Cc vn hin i trong Cng ngh Thng tin

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Bi 2: Cc lnh vc ng dng ca P2P

S ra i ca mng ngang hng to ra cch thc qun l mi cho hng lot cc lnh vc ng dng. Bi ny a ra mt cch nhn tng qut cho vn cc lnh vc ng dng ca mng ngang hng nh: giao tip (communication), chia s file (file sharing), bng thng (bandwidth), vn lu tr (storage), cc chu trnh x l (processor cycles). 3.1. Giao tip (communication): + ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc ng dng mng ngang hng. + L nhn t quyt nh trong cc mng ngang hng v n cung cp thng tin v cc Peers v cc ngun ti nguyn no l sn sng trn mng. + To ra kh nng cho cc Peer kt ni trc tip vi cc Peer khc v yu cu cc ngun ti nguyn. + Mt v d in hnh v ng dng mng ngang hng trong giao tip l h thng chuyn tin nhn trc tip (instant messaging). *. Instant messaging: - Thng thng, server trung tm lu tr thng tin v danh sch ngi dng ng k. - Khi c s giao tip gia cc node, vic tm kim ngi dng (node khc) c thc hin trn server. - Trong trng hp ngi dng khng online, h thng s phi lu tr cc tin nhn cho n khi ngi dng ny online. - Cc dch v in hnh: Napster, ICQ, Jabber. 3.2. Chia s Files (File sharing) - C th ni ng dng c s dng nhiu nht ca mng ngang hng l chia s file. - Theo c tnh khong 70% lu lng mng trn Internet c cho l trao i cc file c bit l cc file m nhc (hn 1 t cc file m nhc c download mi tun). - c im ca vn chia s file l cc Peer c cc file c download vi vai tr l mt Client lm cho chng lun sn sng vi cc Peer khc trong vai tr ca mt Server. - Vn ch yu cho mng ngang hng ni chung v cho vn chia s file n ring l vn tm kim. Trong ng cnh ca h thng chia s file, c ba m hnh khc nhau c pht trin: m hnh flooded request, m hnh th mc trung tm v m hnh hng ti liu. Cc m hnh ny c minh ho qua cc ng dng thc ca mng ngang hng sau: Gnutella, Naspter v FreeNet. - Trong h thng Gnutella, khng c s tp trung ho, cc file c lu tr trn cc Peer ca h thng, khi c yu cu tm kim mt file my tnh s gi yu cu ny ti tt c cc peer l lng Phan Anh & Nguyn nh Ngha HCN - HQGHN 1

