Cu 1 : Phn bit chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ?

Chuyn mch knh: -Nguyn tc: L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh dn trc tip cho hai i tng s dng -X l cuc gi tin hnh qua 3 giai on:Thit lp knh dn,Duy tr knh dn,Gii phng knh dn - c im: Thc hin s trao i thng tin gia hai i tng theo thi gian thc. i tng s dng lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i tin Hiu sut thp Lng ph thi gian do c giai on thit lp knh v gii phng knh Ni dung thng tin khng mang thng tin a ch Ph hp vi dch v thoi Khi lu lng tng n mt mc ngng no th mt s cuc gi c th b kho, mng t chi mi yu cu kt ni cho n khi c th Chuyn mch gi: -Nguyn tc: D liu c chia thnh nhiu gi nh c chiu di thay i, mi gi c gn thm a ch cng vi nhng thng tin iu khin cn thit.-Cc gi i vo trong mt node c lu vo trogn b m cho n khi c x l, sau xp hng trong hng i ch cho n khi c truyn trn tuyn tip theo -Ti trung tm nhn tin, cc gi c hp thnh mt bn tin v c sp xp li a ti thit b nhn s liu - c im Cc ng truyn dn c th phi hp s dng mt s ln cc ngun tng i hot ng. Do hiu sut s dng knh tng tr trung bnh ca cc tuyn truyn dn ph thuc vo ti trong mng Hn ch c tnh trng tr v thng lng ca mng suy gim khi lng thng tin n qu ln cc node. tin cy cao chng li, mng chuyn mch gi s dng phng thc t ng hi li Ti trung tm nhn tin, x l cc tn hiu kim tra li xc nh xem gi c li *Cu 2 : Khi nim tr ( delay) trong truyn thng. Trnh by cc loi tr trong qu trnh gi mt gi tin t ngun ti ch trong mng c dy, loi tr no c gi tr c nh, loi no khng? tr l khong thi gian chuyn mt thng ip t nt ny n nt khc trong hthng mng.

Cu 3: Phn bit bandwidth, thoughput, goodput khi xc nh tc truyn thng trn mng my tnh?

- Bng thng l rng di tn, tc chnh lch gia tn s cao nht vi tn sthp nht trn cng mt knh truyn thng hay gia cc bc sng. Bng thng thng c dung ch mt khi lng d liu c th truyn ti c trong mt thi gian nht nh. Bng thng cn l kh nng truyn d liu ti a trong mt n v thi gian ca mt ng kt ni vt l. - Thng lng l lng d liu i qua ng truyn trong mt n v thi gian. Haythng lng l bng thng thc s m cc ng dng mng c s dng trong mtthi gian c th (thng lng c th c bin i theo thi gian).Thng lng thng nh hn nhiu so vi bng thng ti a c th c ca mitrng truyn dn c s dng (Throughput Bandwidth). - Goodput l tc truyn d liu khi ti ngi s dng. + Tc v m t l thuyt - bandwidth (tc truyn ti d liu trong l thuyt) + Tc trong thc t - throughtput (tc truyn ti d liu trong thc t, lun nh hn bandwidth) + Tc khi ti ngi s dng - goodput (lun nh hn bandwitdth). Cu 4 : Khi nim giao thc . Trnh by vai tr ca giao thc trong truyn thng? Giao thc truyn thng hay cn gi l Giao thc giao tip, Giao thc lin mng, Giao thc tng tc, Giao thc trao i thng tin cng ngh thng tin gi tt l giao thc (protocol) l mt tp hp cc quy tc chun dnh cho vic biu din d liu, pht tn hiu, chng thc v pht hin li d liu - nhng vic cn thit gi thng tin qua cc knh truyn thng. nh m cc my tnh (v cc thit b) c th kt ni v trao i thng tin vi nhau. Cc giao thc truyn thng dnh cho truyn thng tn hiu s trong mng my tnh c nhiu tnh nng m bo vic trao i d liu mt cch ng tin cy qua mt knh truyn thng khng hon ho. Cu 5 : u im ca m hnh phn lp. trnh by cc tng ca m hnh OSI u im ca vic s dng m hnh phn lp l: Tch hot ng thng tin trn mng thnh nhng phn nh hn, n gin hn. N chun ha cc thnh phn mng cho php pht trin mt mng t nhiu nh cung cp sn phm. Cho php cc loi phn cng phn mm khc nhau thng tin c vi nhau. Cho php ngi thit k chuyn mn ho v pht trin chc nng theo kiu modul. N gip cho vic hc tp v mng c d dng hn.

