NGHIN C U V C I TI N H M VIGENERE

c thm nhi u thng tin, cc b n c th c tham kh o trong cc gio trnh nh C s l thuy t m t m, M t m h c nng cao v.v... Trong trnh by y v cc nh ngha, m t ton h c, phng php m ha, gi i m, thm m v.v... y mnh ch c p ch y u v m Vigenere khng ng b v m t cht c i ti n cho n. ( Written by dan.du.muc)

*L do ch n h m Vigenere(vi-gi-ne) - M Vigenere c u i m l d dng th c hi n vi c m ha/gi i m th cng ch v i bt + gi y, khng c n ph i dng thm cc phng ti n nh my tnh, ph n m m no khc. - D dng truy n/nh n thng qua cc h th ng truy n thng n gi n nh g i th, Fax v.v... - D dng tng kch th c kha ty . - an ton cng tng i cao( c th t n an ton tuy t i n u dng kha c kch th c b ng b n m). V i kch th c kha l n, vi c t n cng vt c n b ng my tnh cng r t kh khn. - Thch h p cho cc b n h c sinh, sinh vin nghin c u v tm hi u v m ha m khng c n i h i nh ng ki n th c ton h c ph c t p. *Danh m c cc lo i m Vigenere - M Vigenere nguyn b n - M Vigenere ng b - M Vigenere khng ng b ( x p theo th t an ton tng d n !). *H m t ng qut M t h m t ng qut c th m t b i cc thnh ph n (P, C, K, E, D). Trong : P( Plain-text): t p b n r c th C( Cipher-text): t p b n m c th K( Key): t p kha c th ( khng gian kha) E (Encrypt function): hm m ha D( Dycrypt function): hm gi i m i v i m i kha k thu c K, c m t quy t c m ek thu c E: P (ek) C hay C = ek(P) Qu trnh gi i m tng ng, c m t quy t c gi i m dk thu c D: C (dk) P hay P = dk(C) - N u ek dk th ta g i y l phng php m ha kha i x ng( v kha m ha v kha gi i m trng nhau, ch khc nhau hm m v hm gi i m). - N u ek dk th ta g i y l phng php m ha kha b t i x ng( v kha m ha v kha gi i m khc nhau).

*Nguyn l Kerekhoff: Nguyn l ny gi thi t r ng bn pha gi i m( ho c thm m) lun bi t c h m t m bn pha m ha dng. T c l ng i gi i m lun bi t c h m t dng ngn ng no, b n r c m ha theo cc thu t ton ra sao v.v... Trong th c t , c r t nhi u tr ng h p ng i m ha thch th c ng i khc gi i m tm b n r, nhng l i khng m t b t c i u g v cch th c, phng php m ha c a mnh... Ta g i y l tr ng h p khng tun th nguyn l Kerekhoff. m nh c a m t h m t khng ph thu c vo vi c gi b m t cch th c m ha hay gi i m ra sao m ph thu c vo chnh b n thn cch m ha/gi i m c dng trong y. M t h m t m nh l h m t cho d cng b ton b quy trnh m ha/gi i m, cc thu t ton lin quan ra sao v.v... m bn pha thm m cng khng tm c cch no nhanh hn ngoi cch th ton b kh nng c th c a khng gian kha v khng gian b n r. M t h bao g m cc b ngn ng , quy t c, thu t ton v.v... chuy n b n r thnh b n m c cng nh n l h m t khi v ch khi cc ngn ng , quy t c, thu t ton y c cng b cho m i ng i cng bi t. I.M VIGENERE NGUYN B N 1.1 L ch s m Vigenere (Vi nt s l c) M Vigenere l lo i m thay th a bi u( 1 k t trong b n r s c thay th b ng 1 k t trong b n m. Tnh ch t a bi u ch : cng m t ch A trong b n r c lc th thnh ch E, c lc thnh ch Z, ch D... trong bn m). c Blaise de Vigenre pht minh ra vo th k 16( ni pht minh ra th cng cha h n, b i Vigenere pht tri n phng php m ha c a mnh d a trn m t s phng php m ha a bi u tr c nh c a Leon Battista Alberti - nm 1467, Johannes Trithemius - nm 1508)v.v... c s d ng r ng ri trong gi i qun s Anh, M v.v... trong cc th i k nh: giai o n n i chi n B c M , Chi n tranh th gi i l n th nh t v.v... B thm m v t n cng thnh cng b i Friedrich Kasiski ( cng b nm 1863). Ngy nay ng i ta th ng g i y l phng php thm m Kasiski. 1.2 Phng php m ha/gi i m Gi s ch dng b ngn ng ti ng Anh v i 26 k t A Z, khng phn bi t ch HOA/ ch th ng, khng dng kho ng tr ng( d u cch), khng dng ch s , khng c k t c bi t v.v... Ta th c hi n m ha v gi i m nh sau: L pb A 0 N 13 ng quy nh ngn ng ( g B C D E 1 2 3 4 O P Q R 14 15 16 17 i t t y l b F G 5 6 S T 18 19 ng L - Language) H I J 7 8 9 U V W 20 21 22

