III.

Ng ngha ca
lun l v t

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Din dch ca 1 cng thc

Xc nh mt din dch I cho cng thc F l xc
nh cc yu t sau :
1. Chn min i tng D.
2. nh ngha cc hm (gn gi tr cho hng).
3. nh ngha cc v t ca F.

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Din dch ca 1 cng thc

Th d :
F = x (p(x) q(f(x), a)).
F c : hng a, hm f(_), v t p(_), q(_,_).
Mt din dch ca F :
Chn D = {1, 2, 3}.
Chn hng a = 2.
Chn f(1) = 2, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 3.
Chn {p(1), p(2), p(3)}.
Chn {q(1,1), q(1,2), q(1,3),
q(2,1), q(2,2), q(2,3),
q(3,1), q(3,2), q(3,3)}.
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nh gi cng thc trong 1 dd

Cng thc v t F = x p(x).
Cho din dch I :
D = {1, 2}, {p(1), p(2)}.
F gm {p(1), p(2)} vi p(1) ng, p(2) sai.
 Vy F l ng hay sai trong dd I ?.
Lm sao xc nh tnh ng sai ca cng thc
trong lun l v t ?.

Chng 3
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nh gi cng thc trong 1 dd

Tnh ng, sai ca cng thc ng trong mt
din dch I c xc nh nh lng t.
x F l ng, nu F ng, x D.
x F l ng, nu F[a/x] ng, a D.
 Khng xc nh c tnh ng, sai trong 1 din
dch ca cng thc t do.
Khi ni mt cng thc F l ng, hay sai ngha
l ng hay sai trong mt din dch.
Din dch c th khng c nhc n nhng
phi c ngm hiu.
Chng 3
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nh gi CT ng trong 1 dd
Th d :
F = x y ( (p(x) q(y)) (t q(t) z q(z)) )
Cho din dch : D = {, }, {p(), p(), q(), q()}.
Ly x = ,
* ly y = : p()q() (t)q(t)(z)q(z).
(1 1)
(1 1) = 1.
* ly y = : p()q() (t)q(t)(z)q(z).
(1 1)
(1 1) = 1.
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nh gi CT ng trong 1 dd
Ly x = ,
* ly y = : (p()q()) (t q(t) z q(z)).
(0 1) (1 1) = 1.
* ly y = : (p()q()) (t q(t) z q(z)).
(0 1) (1 1) = 1.
Vy cng thc F ng trong din dch trn.

Chng 3
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nh gi CT ng trong 1 dd
Th d :
F = x y ( (p(x) q(y)) (t q(t) z q(z)) )
Din dch I :
D = {, , },
{p(), p(), p(), q(), q(), q()}.
Ly x = ,
ly y = : (p() q()) (t q(t) z q(z)).
(1 1) (1

0).
Vy cng thc F sai trong din dch I.
Chng 3
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Ng ngha
Cc khi nim :
Hng ng
Hng sai
Kh ng-Kh sai
M hnh
Tng ng (=)
H qu lun l ()
c nh ngha tng t nh trong LLM.
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Ng ngha
Nhn xt :
Cc nh ngha hng sai, hng ng, kh ng,
kh sai, m hnh, tng ng, h qu lun l
l working trong LLM nhng non-working
trong LLVT.

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

F, P l cng thc v P khng cha hin hu t
do ca x (i vi P).
1. (x F) P = x (F P)
1'. (x F) P = x (F P)
2. (x F) P = x (F P)
2'. (x F) P = x (F P)

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Chng minh : (x F) P
=
x (F P)
Tng ng vi vic chng minh 2 bi ton :
1. (x F) P x (F P)
2. x (F P) (x F) P
Cc cng thc tng ng khc c chng
minh tng t.

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Chng minh : (x F) P
x (F P)
Ly 1 m hnh I ca (x F) P.
Nu (x F) ng th F[/x] P ng DI
(DI l min i tng ca I).
Do x (F P) ng.
Nu (x F) sai th P phi ng.
Do F[/x] P ng DI,
hay x (F P) ng.
Vy (x F) P
x (F P)
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Cng thc tng ng

Th d :
(x p(x)) q(y)
=
x (p(x) q(y))
(x p(x) q(x)) r(y) = x ((p(x) q(x)) r(y) )
(x p(x)) q(x, y)
x (p(x) q(x, y))
v q cha hin hu t do ca x.
q(y, z) x p(x, y) = x (q(y, z) p(x, y))

Chng 3
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Hi giao m rng
Hi, giao m rng.
K hiu AiI = A1 A2 A3,
AiI = A1 A2 A3, vi I = {1, 2, 3}
nh ngha giao m rng :
x AiI i (x Ai)
nh ngha hi m rng :
x AiI i (x Ai)

Chng 3
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???
Ch :
Cc th d t slide ny tr i nu c dnh dng
ti nhng bi ton ca l thuyt tp hp, chng
qua l minh ha mt ng dng ca logic
trong l thuyt tp hp. Nu khng hiu c
c th b qua m khng nh hng n vic
hiu cc ni dung ang trnh by.
Nhng nu hiu c
tht khng ph cng tc gi !.
Chng 3
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V t c bit
Trng hp c bit :
card(D0) = card({f | f : D}) = 1.
Hm f : D0 D c gi l hng.