Cc tng ca m hnh OSI M hnh OSI gm 7 lp Lp vt l Lp vt l cung cp cc phng tin in, c cc, th tc kch hot, duy tr v gii phng lin kt vt l gia cc h thng. Thuc tnh in lin quan n s biu din cc bit (mc tn hiu in th) v tc truyn bit. Thuc tnh c lin quan n cc chun v giao din vt l kch thc, cu hnh. Thuc tnh th tc lin quan n giao thc iu khin vic truyn cc chui bit qua ng vt l. Lp vt l l di cng trong m hnh OSI giao din vi ng truyn khng c PDU (Protocol Data Unit), khng c phn header cha thng tin iu khin (PCI Protocol Control Information), d liu c truyn theo dng bit. Lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer) Lp lin kt d liu cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng tin qua lp vt l m bo tin cy thng qua cc c ch ng b, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu. Ngoi ra, lp lin kt d liu cn c chia lm 2 lp con l: +MAC (Media Access Control). +LLC (Logical Link Control). Cc chc nng ca lp 2 gm: to khung d liu truyn trn cc ng vt l, truy nhp cc phng tin vt l nh cc a ch MAC, pht hin li nhng khng sa c li. Lp mng (Network Layer) Lp mng c cc nh chuyn gia nh gi lp phc tp nht trong tt c cc lp trong m hnh OSI. Lp mng cung cp phng tin truyn cc n v d liu qua mng hay lin mng. Bi vy, n phi p ng nhiu kiu cu hnh mng v nhiu dich v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. Cc dch v v giao thc cho lp mng phi phn nh c tnh phc tp . Hai chc nng ch yu ca lp mng l:

+ nh tuyn (Routing). +Chuyn tip (Relaying). Mi node trong mng u phi thc hin cc chc nng ny, do , chng phi trn lp lin kt d liu cung cp mt dch v trong sut i vi lp giao vn. Chc nng nh tuyn em s gii thiu trong phn giao thc TCP/IP. Cng ngh IP l mt cng ngh tiu biu v u vit nht ca lp mng cho nn, hin ti v tng lai cc cng ngh cc lp khc u phi tin ti ci tin ti u trong s lin lc vi IP. Lp giao vn (Transport Layer) Trong m hnh OSI, 4 lp thp quan tm n vic truyn d liu qua h thng u cui (end systems) qua cc phng tin truyn thng cn 3 lp cao tp trung p ng cc yu cu v cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Lp giao vn l lp cao nht ca 4 lp thp, nhim v ca n la cung cp dch v truyn d liu sao cho cc chi tit c th ca cc phng tin truyn thng c s dng dn di tr nn trong sut i vi cc lp cao. Do nhim v ca lp giao vn rt phc tp. N phi c tnh n kh nng thch ng vi mt phm vi rt rng cc c trng mng. Chng hn, mt mng c th l connection-oriented hay connectionless, c th l ng tin cy (reliable) hay khng ng tin cy (unreliale). N phi bit c yu cu v cht lng dch v ca ngi s dng ng thi, cng phi bit c kh nng cung cp dch v ca mng bn di. Lp phin (Session Layer) Nhim v ca lp phin l cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc phin ng dng ca h, c th nh sau: iu phi vic trao i d liu gia gia cc ng dng bng cch thip lp v gii phng (mt cch logic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi-dialogues). Cung cp cc im ng b ho kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc quy tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cung cp c ch nm quyn trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Vic trao i d liu c th c thc hin theo 1 trong 3 phng thc: - n cng

- Bn song cng - Song cng Tm li, nhim v ca lp phin l thit lp, qun l v kt thc cc phin giao tip gia cc thc th lp trnh by. Lp trnh din (Presentation Layer) Mc ch ca lp trnh din l m bo cho cc h thng u cui c th truyn thng c kt qu ngay c khi chng s dng cc cch biu din d liu khc nhau. Lp ng dng (Application Layer) Lp ng dng l lp gn gi vi ngi dng hn ht, n cung cp cc dch v mng cho cc ng dng ca ngi dng. L lp cao nht trong m hnh OSI, cho nn lp ng dng c mt s c im khc vi cc lp di n.Trc ht, n khng cung cp mt dch v cho mt lp trn no nh cc lp bn di. Do lp khng c khi nim im truy nhp lp dch v. Lp ng dng l ranh gii gia mi trng ni kt cc h thng m v cc tin trnh ng dng (Application Process). Cc tin trnh ng dng thuc cc h thng m khc nhau mun trao i thng tin phi thng qua tng ng dng thuc cc h thng m khc nhau] Cu 6 : Cc layer trong m hnh TCP/IP ng vi m hnh OSI

Cu 7 : Trnh by c im ca cc ng dng mng v giao thc tng ng dng? Applications: Chng trnh ng dng chy trn cc my tnh. Trao i thng ip (message) vi cc ng dng khc nhm thc thi vai tr ca ng dng. Mt s chng trnh ng dng (network applications): Email (Yahoo! Mail, MS Outlook). Web browser (MS Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator). Instant messenger (Yahoo! Messenger, ICQ). P2P file sharing (Napster, KazaA). Internet games (Yahoo! Games). Internet telephone (Skype, FPTFone,VNNFone). Streaming stored video clips.

Real-time video conference. Massive parallel computing. Application-layer protocols: L mt thnh phn ca chng trnh ng dng. nh ngha cc quy tc trao i thng ip. Giao tip vi cc dch v c cung cp bi tng di (TCP, UDP). V d : HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) Giao thc web. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Giao thc truyn tp. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Giao thc truyn th in t. POP (Post Office Protocol) Giao thc nhn th in t. IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) Giao thc nhn th in t (khc POP3) DNS (Domain Name System) DNS = h thng tn min, giao thc DNS quy nh quy tc s dng tn min. TFTP (Trivial FTP) (Mt dng khc ca FTP). Cu 8 : Trnh by m hnh ng dng Client-Sever. c im cc thc th trong m hnh ny? M hnh Client/Server m t cc dch v mng v cc ng dng c s dng truy nhp cc dch v. L m hnh phn chia cc thao tc thnh hai phn: pha Client cung cp cho ngi s dng mt giao din yu cu dch v t mng v pha Server tip nhn cc yu cu t pha Client v cung cp cc dch v mt cch thng sut cho ngi s dng.