Cc vn hin i trong Cng ngh Thng tin

Peer-to-Peer Networks

ging ca n cho ti khi tm thy my cha file cn tm. Tip theo l qu trnh trao i file trc tip gia hai my tnh trong mng. - Trong h thng Naspter, c s tp trung ho. Khi mt my tham gia vo mng, danh mc cc file s c ng k v lu tr trn Server trung tm, khi c yu cu tm kim, my tnh s hi Server trung tm v v tr ca file. Sau vic trao i file c thc hin gia hai my tnh vi nhau. - Trong h thng Freenet, trong file khng c lu tr trn a cng ca cc peer cung cp chng m c lu tr cc v tr khc trong mng. Mc ch ca vic pht trin mng Freenet l lm cho thng tin c lu tr v truy cp m khng cn bit nh danh. Vi cc t chc nh vy, ch s hu ca mt node mng cng khng bit c ti liu g c lu tr trn a cng ca my anh ta. V l do ny m cc Peer v cc file c cung cp cc s nh danh khc nhau. Khi mt file c to, n c truyn qua cc peer lng ring ti cc peer c s nh danh gn vi s nh danh ca file nht v c lu tr . 3.3. Bng thng (Bandwidth) Do yu cu v kh nng truyn dn ca cc mng ngy cng i hi cao c bit l khi mt s lng ln d liu a phng tin tng nhanh, hiu qu ca vic s dng bng thng ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Hin nay, hng tip cn tp trung trong cc file c lu tr trn mt Server v c truyn t ti my khch yu cu ang c s dng ch yu. Trong trng hp ny khi s lng cc yu cu tng nhanh s dn ti tnh trng nt c chai. Vi hng tip cn theo mng ngang hng vn cn bng ti s t c s ti u nht v n tn dng ti a c cc hng truyn dn trong h thng mng. - Tng cng kh nng cn bng ti trong mng: Khc vi kin trc Client/Server cc mng ngang hng lai c th nhn c s cn bng ti tt hn. Vi m hnh Client/Server th c yu cu truy vn thng tin v vic truyn d liu u c thc hin gia my ch v my khch, s lm mt s cn bng ti khi c nhiu yu cu kt ni ti my ch. Trong m hnh mng ngang hng, ch c yu cu truy vn c thc hin gia my tnh tham gia mng vi my ch, cn vn truyn file c thc hin gia hai my tnh tham gia mng vi nhau, iu ny dn n vic phn b ti u trn h thng mng. - Chia s vic s dng bng thng: Mng ngang hng c th lm tng kh nng download v truyn cc file do c ch tn dng ng truyn ti cc peer tham gia mng. Mt file d liu ln c chia thnh cc khi d liu nh c lp nhau, cc khi d liu ny c chuyn ng thi n cc peer khc nhau v cui cng n peer yu cu chng. Ti peer yu cu cc khi d liu c ghp li thnh file d liu ban u. Cc phn mm in hnh ca vic chia s bng thng l cc phn mm download file, chng hn nh: BitTorrent, FlashGet 3.4. Khng gian lu tr (Storage Space); Hin nay vi cc h thng cn c yu cu v mt lu tr d liu cao ngi ta thng la chn cc gii php lu tr nh: Phan Anh & Nguyn nh Ngha HCN - HQGHN 2

Cc vn hin i trong Cng ngh Thng tin

Peer-to-Peer Networks

+ DAS (Direct Attached Storage): Direct-attached storage (DAS) refers to a digital storage system directly attached to a server or workstation, without a storage network in between. It is a retronym, mainly used to differentiate non-networked storage from SAN and NAS.

+ NAS (Network Attached Storage): Network-attached storage (NAS) is file-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to heterogeneous network clients.

+ SAN (Storage Area Networks): a storage area network (SAN) is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices (such as disk arrays, tape libraries and optical jukeboxes) to servers in such a way that, to the operating system, the devices appear as locally attached. Although cost and complexity are dropping, as of 2007, SANs are still uncommon outside larger enterprises. Bn cnh nhng u im cc gii php cng tn ti mt s nhc im nh: + Km hiu qu trong vic s dng h thng lu tr sn c. + Phi tng cng vic sao lu d liu. + Tng ti trong mng ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, bng thng mng ngy cng c ci thin cao, tnh kt ni lin thng ngy mt d dng cho php thay i cch thc qun l vn lu tr d liu, gii quyt mt cch hiu qu vn lu tr v khng i hi nhiu v vn qun tr h thng. Vi mng lu tr ngang hng ni chung n c gi thit rng ch c mt phn khng gian sn c trn my tnh PC c s dng. Mng lu tr ngang hng l mt cm cc my tnh c xy dng trn mt nn mng my tnh tn ti, chia s tt c cc lu tr sn c trn mng

Phan Anh & Nguyn nh Ngha HCN - HQGHN

Cc vn hin i trong Cng ngh Thng tin 3.5 Cc chu trnh x l (Processor Cycles):

Peer-to-Peer Networks

C th nhn thy rng trong cc ng dng i hi cn phi c sc mnh tnh ton ngi ta thng tm cch xy dng cc my tnh mnh, t tin ch cha ch trng vo vic tn dng kh nng tnh ton ca cc my tnh c ni mng. Ngy nay do nhng yu cu i hi tnh ton hiu nng cao nh cc thao tc tnh ton trong tin sinh hc, trong ti chnh, trong o lng m nhiu nghin cu ng dng mng ngang hng vo x l tnh ton c a ra. Bng vic s dng cc ng dng mng ngang hng b cm cc chu trnh x l c th nhn c kh nng tnh ton ngang bng vi mt siu my tnh t tin. Trong mt mng mi my tnh l trong sut vi cc my tnh khc v tt c cc node c kt ni mng s to thnh mt my tnh logic.

Phan Anh & Nguyn nh Ngha HCN - HQGHN