALTY_TIME

Khi MS t cell vo danh sch sng mang mnh nht (neighbor list), n bt u b m m kt thc sau PENALTY_TIME. B m ny s c reset khi cell ra khi danh sch. Sut thi gian PENALTY_TIME ca b nh thi, C2 c cho gi tr offset m, iu ny c khuynh hng ngn MS ang di chuyn nhanh khi chn cell.

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TEMPORARY_OFFSET y l gi tr offset trong cng thc tnh C2. C th l gi tr 0 v cng c th l gi tr dng c a vo.

7.4 Chuyn giao

Chuyn giao l qu trnh thay i knh v tuyn ang s dng sang 1 knh v tuyn khc khi MS ang ch dedicate. Knh v tuyn ny c th trong cng 1 cell hoc gia cc cell khc nhau. Cc loi chuyn giao khc nhau trong h thng GSM: Internal handover Gia cc knh (cc TS) trong cng cell Gia cc cell trong cng BSS (chuyn giao trong cng BSC) External handover Cc cell trong cc BSS khc nhau (khc BSC) nhng c iu khin ca cng MSC Cc cell c iu khin bi cc MSC khc nhau Cc chuyn giao trong GSM l chuyn giao cng, MS ch giao tip vi mt cell ti 1 thi im. Trong mng GSM, cc kt ni v tuyn c th khng c cp c nh sut mt cuc gi. Chuyn giao s chuyn cuc gi ang din ra sang mt kt ni v tuyn khc. Chuyn giao intra-BSS c xem nh internal handover v ch lin quan n 1 BSC. tit kim bng thng, chng c qun l bi BSC khng lin quan n MSC, ngoi tr thng bo khi hon thnh chuyn giao. Chuyn giao Inter-BSS (c hai intra hay inter MSC) c xem nh external handover v c qun l bi cc MSC lin quan. iu quan trng trong GSM l MSC gc vn chu trch nhim cho hu ht cc chc nng lin quan n cuc gi, ngoi tr cc chuyn giao inter-BSC tip sau c iu khin bi MSC mi. 7.4.1 Cc nguyn nhn chuyn giao: Chuyn giao c th c bt u bi MS hoc MSC (phng din cn bng ti lu lng). Quyt nh chuyn giao da vo cc tham s sau (theo th t u tin): Cht lng tn hiu UL/DL Cng tn hiu thu UL/DL Nhiu d tr cng sut (power budget) Khong cch gia MS v BTS

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Mi tham s c mt nh ngha v ngng hot ng v quyt nh chuyn giao da vo 1 hay kt hp ca cc tham s ny. 7.4.2 Qu trnh chuyn giao

Trong ch dedicated, MS lin tc gim st cht lng tn hiu thu (BER) v cng tn hiu (dBm) ca knh lu lng c cp pht trong cell serving. ng thi, cng gim st cng tn hiu ca tt c cc cell neighbor. Thng tin ny c report n BSC serving thng qua BTS. Cc quyt nh chuyn giao c thc hin bi mng da vo kt qu o ca MS v BTS

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Phn 8: Qun l cuc gi

8.1 Gii thiu Chng ny bao gm cc qu trnh thit lp kt ni cho mt cuc gi gia cc thu bao v nh tuyn cc lu lng. Ni dung chng cng nu cc khi nim cn thit cho vic trit ting vng (echo canceller). MS c th tham gia vo mt trong hai loi cuc gi: Cuc gi kt thc ti u cui di ng (MTC) l cuc gi c nhn bi MS, xut pht t MS (PLMN) khc hay t mng PSTN. Cuc gi bt u t thu bao di ng (MOC) l cuc gi xut pht t mt MS trong PLMN. 8.2 Mobile original call Gi s MS ang lng nghe thng tin h thng trong cell v MS ang k vo MSC/VLR ca cell ny. Khi MS yu cu truy nhp mng thc hin cuc gi. Qu trnh din ra nh sau:

Hnh 8.1: mobile original call (1) a) MS dng RACH yu cn n nh knh SDCCH. b) Thng tin v knh n nh c truyn cho MS trn AGCH (2) (3) MS thng bo l n mun setup mt cuc gi. VLR phn tch IMSI v nh du MS bn. Qu trnh nhn thc c th c thc hin (ty chn).