Chng trnh Server c khi ng trn mt my ch v trng thi sn sng nhn cc yu cu t pha Client. Chng trnh Client cng c khi ng mt cch c lp vi chng trnh Server. Yu cu dch v c chng trnh Client gi n my ch cung cp dch v v chng trnh Server trn my ch s p ng cc yu cu ca Client. Sau khi thc hin cc yu cu t pha Client, Server s tr v trng thi ch cc yu cu khc.

Trong m hnh Client/Server nhiu lp, qu trnh x l c phn tn trn 3 lp khc nhau vi cc chc nng ring bit. M hnh ny thch hp cho vic t chc h thng thng tin trn mng Internet/ Intranet. Pht trin m hnh 3 lp s khc phc c mt s hn ch ca m hnh 2 lp. Cc h c s d liu c ci t trn cc my ch Web Server v c th c truy nhp khng hn ch cc ng dng v s lng ngi dng.

Lp khch (Clients) cung cp dch v trnh by (Presentation Services), giao tip ngi s dng vi lp giao dch thng qua trnh duyt Browser hay trnh ng dng thao tc v x l d liu. Giao din ngi s dng l trnh duyt Internet Explorer hay Netscape. Lp giao dch (Business) cung cp cc dch v qun tr, t chc v khai thc c s d liu. Cc componenet trc y c ci t trn lp khch, nay c ci t trn lp giao dch. V d, mt ngi s dng trn my khch t mua hng, lp giao dch kim tra m m t hng quyt nh tip tc bn hay khng bn. Thnh phn ca lp giao dch trong m hnh Internet l Web Server v COM+/MTS. Cng ngh ca Microsoft vi Web Server l IIS (Internet Information Services) s dng ASP kt ni Client vi COM. Web Server giao tip vi COM+/MTS component qua COM. COM+/MTS component iu khin tt c giao tip vi lp d liu ngun thng qua ODBC ho c OLE - DB.

Lp ngun d liu (Data Source) cung cp cc dch v t chc v lu tr cc h c s d liu quan h. Sn sng cung cp d liu cho lp giao dch. c trng ca lp ny l ngn ng tm kim, truy vn d liu SQL.

Cu 9 : Trnh by m hnh ng dng ngang hng peer-to-peer v c im cc thc th? Trong m hnh ngang hng tt c cc my u l my ch ng thi cng l my khch. Cc my trn mng chia s ti nguyn khng ph thuc vo nhau. Mng ngang hng thng c t chc thnh cc nhm lm vic Workgroup. M hnh ny khng c qu trnh ng nhp tp trung, nu ng nhp vo mng c th s dng tt c ti nguyn trn mng. Truy cp vo cc ti nguyn ph thuc vo ngi chia s cc ti nguyn , v vy c th phi bit mt khu c th truy nhp c ti cc ti nguyn c chia s. Cu 10 : Lit k mt s v d v ng dng m hnh lai ghp? M hnh lai (Hybrid): S kt hp gia Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer. Phn ln cc mng my tnh trn thc t thuc m hnh ny *Cu 11 : ng dng WEB v giao thc HTTP: c im, mc ch, cu trc bn tin trao i. Phn bit 2 dng HTTP Persisten v HTTP Non Persisten. Giao thc HTTP (HyperText Transmission Protocol) HTTP l mt giao thc cho php Web Browsers v servers c th giao tip nhau. N chun ho cc thao tc c bn m mt Web Server phi lm c. HTTP bt u l mt giao thc n gin ging nh vi cc giao thc chun khc trn Internet, thng tin iu khin c truyn di dng vn bn th thng qua kt ni TCP. Do kt ni HTTP c th thay th bng lnh Telnet chun. Cng 80 l cng m c nh dnh cho Web Server lng nghe cc kt ni c gi n v truyn i. Giao thc n gin yu cu/p ng (request/response) ny . pht trin nhanh chng v c nh ngha thnh mt giao thc phc tp (phin bn hin ti l HTTP/1.1). Mt trong cc thay i ln nht trong HTTP/1.1 l n h tr kt ni lu di (persistent connection). Trong HTTP/1.0, mt kt ni phi c thit lp n server cho mi i tng m browser mun download. Nhiu trang web c rt nhiu h.nh nh, ngoi vic ti trang HTM c bn, browser phi ly v mt s lng h.nh nh. Thit lp mt kt ni cho mi h.nh nh l rt l.ng ph v. s c nhiu gi thng tin mng s c lun chuyn gia web server v Web browser trc khi d liu nh c truyn v. Ngc li m mt kt ni TCP truyn ti liu HTML, v sau mi h.nh nh s truyn ni tip theo. Nh th s thun tin hn v qu tr.nh thit lp cc kt ni TCP s c gim xung. Cu 12 : Trnh by gii php ng dng Web Proxy caching tng tc truy nhp Internet ni b. Cu 13 : Giao thc FTP c im, mc ch, cu trc bn tin trao i.

