Mt s ro cn trong thng mi dch v quc t

Trong nhng thp nin cui th k XX, u th k XXI, th gii v ang chng kin nhng thay i ng k trong thng mi quc t vi s ln ngi ca thng mi dch v. Tuy ra i sau thng mi hng ho nhng thng mi dch v t c nhng kt qu ng n. Vi t trng bng 20% tng gi tr thng mi quc t, thng mi dch v trong nhng nm gn y pht trin vi tc trung bnh cao gp i thng mi hng ho v c nhiu trin vng to ln nh tin trnh t do ho ang din ra mnh m. Song, c mt thc t cn phi tha nhn. l so vi thng mi hng ho, tin trnh t do ho trong thng mi dch v din ra vi tc chm hn v kh khn hn do vp phi kh nhiu ro cn khng th d b trong mt sm mt chiu. Nhng ro cn ny gn lin vi c th ca thng mi dch v. l nhng ro cn no v chng c nhng im g khc so vi ro cn trong thng mi hng ho? Bi vit di y s a ra li gii p. 1. Thng mi hng ho v thng mi dch v quc t - nhng im khc bit v mi lin quan ti ro cn trong thng mi dch v quc t Thng mi hng ho c th hiu l hot ng trao i, mua bn hng ho hu hnh - sn phm c hnh thi vt cht c th, cn thng mi dch v l hot ng trao i mua bn dch v - mt loi hng ho v hnh. S khc bit gia hai hot ng ny bt ngun t s khc bit gia hai i tng trao i. Theo C. Mc, hng ho l vt c hnh th vt cht xc nh c kh nng tho mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng nh cc tnh cht ca n1 cn dch v khng c dng vt cht m tn ti di dng hot ng ca con ngi.2 Dch v, do , khng th cm nhn c bng cc gic quan thng thng v khng th lng ho c bng cc ch tiu k thut nh i vi hng ho. Do dch v l hot ng ca con ngi v gn cht vi ch th nht nh nn c th ni rng hot ng sn xut dch v thng xy ra ng thi vi hot ng thng mi. ng nhin nhng c im ny ch

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mang tnh tng i v cng ngh thng tin pht trin lm thay i phng thc cung ng trong thng mi dch v quc t. Theo Khon 2 - iu 1 ca Hip nh chung v thng mi dch v GATS vn bn php l phng u tin iu chnh hot ng thng mi dch v th dch v c cung cp trn quy m quc t bi 4 phng thc: Mode 1: Cung cp qua bin gii (cross border trade): dch v c cung cp t lnh th nc thnh vin sang lnh th nc thnh vin khc. Trong phng thc ny ch c bn thn dch v l di chuyn qua bin gii cn ngi cung cp dch v khng c mt ti nc c nhn dch v. S di chuyn ca dch v c lp vi s di chuyn ca ngi cung cp v tiu th dch v. V d: cung cp dch v t vn qua in thoi, fax, email, vn ti quc t... Mode 2: Tiu dng ngoi lnh th (consumption abroad): ngi tiu dng mt nc thnh vin (hoc ti sn ca h) tiu dng dch v ti lnh th mt nc thnh vin khc. Ni cch khc, dch v c cung cp cho ngi tiu dng ngoi lnh th m ngi tiu dng c tr thng xuyn. V d: khch i du lch sang nc thnh vin tiu th dch v khch sn, gii tr ti nc h n; gi mt con tu ra nc ngoi sa cha, ra nc ngoi cha bnh hay du hc... Mode 3: Hin din thng mi (commercial presence): mt cng ty nc ngoi thnh lp chi nhnh, m vn phng i din hay gp vn lin doanh hoc thnh lp cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi trn lnh th ca nc thnh vin khc cung cp dch v ti nc . Phng thc ny gn lin vi hot ng u t trc tip nc ngoi vo th trng nc khc thit lp cng vic kinh doanh trong lnh vc dch v. Mode 4: Hin din th nhn (presence of natural persons): S hin din th nhn ca nc thnh vin trc tip cung cp dch v ti mt nc thnh vin khc. iu ny c ngha l cc t nhin nhn ca mt nc thnh vin trc tip cung cp dch v ti nc thnh vin khc. Phng thc ny p dng i vi cc nh cung cp dch v c lp (lut s, t vn, chuyn gia y t, cc nh hot ng trong lnh

