LUN L TON HC (Mathematical Logic)

Nguyn Thanh Sn Khoa KHMT&CN H Bch Khoa TpHCM email : ntson@cse.hcmut.edu.vn http:\\www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn\~ntson

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NI DUNG
Chng 1. Tng quan Chng 2. Lun l mnh (propositional logic) Chng 3. Lun l v t (predicates logic)

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Chng 1. Tng quan

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Nht qun & Mu thun

Mt ngi pht biu rng : Tht sai lm khi kim duyt cc chng trnh truyn hnh c tnh cht bo lc, v hnh vi con ngi khng b nh hng t nhng iu h nhn thy trn truyn hnh. Tuy nhin s c ch khi trnh chiu trn truyn hnh nhng hnh nh tt p v t nc, v n s lm cho nhng ngi chng i chnh quyn thy c hnh vi chng i ca mnh l v ngha.

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Nht qun & Mu thun

Nu tn l th nht l hnh vi con ngi khng b nh hng bi truyn hnh l ng, th tn l th hai l ni dung trn truyn hnh khng th lm thay i hnh vi ca ngi chng i. Do ngi ta gi h thng tn l ny l khng nht qun hay mu thun v c hai tn l khng ng thi cng ng trong mi tnh hung.

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Nht qun & Mu thun

Mt lp cc tn l c gi l nht qun nu c mt hon cnh m tt c tn l cng c gn gi tr ng. Ngc li, l khng nht qun nu trong mi hon cnh tt c cc tn l u khng th cng c gn gi tr ng. Khng nht qun cn c gi l mu thun.

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Nht qun & khng c gi tr

Mt ngi tin rng Tri t l trung tm ca v tr nn mt tri xoay chung quanh tri t . H thng ny l nht qun nhng khng nht qun vi kin thc ang bit. Ngha l cc h thng tn l c cp n khng cha cc tn l tim n, mc nhin. Logic ch kho st cc tn l hin hin, c ch nh r rng.

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Nht qun & Mu thun

Ngoi ra, s m h ca biu din tn l c th lm h thng khng nht qun. Do ngi ta c th hiu cc tn l theo mt cch no h thng tr thnh khng nht qun.

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Nht qun & Mu thun

Kiu nht qun trong logic l s tng thch gia cc tn l. S tng thch y l vic ng thi cng ng ca cc tn l. Logic khng quan tm nhng kiu nht qun khc.

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Lch s logic[12]
Logic l nn tng ca tt c l lun c l. Ngi Hy lp c nhn ra vai tr ca logic trong ton hc v trit hc. Mt lun c tnh h thng v logic xut hin u tin trong tc phm Organon ca Aristotle. Tc phm ny c nh hng ln ln trit hc, khoa hc, tn gio, sut thi k trung c.

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Lch s logic[12]
Logic ca Aristotle c din t bng ngn ng thng thng -> m h. Cc trit gia mun logic c din t c tnh hnh thc (formal) v bng k hiu (symbolical) nh ton hc. Leibniz c l l ngi u tin hnh dung ra tng ny v gi tn l formalism.

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Lch s logic[12]
T symbolic logic xut hin trong n bn nm 1847 c tn The Mathematical Analysis of Logic ca G. Boole v Formal Logic ca A. De Morgan. Logic lc ny c xem l mt phn ca ton hc. nh du s nhn thc rng ton hc khng ch l s (arithmetic) v hnh (geometry) m bao gm cc ch c din t bng k hiu + cc quy lut v cc thao tc trn k hiu.
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Lch s logic[12]
T thi Boole v DeMorgan, logic v ton hc quyn vo nhau cht ch. Logic l thnh phn ca ton hc ng thi l ngn ng ca ton hc. Cui th k 19 v u th k 20 ngi ta tin rng tt c cc ngnh ton hc c th c gin lc vo symbolic logic v lm cho n tr thnh thun tu hnh thc.

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Lch s logic[12]
Vo nhng nm 1930, nim tin ny b lung lay bi K. Gdel. K. Gdel ch ra rng lun lun c cc chn l (truths) khng th dn xut c t bt k h thng hnh thc no.