FTP (vit tt ca ting Anh File Transfer Protocol, "Giao thc truyn tp tin") thng c dng trao i tp tin qua mng li truyn thng dng giao thc TCP/IP (chng hn nh Internet - mng ngoi b - ho c intranet - mng ni b). Dch v ny cho php cc ngi dng gi n my ch cc yu cu ti ln ho c chp v cc tp tin. FTP hot ng gia nhiu loi h thng hn hp v cho php ngi dng t h thng ny tng tc vi h thng khc loi m khng cn quan tm n cc h iu hnh ti . FTP khch hot ng bng giao din tng tc text cn bn, qua b iu khin dng lnh. Mc ch ca giao thc FTP Mc ch ca giao thc FTP, nh c phc tho trong bn RFC, l: 1. Khuyn khch vic dng chung tp tin (nh chng trnh ng dng vi tnh ho c d liu) 2. Khuyn khch vic s dng my tnh xa mt cch gin tip / m thm (implicit). 3. Che y s khc bit v h thng lu tr tp tin gia cc my ch, hu cho ngi dng khng cn phi quan tm n nhng s khc bit ring t ca chng. 4. Truyn ti d liu mt cch ng tin cy v c hiu qu cao. 5. Cc Cc bc c bn m mt FTP client tri qua tng tc vi FTP server c m t nh sau: 1) Khi ng lnh thit lp giao din FTP 2) G ? xem gip . 3) S dng lnh Open ch nh a ch IP hay tn min ca FTP server mun truy cp ti. 4) ng nhp mng (log in) (ti cc ni cng cng, g anonymous cho tn login ca bn v password trng). 5) S dng lnh dir hay ls lit k danh sch tp tin trn FTP server. 6) S dng lnh cd chuyn i gia cc th mc hin hnh. 7) S dng lnh get ti tp tin v (download) hay s dng lnh put y tp tin ln mng (upload). 8) G lnh close kt thc phin truyn hin ti (v li g lnh open truy cp my ch khc). 9) G lnh quit kt thc chng trnh.

Cu 14 : Cc giao thc ng dng to nn h thng th in t v c im ca chng.

SMTP (t ch Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) -- hay l giao thc chuyn th n gin. y l mt giao thc lo v vic vn chuyn email gia cc my ch trn ng trung chuyn n a ch nhn cng nh l lo vic chuyn th in t t my khch n my ch. Hu ht cc h thng th in t gi th qua Internet u dng giao thc ny. Cc mu thng tin c th c ly ra bi mt email client. Nhng email client ny phi dng giao thc POP hay giao thc IMAP.

IMAP (t ch Internet Message Access Protocol) -- hay l giao thc truy nhp thng ip (t) Internet. Giao thc ny cho php truy nhp v qun l cc mu thng tin v t cc my ch. Vi giao thc ny ngi dng email c th c, to ra, thay i, hay xo cc ngn cha, cc mu tin ng thi c th tm kim cc ni dung trong hp th m khng cn phi ti cc th v. Phin bn mi nht ca IMAP l IMAP4 tng t nhng c nhiu chc nng hn giao thc POP3. IMAP nguyn thu c pht trin bi i hc Standford nm 1986. POP (t ch Post Office Protocol) -- hay l giao thc phng th. Giao thc ny c dng truy tm cc email t mt MTA. Hu ht cc MUA u dng n giao thc POP m c d mt s MTA cng c th dng giao thc mi hn l IMAP. Hin c hai phin bn ca POP. Phin bn u tin l POP2 tr thnh tiu chun vo thp nin 80, n i hi phi c giao thc SMTP gi i cc mu thng tin. Phin bn mi hn POP3 c th c dng m khng cn ti SMTP. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l chng giao thc cng hot ng nhm cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng.Giao thc TCP/IP bao gm 4 tng: Tng ng dng, Tng vn chuyn, Tng mng, Tng tng truy nhp mng.

*Cu 15 : H thng DNS : mc ch, cch thc hot ng v cc giao thc s dng. Mc ch ca h thng tn min (DNS) H thng tn min bao gm mt lot cc c s d liu cha a ch IP v cc tn min tng ng ca n.Mi tn min tng ng vi mt a ch IP c th. H thng tn min trn mng Internet c nhim v chuyn i tn min sang a ch IP v ngc li t a ch IP sang tn min. H thng DNS ra i nhm mc ch gip ngi s dng s dng ngi s dng mt tn d nh v mang tnh gi m v ng thi n gip cho h thng Internet d dng s dng lin lc v ngy cng pht trin. H thng DNS l h thng s dng c s d liu phn tn v phn cp hnh cy do vic qun l s d dng hn v cng rt thun tin cho vic chuyn i t tn min sang a ch IP v ngc li. Tn min l nhng tn gi nh nh home.vnn.vn ho c www.cnn.com .N thn thin hn a ch IP gip cho ngi s dng d dng nh v n dng ch m ngi bnh thng c th hiu v s dng hng ngy. C ch hot ng ca DNS DNS (Domain Name System) l mt h c s d liu phn tn dng nh x gia cc tn min v cc a ch IP. DNS a ra mt phng php c bit duy tr v lin kt cc nh x ny trong mt th thng nht. Trong phm vi ln hn, cc my tnh kt ni vi internet s dng DNS to a ch lin

kt dng URL (Universal Resource Locators). Theo phng php ny, mi my tnh s khng cn s dng a ch IP cho kt ni m ch cn s dng tn min (domain name) truy vn n kt ni . Vi m hnh phn cp nh hnh di y :

V d:.. Cu 16 : c im ca giao thc tng giao vn. Trnh by khi nim ghp knh, phn knh.
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Ghp knh l qu trnh ghp nhiu tn hiu (ho c chui d liu) thnh mt tn hiu (ho c chui d liu) truyn i xa nhm tit kim ti nguyn. Thit b thc hin vic ny gi l b ghp knh, u thu b tch knh thc hin vic tch cc knh ny ra v phn n ng u nhn.

