You are on page 1of 45

ntsn

Chng 3. Lun l v t
ntsn
Chng 3
Ni dung
I. Cu trc ca lun l v t
II. Suy lun t nhin trong lun l v t
III. Ng ngha ca lun l v t
IV. Phn gii
ntsn
I. Cu trc ca
lun l v t
ntsn
Chng 3
Hn ch ca LLM
Tam on lun
Nu l ngi th phi cht. (P)
Socrates l ngi. (Q)
Vy Socrates phi cht. (R)
Biu din bng LLM khng gi c mi
quan h ((P . Q) R) ca 3 pht biu trn.
Thm khi nim quan h duy tr c s
lin kt.
ntsn
Chng 3
Biu din bng quan h
Chn cc quan h t cc mnh P, Q, R :
* qh ngi(x) (ie, x l ngi).
* qh cht(x) (ie, x cht).
Khi cc mnh P, Q, R tr thnh :
P = nu ngi(x) th cht(x).
Q = ngi(Socrates).
R = cht(Socrates).
{ngi(x) cht(x), ngi(Socrates)}
h thng kt lun c : cht(Socrates).
ntsn
Chng 3
Hn ch ca LLM
Mt phng on ca Goldbach :
P = Mi s nguyn chn > 4 l tng ca hai
s nguyn t.
t P
n
= n l tng ca hai s nguyn t.
Mnh P c th c phn r thnh v hn
cc mnh : P = P
4
v P
6
v P
8
v ...
Lun l mnh khng chp nhn dng giao
v hn P
4
. P
6
. P
8
. ... .
Khi nim quan h biu din c giao v hn.
ntsn
Chng 3
Lng t
Logic phc v cho ton hc.
Th d :
(G, *) l mt nhm.
Lut giao hon c din t bng cng thc
x * y = y * x, vi mi phn t x, y.
Lut phn t n v c din t
c phn t i, x * i = x, vi mi phn t x.
Thm khi nim , -.
ntsn
Chng 3
Lng t
Xy dng cc quan h : nhn (mp), bng (eq)
- Lut giao hon c din t :
x,y eq(mp(x, y), mp(y, x)).
- Lut phn t n v
-i,x eq(mp(x, i), x).
Phn loi quan h : hm, v t.
ntsn
Chng 3
Lun l v t
Lun l v t (LLVT) c tn bng ting anh :
predictes calculus,
predicates logic,
first order logic (FOL).
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
Bng k t : Tp hp hu hn cc k t.
Th d :
a, b, c, d, , z
K hiu : Chui hu hn k t c dng
t tn cho cc khi nim trong FOL.
Th d :
tn bin : x, y,
tn hm : cong, nhan, chia,
Min i tng D : l mt tp hp tru tng.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
Tp hp cc k hiu bin : cc bin ly gi tr
trn D.
Lng t c 2 loi :
Ph dng (universal quantifier)
Hin hu - (existential quantifier).
Hnh thc s dng :
(x), (-x) : vi x l bin.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
Hm l nh x t D
n
D, n e N.
Th d :
nhn, cng : D D D
nh ca hm c gi l biu thc hm.
Th d :
nhn(x, n), cng(x, m),
cng(nhn(y, z), x)
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
V t l quan h trn tp D
n
, ngha l tp con
ca tp D
n
.
Th d :
D = {to, ng, cam, bpci, chui, mp,
t, tius, khhoa, mui}
p = {to, cam, chui} _ D.
p l quan h tri cy trng ming.
q = {ng, t, tius, mui} _ D.
q l quan h gia v.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
Th d :
D = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
r = {2, 3, 5, 7} (_ D)
l quan h nguyn t
s = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 10),
(3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 8), (5, 10)} _ DD
l quan h chia chn.
t = {4, 9} (_ D) l quan h chnh phng.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
Mt cch nh ngha khc.
Hm l v t nu
Ch kt hp vi nhau qua cc ton t logic :
, ., v, .
Khi s dng khng c lm thng s ca
hm khc.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
V t c biu din bng hm
D
n
{1, 0}
Th d :
p = {to, cam, chui} _ D
p : D {1, 0},
p(to) = p(cam) = p(chui) = 1,
p(ng) = p(bpci) = p(mp) = p(t) =
p(tius) = p(khhoa) = p(mui ) =0.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
Th d :
s = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 10),
(3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 8), (5, 10)} _ DD
l quan h chia chn.
s(2, 2) = s(2, 4) = s(2, 6) = s(2, 8) = s(2, 10) =
s(3, 6) = s(3, 9) = s(4, 8) = s(5, 10) = 1,
s(x, y) = 0 vi (x, y) e s.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cu trc ca lun l v t
nh ca v t c gi l biu thc v t.
Th d :
m(x, y) l nh ca v t m,
bn(y, z) l nh ca v t bn.
cha(Minh, V) khng phi l biu thc
v t v Minh, V l 2 gi tr trong th gii thc,
khng phi l gi tr ca min D tru tng.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cc v t c bit
Trng hp c bit :
card(D
0
) = card({f | f : C D}) = 1.
Hm f : D
0
D c gi l hng.