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Logic
Thut ng : Lun l hc (ting Vit) Logos (ting Hy lp) Hng tip cn truyn thng, logic l mt ngnh ca trit hc. Ngy nay (t th k 19), logic l mt ngnh ca ton hc.

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Logic
Thut ng symbolic logic c dng i khng vi philosophical logic. Symbolic logic cn c tn l metamathematics. Sau ny symbolic logic c tn l Mathematical logic do Giuseppe Peano t. Mathematical logic l logic c m hnh v nghin cu mt cch ton hc.

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Logic
C bn mathematical logic vn l logic ca Aristotle. T quan im k hiu th mathematical logic l mt ngnh ca i s tru tng (abstract algebra).

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Logic[Factasia]
Theo Factasia : Logic l c s hp l v l nn tng cho ton hc, cho khoa hc, cho k thut, v c bit cho cng ngh thng tin.

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Logic[Factasia]
i vi cc chuyn gia my tnh. Mt ngn ng hnh thc c c php v ng ngha cht ch v cc qui lut dn ti cc l lun ng s tr thnh mt logic.

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Logic[Factasia]
i vi cc nh t tng. Logic l vic nghin cu v nhng s tht v nhng h thng hnh thc dn xut ra cc s tht, ng thi khm ph ngha trit hc ca cc s tht.

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Mc tiu ca Logic
Kho st l lun trong th gii thc. Tng quan gia cc pht biu ca 1 ngn ng hnh thc hoc phi hnh thc (consistency, entailment, ...). M hnh ha l lun ca thc t. H thng chng minh (proof).

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Phn loi

[1]

Inductive logic c qu trnh l lun t nhng trng hp c bit suy ra mt kt lun tng qut.

Deductive logic c qu trnh l lun t mt pht biu tng qut suy ra mt kt lun c bit.

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Inductive & Deductive logic

[1]

Inductive c dng trong tnh hung khng y thng tin. Thi gian ly thng tin lu. Chi ph c thng tin cao. kt lun tm thi v thng k. Deductive Kt lun chnh xc Ngho nn
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nh ngha Logic

[2]

Ngn ng hnh thc l ngn ng c : c php ng ngha v h thng chng minh. Logic l 1 ngn ng hnh thc.

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nh ngha Logic

[2]

C php cho bit ci g c logic chp nhn. Ng ngha l ngha thc t ca cc i tng trong logic. C php l hnh thc cn ng ngha l ni dung ca cc i tng trong logic. H thng chng minh sn sinh cc i tng mi t cc i tng c sn.

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Chng 2 : Lun l mnh

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Ni dung
I. Cu trc ca lun l mnh (LLM) II. Suy lun t nhin trong LLM III. Ng ngha ca LLM

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I. Cu trc ca lun l mnh

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Thut ng[11]
Lun l mnh (LLM) c tn ting Anh : Propositional logic. Propositional Calculus. T calculus l mt thut ng chung cho bt k lnh vc ton hc lin quan ti vic tnh ton (calculating). Th d : s hc c gi l calculus of numbers.

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Kho st 1 nh ngha LLM[11]

Propositional Calculus l vic tnh ton trn cc mnh (propositions hoc statement). Mnh l cu khai bo c gi tr ng (T) hoc sai (F). xut hin mt s vn : - nh ngha cu khai bo ? - da vo u nh gi ng sai ?

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i tng kho st ca LLM

Cc loi cu ca ngn ng t nhin (NNTN) c nh ngha t Vn Phm ca NNTN. LLM ch kho st cu khai bo. Cu khai bo tha mt s iu kin c LLM gi l cng thc nguyn (atom). Cng thc nguyn (CTN) l phn t c bn ca LLM.

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Cu khai bo
Th d : tri s ma" l cu khai bo. hy i ra khi lp" khng l cu khai bo. "2+2 = 4" l cu khai bo. "1 = 0" l cu khai bo.

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Cu khai bo
Th d : * i s l mt ngnh ton hc. * Mi ngi cn c mt c tin. * Mt tri l mt khi vung. * 2+2 = 4. * A. Lincoln l tng thng ca M.

() (|s) (|s) (|s) ()

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Cng thc nguyn

Cng thc nguyn l cu khai bo : - c biu din bng mt k hiu. - nh gi c , s. - s nh gi ng sai khng thay i theo khng gian & thi gian. Gi tr ng sai ca 1 cu khai bo c gi l thc tr (truth value).