Cu 17 : Khi nim socket. Phn bit TCP socket v UDP socket. Socket l mt phng php thit lp kt ni truyn thng gia mt chng trnh yu cu dch v (client) v mt chng trnh cung cp dch v (server) trn mng LAN, WAN hay Internet v i lc l gia nhng qu trnh ngay bn trong my tnh. Mi socket c th c xem nh mt im cui trong mt kt ni. Mt socket trn my yu cu dch v c a ch mng c cp sn "gi" mt socket trn my cung cp dch v. Mt khi socket c thit lp ph hp, hai my tnh c th trao i dch v v d liu.

Cu 18 : Phn bit khi nim tin trnh client, tin trnh sever vi ng dng client, ng dng sever.Trong cc ng dng ngang hng c cc tin trnh client v sever khng. *Cu 19 : Trnh by cc c im ca giao thc UDP. Ti sao ni giao thc UDP l giao thc truyn thng khng tin cy v khng hng kt ni. UDP c s dng cho loi ng dng no.

UDP c xem l giao thc truyn thng khng tin cy v khng hng kt ni v UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt ho c trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi. UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. Cc ng dng s dng UDP thng quan tm nhiu v tc hn l chnh xc ca d liu (chiu phim qua mng, games online, truyn hnh mng, ). Cu 20 : Trnh by cc c im ca giao thc TCP.

Cu 21: Trnh by cc vn m bo vic truyn thng tin cy ti tng giao vn.Lin h vi hot ng ca giao thc TCP.

Cu 22: Trnh by cc vn kim sot nghn trong truyn thng ti tng giao vn.Lin h vi hot ng ca giao thc TCP. Cu 23: Trnh by 2 thut ton GoBackN v Selective Repeated. ngha cu 2 thut ton ny trong vic m bo tnh tin cy trong truyn thng v u nhc im ca chng. *Cu 24: Vai tr ca tng mng v cc giao thc tng mng trong truyn thng. Nu c im v cc chc nng chnh ca cc giao thc tng mng. Tng mng chu trnh nhim p ng cc yu cu dch v t tng giao vn v a ra nhng yu cu dch v i vi tng lin kt d liu. Tng mng nh a ch cho cc thng ip v dch cc a ch lgic v tn sang a ch vt l. Tng ny cn quyt nh tuyn truyn thng t ngun n ch, ng thi qun l nhng vn v giao thng, chng hn nh chuyn mch, nh tuyn (routing), v khng ch s tc nghn ca cc gi d liu. V cn bn, tng mng chu trnh nhim phn pht cc gi d liu t u ny sang u kia (endto-end, t ngun n ch), trong khi tng lin kt d liu li chu trch nhim phn pht gi d liu t nt ny sang nt khc (hop-to-hop, gia hai nt mng trung gian c ng lin kt (link) trc tip). Tng mng cung cp cc phng tin c tnh chc nng v qui trnh truyn cc chui d liu c di a dng t ngun ti ch, qua mt hay nhiu mng my tnh, trong khi vn duy tr cht lng dch v (quality of service) i hi bi tng giao vn. Tng mng thi hnh chc nng nh

tuyn, iu khin lu lng d liu, phn on v hp on mng (network segmentation/desegmentation), v kim sot li (error control). Tng mng x l vic truyn thng d liu trn c on ng t ngun n ch, v ng thi truyn bt c tin tc g, t bt c ngun no ti bt c ch no m chng ta cn. Nu tng mng m chng ta khng lin lc c vi mt a im no y, th chng ta chng cn cch no c th lin lc c vi n. Cu 25: Trnh by cu trc b nh tuyn v cc thnh phn m bo chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn tip ca thc th ny. Cu trc ca Router Router l b nh tuyn dng ni kt nhiu phn on mng, hay nhiu kiu mng (thngl khng ng nht v kin trc v cng ngh) vo trong cng mt mng tng tc. Thngthng c mt b x l, b nh, v hai hay nhiu cng giao tip ra/vo. Cc phn t khc tu theo nhu cu s dng c th c ho c khng bao gm trong giao tip, cc module v tnh nng c bit ca h iu hnh. CPU : iu khin mi hot ng ca Router trn c s cc h thng chng trnh thc thi ca h iu hnh. ROM : Cha cc chng trnh t ng kim tra v c th c cc thnh phn c bn nht cho b nh tuyn c th thc thi c mt s hot ng ti thiu ngay c khi khng c h iu hnh hay h iu hnh b hng. RAM : Gi cc bng nh tuyn, cc vng m, tp tin cu hnh khi chy, cc thng s m bo hot ng ca b nh tuyn khc. NVRAM (None-volatile RAM): l ni cha file cu hnh khi ng (Startup-Configure ), khng b mt thng tin khi mt ngun. File Startup-Config c lu trong ny m bo khi khi ng li, cu hnh ca Router s c t ng a v trng thi lu gi trong file. V vy, phi thng xuyn lu gi file running-config trong RAM thnh file startup-config. Flash : l thit b nh / lu tr c kh nng xo v ghi c, khng mt d liu khi ct ngun. H iu hnh ca b nh tuyn c cha y. Tu thuc cc b nh tuyn khc nhau h iu hnh s c chy trc tip t Flash hay c bung ra RAM trc khi chy. Tp tin cu hnh cng c th c lu tr trong Flash. Khi khi ng router s t c ROM np IOS trc khi np file Startup-Config trong NVRAM. H iu hnh (IOS): m ng hot ng ca b nh tuyn. H iu hnh ca cc b nh tuyn khc nhau c cc chc nng khc nhau. Mi b nh tuyn c th chy rt nhiu h iu