K 10 X 23

L 11 Y 24

M 12 Z 25

1.2.1 M ha: V d c n m chu i ti ng Vi t khng d u l DOC LAP TU DO HANH PHUC P = DOCLAPTUDOHANHPHUC (18 k t , lo i b cc d u cch gi a i) V i m t kha b m t( hay cn g i l m t kh u) K = VIETNAM (7 k t ). Ta chuy n t t c thnh thnh d ng s theo b ng trn. Sau vi t chu i kha chnh l cc t VIETNAM lin ti p nhau, sao cho khi n 17 k t th d ng. K= VIETNAMVIETNAMVIET ( 18 k t ) Chuy n chu 1 2 P D O 3 14 Chuy n chu 1 2 K V I 21 8 i P sang d 3 4 5 C L A 2 11 0 ng s 6 P 15 : 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 T U D O H A N H P H U C 19 20 3 14 7 0 13 7 15 7 20 2

i K sang d ng s : 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 E T N A M V I 4 19 13 0 12 21 8

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 E T N A M V I E T 4 19 13 0 12 21 8 4 19

Ta tnh b n m C nh sau: C = ( P + K) mod 26 (*) mod - m t k hi u th ng dng trong ton h c, c th l cc bi ton chia, ph i tm s d. y chnh l php chia l y ph n d i v i s b chia b ng 26. V d : P = 13, K = 20 (13 + 20) chia 26 = 1 d 7 Hay (13 +20) mod 26 = 7. M t vi v d khc: 0 chia 26 d 0 1 chia 26 d 1 25 chia 26 d 25 26 chia 26 d 0 43 chia 26 d 15 50 chia 26 d 24 v.v... Ni chung vi c tnh ton ny r t d , ch n gi n l tm s d c a cc s trong kho ng t 0 50 khi chia cho 26. B n m C c tnh b ng cch: c cc gi tr tng ng c a P,K ta em c ng l i, r i em chia cho 26, d bao nhiu th C b ng chnh . (B ng tnh b 1 2 P 3 14 K 21 8 C 24 22 Y W n m C v i C = (P + K) mod 26 ) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 11 0 15 19 20 3 14 4 19 13 0 12 21 8 4 6 4 13 15 5 15 11 18 G E N P F P L S

11 7 19 0 A

12 0 13 13 N

13 13 0 13 N

14 7 12 19 T

15 15 21 10 L

16 7 8 15 P

17 20 4 24 Y

18 2 19 21 V

Chu i b n m thu c l C = YWGENPFPLSANNTLPYV

1.2.2 Gi i m: gi i m ta l i chuy n chu i b n m v kha b m t bi t thnh d ng s . Sau l y cc s tng ng c a b n m tr i s tng ng kha, c bao nhiu em chia cho 26, d bao nhiu th b n r l chnh . Ch : khi tr c th g p cc tr ng h p tr b m, khi ta em s m c ng ti p v i 26 l n n a, ta s c s d. V d : (19 - 13) mod 26 = 6 (13 - 19) mod 26 = -6+ 26 = 20 (0 - 0) mod 26 = 0 (10 - 9) mod 26 = 1 (0 - 25) mod 26 = -25 + 26 = 1 By gi ta c b n m nh n c l C = YWGENPFPLSANNTLPYV Ta bi t kha b m t( hay m t kh u) K = VIETNAM. Th c hi n gi i m l i nh sau Chuy n c 2 chu i v d ng s nh trn. Sau tnh P. Tnh P v i P = (C - K) mod 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 C 24 22 6 4 13 15 5 15 11 18 0 13 13 19 K 21 8 4 19 13 0 12 21 8 4 19 13 0 12 P 3 14 2 11 0 15 19 20 3 14 7 0 13 7 D O C L A P T U D O H A N H Chu i b n r thu c l P = DOC LAP TU DO HANH PHUC