vc biu din ngh thun, th thao ...) hoc nhng ngi lm cng ca h khi c tr tm thi ti mt nc thnh vin. Cn c vo bn phng thc nu trn c th thy ni ln nhng im khc bit c bn gia thng mi dch v quc t v thng mi hng ho quc t nh sau:

Khc vi hng ho, phn ln dch v c trao i trn qui m

quc t i hi phi c s tip xc trc tip gia ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng. Trong 4 phng thc cung ng dch v theo GATS c ti 3 phng thc i hi c s di chuyn ca ngi cung cp hoc ngi tiu dng dch v. Ch duy nht phng thc th nht (Cross border Supply) l khng khc bit so vi thng mi hng ho quc t. Trong thng mi hng ho, ch c hng ho di chuyn qua bin gii t nc ngi bn sang nc ngi mua m khng c s di chuyn ca bn thn ngi bn hoc ngi mua. Tng t nh vy, khi dch v c cung ng theo phng thc 1 ch c dch v di chuyn qua bin gii t nc ngi cung ng sang nc ngi tiu dng.

Du hiu di chuyn qua bin gii khng l cn c duy nht

nhn bit hot ng xut nhp khu dch v. y l im khc bit ln so vi thng mi hng ho. Hng ho c coi l xut nhp khu khi chng di chuyn qua bin gii hi quan ca mt quc gia. Tuy nhin i vi dch v, hot ng xut nhp khu c th din ra trong phm vi lnh th ca quc gia . Minh chng cho iu ny l cc phng thc 2, 3 v 4, trong dch v c cung cp v tiu dng ngay trn lnh th ca nc ngi bn hoc ngi mua. Duy nht phng thc th 1 c s di chuyn ca dch v qua bin gii. y l cn c quan trng cho nhn nh rng, hot ng thng mi dch v chu s iu chnh ca cc vn bn php l trong nc c lin quan. T nhng im khc bit trn c th thy cc ro cn hai lnh vc c nhng khc bit v lng cng nh v cht. Th nht, cc ro cn trong thng mi dch v ch yu gn lin vi cc quy nh trong nc i vi dch v v nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi trn

th trng dch v ni a do hot ng thng mi dch v chu s iu chnh mnh m t pha cc vn bn php l trong nc c lin quan. Th hai, trong thng mi dch v, cc ro cn cn tn ti nhiu hn so vi lnh vc hng ho. l do lnh vc dch v c nh nc bo h cao hn so vi lnh vc sn xut hng ho. nhiu nc, mt s lnh vc dch v nhy cm nh gio dc, y t, vn ti, bu chnh vin thng thm ch c ti chnh, bo him vn do nh nc c quyn hoc nm phn ln s hu v chi phi hot ng. Vi tm l e ngi dch v nc ngoi c th lm nh hng n c lp, ch quyn v an ninh quc gia mnh, cc nc ny to ra nhiu ro cn cn tr lung dch v nhp khu vo nc mnh. Kt qu l tin trnh t do ho thng mi dch v gp nhiu tr ngi hn so vi t do ho thng mi hng ho. 2. Mt s ro cn trong thng mi dch v quc t Nh trn nhn nh, vn bo h th trng dch v trong nc thng c thc hin thng qua vic to nhng tr ngi mang tnh phn bit i x i vi dch v v nh cung cp dch v ch yu trong phm vi th trng ni a. Do cc ro cn ch yu tn ti di hnh thc vn bn lut quc gia c lin quan, cc quy nh hnh chnh, nhng ch th, hng dn ca cc c quan ban ngnh... Cc bin php hn ch thng mi dch v bao gm: 2.1. Cc bin php hn ch nh lng a. c quyn v cm kinh doanh dch v: Hnh thc hn ch thng mi dch v cao nht l cm kinh doanh dch v i vi cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi. Nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi khng c quyn kinh doanh mt hay nhiu loi hnh dch v no v quyn ny ch thuc v doanh nghip ni a. in hnh trong trng hp ny l dch v vn ti hng khng ni a. Trn th gii hin nay khng mt quc gia no cho php cc hng hng khng nc ngoi vo khai thc cc ng bay ni a vi l do chnh l m bo an ninh quc phng. Cng c Chicago nm 1944 cho php cc quc gia t chi cho cc hng nc ngoi tham gia vo cc ng