hnh khc nhau tu thuc vo nhu cu s dng c th, cc chc nng cn thit phi c ca b nh tuyn v cc thnh phn phn cng c trong b nh tuyn. Cc giao tip: b nh tuyn c nhiu giao tip trong ch yu bao gm: - Giao tip WAN (hay cn gi cng serial): m bo cho cc kt ni din rng thng qua cc phng thc truyn thng khc nhau nh leased-line, Frame Relay, X.25, ISDN, ATM, xDSL Cc giao tip WAN cho php b nh tuyn kt ni theo nhiu cc giao din v tc khc nhau: V.35, X.21, G.703, E1, E3, cp quang v.v - Giao tip LAN: m bo cho cc kt ni mng cc b, kt ni n cc vng cung cp dch v trn mng. Cc giao tip LAN thng dng: Ethernet, FastEthernet, GigaEthernet -Cng console: c s dng cu hnh trc tip b nh tuyn. Tc d liu dng cho cu hnh bng my tnh qua cng COM l 9600b/s. Giao din ca cng ny l RJ45. - Cng AUX: c s dng qun l v cu hnh cho b nh tuyn thng qua modem d phng cho cng Console. Giao din ra ca cng ny cng l RJ45.

Cu 26: IPv4 . c im, cu trc tiu , khng gian a ch v cc loi a ch IPv4. Lit k cc di a ch IPv4 khng c nh tuyn trn Internet. Cu 27: Khi nim prefix v subnet mask. Mc ch, ngha tng quan gia 2 khi nim ny. Cu 28: IPv6: c im, cu trc tiu , cc u im so vi IPv4. Cc di phi trin khai, chuyn i IPv6 hin nay. Cu 29: Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca DHCP v vic cp pht a ch ng da trn DHCP. Cu 30: Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca NAT v PAT, ngha ca chng trong vic bo mt v s dng a ch public. Nguyn tc hot ng ca NAT NAT lm vic nh mt router, cng vic ca n l chuyn tip cc gi tin (packets) gia nhng lp mng khc nhau trn mt mng ln. Chng ta c th xem Internet l mt mng n nhng c v s subnet. Routers c kh nng hiu c cc lp mng khc nhau xung quanh n v c th chuyn tip nhng gi tin n ng ni cn n. NAT s dng IP ca chnh n lm IP cng cng cho mi my con (client) vi IP ring. Khi mt my con thc hin kt ni ho c gi d liu ti mt my tnh no trn mng Internet, d liu

s c gi ti NAT, sau NAT s thay th a ch IP gc ca my con ri gi gi d liu i vi a ch IP ca NAT. My tnh t xa ho c my tnh no trn mng Internet khi nhn c tn hiu s gi gi tin tr v cho NAT computer bi v chng ngh rng NAT computer l my gi nhng gi d liu n chng. NAT ghi li bng thng tin ca nhng my tnh gi nhng gi tin i ra ngoi trn mi cng dch v v gi nhng gi tin nhnc v ng my tnh (client) v tin cy. Nguyn tc hot ng ca PAT

31.GIAO THC ICMP V NGUYN L HOT NG CA LNH PING,TRACEROUT. Tr li: Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): IP lun i km vi mt giao thc ICMP (giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng) v IP khng m bo tin cy n ICMP s b sung c ch iu khin li v theo di ng truyn. N nh ngha mt tp cc thong ip li v gi v cc host khi mt router hay mt host khng th x l mt IP datagram thnh cng. V d, s dng kim tra kt ni mng (ping). Cc bn tin gm hai loi :thong bo li v truy vn .Thng bo li thng bo nhng s c m nh tuyn ho c trm ch c th g p phi khi x l IP datagram.Truy vn gip mt trm ho c mt ngi qun l mng ly cc thong tin c th v mt b nh tuyn ho c mt trm khc. Lnh ping hot ng da trn tng d tm. Khi mt my tnh mun kim tra mt my khc c tn ti v ang hot ng hay khng, n gi mt thng bo Echo Request. Khi trm ch nhn c thng bo , n gi li mt Echo Reply. Lnh ping s dng cc thng bo ny. Ping l mt lnh ph bin v thng c s dng kim tra kt ni . S dng lnh Ping trong trng hp no ? y l mt giao thc rt ph bin kim tra s tn ti ca mt my,hot ng ca h thng mng. Ping cng c th c dng khc phc nhng vn phc tp hn trong mng. Phn ln cc hin thc ca lnh ping cho php bn thay i kch thc ca gi tin. Cc gi tin kim tra ca lnh ping s c pht i t my ngun n my ch nu c s phn hi tt s xc nh c s thng sut ca h thng mng. Ngoi ra, lnh Ping cn c s dng kim tra hot ng ca card mng, xc nh s tn ti ca my tnh ch, kim nh cht ln, o t tc truyn dn ca h thng mng. Cui mi lnh ping s hin th thng k v s lng gi tin c gi, thi gian hi p v ghi nhn cc gi tin b rt hay truyn thnh cng trn ng truyn o C php ca lnh Ping ping [cc option ca lnh] [tn hoc a ch IP ca my ch] Tracert l cng c dng lnh nn tng Windows dng xc nh ng i t ngun ti ch ca mt gi Giao thc mng Internet (IP - Internet Protocol). Tracert tm ng ti ch bng cch gi cc thng bo Echo Request (yu cu bo hiu li) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ti tng ch. Sau mi ln g p mt ch,