C 2 v t t : D
0
{1, 0} l p
1
(lun ly gi tr
ng) v p
0
(lun ly gi tr sai).
-
D
0
-
D

-
-
-
-
f

-
D
0
1
{0, 1}

0
p
1
-
D
0
1
{0, 1}

0
p
0
ntsn
Chng 3
Nguyn t
Nguyn t (term) :
(i) K hiu hng (constant) l nguyn t.
(ii) K hiu bin (variable) l nguyn t.
(iii) Nu t
1
, ... , t
n
l nguyn t th
biu thc hm f(t
1
, ... , t
n
) l nguyn t.
(vi hm f khng l v t).

* iu kin (i) khng cn thit v c bao hm
trong iu kin (iii).
ntsn
Chng 3
Nguyn t
Th d :
Hng a, b, c l nguyn t.
Bin x, y, z l nguyn t.
Biu thc hm f(a,x) l nguyn t.
Biu thc hm h(g(y),a,x) l nguyn t.
Biu thc hm g(f(h(x, y, z), c)) l nguyn t.
Bi cc hm f(_,_), g(_), v h(_,_,_).
ntsn
Chng 3
Cng thc nguyn
Nu p l v t v t
1
, ... , t
n
l nguyn t
th p(t
1
, ... , t
n
) l cng thc nguyn.
Biu thc v t l cng thc nguyn.
Th d :
V t : mca(_, _), nhhn(_, _), cnsng(_).
m_ca(x, f(y)),
nhhn(cng(x, a), y),
cn_sng(z)
l cc cng thc nguyn.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cng thc nguyn
Th d :
Cc nh th : Vn Cao, Xun Diu, Hong
Cm, Phm Thin Th.
S gia : L Vn Hu. Vua : QuangTrung.
t D = {xDiu, hCm, vCao, pTTh, lVHu,
qTrung}.
t v t nt(x) = x l nh th, vi x e D.
nt(x) l cng thc nguyn
nt(xDiu), nt(pTTh) khng l CT nguyn.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cng thc nguyn
Cng thc nguyn nt(x) vi x e D tng ng
vi 6 cu khai bo :
nt(xDiu) : Xun Diu l nh th.
nt(hCm) : Hong Cm l nh th.
nt(vCao) : Vn Cao l nh th.
nt(pTTh) : Phm Thin Th l nh th.
nt(lVHu) : L Vn Hu l nh th.
nt(qTrung) : QuangTrung l nh th.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cng thc nguyn
Nhn xt :
Mt cng thc nguyn ca LLVT tng ng
vi mt tp cng thc nguyn ca LLM.
LLM l mt trng hp t bit ca LLVT.
ntsn
Chng 3
Cng thc hon ho
Cng thc hon ho c gi tt l cng thc.
Cng thc :
(i) Cng thc nguyn l CT.
(ii) CT kt hp vi , ., v, cng l CT.
(iii) CT kt hp vi (x), (-x) cng l CT.
S kt hp cc yu t trn ch gm hu hn
phn t.
ntsn
Chng 3
Phm vi ca lng t
Trong cng thc (x F), F thuc phm vi nh
hng ca x.
Trong cng thc (-x F), phm vi nh hng
ca -x l F.
Th d :
(-y)(r(y)) . (x)(p(x) q(f(x), a)).
Phm vi ca (-y) l r(y),
phm vi ca (x) l (p(x) q(f(x), a)).
ntsn
Chng 3
Hin hu
Hin hu ca mt bin l s xut hin ca bin
trong cng thc.
Th d :
((x) p(x,y) . q(t,y)) (-y)(r(x,y,z)) c 4 bin.
Bin x c 2 hin hu, bin y c 3 hin hu.
Bin z c 1 hin hu, bin t c 1 hin hu.
ntsn
Chng 3
Hin hu
Hin hu rng buc l hin hu thuc phm vi
ca lng t c bin cng tn vi n.
Hin hu t do l hin hu khng rng buc.
Th d :
((x)(y) p(x, y, z)) . ((z) q(y, z))
Hin hu t do Hin hu rng buc
(z p(z, y)) . (x q(x, y, z))
ntsn
Chng 3
Cng thc ng
Cng thc ng : cng thc khng cha hin
hu t do.
Cng thc t do : cng thc cha t nht 1 hin
hu t do.
Th d :
((x)(y) p(x, y)) . ((z) q(z)) : ng.
((x)(y) p(x, y, z)) . ((z) q(y, z)) : t do.
(z p(z, x)) . (x q(x)) : t do.
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
Th d :
Every student is younger than some instructor
[3]
.
Chn cc v t : sv(x) = x l SV,
gv(x) = x l ging vin,
yg(x, y) = x tr hn y.
For every x, if x is a student, then there is some
y which is an instructor such that x is younger
than y
[3]
.
x (sv(x) -y (gv(y) . yg(x,y)))
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
Th d :
Not all birds can fly
[3]
.
Chn cc v t : ch(x) = x l chim,
by(x) = x c th bay.
(x (ch(x) by(x)))
Ni cch khc
-x (ch(x) . by(x))
Nhng, all birds can not fly ?
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
Th d :
Tr con ni chuyn khng bit l lun.
Khng ai lm vic chm ch li b ch nho.
Ai ni chuyn khng bit l lun th b ch nho.
V vy tr con khng th lm vic chm ch.
Chn cc v t :
Llun(x) = x bit l lun.
Bchnho(x) = x b ch nho.
Chmch(x) = x lm vic chm ch .
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
Tr con ni chuyn khng bit l lun
Llun(trcon) (1)
Khng ai lm vic chm ch li b ch nho.
x (Chmch(x) Bchnho(x)) (2)
x (Bchnho(x) Chmch(x) ) (2')
Nhng ngi khng bit l lun th b ch nho.
x (Llun(x) Bchnho (x)) (3)
V vy tr con khng th lm vic chm ch.
Chmch(trcon) (4)
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
Gii :
Phn tch h thng thnh :
F = Llun(trcon)
G = x (Bchbai(x) Chmch(x))
H = x (Llun(x) Bchbai (x))
Chmch(trcon)
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
S m h ca ngn ng t nhin.
Th d :
P = Tt c vt mu trong hp.
V t red(x) = x l vt mu ,
box(x) = x trong hp
Biu din P trong LLVT ?
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
P = Tt c vt mu trong hp.
Biu din P trong LLVT :
(m ha li red(x) l red
x
, box(x) l box
x
)
P
1
= x (red
x
box
x
)
P
2
= x (red
x
. box
x
)
P
3
= x ((red
x
box
x
) . (box
x
red
x
))