bay ni a. n nay, cha h c mt nc no ngh thay i vn ny, tr trng hp Lin minh chu u v y l mt thc th kinh t chung nn mt hng hng khng Php c th khai thc ng bay ni a ti c3. y, cn trnh c s hiu nhm gia khi nim hng hng khng nc ngoi (100% vn nc ngoi) v hng hng khng c yu t nc ngoi. S ngn cm ch p dng vi trng hp nh cung cp c 100% vn nc ngoi. Ngc li, trng hp ca Cng ty c phn hng khng Jetstar Pacific Airlines c s tham gia ca vn nc ngoi hon ton vn c php khai thc ng bay ni a. Tc ng tng t nh cm kinh doanh dch v l s cho php ca nh nc i vi c quyn dch v . c quyn trong dch v c th hiu l vic mt cng ty hay mt tp on, mt nhm cng ty chim lnh gn nh ton b th trng ca mt loi dch v no . c quyn trong thng mi dch v ph bin hn trong thng mi hng ho do y l mt lnh vc nhy cm v rt nhiu dch v l dch v cng, cn c s cung cp t pha nh nc nhm m bo duy tr nhng li ch vn ho, x hi, chnh tr hay nhng li ch quan trng mang ngha sng cn ca mt quc gia. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, GATS cho php s tn ti ca c quyn song cc nc thnh vin phi m bo s ph hp ca c quyn vi cam kt ca nc . Quy nh ny gip cc nc c th s dng c quyn nh mt bin php bo h cho cc ngnh dch v thit yu ca mnh. c quyn c th i km vi cm kinh doanh dch v i vi cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi nhm duy tr v tr c tn trn th trng trong nc ca cc nh cung cp ni a. Nhng ngay c trong trng hp c quyn khng i km vi cm kinh doanh th c quyn cng gy ra nhng mo m cho thng mi dch v. Vic d b nhng ro cn ny i hi c s thay i c bn t pha vn bn php l cng nh hot ng t chc cung ng dch v ca mi quc gia. Cc quc gia cn phi tnh ton, cn nhc gia li ch ca ngi tiu dng vi mc tiu an ninh quc phng a ra quyt nh. b. Hn ngch
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Trong thng mi hng ho, hn ngch l quy nh ca nh nc v s lng hoc gi tr hng ho c nhp khu vo trong nc trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trong thng mi dch v, do tnh cht v hnh, khng tch ri khi ch th cung ng ca dch v, hn ngch thng c p dng vi nh cung cp dch v hn l vi chnh bn thn dch v . GATS a ra mt s hn ch v mt s lng dch v cng nh nh cung cp dch v bao gm ch yu l nhng hn ch v tip cn th trng nh: Nhng hn ch v mt nh lng lin quan n dch v:

Hn ch v tng gi tr ca cc giao dch hoc ti sn; Hn ch v tng s hot ng dch v hoc s lng dch v

cung cp. Nhng hn ch v mt nh lng lin quan n nh cung cp dch v:

Hn ch v s lng nh cung cp dch v; Hn ch v s hin din th nhn ca nh cung cp dch v; Hn ch phn vn gp ca nc ngoi cng nh hnh thc hot

ng ca doanh nghip cung ng dch v Trong thc tin th gii, cc bin php hn ngch nu trn c p dng kh ph bin v cng l i tng ca cc cuc m phn. Mc hn ch c th hin trong biu cam kt dch v ca cc nc thnh vin. Nhm t c t do ho thng mi dch v, GATS yu cu cc nc thnh vin phi d b nhng hn ch nu trn, to iu kin cho dch v v cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi c d dng tip cn th trng ni a. Tuy nhin, do dch v l mt lnh vc nhy cm nn GATS cho php cc nc thnh vin c th m phn v cam kt thc hin d b nhng ro cn ny theo l trnh tu thuc vo trnh pht trin ca mi nc. V vy, cc nc vn c th s dng nhng ro cn ny mc theo cam kt trong thi hn nht nh nhm bo h, nng cho cc ngnh dch v cn non tr ca mnh. 2.2. Cc bin php qun l v thu v gi

a. Cc bin php qun l v thu Trong thng mi hng ho, thu c p dng vi i tng l hng ho khi hng ho i qua bin gii hi quan ca mt quc gia. Trong thng mi dch v, ro cn v thu thng khng ln song cng vi bin php hn ch nh lng, ro cn ny hn ch ng k s tip cn th trng dch v ca mt nc i vi cc nh cung cp nuc ngoi. Cc bin php v thu trong thng mi dch v rt a dng v tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Trc ht c th thy i vi nhng dch v i km vi hng ho (chnh xc hn l sn phm dch v hu hnh) nh phim nh, chng trnh truyn hnh, phn mm my tnh) hay nhng hng ho c s dng to ra dch v nh my tnh, thit b vin thng,th thu quan l mt ro cn ng k. Ngoi ra, thu trong thng mi dch v tn ti di dng ph visa i vi nh cung cp dch v l th nhn, cc loi ph xut cnh, ph sn bay, cng bin, ph ng k kinh doanh. b. Cc bin php qun l v gi Mt s ngnh dch v c th phi chu s kim sot gi ca chnh ph. Thng thng, vic kim sot gi c p dng i vi nhng ngnh dch v do nh nc cung cp hay nhng ngnh c c quyn cung cp dch v nh vn ti hng khng, dch v ti chnh, vin thng. Bin php kim sot gi thng i lin vi cc bin php hn ch nh lng nhm m bo trong trng hp mt s nh cung cp dch v d c chim lnh c th trng th mc gi ca dch v cng khng b y ln mc gi c quyn bng cch quy nh mc trn cho dch v c cung cp. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi th quy nh v gi c th lm cn tr sc cnh tranh ca h trn th trng ni a. 2.3. Cc ro cn mang tnh k thut Nhng bin php mang tnh k thut tuy khng mang tnh hn ch trc tip nhng gy phin h cho nh cung cp dch v, khin h tn km thi gian v phi tr nhng khon chi ph b sung. Nhng ro cn ny ch yu lin quan ti tiu chun k thut, yu cu cp php, yu cu chuyn mn i vi nh

cung cp vi mc ch m bo cht lng dch v c cung cp. y c coi l nhng quy nh cn thit m bo trt t th trng. Tiu chun k thut trong thng mi dch v thng lin quan ti nh cung cp dch v v quy trnh, cch thc cung cp dch v do dch v mang tnh v hnh, khng th lng ho bng cc ch tiu k thut. Tiu chun k thut thng quy nh i vi cc dch v chuyn mn nh nhng yu cu v mt ni dung kim ton hay l vn o c ca kim ton vin trong dch v kim toni vi nhng loi hnh dch v m vic cung cp khng th thiu c s vt cht nh dch v vn ti th nhng hn ch k thut lin quan nhiu n my mc, thit b phc v cho vic cung cp dch v. n c trng hp dch v vn ti ng st. Nhng hn ch k thut m cc nh cung cp vn phi i mt nh nhng quy nh v loi nng lng, ng h o khc nhau, h thng tn hiu, h thng phanh, hn ch tc i vi tu thng mi, chiu cao ca tu trn ray, ti trng trc v cc tiu chun k thut ca xe la4. Yu cu cp php l tr ngi ng k i vi cc nh cung cp nc ngoi. y l cc yu cu m cc nh cung cp phi p ng c c giy php hnh ngh. V d trong lnh vc dch v xy dng, nhng yu cu phc tp v bo v mi trng, m bo an ton, th tc tiu chun ho, ng k c th hn ch ng k s tham gia ca cc nh cung cp vo dch v ny. Trong dch v k ton cc nc p dng kh ph bin ca nhng yu cu v cp php cho d ngi cung cp dch v l nhng ngi hnh ngh ring l hay thnh vin ca mt cng ty hay hp danh. Cc yu cu nhn chung bao gm bng chng v gio dc v o to, chng nhn chng t rng ngi xin php khng c tin nv trong hu ht cc trng hp l yu cu chng nhn l thnh vin ca cc t chc hip hi ngh nghip. Hu ht cc trng hp cc t chc ngh nghip lin quan thc s l cc c quan cp php . Khong 25% kt qu iu tra cho thy bng chng v bo him bi thng ngh nghip cng l mt yu cu bt buc5.
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Vn phng y ban quc gia v Hp tc kinh t quc t, Tng quan v cc vn t do ha thng mi dch

