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II.

Suy lun t nhin trong


lun l v t

ntsn

Cy phn tch

[3]

Cy phn tch ca cng thc :


x ((p(x) q(x)) r(x, y))
x

Chng 3
ntsn

Hin hu

[3]

Hin hu l rng buc nu c mt lng t


cng tn trn con ng t n hng v
gc. Ngc li l t do.
Th d : (x (p(x) q(x))) (p(x) q(y))

q
y
t do

x
x
x
rng buc rng buc t do
Chng 3
ntsn

Thay th

[3]

Ch nhng hin hu t do mi c thay th


Bin l nguyn t nn phi c thay bi mt
nguyn t.

y
t do

x
x
x
rng buc rng buc t do
x v y c th c thay th
Chng 3
ntsn

Thay th

[3]

Nguyn t t t do i vi bin x trong cng


thc F nu khng c hin hu t do ca x xut
hin trong phm vi ca y hoc y vi mi bin
y c trong t.

t do

rng buc

f(x, y) khng t do i vi x.

f(x, x), h(x, z) t do i vi x.

x
t do
p

Chng 3

x
t do

q
y
rng buc
ntsn

Thay th

[3]

K hiu F[t/x] ngha l tt c hin hu t do ca


x trong F c thay bi t vi iu kin t t do
i vi x.

y
t do

x
x
x
t do
rng buc rng buc

Chng 3

x
t do

x c thay bi nguyn t f(x,y)


f

K hiu F[f(x,y)/x]
y
t do

ntsn

Thay th

[3]

Nhn xt :
Mt s bin cn c i tn tho mn iu
kin thay th.

t do

rng buc

f(x, y) khng t do i vi x.

Nu thay bin y bng t th


f(x, y) t do i vi x.

x
t do
p
x
t do

q
t
y
rng buc

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Suy lun t nhin trong LLVT cng tng t


nh trong LLM, ngoi tr cc qui tc lin quan
n lng t.
Qui tc bng nhau i (=i)
dng m :
t = t, vi t l nguyn t.
ng nhin vit c dng m.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc bng nhau e (=e)


dng m :
t = t, vi t l nguyn t
dng k :
F[t1/x]
dng k+1 :
F[t2/x]
vi t1, t2 t do i vi x trong F.
Nu c dng m v k th vit c dng k+1.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Chng minh : t1 = t2 t2 = t1
1 t 1 = t2
tin
F l cng thc x = t1.
2 t 1 = t1
(=i)
y l F[t1/x]
3 t 2 = t1
(=e) 1, 2
l F[t2/x] vi t2 = 1+x.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Chng minh : t1 = t2 , t2 = t3 t1 = t3
F l cng thc (x = t3).
tin (F[t2/x])
1 t2 = t3
2 t1 = t2
tin
=e 1, 2 (F[t1/x])
3 t 1 = t3

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Chng minh : (x+1) = (1+x), (x+1>1) (x+1>0)


(1+x>1) (1+x>0)
1 (x+1) = (1+x)
tin
F l cng thc ((x>1) (x>0)).
2 (x+1>1) (x+1>0)
tin
y l F[t1/x] vi t1 = x+1
3 (1+x>1) (1+x>0)
=e 1, 2
l F[t2/x] vi t2 = 1+x.
Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc lng t ph dng e (e)


dng m :
x F
dng k :
F[t/x]
vi nguyn t t t do i vi x trong F.
Nu c dng m th vit c dng k.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Th d :
p(t), x (p(x)q(x)) q(t)
vi mi t (t do i vi x)
1
x (p(x)q(x))
tin
2
p(t)q(t)
e 1
3
p(t)
tin
4
q(t)
e 2, 3

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

T x F ti F[y/x] khng th thiu iu kin t


do i vi bin.
Th d :
F l cng thc (y (x <y)) vi x, y l s (nguyn
hay thc) v quan h nh hn thng thng.
Pht biu x F c ngha l mi s nguyn n c
s nguyn ln hn m.
Tuy nhin cng thc F[y/x] l (y (y <y)) c
ngha l c con s ln hn chnh n.
iu ny sai trong tp hp s do iu kin y
khng t do i vi x.
Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc lng t ph dng i (i)


dng m :
if
x0

dng :

dng k :
nif
F[x0/x]
dng k+1 :
x F
vi bin x0 l bt k v khng xut hin ngoi
cu trc ifnif.
khi vit c dng k+1.
Cu trc ifnif ch l qui nh phm vi ca x0.
Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Th d : x (p(x)q(x)), x p(x) x q(x)


1
x (p(x)q(x))
tin
2
x p(x)
tin
3
if x0
(x0 khng xut hin 1,2,6)
p(x0)q(x0)
e 1
4
p(x0)
e 2
5
nif
q(x0)
e 1
6
x q(x)
i 3-5

