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Lun l v t

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Ni dung
I. Cu trc ca lun l v t II. Suy lun t nhin trong lun l v t III. Ng ngha ca lun l v t IV. Phn gii

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I. Cu trc ca lun l v t

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Hn ch ca LLM
Tam on lun Nu l ngi th phi cht. (P) Socrates l ngi. (Q) Vy Socrates phi cht. (R) Biu din bng LLM khng gi c mi quan h ((P Q) R) ca 3 pht biu trn. Thm khi nim quan h duy tr c s lin kt.

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Biu din bng quan h

Chn cc quan h t cc mnh P, Q, R : * qh ngi(x) (ie, x l ngi). * qh cht(x) (ie, x cht). Khi cc mnh P, Q, R tr thnh : P = nu ngi(x) th cht(x). Q = ngi(Socrates). R = cht(Socrates). {ngi(x) cht(x), ngi(Socrates)} h thng kt lun c : cht(Socrates).
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Biu din bng quan h

Cc quan h : ngi, cht c xc nh trn mt tp hp (min D) : ngi, cht D.
cht ngi D

Cn mt tp hp cho lun l v t.
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Hn ch ca LLM
Mt phng on ca Goldbach : P = Mi s nguyn chn 4 l tng ca hai s nguyn t. t Pn = n l tng ca hai s nguyn t. Mnh P c th c phn r thnh v hn cc mnh : P = P4 v P6 v P8 v ... Dng P4 P6 P8 ... khng th xut hin trong lun l mnh . Khi nim quan h biu din c giao v hn.
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Nhn dng min D

Cc thc th. Socrates l trit gia. Nguyn Du l nh th. H Qu Ly l lnh t. D = {Socrates, NguynDu, HQuLy, 2, 4, 6}. i tng cha phn t. Mi sinh vt u phi cht. D = {Socrates, G, Vt, }.

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Lng t
Logic phc v cho ton hc. Th d : (G, *) l mt nhm. Lut giao hon c din t bng cng thc x * y = y * x, vi mi phn t x, y. Lut phn t n v c din t c phn t i, x * i = x, vi mi phn t x. Thm khi nim , .
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Lng t
Xy dng cc quan h : nhn (mp), bng (eq) - Lut giao hon c din t : x,y eq(mp(x, y), mp(y, x)). - Lut phn t n v i,x eq(mp(x, i), x). Phn loi quan h : hm, v t.

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Lun l v t
Lun l v t (LLVT) c tn bng ting anh : predictes calculus, predicates logic, first order logic (FOL).

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Cu trc ca lun l v t
Bng k t : Tp hp hu hn cc k t. Th d : a, b, c, d, , z K hiu : Chui hu hn k t c dng t tn cho cc khi nim trong FOL. Th d : tn bin x, y, tn hm cong, nhan, chia, Min i tng D : l mt tp hp.

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Cu trc ca lun l v t
Tp hp cc k hiu bin : cc bin ly gi tr trn D. Lng t c 2 loi : Ph dng (universal quantifier) Hin hu (existential quantifier). Hnh thc s dng : (x), (x) : vi x l bin.

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Cu trc ca lun l v t
Hm l nh x t Dn D, n N. Th d : nhn, cng : D D D nh ca hm c gi l biu thc hm. Th d : nhn(2, 3), cng(x, 6), cng(nhn(y, z), 5)

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Cu trc ca lun l v t
* Trng hp c bit : Hm t D0 D c gi l hng. * Trng hp c bit : Hm c gi l v t nu tha thm cc iu kin : C min nh l tp {1, 0}. Ch kt hp vi nhau qua cc ton t logic : , , , . Khi s dng khng c lm thng s ca hm khc.
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Cu trc ca lun l v t
V t. Th d : cha, m, bn : D D {1, 0} nh ca v t c gi l biu thc v t. Th d : cha(Minh, V), m(x, y), bn(y, z).
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Khi nim nh ngha

Hnh thc nh ngha : Khi nim cn nh ngha Cc iu kin. Ngn ng th hin nh ngha : Ngn ng t nhin, l thuyt tp hp, lun l ton hc, ... S dng : nh l c s dng nh th no th nh ngha c s dng y nh vy.