15 10 21 15 P

16 15 8 7 H

17 24 4 20 U

18 21 19 2 C

*T ng k t: B ng sau cho th y s chuy n i tng ng t b n r sang b n m qua kha b m t K 1 D 3 21 24 Y 2 O 14 8 22 W 3 C 2 4 6 G 4 L 11 19 4 E 5 A 0 13 13 N 6 P 15 0 15 P 7 T 19 12 5 F 8 U 20 21 15 P 9 D 3 8 11 L 10 O 14 4 18 S 11 H 7 19 0 A 12 A 0 13 13 N 13 N 13 0 13 N 14 H 7 12 19 T 15 P 15 21 10 L 16 H 7 8 15 P 17 U 20 4 24 Y 18 C 2 19 21 V

P K C

1.3 i m y u c a phng php m Vigenere nguyn b n M Vigenere c i m y u l: khi 2 o n gi ng nhau c a b n r cch nhau b ng b i s chi u di kha th 2 o n ny cng s gi ng nhau trong b n m. V y chnh l i u m Kasiski tm ra khi nghin c u thm m Vigenere. T , ng i thm m c th tm ra c chi u di c a kha. V d : C n m chu i P = CAY DEP NHA CUA DEP (15 k t - Cy p nh c a p) V i kha K= JQK

Th c hi n tng t nh trn, ta c b ng sau 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P C A Y D E P N H 2 0 24 3 4 15 13 7 K 9 16 10 9 16 10 9 16 C 11 16 8 12 20 25 22 23 L Q I M U Z W X Chu i b n m C = LQIMUZWXKLKKMUZ

9 A 0 10 10 K

10 C 2 9 11 L

11 U 20 16 10 K

12 A 0 10 10 K

13 D 3 9 12 M

14 E 4 16 20 U

15 P 15 10 25 Z

Ng i thm m d dng pht hi n ra 2 chu i MUZ trng nhau, hn n a 2 chu i ny u di 3 k t , cch nhau 1 o n 6 k t Kha b m t di 3 k t . Cn tm c th 3 k t l g, cc b n c th tham kh o phng php thm m th ng k trong cc ti li u tham kh o bn trn. Hai phng php m ha Vigenere sau s kh c ph c c h n ch ny.

II. M VIGENERE NG B 2.1 M t : M Vigenere ng b th c ra ch l m t thnh vin c a h m dng ng b . Cch g i m Vigenere ng b cng c th khng chnh xc l m. M dng ng b M dng c g i l ng b n u dng kha khng ph thu c vo xu b n r, t c l n u dng kha c t o ra ch l hm tuy n tnh c a kha k, khng lin quan g n b n r c . Khi , ta coi k l m t m m m r ng thnh dng kha k1k2k3..kn M t h m dng c g i l tu n hon v i chu k d n u ki+d = ki v i m i s nguyn i 1. M Vigenere( nguyn b n) v i di t kha m c th coi l m dng tu n hon v i chu k m. V d : dng m Vigenere v i kha k= VIETNAM ch ng h n, khi chu i kha k l: K= VIETNAM VIETNAM VIETNAM VIETNAM... y l dng kha tu n hon v i chu k b ng 7(c sau 7 k t n l i l p l i). M Vigenere ng b Cch th c m ha/gi i m u gi ng m Vigenere ban u, ch khc ch dng kha K c t o ra l hm tuy n tnh c a kha kh i th y ban u. Hm tuy n tnh c gi b m t, ch ng i m ha bi t. V d : cho kha sau, v i kha ban u K1= 21 8 4 19 13 0 12 (VIETNAM) K1= 21 08 04 19 13 00 12 K2= 24 11 07 22 16 03 15 K3= 01 14 10 25 19 06 18 K4= 04 17 13 02 22 09 21 ........ Ta d dng nh n ra dng kha trn l 1 dng kha tuy n tnh, cc kha sau c t o ra b ng cch c ng cc ph n t c a kha tr c n v i 3 r i mod 26.

