II.

Suy lun t nhin trong lun l mnh

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Chng minh
Th d : Tam gic ABC c cc cnh l AB = 3, BC = 4, CA = 5. Chng minh ABC vung. Chng minh : (1) cnh AB = 3. (2) cnh BC = 4. (3) cnh CA = 5. (4) CA2 = BC2 + AB2. (5) T nh l Pythagore, tam gic ABC vung.
Chng 2
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Chng minh
Chui 5 pht biu : (1) cnh AB = 3 (2) cnh BC = 4 (3) cnh CA = 5 (4) CA2 = BC2 + AB2 (5) T l Pythagore, tam gic ABC vung c gi l mt chng minh theo ngha thng thng trong ton hc.
Chng 2
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Chng minh
H thng : {cnh AB = 3, cnh BC = 4, cnh CA = 5}. Chng minh : {tam gic ABC vung}. M ha {F1, F2, F3} H

Chng 2
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Chng minh
Cng thc H c gi l c chng minh t h thng F nu vit ra c mt chng minh m cng thc cui cng trong chng minh l H. Chng minh l chui cc cng thc c vit ra da vo h thng v cc qui tc suy lun. Qui tc suy lun gm : cc qui tc suy lun t nhin v cc suy lun c chng minh.

Chng 2
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Qui tc vit chui cng thc

Vit ra mt cng thc (trong chui cng thc) trn 1 dng bng cch : ly mt cng thc t h thng hoc p dng cc qui tc suy lun. Vi 2 cch trn, khi vit c dng c ni dung l cng thc cn chng minh th dng.

Chng 2
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Chng minh
H c chng minh t F c k hiu l : (F H). K hiu (F H) c gi l mt sequent. F c gi l tin v H l kt lun. Nu sequent khng c tin th kt lun H c gi l nh l ( H). Nu F G v F G th k hiu l F G hay FG
Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc giao i (i) dng m : F dng k : G dng p : FG Nu c dng m vi ni dung F v dng k vi ni dung G th c th vit ra dng mi p c ni dung l (F G). Ghi ch : K hiu i c ngha l introduction.
Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc giao e (e) dng m : FG dng k : F dng p : G Nu c mt dng l (F G) th c th vit ra dng mi l F (hoc G). Ghi ch : K hiu e c ngha l elimination.

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc iu kin e (Modus ponens) (e) dng m : FG dng k : F dng p : G Nu c dng F v dng F G th vit c dng mi G. * T modus ponens (MP) c ngha l affirming method.
Chng 2
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Suy lun
Chng minh : P, Q, (P Q) (R S) S. 1 P tin 2 Q tin 3 PQ i 1, 2 4 PQRS tin 5 RS e 3, 4 6 S e 5

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc iu kin i (i) dng m : if F dng m+k : nif G dng m+k+1 : FG Dng m c ni dung l F (c chn ty ), v thm t kha if trc cng thc F. (dng ny c ngha l gi s c F). Cc dng k (m+1, , m+k) c th s dng hay khng s dng dng m u c coi nh ph thuc vo s hin din ca gi thit F.
Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc iu kin i (tt) chm dt nh hng ca gi thit F dng k thm t kha nif trc ni dung ca dng ny. Vic t t kho nif trc dng no l ty thuc ngi chng minh. Cc dng trong cu trc if-nif c th c xy dng nh c cc dng trn dng m.

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc iu kin i (tt) Cc dng trong cu trc if-nif khng c s dng xy dng cho cc dng ngoi cu trc if-nif. Cng thc trn dng nif (ngay sau t kha nif) c qui c l thuc cu trc if nif. Sau cu trc if-nif vit dng kt hp dng if v dng nif : F G. Cu trc if-nif c th lng vo nhau.
Chng 2
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Suy lun
Chng minh : F G F 1 if G 2 nif F 3 GF

[3]

tin i 1, 2

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc bn sao (id) dng m : F dng k : F chp li cng thc xut hin, nu dng k nm trong phm vi nh hng ca dng m.

Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh F F 1 if F 2 nif F bn sao ca 1 3 FF i 1-2

Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh : (F (G F) 1 if F 2 if G 3 nif F 4 nif GF 5 F (G F)

bn sao 1 i 2, 3 i 1, 4

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc hi i (i) dng m : F dng k : FG Nu c dng F th vit c dng mi F G vi G l cng thc bt k.

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc hi e (e) dng m : FG dng n : if F dng n+p : nif H dng k : if G dng k+q : nif H dng k+q+1 : H Nu F sinh ra H v G cng sinh ra H th F G cng sinh ra H.
Chng 2
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Suy lun
Chng minh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Chng 2

[3]

(G H) (F G) (F H) GH tin if F G if F nif F H i 3 if G H e 1, 5 nif F H i 6 nif F H e 2, 3, 5 (F G) (F H) i 2-8

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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc ph nh (e) dng m : F F dng k : Dng (FF) c gi l cng thc mu thun. Cng thc mu thun c biu din bng k hiu . y l cng thc mnh nht. Dng (F F) c k hiu . y l cng thc yu nht.
Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc ph nh (i) dng m : if F dng k : nif dng k+1 : F Gi s c dng F v dn ra mu thun th c th vit ra dng F.