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Nguyn t
Nguyn t (term) : (i) K hiu hng (constant) l nguyn t. (ii) K hiu bin (variable) l nguyn t. (iii) Nu t1, ... , tn l nguyn t th biu thc hm f(t1, ... , tn) l nguyn t. (vi hm f khng l v t). * iu kin (ii) khng cn thit v c bao hm trong iu kin (iii).
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Nguyn t
Th d : Hng a, b, c l nguyn t. Bin x, y, z l nguyn t. Biu thc hm f(a,x) l nguyn t. Biu thc hm h(g(y),a,x) l nguyn t. Biu thc hm g(f(h(x, y, z), c)) l nguyn t. Bi cc hm f(_,_), g(_), v h(_,_,_).

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Cng thc nguyn

Nu p l v t v t1, ... , tn l nguyn t th p(t1, ... , tn) l cng thc nguyn. Biu thc v t l cng thc nguyn. Th d : V t : mca(_, _), nhhn(_, _), cnsng(_). m_ca(td, tc), nhhn(cng(x, a), y), cn_sng(dngkhu) l cc cng thc nguyn.
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Cng thc nguyn

Th d : Cc nh th : Vn Cao, Xun Diu, Hong Cm, Phm Thin Th. S gia : L Vn Hu. Vua : QuangTrung. t D = {xDiu, hCm, vCao, pTTh, lVHu, qQTrung}. t v t pm(x) = x l nh th, vi x D. pm(x), pm(xDiu), pm(pTTh) l cc cng thc nguyn.
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Cng thc nguyn

Cng thc nguyn pm(x) vi x D tng ng vi 6 cu khai bo : pm(xdiu) : Xun Diu l nh th. pm(hCm) : Hong Cm l nh th. pm(vCao) : Vn Cao l nh th. pm(pTTh) : Phm Thin Th l nh th. pm(lVHu) : L Vn Hu l nh th. pm(qTrung) : QuangTrung l nh th.

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Cng thc nguyn

Nhn xt : Mt cng thc nguyn ca LLVT tng ng vi mt tp cng thc nguyn ca LLM. LLM l mt trng hp t bit ca LLVT.

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Cng thc hon ho

Cng thc hon ho c gi tt l cng thc. Cng thc : (i) Cng thc nguyn l CT. (ii) CT kt hp vi , , , cng l CT. (iii) CT kt hp vi (x), (x) cng l CT. S kt hp cc yu t trn ch gm hu hn phn t.

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Phm vi ca lng t
Trong cng thc (x F), F thuc phm vi nh hng ca x. Trong cng thc (x F), phm vi nh hng ca x l F. Th d : (y)(r(y)) (x)(p(x) q(f(x), a)). Phm vi ca (y) l r(y), phm vi ca (x) l (p(x) q(f(x), a)).

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Hin hu
Hin hu ca mt bin l s xut hin ca bin trong cng thc. Th d : ((x) p(x,y) q(t,y)) (y)(r(x,y,z)) c 4 bin. Bin x c 2 hin hu, bin y c 3 hin hu. Bin z c 1 hin hu, bin t c 1 hin hu.

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Hin hu
Hin hu rng buc l hin hu thuc phm vi ca lng t c bin cng tn vi n. Hin hu t do l hin hu khng rng buc. Th d : ((x)(y) p(x, y, z)) ((z) q(y, z)) Hin hu rng buc Hin hu t do

(z p(z, y)) (x q(x, y, z))

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Cng thc ng
Cng thc ng : cng thc khng cha hin hu t do. Cng thc t do : cng thc cha t nht 1 hin hu t do. Th d : ((x)(y) p(x, y)) ((z) q(z)) : (z p(z, x)) (x q(x)) :
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ng. t do.

((x)(y) p(x, y, z)) ((z) q(y, z)) : t do.

Dch sang Lun l v t

Thut ng ting Anh : = every | all | for all. = some | for some | there is some | there exists |. Nhn dng : mi quan h (relationships) v s ph thuc (dependences) (, , , ) bng cch din t li cu vn.

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Dch sang Lun l v t

Th d : Every student is younger than some instructor [3]. Chn cc v t : sv(x) = x l SV, gv(x) = x l ging vin, yg(x, y) = x tr hn y. For every x, if x is a student, then there is some y which is an instructor such that x is younger than y [3]. x (sv(x) y (gv(y) yg(x,y)))
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Dch sang Lun l v t

Th d : Not all birds can fly [3]. Chn cc v t : ch(x) = x l chim, by(x) = x c th bay. (x (ch(x) by(x))) Ni cch khc x (ch(x) by(x)) Nhng, all birds can not fly ?