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(4) (5) Khi ng qu trnh m ha (ty chn). MSC nhn bn tin setup t MS. Thng tin bao gm: loi dch v m MS mun s dng, s b gi. MSC kim tra xem MS c b chn chiu gi ra hay khng. Nh khai thc mng hay MS u c kh nng chn cui gi. Nu MS khng b chn, qu trnh setup tip tc. Link gia MSC v BSC c kt ni, mt PCM timeslot b chim gi. MSC yu cu BSC cp pht knh TCH. Nu cn knh TCH ri, BSC BSC cp knh v yu cu BTS kch hot knh. Sau khi kch hot thnh cng, BTS thng bo cho BSC. BSC ra lnh cho MS chuyn sang knh TCH. Qu trnh cp pht knh hon tt, BSC thng bo cho MSC. MSC phn tch s v thit lp kt ni ti thu bao bi gi. Bn tin alert thng bo cho MS bit ringing tone c to u bn kia. Tng i bn B to ra ringing tone v gi n MS ch gi thng qua MSC. Ringing tone c gi qua ng v tuyn ti MS ch khng c to ra MS.

(6)

(7)

8.3 Mobile terminal call Cuc gi kt thc ti u cui di ng pha tp hn cuc gi bt u thu bao di ng do pha ch gi khng bit v tr ca pha b gi.

Hnh 8.2: mobile terminal call.

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(1) Trong trng hp gi t PSTN sang di ng, tng i c nh phn tch MSISDN v xc nh cuc gi thu bao di ng. (2) Tng i transit nh tuyn cuc gi ti GMSC. (3) Sau khi phn tch s MSISDN ca MS b gi, GMSC tm c HLR m thu bao ng k. GMSC truy vn HLR bit MSC/VLR m MS b gi ang tm tr. T MSISDN, HLR tm ra IMSI, cc thng tin ca thu bao, a ch ca VLR. (4) HLR yu cu VLR cp s roaming (MSRN). (5) HLR chuyn s MSRN ti GMSC. (6) 6.a Vi s roaming, GMSC c th nh tuyn cuc gi n ng MSC. 6.b Cuc gi c chuyn ti MSC. Nu h thng h tr tnh nng call drop back, GMSC chuyn cuc gi v node trc v gii phng kt ni bc (2) v 6.a. (7) MSC hi VLR thng tin v v tr v trng thi (reachable, unreachable) ca thu bao. Nu trng thi ca thu bao l reachable, cuc gi c cho php MSC. MSC gi yu cu tm gi ti tt c BSS thuc LA mi nht c ghi nhn ca MS. Trong h thng GSM, thng tin v cell phc v ca MS c th lu MSC hay BSC. MSC gi thng tin nhn dng LA v MS ti BSC. (8) BSC phn pht bn tin tm gi n cc BTS trong LA. (9) BTS tm gi thu bao bng TIMSI hoc IMSI. Khi nhn c bn tin tm gi, MS yu cu cp pht knh SDCCH. MSC thc hin nhn thc v m ha. MSC cng c th gi thng tin cho MS v dch v c yu cu: thoi, data, fax. BSC yu cu BTS kch hot knh TCH v gii phng kt ni SDCCH. MS gi bn tin alert thng bo n ang chung. MSC to ringing tone cho thu ch gi. Khi thu bao nhc my, MS gi bn tin connect. Mng hon tt kt ni v gi connect ack cho MS. Knh lu lng song cng c m. 8.4 Call routing example 8.4.1 nh tuyn cuc gi trong ni PLMN

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Hnh 8.3: nh tuyn cuc gi trong ni PLMN Khi MS1 gi MS2 trong cng PLMN, MS1 phi thc hin qu trnh MOC vi MSC ca n (HMSC). HMSC phi xc nh v tr ca MS2 nh tuyn cuc gi chnh xc. Do khng th nh tuyn da vo s c quay (MSISDN ca MS2), HMSC phi hi thng tin v MSRN ca MS2. MSRN c cp pht bi VLR m MS2 ng k. Trong v d ny, VLR ca MS2 l VVLR (Visited VLR). Tuy nhin, HMSC khng th truy vn trc tip VVLR v HMSC khng bit MS2 ng k vo VLR no. Do , MSC dng MSISDN ca MS2 hi HLR v thng tin nh tuyn. HLR truy vn VVLR ly MSRN v gi li cho HMSC. Sau khi c MSRN, HMSC nh tuyn cuc gi ti VMSC. VMSC thc hin qu trnh tm gi khi u MTC cho MS2. 8.4.2 nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc PLMN