Sau y, chng ta s m ha l i chu i P = CAY DEP NHA CUA DEP, v i kha ban u K = JQK, chng ta dng hm tuy n tnh nh sau: ki = ki-1 + 1 mod 26 ( kha sau c t o b ng cch c ng cc ph n t c a kha tr c n v i 1 r i mod 26). Chu i kha K l: K = 9 16 10 10 17 11 11 18 12 12 19 13 13 20 14 14 21 15 14... 1 C 2 9 11 L 2 A 0 16 16 Q 3 Y 24 10 8 I 4 D 3 10 13 N 5 E 4 17 21 V 6 P 15 11 0 A 7 N 13 11 24 Y 8 H 7 18 25 Z 9 A 0 12 12 M 10 C 2 12 14 O 11 U 20 19 13 N 12 A 0 13 13 N 13 D 3 13 16 Q 14 E 4 20 24 Y 15 P 15 14 3 D

P K C

Chu i b n m thu c C = LQINVAYZMONNQYD Ta th y chu i ny s kh thm m hn r t nhi u so v i tr ng h p trn, m c d cng m t kha ban u nh nhau, chu i b n r gi ng nhau, nhng b n m t o ra khc nhau r t nhi u. ( tr ng h p trn C = LQIMUZWXKLKKMUZ ) gi i m l i ta lm tng t nh cc tr ng h p trn. Ch khc dng kha K l 1 dng kha tuy n tnh, ch c n bi t kha ban u v gi tr c a hm tuy n tnh, ta c th vi t c c dng kha . T gi i ra b n m. III. M VIGENERE KHNG NG B M dng khng ng b Tng t nh trn, ta g i l m dng khng ng b n u dng kha ph thu c vo xu b n r, hay dng kha c t o c quan h v i b n r. H m ny cn c cc tn g i khc nh: h m kha ch y, m kha t sinh v.v... M Vigenere khng ng b Th ng g i h m ny l m Vigenere kha ch y hay m Vigenere kha t sinh. Kha c t o ra b ng cch ghp chnh b n r vo sau kha ban u. Do chu i kha khng ph i l hm tuy n tnh c a kha kh i th y ban u. V d : cho P = VAN SU KHOI DAU NAN, K = GIANNAN. Khi ta c chu i kha K l: K = GIANNANVANSUKHOIDAUNAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 P V A N S U K H O I D A U N K G I A N N A N V A N S U K

14 A H

15 N O

Gi s c 2 h m Vigenere nguyn b n v m Vigenere kha t sinh u dng cng 1 b ng ngn ng L, kch th c kha kh i u b ng nhau v b ng m( k t ). Ta c b ng so snh sau:

 c i m so snh 1. Tnh chu k c a dng kha 2. di kha kh i th y ban u 3. Kch th c khng gian kha 3. Xc xu t phn b c a cc k t trong b n m( tnh chu k) 4. Phng php thm m 5.i u ki n t an ton v i u ki n

M Vigenere c i n C tnh chu k( l s l p l i lin ti p c a kha ban u). m (k t ) Lm (v i L l t ng s ph n t trong ngn ng m b n r s d ng, v d L = 26) Phn b u khi 2 o n gi ng nhau c a b n r cch nhau b ng b i s chi u di kha. Dng php th Kasiski c th tm ra di m c a kha Kha ph i c i di m di b n r

M Vigenere kha t sinh Khng c tnh chu k m (k t ) Lm (v i L l t ng s ph n t trong ngn ng m b n r s d ng, v d L = 26) Khng c tnh chu k

Cha r( tuy nhin php th Kasiski khng c tc d ng v i h m t ny). Kha ph i c i di m di b n r

C i ti n cho m dng khng ng b ( m Vigenere kha t sinh) i m y u c a m dng ng b l chu i kha c tnh ch t tuy n tnh. Chu i ny cng c u i m l gip san b ng xc su t xu t hi n c a cc k t trong b n m, tuy nhin v m t th v n ph thu c hon ton kch th c kha kh i th y ban u. V i u c bi t quan tr ng n a l khng c i phng on/tm c ph n u n i dung b n r. M dng khng ng b c m t u i m l chu i kha khng c tnh ch t tuy n tnh. Chu i kha ny c t o ra r t n gi n b ng cch ghp ti p b n m vo sau kha ban u t o thnh dng kha. Cng gi ng nh m dng ng b , m b o an ton, chng ta c n ch c ch n r ng i phng khng th on bi t c ph n u n i dung b n m( gi s dng kha c di m k t th chng ta ph i ch c ch n r ng ph n n i dung u di m k t c a b n r l khng th suy on c !). N u chng ta ph i m nh ng b n m m ph n u b n m lun gi ng nhau( v d nh trong my tnh chnh l nh ng file c nh d ng, v d cc file .doc lun c ph n Header gi ng nhau, v ph n Header ny th b t c ai cng u c th bi t) th ph i lm th no ? Cch gi i quy t l: thm vo tr c b n m cc k t ng u nhin(v i my tnh th l nh ng byte ng u nhin), chng ta cng khng c n ph i thu c hay ghi nh chu i ng u nhin ny, chng ta ch c n bi t x l khi gi i m ra, bi t n l d li u ng u nhin th lo i n i l c. di chu i ng u nhin ny l ty , di t i thi u th ph i di kha. tng khng gian kha, ngoi cch tng di c a kha, chng ta cn c th lm b ng cch tng s l ng s cc k t dng trong b ng ngn ng ln t i a. Tuy nhin, th ng th cc h m t, ngay t lc ban u cng s d ng t i a s k t trong b ngn ng r i.