Chng 2
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Suy lun
Qui tc mu thun (e) dng k : dng m : F Nu c dng (k) th c th vit ra dng (m) F vi F l bt k cng thc no. Nhn xt : Mi cng thc c th c dn xut t cng thc mu thun. Ni cch khc, cng thc mu thun chng minh c mi cng thc.
Chng 2
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Suy lun
Chng minh : F G F G 1 F G tin 2 if F 3 if F 4 e 2, 3 5 nif G e 4 6 nif FG i 3, 5 7 if G 8 if F 9 nif G bn sao 7 10 nif FG i 8, 9 11 FG e 1, 2-10
Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh FG, FG F 1 FG tin 2 FG tin 3 if F 4 G e 1, 3 5 G e 2, 3 6 nif e 4, 5 7 F i 3, 6

Chng 2
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Suy lun
Chng minh F F 1 F 2 if F 3 nif 4 F

[3]

tin
e 1, 2 i 2, 3

Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh Modus tolens FG, G F 1 FG tin 2 G tin 3 if F 4 G e 1, 3 5 nif e 2, 4 6 F i 3, 5 T modus tolens (MT) c ngha l denying method.
Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh F (GH), F, H G 1 F (GH) tin 2 F tin 3 GH e 1, 2 4 H tin 5 G MT 3, 4

Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh FG GF 1 FG tin 2 if G 3 nif F MT 1, 2 4 G F (i)

Chng 2
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Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc ph nh kp e (e) dng m : F dng k : F Nu c dng F th c th vit c dng F.

Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh Reductio ad absurrdum (RAA) : F F 1 F tin 2 if F 3 nif e 1, 2 4 F i 2, 3 5 F e 4

Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Nhn xt : RAA cn gi l Proof by contradiction (PBC), c vit di dng qui tc nh sau : Qui tc PBC dng m : if F dng k : nif dng k+1 : F Nu gi s c dng F v dn ra mu thun th c th vit ra dng F.
Chng 2
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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh LEM (the law of the excluded middle) : F F 1 if (F F) 2 if F 3 F F i 2 4 nif e 1, 3 5 F i 2-4 6 F F i 5 7 nif e 1, 6 8 (F F) i 1-7 9 F F e 8
Chng 2
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Suy lun
Chng minh F G F G 1 F F 2 if F 3 nif F G 4 if F 5 FG 6 G 7 nif F G 8 F G
Chng 2

[3]

LEM
i 2 tin e 4, 5 i 6 e 1, 2, 4

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Suy lun

[3]

Chng minh F G (F G) 1 if FG 2 F e 1 3 G e 1 4 F G tin 5 if F 6 nif e 2,5 7 if G 8 nif e 3,7 9 nif e 4-8 10 (F G) i 1-9
Chng 2
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ng dng ca chng minh

[7]

C cc phn ng ha hc sau : HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O C + O2 CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Ch rng c th c H2CO3 khi c HCl, NaOH, O2 v C.

Chng 2
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ng dng ca chng minh

[7]

Cc phn t HCl, NaOH, O2 v C c hnh thc ha nh l mt h thng v chng minh rng H2CO3 c chng minh t h thng ny. Cc phn ng ha hc c hnh thc ha nh sau : HCl NaOH NaCl H2O C O2 CO2 CO2 H2O H2CO3.

Chng 2
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ng dng ca chng minh

Bi ton tr thnh chng minh : HCl NaOH NaCl H2O, C O2 CO2, CO2 H2O H2CO3, HCl, NaOH, O2, C
Chng 2
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H2CO3.

ng dng ca chng minh

Chng minh : 1 HCl 2 NaOH 3 HCl NaOH 4 HCl NaOH NaCl H2O 5 NaCl H2O 6 H2O 7 C 8 O2 9 C O2 10 C O2 CO2 11 CO2 12 CO2 H2O 13 CO2 H2O H2CO3 14 H2CO3 tin tin i 1, 2 tin e 3, 4 e 5 tin tin i 7, 8 tin e 9, 10 i 6, 11 tin e 12, 13

Chng 2
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Chng minh bng phn chng

Mt s cng thc kh chng minh c bng cch trc tip. Logic c in chp nhn cch chng minh gin tip - chng minh F dn n mu thun. Nhng logic trc gic (intuitionistic logic) khng ng hai qui tc : F F (LEM) v F F (e)

Chng 2
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Bi tp Chng 2 : Lun l mnh

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Suy lun
Chng minh 1. G F F G 2. (GH) ((G F) (FH)) 3. (F G) H F (G H) 4. F (G H) (F G) H 5. F G (F H) (G H)

Chng 2
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Suy lun
6. (F G) H F (G H) 7. F (G H) (F G) (F H) 8. FF F 9. F(GH), F, H G (khng dng lut MT) 10. (F G) H, H, F G.

Chng 2
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Ht slide

Chng 2
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