gi tr Time to Live (TTL), tc thi gian cn gi i s c tng ln cho ti khi g p ng ch cn n. ng i c xc nh t qu trnh ny. Cu 32:Trnh by v thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng truyn.Lin h n hot ng ca mt giao thc thc t (OSFP).u nhc im ca OSPF. nh tuyn trng thi lin kt cn gi l ng i ngn nht trc,trn ngp thng tin nh tuyn ti tt c cc nt trong mng .Tuy nhin mi b nh tuyn ch gi mt phn b nh tuyn ,phn m t trng thi ca b nh tuyn.Mi b nh tuyn xy dng bc tranh v ton b mng trong bng topo. Gii thut trng thi lin kt s dng : o Qung co trng thi lin kt. LSA-Link-state Advertisement): LSA l mt gi d liu nh mang thng tin nh tuyn c truyn i gia cc router . o C s d liu topo. c xy dng t thng tin thu thp c t cc LSA . o Gii thut SPF v cy SPF kt qu. da trn c s d liu v cu trc mng ,thut ton SPF s tnh ton tm ng ngn nht . o Bng nh tuyn :cha danh sch cc ng i c chn la . Qu trnh thu thp thng tin mng thc hin nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin k Mi mt b nh tuyn phi thc hin nh sau: Tm ra cc b nh tuyn ln cn v hc cc a ch mng ca ln cn ny. o cc thi gian tr hon ho c chi ph n tng ln cn. Xy dng mt gi cho bit tt c thng tin m b nh tuyn va hc. Truyn gi ny n tt c cc b nh tuyn khc trong h thng mng. Tnh ng i (thi gian) ngn nht dn n mi mt b nh tuyn khc. 2. Hot ng giao thc thc t (OSFP) OSPF l 1 giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt da trn cc chun m.Giao thc ny c t trong nhiu trong RFC v c a thch do kh nng nh kch c.L mt giao thc mnh v c tnh m. Hot ng : OSPF chn tuyn i qua kt ni tc cao .Cc b nh tuyn duy tr bc tranh chung v mng v trao i thng tin lin kt lc khm ph ban u hay khi c thay i v cu hnh mng .Cc b nh tuyn khng qung b nh tuyn nh k.OSPF ph hp cho cc lin mng ln. u im: Tc hi t:thi gian hi t nhanh do ch c nhng phn thay i c gi ch khng phi ton b bng nh tuyn c gi ti cc cc b nh tuyn trong OSPF.

H tr m t n mng con chiu di bin thin :y l giao thc nh tuyn khng phn lp ,h tr VLSM. KCH thc mng :khng gii hn v khong cch v vy ph hp vi mng va v mng ln. S dng bng thng :OSPF pht a hng mt cp nht nh hng c kch thc ti thiu v ch gi cp nht khi c thay i v topo mng . Chn ng i:chn tuyn ti u s dng gi. y l mt metric c tnh da trn bng thng. Nhm thnh vin :OSPF s dng khi nim vng v cho php phn on hiu qu mt mng thnh nhiu vng .N gii hn lu lng mng bn trong vng v ngn cc thay i trong vng tc ng ln cc vng khc.S dng vng cho php nh c hiu qu hn.

Nhc im: B s l trung tm ca router phi tnh ton nhiu i hi dung lng b nh phi ln Chim dng bng thng ng truyn Cu 33.Trnh by thut ton theo vecto khong cch .Lin h n hot ng ca mt giao thc trn thc t (RIP).u nhc im ca RIP Thut ton nh tuyn theo vecto khong cch Hot ng : Thut ton nh tuyn theo vector khong cch hot ng bng cch mi mt b nh tuyn duy tr mt bng (mt vector) cung cp khong cch tt nht cho mi ch n v ng dy no c s dng chuyn gi d liu n ch. Cc bng ny c cp nht bng cch trao i thng tin vi cc b nh tuyn lng ging. Cc router qung co thng tin hin ti ca n cho cc router khc trn mng. Cc router trn mng s thc hin broadcast d liu trong bng nh tuyn v da vo cc thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ny cc router trong mng s c th cp nht li cc thng tin ca mnh cho ph hp vi h thng mng. Thut ton ny cn c gi l thut ton nh tuyn phn b ca FordBellman. nh tuyn RIP RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong c s dng cho cc h thng t tr. Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn thuc loi giao thc nh tuyn khong cch vct, giao thc s dng gi tr o lng l s bc nhy (hop count) trong ng i t ngun n ch. Mi bc i trong ng i t ngun n ch c coi nh c gi tr l 1 hop count. Khi mt b nh tuyn nhn c 1 bn tin cp nht nh tuyn cho cc gi tin th n s cng 1 vo gi tr o lng ng thi cp nht vo bng nh tuyn. RIP hot ng da trn 3 nguyn tc:

 Chia se hiu bit v ton b h t tr: mi b nh tuyn s chia s hiu bit ca n v ton b h t tr vi cc hng xm ca n. Chng gi tt c bng nh tuyn. Chia s vi hng xm : mi b nh tuyn chia s ton b hiu bit ca n cho hng xm . Cha s ti cc khaongr thi gian u n : mi b nh tuyn gi hiu bit ca n ti cc khong thi gian c nh . RIP c hai phin bn: RIP phin bn 1 RIPv1 (RIP version 1): RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn phn lp, khng c thng tin v m t n mng con v khng h tr nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp CIDR (), chiu di bin ca m t n mng con VLSM .RIPv1 s dng a ch qung b. RIPv1 c xc nh trong RFC RIP phin bn 2 RIPv1 (RIP version 2): RIPv2 l giao thc nh tuyn khng phn lp, c thng tin v m t n mng con v h tr cho CIDR, VLSM. RIPv2 s dng a ch a hng. RIPv2 c xc nh u tin trong cc RFC . c im ca RIP: Rip l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch : +Lp A +Lp B +Lp C -Trong thng tin nh tuyn khng c thng tin v subnet mask i km -L giao thc nh tuyn theo Distance Vector. -Thng tin nh tuyn l s lng hop. -Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln hn 15 th gi d liu s b hy b. -Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy. Hot ng: Rip s dng 2 bn tin : -Request massage: + RIP gi broadcast bn tin Request ra tt c cc active interface. + Yu cu tt c Router neighbors gi bng nh tuyn.

-Response message : +Bn tin cha bng nh tuyn. -Sau khi xy dng xong routing table lc khi ng, khi router nhn c thng tin update v route ti mt mng no . -Nu route ti mng tn ti trong routing table, route ang tn ti s b thay th bi route mi nu route mi c hop count nh hn. N s l i nu route mi c hop count ln hn. Nu ht thi gian Holddown time th bt k route mi c gi tr nh th no th n vn c lu vo routing table. Nhc im: Mt iu bt li ca cc b nh tuyn khi dng RIP l chng kt ni lin tc vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca chng, do to ra mt lng ti ln trn mng. c tnh ca RIP l cc gi gii hn di 15 hop v bng nh tuyn c trao i vi cc b nh tuyn khc khong 30giy/ln. Nu mt b nh tuyn khng thng bo trong vng 180 giy, ng i qua b nh tuyn ny c xem nh khng dng c. Cc vn c th xy ra trong lc to li bng nh tuyn nu b nh tuyn ny c kt ni vi mt mng din rng chy chm. Hn na, trao i cc bng lm mng thng xuyn qu ti, gy tc nghn v cc tr hon khc. Do RIP l giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nn mi b nh tuyn nhn c bng nh tuyn ca nhng b nh tuyn ln cn kt ni trc tip vi n do vy b nh tuyn s khng bit c chnh xc cu trc ca ton b h thng mng. RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vct khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng n cng mt lc ti ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v vy da vo s lng hop chn ng nn i khi cn ng m RIP chn khng phi l ng ngn nht v nhanh nht ti ch. Khng dng cho nhng mng ln hay phc tp. u im:? Cu 34: Trnh by v nh tuyn phn cp v giao thc nh tuyn BGP .ti sao ni giao thc nh tuyn theo khong cch l giao thc nh tuyn theo chnh sch. 1. nh tuyn phn cp.

Trong h thng phn cp mt s b nh tuyn hnh thnh vng ng trc .Cc gi thuc vng c gi n ng trc ri mi gi n cc vng khc ti ch .cc h thng nh tuyn c chia thnh cc nhm nt hay gi l cc min nh tuyn ,h t tr hay vng. u im : N bt chc t chc ca cc congty v do h tr tt cho iu hnh v qun l lu lng. Gim ng k lu lng cp nht nh tuyn do hu ht truyn thng mng xut hin bn trong min v cc b nh tuyn bin ca min bit cn nh tuyens lu lng i u.

2. Giao thc nh tuyn BGP BGP c s dng chia s thng tin nh tuyn gia cc AS khc nhau. BGP s dng giao thc vn chuyn tin cy (reliable transport protocol) trao i thng tin nh tuyn chnh l Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). BGP s dng cng 179 thit lp kt ni. BGP h tr variable-length subnet mask (VLSM), classless interdomain routing (CIDR), v summarization. iu ng ch v BGP l n khng quan tm v intra-AS routing, n tin tng rng cc IGP c s dng trong AS s m nhim intra-AS routing. M n ch cp ti inter-AS routing. Mt BGP speaking device s chia s thng tin n c mng vi neighbor ca n. Thng tin n c mng cha ng d liu da trn cc AS khc nhau m n i qua. Thng tin ny s c BGP spaking device to graph ca tt c cc AS ang s dng. Graph s gip cho BGP loi b c routing loop v m bo hiu lc ca policy cho AS ca n. : c im ca BGP + S dng giao thc nh hng kt ni vi nhng ci tin: - Bn tin cp nht l tin cy - cp nht theo chu k - nhiu thng s tnh metrics + c dng thit k mng c quy m rt ln