H m Vigenere kha t sinh k t h p i l ng ng u nhin *M t : B ngn ng s d ng: g m 26 k t A Z( khng phn bi t ch HOA/ ch th ng), 10 ch s 0 9. T ng c ng l 36 k t . N u chng ta dng kha b m t c m k t , v d m = 6 ch ng h n, khi khng gian kha lc ny l: 366 = 2 176 782 336 (hn 2 t ) tr ng h p B ng quy nh gi tr cc k t : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 I J K L M N O 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

7 07 P 25

8 08 Q 26

9 09 R 27

A 10 S 28

B 11 T 29

C 12 U 30

D 13 V 31

E 14 W 32

F 15 X 33

G 16 Y 34

H 17 Z 35

*Cch m ha c ti ng Vi t: Trong b ngn ng trn khng h c cc k t ti ng Vi t, v y th lm th no bi u di n cc k t ti ng Vi t ? Cch x l chnh l dng m quy c theo ki u g Telex. B t k ai trong chng ta, n u t ng g ti ng Vi t trn my tnh s khng xa l g v i quy t c g sau c a Telex: D u S c Huy n H i Ng N ng Ch Cch g DD AA AW EE OO OW UW C th cc b n g ch ch b ng W khng cng c, th ng nh t, chng ta t m coi l UW v y nh ! V d : bi u di n t tr ng ti u h c thn yu trong b n r, chng ta thay n b ng chu i truwowngf tieeur hocj thaan yeeu. V y c khi no trong b n r chng ta c n m ha ti ng Vi t, chng ra ch c n chuy n n sang m Telex l c. i u c bi t l chng ta c th dng c ti ng Vi t lm m t kh u. Tng t , chng ta cng v n chuy n chu i m t kh u ti ng Vi t sang m Telex. V d : K = m t m h c K = MAATJMAXHOCJ K = 1000 nm thng long h n i K = 1000NAWMTHAWNGLONGHAFNOOIJ K= CRACK th nha K = CRACKTHUWRNHA Cch g S F R X J

*Ti n hnh m ha: Hy m ha bi th sau v i kha b m t K l t n c. Chu i ng u nhin t ch n, di ty . C gi thong th bung c n trc H r ng tr i xanh m t n c h ng Mun v n i sen hng bt ngt Tu i gi vui th v i non sng 1.Xc nh chu i P,K: -Chuy n kha K sang d ng Telex: K = DDAATSNUWOWCS (13 k t ) ( v m t kh u di 13 k t , nn khi ch n chu i ng u nhin nn ch n chu i di t nh t 13 k t tr nn). -Chuy n b n r P sang d ng Telex, sau thm chu i k t ng u nhin ty B n r P = CUJ GIAF THONG THAR BUOONG CAANF TRUCS HOOF ROONGJ TROWIF XANH MAWTJ NUWOWCS HOONGF MUOON VANJ DDAIF SEN HUWOWNG BATS NGATS TUOOIR GIAF VUI THUS VOWIS NON SOONG Thm chu i k t ng u nhin, v d y mnh l y chu i ng u nhin R = ERY34JD8X89A4DF189JS (di 20 k t > 13 k t m t kh u). Chng ta cng khng c n ph i nh ci chu i ng u nhin ny nh nh m t kh u lm g c . M c ch c a chu i ng u nhin ny l lm cho ng i thm m s kh khn hn trong vi c thm m( n u ch v i b n m trong tay, h s r t kh tm c m t kh u di bao nhiu k t , d li u th c s b t u t u v.v...). B n r P sau khi thm chu i ng u nhin vo ph n u l: ERY34JD8X89A4DF189JSCUJGIAFTHONGTHARBUOONGCAANFTRUCSHO OFROONGJTROWIFXANHMAWTJNUWOWCSHOONGFMUOONVANJDDAIF SENHUWOWNGBATSNGATSTUOOIRGIAFVUITHUSVOWISNONSOONG ( 153 k t ) Chu i kha K, c t o b ng cch ghp b n r P trn vo sau kha K ban u l: DDAATSNUWOWCSERY34JD8X89A4DF189JSCUJGIAFTHONGTHARBUOO NGCAANFTRUCSHOOFROONGJTROWIFXANHMAWTJNUWOWCSHOONG FMUOONVANJDDAIFSENHUWOWNGBATSNGATSTUOOIRGIAFVUITHUS VOWISNONSOONG 2. Chuy n cc chu i trn sang d ng s : (Hnh d i)

