“Skeleton In

Protozoa”
A presentation compiled
from various sources by
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA,
Zoology Dept. Bhavan’s College, Andheri.
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Sites from which presentations have been downloaded and later editted.
I am indeed thankful to them for their kindness and support :
http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/org/organelles.html
http://faculty.pnc.edu/jcamp/parasit/parasit.html
http://www.amnh.org/rose/hope/creatinghope/
http://www.biology.eku.edu/SCHUSTER/bio%20141/POWERPOINT
%20NOTES/Intro%20to%20Protozoa_files/fullscreen.htm
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~zoology/eeob405/
http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/pwpt/
http://www.iep.water.ca.gov/suisun/photos/wildlife.html
http://www.uta.edu/biology/marshall/2343/
http://www.uta.edu/biology/faculty/faculty.html
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Zoology/PowerPoint.htm
http://bio.fsu.edu/
http://www.aw-bc.com/
http://www.nhm.org/
http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/education/course/descr/EAS302/presentations/

It is very easy to find mistakes in these presentations…..I request you to kindly

rectify them and supply me the modifications needed at parvishpandya@yahoo.com
Thanks a lot and have fun in teaching & learning Zoology….
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PHYLUM PROTOZOA
(protos = first ; zoon = animal)

ƒ Unicellular
ƒ Nucleated
ƒ Motile
ƒ Heterotrophic

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 SALIENT FEATURES

ƒ Habit: Solitary/Colonial;Free
living/Parasitic; Commensalism/Mutualism.
ƒ Habitat: Sea water, Fresh water, Moist soil
& Fecal deposits.
ƒ Size: Microscopic(2-3 microns)
ƒ Shape: Spherical, Discoidal, Oval, Spindle
shaped, Flattened or Irregular

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 Characteristics of Protozoa
• - Unicellular
• - single cells
• - some live in colonies

Types of Symmetry
• - Asymmetrical
• - Radial
• - Spherical
• - Bilateral
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 Protozoa: Life Styles & Locomotion
• Life Styles
– Free Living
– Symbiosis- Living together; some examples:
• Mutualism: (+ +)
• Commensalism: (+ 0)
• Parasitism: (+ -)

• Locomotion (sessile vs. free moving)

– Pseudopodia (sol-gel reaction)
• Phagocytosis- feeding using pseudopods
– Flagella (single or paired usually)
– Cilia (many with peristaltic
movement)
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 Protozoa Organelles
• Organelles
– Nucleus: reproduction
– cell membrane: respiration
– contractile vacuole: water balance and
excretion (osmoregulation)
• Osmosis vs. Diffusion
• Semipermeable Membrane
• Hyperosmotic vs. Hypoosmotic
– food vacuole: digestion
– myofibrils: movement
– neurofibrils: irritability
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 Nutrition in Protozoa

• Feeding
– Autotrophs- self feeding, plants
–
– Heterotrophs- eat others, animals
–
– Holozoic- eat pieces of food
–
– Saprozoic- eat at the molecular level

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 Reproduction in Protozoa
• Reproduction
– Sexual: meiosis- reduction division
– diploid to haploid
• Gametes: eggs and sperm
• in protozoans it is called conjugation

• Asexual (vegetative):
• mitosis- duplication division
• diploid to diploid

– types include:
• binary fission: transverse or longitudinal
• multiple fission
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KINGDOM PROTISTA

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 SKELETON

• Hard, Rigid or Flexible body covering.

• It consists of organic matter like gelatin,
tectin/pseudotectin, cellulose/calcium
carbonate/silica/sand particles/shell pieces &
spicules etc.
• It can be gelatinous, chitinous, calcareous or
siliceous.
• It is divided into i)Theca ii)Lorica iii)Shell(test).

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 TYPES OF SKELETON
1] THECA
Eg: Dinoflagellates such as Ceratium, Peridinium etc.

2] LORICA
Eg: Klebsiella, Cladomonas, Dinobryon,
Poteriodendron, Cothurina etc.

3] SHELL
Eg:Arcella, Difflugia, Elphidium etc.

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Amoeba under microscope
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Phagocytosis in Amoeba
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Paramoecium

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Paramoecium : Digestion

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Kinety
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 Euglena

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Acanthometra
Actinopod
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 Actinophrys
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Actinopoda

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 Actinosphaerium
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 Arcella
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 Companulata
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Ceratium

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Section thro Pellicle of Dinoflagellate

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Choanoflagellate
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Ciliary Beating
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Difflugia
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 Difflugia

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 Dinobryon

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 Elphidium

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Epheolotes
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 Noctiluca

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Foraminiferan Shells
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Gonyaulax : Red Tide

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Globigerina
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 Heliozoan

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 Nodosaria

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Plasmodium sketch
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Plasmodium in RBC

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Radiolarian
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Radiolarian Shells

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Rhizopod Filopodia

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Spiroloculina

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Stentor

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 Textularia

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Trichonympha

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Trypanosoma

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Trichomonas vaginalis

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Volvox

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 Vorticella

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Significance of Protozoan Skeleton

• Study helps in detecting presence of petroleum

oil in sea beds.
• Skeletons of foraminiferans useful in checking
logs during drilling of oil wells.
• Help in Geological Time Scale.

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