Hnh 8.4: nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc PLMN

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Nu MS1 gi MS2 ngoi PLMN, s c quay MSISDN khng bao gm thng tin v v tr ca MS2. Trc tin, cuc gi c nh tuyn ti GMSC ca HPLMN. GMSC nhn bit NDC (national destination code) ca PLMN ch (VPLMN) da vo s MSISDN nn chuyn cuc gi ti GMSC ca VPLMN. GMSC ca VPLMN nh tuyn da vo MSRN. Qu trnh truy vn MSRN cng tng t nh trng hp cng PLMN, trong , GMSC ng vai tr ging nh HMSC. 8.5 Trit ting vng (Echo cancelling)

Hnh 8.5: Echo canceller Echo l hin tng nghe li chnh ging ni ca mnh lp li khi ni vo in thoi. Hin tng tr trong mng PLMN do m ha v gii m thoi, x l tn hiu gy ra ting vng. Ting vng ny khng nghim trng khi m thoi gia cc MS. Tuy nhin, khi kt ni vi thu bao PSTN, tn hiu phi qua b chuyn i hybrid 4 dy sang 2 dy. Mt phn nng lng t pha nhn quay li pha pht nn thoi c truyn ngc li pha MS. Hin tng ny thu bao c nh khng cm nhn c nhng to ra ting vng c tr khong 180ms cho MS. gim hin tng ny, b trit ting vng c t giao tip gia MSC v PSTN. B trit ting vng chun c th lm gim tr xung 80ms, v thu bao di ng khng cm nhn c.

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Phn 9:
9.1 Mc ch ca an ton mng

GSM SECURITY

Chng li nhng truy cp khng cho php (Nhn thc khi truy cp mng) Bo v s nhn dng ngi dng (dng TMSI gip bo mt IMSI) Bo v thng tin ngi dng (dng mt m) Bo v thng tin bo hiu trong mng Cc chc nng bo v trn l bt buc i vi MS v mng. Tuy nhin chc nng mt m c th tt. Nhng chc nng bo v ny c thit k bo v ch mng GSM

9.2 Bo v nhn dng ngi dng

Chc nng bo v nhn dng ngi dng nhm m bo s IMSI khng b ly cp. Chc nng ny nhm chng li vic theo di v tr ca thu bao bng cch lng nghe cc bo hiu trao i trn ng v tuyn. IMSI c bo v bng cch dng s thay th TMSI

9.3 Nhn thc

Nhn thc l qu trnh xem xt 1 MS c quyn truy nhp vo mng hay khng. Mc ch nhm chng li nhng truy nhp khng c cho php ng thi ngn chng nhng k xm nhp khng hp php Ba thng tin yu cu trong tin trnh nhn thc: Kha nhn thc Ki: c ct trong SIM v trong AuC RAND: l s ngu nhin c to bi AuC SRES: m ny c to ra trong AuC bng cch kt hp kha Ki v RAND dng thut ton A3 MSC yu cu AuC to ra 3 s thng tin bo mt l RAND,SRES v kha Kc. Ba thng tin ny s c gi ti VLR qun l MS . Mi khi nhn thc c yu cu 1 b 3 thng tin trn c dng Ch :Kha Kc c dng cho mt m hn l nhn thc Nu tt c cc b 3 trong VLR c dng, MSC yu cu 1 lat mi t HLR/AuC bng 1 bn tin gi thng tin nhn thc Send Authentication Info. HLR/AuC p ng vi bn tin Send Authentication Info Ack Nhn thc thc hin khi: C s thay i d liu thu bao ti HLR hay VLR nh cp nht v tr m c thay i d liu trong VLR,ng k mng hay xa b 1 dch v cng thm Khi kch hat hay gii kch hat 1 dch v cng thm Ln u tin truy cp mng sau khi khi ng li MSC/VLR Chui kha mt m khng khp nhau Nu 1 yu cu truy nhp gi n mng,th tc nhn thc thu bao tht bi v s tht bi ny khng do s c mng th truy cp ca MS ti mng b t chi