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc xi dn t F[x0/x] n x F c v nh
t mt trng hp c bit khi qut ra trng
hp tng qut.
iu kin bin x0 cha xut hin ngoi cu
trc ifnif cho php khi qut c trng hp
tng qut.
V x0 l bt k, khng phi l phn t c
chun bi sn.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc lng t hin hu i (i)


dng m :
F[t/x]
dng k :
x F
Nu c dng m th vit c dng k.
Nhn xt : qui tc ny l i ngu ca e.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin


Th d : x F x F
1
x F
2
F[x/x]
3
x F

[3]

tin
e 1
i 2

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc lng t hin hu e (e)


dng m :
x F
dng m+1 : if x0 F[x0/x] (th x0 vo dng m)

dng k :
nif G
dng k+1 : G
vi x0 l bt k v khng xut hin ngoi cu
trc ifnif.
Nu c dng m v cu trc ifnif th vit c
dng k+1.
Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Qui tc lng t hin hu e (e) (tt)


Khi c x F th c t nht mt gi tr ca x
bo m s hin hu ca x F, x0 l i din
cho tt c cc gi tr ny ca x.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Th d : x (p(x)q(x)), x p(x) x q(x)


1
x (p(x)q(x))
tin
2
x p(x)
tin
3
if x0 p(x0)
2 [x0/x]
4
p(x0) q(x0)
e 1
5
q(x0)
e 3,4
6
nif
x q(x)
i 5
7
x q(x)
e 2, 3-6

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Th d : x (p(x)q(x)), x p(x) x q(x)


1
x (p(x)q(x))
tin
2
x p(x)
tin
3 if x0 p(x0)
2 [x0/x]
e 1
4
p(x0) q(x0)
5 nif
q(x0)
e 3,4
e 2, 3-5
6
q(x0)
7
x q(x)
i 6
* Dng 6 khng hp l v x0 thot ra ngoi cu trc
ifnif.
Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Th d : x (q(x)r(x)), x (p(x) q(x))


x (p(x) r(x))
1
x (q(x)r(x))
tin
2
x (p(x) q(x))
tin
3
if x0 p(x0) q(x0)
2[x0/x]
4
p(x0)
e 3
5
q(x0)
e 3
6
q(x0) r(x0)
e 1
7
r(x0)
e 5,6
8
p(x0) r(x0)
i 4,7
9
nif
x p(x) r(x)
i 8
10
x p(x) r(x)
e 2, 3-9

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

Th d : x p(x), xy (p(x)q(y)) y q(y)


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

if y0

nif

xy (p(x)q(y))
x p(x)

tin
tin

if x0 p(x0)
p(x0) q(y0)
nif
q(y0)
q(y0)
y q(y)

2 [x0/x]
x y e 1
e 4,5
x e 2,4-6
y i 3-7

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

nh l :
(a) x F x F
(b) x F x F

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin


Hin hu t do i vi 1 cng thc ca 1 bin.
Th d :
G = p(x) (x)q(x)), x (trong p(x)) l hin
hu t do (i vi G) ca bin x.
F = (x)(r(x) G), khng c hin hu t
do (i vi F) ca bin x.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

nh l :
G khng cha hin hu t do (trong G) ca x.
(a) x F G x (F G)
(b) x F G x (F G)
(c) x F G x (F G)
(d) x F G x (F G)

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

nh l :
G khng cha hin hu t do (trong G) ca x.
(e) x (G F) G x F
(f)
x (F G) x F G
(g) x (F G) x F G
(h) x (G F) G x F

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin


nh l :
(a) x F x G
(b) x F x G
(c) xy F
(d) xy F

[3]

x (F G)
x (F G)
yx F
yx F

Chng 3
ntsn

Bi tp
Chng 3 : Lun l v t

ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

0. Chng minh cc nh l trong phn gio khoa.


1. Chng minh :
a. (y = 0) (y = x) 0 = x
b. t1 = t2 (t + t2) = (t + t1)
c. (x = 0) ((x + x) > 0)
(y = (x + x)) ((y > 0) (y = (0 +x)))
2. Dch x y ((x = y) z ((z = x) (z = y)))) ra
ngn ng t nhin.

Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

3. Dch ra LLVT :
a. C ng 3 phn t phn bit.
b. C nhiu nht 3 phn t phn bit.
c. Ch mt s hu hn cc phn t phn bit.
4. Chng minh :
F (q1q2) (Fq1) (Fq2) (trong LLM)
F x q(x) x (F q(x)) (trong LLVT) vi
x khng t do trong F.
x (p(x) q(x)) x p(x) x q(x).
Chng 3
ntsn

Suy lun t nhin

[3]

5. Tm sequent LLM tng ng vi x F


x F v chng minh n.
6. Chng minh :
a. x p(x) y p(y)
b. x (p(x) q(x)) (x q(x)) (x p(x))
c. x (p(x) q(x)) (x (p(x) q(x))

Chng 3
ntsn

Ht slide

Chng 3
ntsn

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