v, 200, chng 6 Vn phng y ban quc gia v Hp tc kinh t quc t, Tng quan v cc vn t do ha thng mi dch v, 2007, chng 2
5

Yu cu chuyn mn l nhng quy nh v mt ni dung m mt nh cung cp dch v phi tho mn c cp giy php hnh ngh. Cc yu cu v tiu chun chuyn mn khc nhau gia v trong cc Thnh vin ca WTO, tu thuc vo th ch lut php quc gia v loi tiu chun cn p ng. Ro cn ny thng gp ph bin nhng dch v nh gio dc, y t, dch v chuyn mn dch v k ton, trong mt s trng hp c th ly tiu chun ny thay th cho tiu chun kia, v d trnh bng cp c th thay th cho kinh nghim ngh nghip v ngc li. Mt s yu cu in hnh bao gm t 3-5 nm o to sau ph thng (mt s trng hp cng i hi o to sau i hc) cng nh mt kinh nghim lm vic thc tin nht nh. Khong kt qu iu tra cho thy yu cu v thi ly chng ch ngh nghip l bc cui cng6. hn ch nhm ro cn ny i hi cc nc phi cng tha nhn bng cp cng nh hi ho ho cc th tc cp php, tiu chun k thut. nhiu nc vn ny kh phc tp v mi vng, mi bang li c nhng quy nh khng ging nhau. V d nh M, c bang quy nh li xe ti c tui t 18-21 ch c php hot ng trn a phn bang m khng c li xe lin vn gia cc bang v c bang quy nh trn 21 tui mi c php li xe ti7 2.4. Cc ro cn khc a. Hn ch nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi tip cn mng li phn phi v lin lc cng nh s hu t ai Khi hot ng bt c th trng no, nh cung cp u c nhu cu s dng c s h tng v lin lc v phn phi, c bit l h thng vin thng. H c th b p dng mc gi cao hn hoc b hn ch s dng thit b. i vi vn s hu t ai, cc nh cung cp nc ngoi gp nhiu tr ngi, trong khi i vi nhiu ngnh dch v nh ngnh hng khng, nhu cu c khong t ring khu vc sn
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Nh trn