9.3.1 TH TC NHN THC

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Tin trnh nhn thc: Bc 1: Thu bao yu truy cp mng bng cch gi IMSI/TMSI ti MSC Bc 2: Nu VLR khng c b ba thng tin hp l th MSC yu cu b 3 mi t AuC. Sau , MSC gi RAND ti MS dng bn tin Authentication and Ciphering Request Bc 3: MS dng Ki ca n v RAND va nhn t MSC,MS to SRES v gi cho MSC dng bn tin Authentication and Ciphering Response Bc 4: MSC so snh SRES ca n vi SRES nhn t MS. Nu chng ging nhau, MS nhn thc thnh cng v c php truy cp mng

9.4

Bo v thng tin ngi dng

Mc ch ca chc nng bo v thng tin ngi dng l bo mt thng tin ca mi c nhn Mt m s c ng dng cho tt c cc truyn thng c thoi hay khng thoi. Mc d gii thut chun A5 thng c trin khai, nhng MS v c s h tng mng c th dng nhiu hn 1 gii thut. Trong trng hp ny, c s h tng mng chu trch nhim quyt nh nn dng gii thut no (bao gm kh nng khng dng mt m trong trng hp s bo mt khng c ng dng) Khi mt m c yu cu, cc tn hiu MS ti mng ch ra cc gii thut no trong 7 gii thut mt m m n h tr. Mng phc v sau chn 1 trong nhng gii thut ny v bo cho MS bit. Chui s kha mt m(Ciphering Key Sequence Number-CKSN) m cho php mt m bt u trn kt ni v tuyn m khng nhn thc cc chui s kha mt m c dng. Chui ny ct trong VLR cng vi Kc. MSC/VLR gi bn tin AUTHENTICATION REQUEST cha chui s ny, cng vi RAND ti MS

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Khi MS nhn bn tin nhn thc n tnh SRES v Kc, ct Kc cng vi CKSN trong SIM. Ln sau khi MS mun truy cp h thng, n gi CKSN trong bn tin SERVICE REQUEST tin hnh tin trnh mt m m khng cn nhn thc Th tc mt m chung

Bc 1-Xc nh thut ton A5 Gi s nhn thc xy ra, khi 1 MS mun thit lp 1 kt ni c mt m ti mng, tht ton A5 c thng thuyt u tin trn knh DCCH theo nhng quyn u tin sau:

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1. Nu 1 MS v mng c thut ton A5 khng cng cc phin bn v mng hay MS khng sn sng dng 1 kt ni khng c mt m th kt ni c gii phng 2. Nu MS v mng c t nht 1 phin bn ca thut ton A5 chung th mng chn 1 trong nhng phin bn c th cp nhn c 2 bn dng trn kt ni 3. Nu MS v mng c thut ton A5 khng cng phin bn v mng sn sng dng 1 kt ni khng cn mt m th 1 kt ni khng mt m c thit lp Bc 2-Tao kha Kc Dng kha Ki,(duy nht vi mi MS) v RAND c to bi AuC, Kc c to ti c MS v AuC. Kha Kc AuC c truyn ti MSC/VLR vi RAND v SRES Bc 3-Chuyn sang ch mt m D liu c mt m c to ra bng cch truyn kha Kc v ton b d liu ngi dng vo thut ton A5 c ct trong c MS v BSS(hnh trn). S chuyn tip t ch khng mt m sang ch mt m tin hnh nh sau: Gii mt m bt u trong BSS,ni y s gi bn tin Star Ciphier ti MS Khi bn tin ny c nhn ng, bt u mt m v gii m trn MS Mt m trn pha BSS bt u ngay khi ng b t c v 1 MS chuyn sang ch mt m to ra khung hay 1 bn tin c gii m ng ti BSS Nhng yu cu chuyn giao Khi chuyn giao xy ra, thng tin cn thit (v d kha Kc, d liu khi u) c chuyn t BSS c sang BSS mi v th tc ng b c bt u li. Kha Kc khng thay i khi chuyn giao

9.5

Bo v thng tin bo hiu

Mt m thng tin bo hiu cung cp s bo mt i vi cc nhn dng ngi dng trn giao din v tuyn Mt m c dng trn cc trng ca cc bn tin bo hiu c trao i gia MS v cc BTS. Cc yu t thng tin bo hiu sau lin quan n ngi dng c bo v bt c khi no c dng sau khi thit lp kt ni ban u: IMEI IMSI S thu bao gi S thu bao b goi Ch rng nhng thng tin bo hiu(loi bn tin,cc nhn dng MS IMSI,TMSI) khng c bo v khi khi to kt ni Khng cung cp mt m t u cui n u cui

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