ntsn
Bi tp
Chng 3 : Lun l v t
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
1. Dng cc v t : tp(x, y) : x thn phc y.
td(x, y) : x tham d y. tg(x) : x l thy gio.
sv(x) : x l sinh vin. bg(x) : x l bi ging.
Dch cc cu sau thnh lun l v t :
1.1 Minh thn phc mi thy gio.
1.2 Mt s thy thn phc Minh.
1.3 Minh thn phc chnh mnh.
1.4 Khng SV no tham d mi bi ging.
1.5 Khng bi ging no c tham d bi mi SV.
1.6 Khng bi ging no c tham d bi bt k 1 SV.
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
2. Cu Minh thn phc mi thy gio trong cu 1 trn c dch
thnh x tp(minh, tg(x)) sai v l do g ?*. C th sa li cu trn
tr thnh ng ?.
3. Dch cc cu v t sau thnh cu t nhin :
3.1 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
3.2 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
3.3 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
3.4 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
3.5 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
3.6 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
3.7 xy (td(x, y) . sv(x) . bg(y))
Tng t thay bng - hay - hay --.

*
(v phng din c php v ng ngha)
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
4. Dch cc cu v t sau thnh cu t nhin :
4.1 xy td(x, y) . x sv(x) . y bg(y)
4.2 xy td(x, y) . x sv(x) . y bg(y)
4.3 xy td(x, y) . x sv(x) . y bg(y)
4.4 xy td(x, y) . x sv(x) . y bg(y)
4.5 xy td(x,y) . x sv(x) . y bg(y)
4.6 (xy td(x, y) . x sv(x) . y bg(y))
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
5. Dch cc cu sau thnh lun l v t :
5.1 Tt c vt mu trong hp.
5.2 Ch nhng vt mu trong hp.
5.3 Khng c con vt no va l mo v
va l ch.
5.4 Mi gii thng c git bi 1 a
con trai.
5.5 Mt a con trai git mi gii thng.
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
6. Dng cc v t sau dch cc cu.
b(x, y) : x nh bi y.
f(x) : x l mt i bng .
q(x, y) : x l tin v ca i bng y.
l(x, y) : x thua y.
6.1 mi i bng c mt tin v.
6.2 Nu MU nh bi Chelsi th MU khng thua mi i
bng (khc).
6.3 Chelsi nh bi mt s i bng m n nh bi
MU.
ntsn
Chng 3
Dch sang Lun l v t
7. Ch dng cc v t cha(x, y), me(x, y), chng(x,
y), anh(x, y), ch(x, y) dch cc cu sau :
7.1 Mi ngi c mt m.
7.2 Mi ngi c mt cha v mt m.
7.3 Bt c ai c mt m th c mt cha.
7.4 Minh l ng ni.
7.5 Cu khng phi l d.
ntsn
Chng 3
Ht slide

You might also like