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Cng thc nguyn

Th d : on Th im l dch gi ca Chinh ph ngm c k hiu l A (trong LLM). Mt tri xoay quanh tri t. c k hiu l B. Nu hm s f lin tc th f kh vi. c k hiu l C. Phong i cu c vo ngy cha nht. c k hiu l D.
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Cng thc
Th gii thc to s lin kt gia cu tng kh nng din t. Lun l mnh cng m phng li s lin kt ny.

Cu + cu + cu + cu

(AB)(C(D))

Lun l mnh Th gii thc

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Ton t
Ch mt s lin t trong th gii thc c m phng li trong LLM thnh cc ton t.
hoc, hay, v, nu th , khng, tng ng, Lun l mnh

Th gii thc

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Cng thc
Cng thc hon ho l s kt hp hu hn ln cc cng thc nguyn bng cc ton t , , , . Cng thc hon ho (well-formed formula WFF) c gi tt l cng thc (CT).

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i s Boolean
Lun l mnh c biu din di dng mt cu trc i s. <B, , , , >, vi B l tp cng thc nguyn.

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Cy phn tch
Cy phn tch (parse tree) l biu din bng th ca mt cng thc. Cy phn tch l cy nh phn c gc, nh l ton t v l l CT nguyn. Th d : (Q P) ((Q Q) Q)

Q
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R
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Cy phn tch
ng (path) ca mt cy phn tch l mt hnh trnh i t gc n nh l. Th d :

X

X Z

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Cy phn tch
Chiu cao ca 1 cy phn tch l s cnh ca con ng di nht cng 1. Th d :

X

Y
Z

Z X

Chiu cao l 4

Chiu cao l 5
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Vn ca cc ton t
Cc lin t or, xor. Tn cp mang sng hoc dao : S D. (c th c 2) Con dao c lm bng st hoc g : S G. (ch mt trong hai)

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Vn v v[11]
P : Thin h ny s bin mt vo l en ca v tr" v Q : "2+2 = 4," ci g l P Q? Gii P Q : Thin h ny s bin mt vo l en ca v tr v 2+2=4," cch din t sau s lm ngc nhin : Khng nhng thin h ny s bin mt vo l en ca v tr m cn c 2+2=4 " (not only but).

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Vn v v[11]
nh gi mnh P (Q) ? Gii P (Q) c ngha l : " Thin h ny s bin mt vo l en ca v tr" v 2+2 4," hoc ni cch khc : " Thin h ny s bin mt vo l en ca v tr" hn th na (moreover) hai cng hai khc bn.

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Ht slide

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Bi tp Chng 2 : Lun l mnh

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Cu khai bo
1. Pht biu no l cu khai bo v ch ra thc tr : a. Khng c m my tnh. b. Thnh ph M Tho u ? c. sng Si Gn khng c c su. d. Vic lp trnh rt hng th. e. A(BC) = (AB)(AC), A,B,C l tp hp. f. Hm nay l ngy th 3. g. 2 + 3 = 6. h. H Ni l th ca VN. i. Thit k CSDL l bt buc khi lp trnh.
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Cu khai bo
2. Tm ph nh ca cc cu khai bo sau : a. sng Si Gn khng c c su. b. A(BC) = (AB)(AC). c. Hm nay l ngy th 3. d. 2 + 3 = 6 e. H Ni l th ca nc VN. f. Nu c tin ti s mua xe phn khi ln. g. Thit k CSDL l bt buc khi lp trnh. h. Ti ti lp mi khi gn c k thi. i. S x l nguyn t nu n khng c c s khc 1, x.
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Cu khai bo
3. Biu din on vn sau bng lun l mnh : Nu anh ta mua xe th anh ta trng s hoc tha hng gia ti. Anh ta khng tha hng gia ti. Vy nu anh ta khng trng s th anh ta khng mua xe.

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Cu khai bo
4. Din t cc cng thc lun l mnh bng cc pht biu (cu khai bo) : M = Hm nay th 5, N = i d ngoi P = Cu c. 1. M (N P) 2. M N 3. P M 4. N M 5. M (P N)
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Ht slide

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