D ng s 1 2 14 27 12 30 23 16

c a chu 3 4 34 3 19 16 12 10

i P l: ( 5 6 4 19 18 10 10 23

y ch 7 8 13 8 15 29 15 29

ghi n 52 k t 9 10 11 12 33 8 9 10 17 24 23 16 27 30 12 28

u c a P) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 4 13 15 1 8 9 19 28 29 17 10 27 11 30 24 24

D ng s 1 2 13 13 8 33 29 17

c a chu 3 4 10 10 8 9 24 23

i K l: 5 6 29 28 10 4 16 29

7 23 13 17

8 30 15 10

9 32 1 27

10 24 8 11

11 32 9 30

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 28 14 27 34 3 4 19 13 19 28 12 30 19 16 18 10 15 24

3.Tnh b n m C theo cng th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27 4 8 13 33 1 0 20 27 27 25 28 14 28 16 33 0 33 26 16 32

c: C = (P + K) mod 36 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 29 32 5 22 32 27 6 35 11 13 2 5 8 18 32 32 35 21 29 4 10 27 12 34 3 3 18 5 6 16

4. Chuy 1 2 R 4 K R G X

nb 3 8 R 0

n m C t d 4 5 6 D X 1 P S E X Q G

ng s sang d ng k t 7 8 9 10 11 0 2 T W 5 S 8 I W W W 3 I 5 6

: 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 M W R 6 Z B D 2 5 Z L T 4 A R C Y 3 G

Chu i u b n m C = R48DX102TW5MWR6ZBD25KRRPSES8IWWZLT4ARCY3GX0XQGW3I56G....

Chng ta s dng b n m C trn kia g i i. B n m ny c th d dng vi t ln gi y g i qua ng bu i n, FAX v.v... Ch nhn vo chu i bn trn, kh ai c th ng r ng n i dung m ha c a n l i chnh l m t bi th. *Gi i m: - B n m nh n c C = R48DX102TW5MWR6ZBD25KRRPSES8IWWZLT4ARCY3GX0XQGW3I56G.... - Kha b m t K l: K = DDAATSNUWOWCS 1.Chuy n b (B n m C) 1 2 3 27 4 8 20 27 27 16 33 0 n m v kha sang d ng s nguyn 4 13 25 33 5 33 28 26 6 1 14 16 7 0 28 32 8 2 8 3 9 29 18 18 10 32 32 5 11 5 32 6 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 32 27 6 35 11 13 2 5 35 21 29 4 10 27 12 34 3 16

(Kha K) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 13 13 10 10 29 28 23 30 32 24 32 12 28

2. Tnh: P1 = (C1 - K1) mod 36 K2 = P1 P2 = (C2 - K2) mod 36 K3 = P2 P3 = (C3 - K3) mod 36 .............. Kn = Pn-1 Pn = (Cn - Kn) mod 36 Ta c chu i K1 = 13 13 10 10 29 28 23 30 32 24 32 12 28 (13 k t ) Tnh c P1 , t gi tr l K2 = P1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C1 27 4 8 13 33 1 0 2 29 32 5 22 32 27 6 35 11 13 2 5 K1 13 13 10 10 29 28 23 30 32 24 32 12 28 P1 14 27 34 3 4 19 13 8 33 8 9 10 4 K2 14 27 34 3 4 19 13 8 33 8 9 10 4

L y ti p C2 tr K2 14 15 16 17 C2 27 6 35 11 K2 14 27 34 3 P2 13 15 1 8 K3 13 15 1 8

c P2 , 18 19 13 2 4 19 9 19 9 19

t gi tr K3 = P2 20 21 22 23 5 20 27 27 13 8 33 8 28 12 30 19 28 12 30 19

24 25 9 16 16

25 28 10 18 18

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 14 28 8 18 32 32 35 21 4 10 10

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