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Dch sang Lun l v t

Th d : Tr con ni chuyn khng bit l lun. Khng ai lm vic chm ch li b ch nho. Ai ni chuyn khng bit l lun th b ch nho. V vy tr con khng th lm vic chm ch. Chn cc v t : Llun(x) = x bit l lun. Bchnho(x) = x b ch nho. Chmch(x) = x lm vic chm ch .
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Dch sang Lun l v t

Tr con ni chuyn khng bit l lun Llun(trcon) (1) Khng ai lm vic chm ch li b ch nho. x (Chmch(x) Bchnho(x)) (2) x (Bchnho(x) Chmch(x) ) (2') Nhng ngi khng bit l lun th b ch nho. x (Llun(x) Bchnho (x)) (3) V vy tr con khng th lm vic chm ch. Chmch(trcon) (4)
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Dch sang Lun l v t

Gii : Phn tch h thng thnh : F = Llun(trcon) G = x (Bchbai(x) Chmch(x)) H = x (Llun(x) Bchbai (x)) Chmch(trcon)

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Dch sang Lun l v t

Lm sao chn c cc v t ? Chn cc t kho trong cu. T kho c th l danh t, ng t, tnh t.

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Bi tp Chng 3 : Lun l v t

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Dch sang Lun l v t

1. Dng cc v t : tp(x, y) : x thn phc y. td(x, y) : x tham d y. tg(x) : x l thy gio. sv(x) : x l sinh vin. bg(x) : x l bi ging. Dch cc cu sau thnh lun l v t : 1.1 Minh thn phc mi thy gio. 1.2 Mt s thy thn phc Minh. 1.3 Minh thn phc chnh mnh. 1.4 Khng SV no tham d mi bi ging. 1.5 Khng bi ging no c tham d bi mi SV. 1.6 Khng bi ging no c tham d bi bt k 1 SV.
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Dch sang Lun l v t

2. Cu Minh thn phc mi thy gio trong cu 1 trn c dch thnh x tp(minh, tg(x)) sai v l do g ?*. C th sa li cu trn tr thnh ng ?. 3. Dch cc cu v t sau thnh cu t nhin : 3.1 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) 3.2 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) 3.3 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) 3.4 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) 3.5 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) 3.6 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) 3.7 xy (td(x, y) sv(x) bg(y)) Tng t thay bng hay hay . * (v phng din c php v ng ngha)

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Dch sang Lun l v t

4. Dch cc cu v t sau thnh cu t nhin : 4.1 xy td(x, y) x sv(x) y bg(y) 4.2 xy td(x, y) x sv(x) y bg(y) 4.3 xy td(x, y) x sv(x) y bg(y) 4.4 xy td(x, y) x sv(x) y bg(y) 4.5 xy td(x,y) x sv(x) y bg(y) 4.6 (xy td(x, y) x sv(x) y bg(y))

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Dch sang Lun l v t

5. Dch cc cu sau thnh lun l v t : 5.1 Tt c vt mu trong hp. 5.2 Ch nhng vt mu trong hp. 5.3 Khng c con vt no va l mo v va l ch. 5.4 Mi gii thng c git bi 1 a con trai. 5.5 Mt a con trai git mi gii thng.

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Dch sang Lun l v t

6. Dng cc v t sau dch cc cu. b(x, y) : x nh bi y. f(x) : x l mt i bng . q(x, y) : x l tin v ca i bng y. l(x, y) : x thua y. 6.1 mi i bng c mt tin v. 6.2 Nu MU nh bi Chelsi th MU khng thua mi i bng (khc). 6.3 Chelsi nh bi mt s i bng m n nh bi MU.
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Dch sang Lun l v t

7. Ch dng cc v t cha(x, y), me(x, y), chng(x, y), anh(x, y), ch(x, y) dch cc cu sau : 7.1 Mi ngi c mt m. 7.2 Mi ngi c mt cha v mt m. 7.3 Bt c ai c mt m th c mt cha. 7.4 Minh l ng ni. 7.5 Cu khng phi l d.

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Ht slide

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