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bay l nhu cu thng trc cc nh cung cp dch v ny. Ngoi ra, nhng hn ch v qung co v marketing cng gp phn cn tr cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi khi tm cch thm nhp th trng ni a. S phn bit i x nh vy s lm gim sc cnh tranh ca cc nh cung cp nc ngoi, to iu kin cho cc nh cung cp dch v trong nc vn ln chim lnh th trng. b. Mt s quy nh mang tnh hnh chnh Nhm ny bao gm nhng quy nh v th tc cp php, nhng quy nh v nhp cnh, quc tch, c tr. Thi gian xem xt h s, xt duytko di c th gy cn tr ln i vi nhng nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi. V d, nhng quy nh ca M i vi vic nhp cnh ca c nhn cung cp dch v kh phin phc bao gm nhn din mt, khun mt v c vn tay theo nhng cng ngh tin tin nht nhm i ph vi khng b. iu ny khin cho lng ngi cc ca bin phng M lun dn y. Ch ring Canada, trong thng 6 nm 2003 nc ny mt khong 400 triu USD do b ch tc bin gii hi quan vi M. cc nc ang pht trin, mt tr ngi ln na cn l tnh khng minh bch trong cc quy nh ca nh nc c bit l cc lut l, quy nh v di tr cng nh cc quy nh lin quan n nhng nh cung cp dch v c quyn trong nc. C th ni rng, trong thng mi hng ho cng nh trong thng mi dch v, bo h v t do ho tuy mu thun nhau song chng lun cng tn ti v b sung ln nhau. iu ny l hon ton cn thit v mi chnh sch u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Nhng bo h mc no, ngnh no cho hp l th phi cn c vo c im pht trin kinh t x hi ring ca tng nc. Mc d GATS cho php cc nc c bo h cc ngnh dch v trong nc mc cao hn so vi thng mi hng ho nhng nu tnh trng bo h ko di qu lu s dn n nhng hu qu khng tt cho nn kinh t trong nc. Thc tin th gii cho thy, t do ho v thng mi dch v em li li ch ln hn nhiu so vi thng mi hng ho. Th nht l do dch v chim t trng ngy cng ln hn trong nn kinh t v mc bo h ca thng mi dch v cao hn so vi cc lnh vc khc. Th hai, nhiu loi hnh dch v l cc yu t u

vo ca sn xut nh vin thng v vn ti, do vy th trng dch v m ca hn na c th tc ng mnh m n tng th nn kinh t. Ngoi ra, s di chuyn tm thi ca th nhn n cc nc cung cp dch v l nhn t quyt nh vic t do ho th trng dch v i vi hu ht cc nc ang pht trin. M ca lnh vc ny c th to ra li ch to ln cho nn kinh t th gii, mc d tc ng c th ln tng nc v tng lnh vc dch v l khc nhau, ph thuc vo loi hnh v k nng ca ngi lao ng tham gia cng nh c ch qun l iu hnh ca chnh ph. Vic a ngi cung cp dch v ra nc ngoi c th gip mt nc ang pht trin gim p lc v th trng lao ng. i vi nc tip nhn dch v, nhn ngi lao ng vo lm vic tm thi cung cp dch v s gip tng kh nng cnh tranh v lm gim gnh nng v thiu ht lao ng trn th trng v mt ngn hn M ca th trng dch v cng tng kh nng tip cn cc cng ngh nc ngoi. Trong nhiu lnh vc dch v khc nhau, cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi gip chuyn giao cng ngh mi v xy dng nng cao nng lc. Nhng cng ngh mi l yu t quyt nh gip cc nc ang pht trin tham gia mt cch y nht vo nn kinh t tri thc ton cu. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn giao cng ngh cng cn ph thuc vo vic bn nhn c kh nng s dng thnh tho cng ngh mi hay khng. M ca th trng dch v gip gim chi ph chuyn giao cng ngh khng ch trong cc ngnh dch v m cn trong c cc ngnh nng nghip v cng nghip a ra quyt nh hp l v m ca hay bo h i hi chnh ph phi c y thng tin gip nh gi nhng c hi v thch thc i vi cc nh cung cp trong nc, xc nh nhu cu nng lc cng nh nhng tc ng x hi c th xy ra, cn nhc gia ci c v mt. V t c iu th vn u tin l chnh ph phi t xy dng v nng cao nng lc qun l hnh chnh cng nh nng lc m phn. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc nc ang pht trin m Vit Nam khng l ngoi l.

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. V Nh Thng, T do ho thng mi dch v trong WTO: Lut

v thng l, NXB H Ni, H Ni, 2007 2. 2003

3.

.., , ,

Hip nh chung v Thng mi dch v quc t GATS Vn phng y ban quc gia v Hp tc kinh t quc t, Tng

4.

quan v cc vn t do ha thng mi dch v, 2007

5.

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bat
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