D0

C 2 v t t : D0 {1, 0} l p1 (lun ly gi tr
ng) v p0 (lun ly gi tr sai).

D0

p1

0
1
{0, 1}

D0

p0

0
1
{0, 1}

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Th d minh ha ng dng cng thc
(xF) P = x (F P)
A1, A2, A3, B l cc tp hp.
t I = {1, 2, 3} v Bi = (Ai B)
(A1A2A3) B = (A1B) (A2B) (A3B )
vit li (Ai B) = Bi.

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Cng thc tng ng

Th d :
Chng minh Ai B Bi.
Ly x AiI B,
(x AiI) (x B)
i (x Ai) (x B)
t p(i) = x Ai, p1 = x B
i p(i) p1
i (p(i) p1)
v ((x F) P = x (F P))
x Bi.
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Cng thc tng ng

Nhn xt :
i (x Ai) (x B) = i ((x Ai) (x B)).
Cu hi :
i v x c phi l bin hay khng ?.

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Cng thc i (x Ai) (x B) c :
i l bin ca logic
x khng l bin ca logic, nhng
x l bin ca bi ton.

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

3. (x F)
=
x F
3. (x F)
=
x F
Th d :
(x p(x, y)) = x p(x, y)
(x p(x))
= x p(x)

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Cng thc tng ng

Nhn xt :
Lut Morgan trong LLVT ging nh trong LLM
(F G) = F G
(F G) = F G
Th d :
(x p(x) y q(y)) = (x p(x) y q(y))
(x p(x) y q(y)) = (x p(x) y q(y))

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Cng thc tng ng

Ch :
Trong thc t khi s dng cc lng t
thng c vit km theo min xc nh
ca bin.
Th d :
nh ngha giao m rng :
AiI = { x | (i I) (x Ai)}
Do khi ly ph nh s l
((x I) (x Ai)) = (x I) (x Ai)
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Cng thc tng ng

4. x (F H) =
(x F) (x H)
4. x (F H) =
(x F) (x H)
Th d :
x (x * A x * B) = x (x ** A) x (x ** B)
x (x A x B) = x (x A) x (x B)
Cc hin hu ca x ti cc v tr (*) phi ly
cng 1 gi tr trong mi lc, nhng cc hin hu
ti (**) khng cn phi ly cng 1 gi tr ti cng
mt thi im.

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Cng thc tng ng

5. (x F x H) x (F H)
5. x (F H) (x F x H)
Th d :
Ai, Bi l cc tp hp ly ch s trn I.
i (x Ai) i (x Bi) i (x Ai x Bi).
i (x Ai x Bi) / i (x Ai) i(x Bi).
i (x Ai x Bi) (i, x Ai) (i, x Bi).
i (x Ai) i (x Bi) / (i, x Ai x Bi).
Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Chng minh (Ai Bi) = (Ai) (Bi),
vi Ai, Bi, l cc tp hp.
Ly x (Ai Bi)
(1)
(i) (x Ai Bi)
(2)
(3)
(i) (x Ai x Bi)
(i) (x Ai) (i)(x Bi)
(4)
x (Ai) x (Bi)
(5)
(6)
x (Ai) (Bi)
Chng minh c li ?.
Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Chng minh (Ai Bi) = (Ai) (Bi).
(1)
Ly x (Ai Bi)
(i) (x Ai Bi)
(2)
(i) (x Ai x Bi)
(3)
(4)
(i) (x Ai) (i)(x Bi)
x (Ai) x (Bi)
(5)
x (Ai) (Bi)
(6)
Dng (3) chuyn xung (4) sai.
Vy ch c : (Ai Bi) (Ai) (Bi).
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Cng thc tng ng

Th d minh ha :
Ly tp ch s I = {1, 2}.
(A1 B1) (A2 B2) (A1 A2) (B1 B2).

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Cng thc tng ng

6. x (y H) =
y (x H)
6. x (y H) =
y (x H)
7. x H
x H
Th d :
x y p(x, y))
= y x p(x, y)
x y (p(x) q(y)) = y x (p(x) q(y))
Ch thch :
Ngi ta thch vit x y H thay v x (y H).
c thm [4]
Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Nhn xt :
Khng th hon v cc lng t v .
Th d :
p(x,y) l s nguyn x bng s nguyn y.
y x p(x, y) ng, nhng
x y p(x, y) sai.
Cu hi :
2 cng thc trn ng v sai trong din dch no ?.
Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Nhn xt :
C trng hp hon v c lng t v .
Th d :
F = x p(x) y q(y)
Cch 2.
Cch 1.
F = x (p(x) y q(y)) F = y (x p(x) q(y))
F = x y (p(x) q(y)) F = y x (p(x) q(y)).

Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

Nhn xt :
x y K y x K
/ y x K x y K
Chng minh (*) ?

(*)
(**)

(*) tng ng vi x y K y x K.
(**) tng ng vi y x K / x y K.
Chng 3
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Cng thc tng ng

x y K y x K
Chng minh
Ly 1 din dch I.
Nu x y K ng.
Gi s y x K sai, ngha l y0 x K sai, hay
x y0 K sai.
Mu thun vi x y K ng.
Vy y x K ng.

Chng 3
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Cc b > Ton b
Lng t ton b khng nh hng n phm
vi ca lng t cc b.
 C th i tn bin ca lng t cc b v cc
hin hu nm trong phm vi nh hng ca n.
Th d :
F = x (p(x) x q(x))
= x (p(x) y q(y)).

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Dng chun Prenex

Dng chun Prenex c dng :
F = (Q1 x1) ... (Qn xn) M
M l cng thc khng cha lng t.
Qi l hoc .
Th d :
F = x y (p(x) q(y))
G = x y (p(x) q(y))
H = x y (p(x) q(y))
F, G, H ang dng chun Prenex.
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Dng chun Prenex

Qui trnh chuyn v dng chun Prenex :
1. Thay th ton t bng , s dng
cng thc tng ng X Y = X Y.
2. y tt c lng t ra pha tri
(nu cn th i tn bin cc b).

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Dng chun Prenex

Th d :
Chuyn v dng chun Prenex :
F = x (p(x) x y (q(y) r(x)))
F = x (p(x) x y (q(y) r(x)))
i tn bin cc b.
F = x (p(x) z y (q(y) r(z)))
F = x z y (p(x) (q(y) r(z))).

Chng 3
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Soundness & Completeness

Slide ny ca LLM vn c gi tr i vi LLVT.
Tng quan gia 2 khi nim v H.
nh l (soundness).
Nu F H th F H.
nh l (completeness).
Nu F H th F H.

Chng 3
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Bi tp
Chng 3 : Lun l v t

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Min i tng
1. Th gii tht c cc i tng sau :
D = {, z, , }, hng : cMinh, hm : fnn(_).
V t : ptrn(_,_), ptrn(_), pvung(_), pthoi(_).
Cho 1 din dch I :
D = {, z, , },
cMinh =.
ptrn = {(, ), (z, )}.
ptrn = {z}.
pthoi = {, }.
pvung = {}.
fnn = {(, z), (, ), (z, z), (, )}
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Min i tng
a. Hy nh gi cc CT sau trong din dch I :
pvung(cMinh),
ptrn(cMinh, fnn(cMinh)),
x pvung(x),
x y (ptrn(x, y) ptrn(y, x)) trong dd I.
b. Chng minh KB dn xut H :
KB : x ( pvung(x) pthoi(x))
(x)( ptrn(x) pthoi(x)).
H = x ( ptrn(x) pthoi(x)).
Chng 3
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Din dch
2. Cho din dch I c :
D = {a,b},
{p(a, a), p(a, b), p(b, a), p(b, b)}.
nh gi cc cng thc sau :
a. x y p(x, y)
b. x y p(x, y)
c. x y p(x, y)
d. y p(a, y)
e. x y (p(x, y) p(y, x))
f. x p(x, x)

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Din dch
3. Tm mt din dch trn D = {a,b} cng thc
F = x y (p(x,y) p(y,x)) c gi tr sai.
4. Cho din dch I :
D = {1, 2}, a = 1, b = 2, f(1) = 2, f(2) = 1,
{p(1,1), p(1,2), p(2,1), p(2,2)}.
nh gi cng thc sau trong din dch I :
a. p(a, f(a)) p(b, f(b))
b. x y p(y,x)
c. x y (p(x, y) p(f(x), f(y))).
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Dng chun Prenex

5. Tm dng chun Prenex ca cc cng thc :
a. (x p(x)) y z q(y, z)
b. (x p(x) y p(y)).
c. x y (z p(x,y,z) (u q(x,u) v q(y,v))).
6. Cho bit x H H[a/x] c hng ng hay
khng vi a l mt hng.

Chng 3
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Ht slide

Chng 3
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