L THUYT TP HP

Nguyn Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT H BK TpHCM Email ntson@cse.hcmut.edu.vn

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

THO LUN
Chng minh ton hc l g ?. C ci gi l phng php chminh hay

khng ?. Phn lai chng minh.

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PHNG PHP CHNG MINH

Chng minh trc tip. Chng minh bng dng tng ng

eg : A (BC) (A B) C. Chng minh phn chng. eg : AB (A B) mu thun. Chng minh truy chng. * Hu hn. * V hn. Chng minh bng phn th d.
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CHNG MINH TRUY CHNG

Cho mt h v hn mnh P1, P2, P3, Chng minh tt c Pi u ng. Truy chng hu hn (trn tp N) : Dng 1.
P1 P2

Gi s Pn ng

Pn

Pn+1

Chng minh P1 ng

Chng minh Pn+1 ng

Tt c Pi u ng
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CHNG MINH TRUY CHNG

Truy chng hu hn (trn tp N) : Dng 2
P1 P2

Gi s P2 Pn ng

Pn

Pn+1

Chng minh P1 ng

Chng minh Pn+1 ng

Tt c Pi u ng Truy chng v hn hay siu hn (trn tp R).

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VN SUY NGH
K thut chng minh truy chng c p dng trong ngnh my tnh nh th no ?

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

CC TP HP
Tp trng :. Tp con : X Y (x)( x X x Y). Tp 2X = P(X) (power set power of set). Tp ph dng. Tp tch bit. Tp hu hn, v hn, m c,
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TP CC TP CON
Tm tp tt c tp con ca X = {1, 2} ?. Tp X, {1} X, {2} X, {1, 2} X. Ly cc tp con trn bin thnh phn t ca mt tp hp k hiu l 2X hay P(X). Vy 2X = {, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}.
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TP CC TP CON
Tm tp tt c tp con ca X = {a, b, c} ?. Tp con 0 phn t : . Tp con 1 phn t : a {a}, b {b}, c {c}. Tp con 2 phn t : a, b {a, b}, a, c {a, c}, b, c {b, c}. Tp con 3 phn t : a, b, c {a, b, c}. Vy 2X = {, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}}.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

NH X
S dnh dng ny l nh x t A vo B ?

ab c d

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

NH X
S dnh dng ny l nh x t A vo B ?

ab c d

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

NH X
S dnh dng ny l nh x t A vo B ?

ab c d

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

NH X
Hai iu kin l nh x t A vo B :
o Mt phn t ca A ch dnh dng vi 1 phn t ca

B.
o Mi phn t ca A phi dnh dng vi phn t ca B.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

PHN LOI NH X
nh x 1-1 t A vo B

ab c
nh x trn t B vo A

a bc
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MC NHIN THA
Nu Th d : P = Nu ti c tin th ti hc Cao hc. Tnh trng 1 : c tin + hc Cao hc. Tnh trng 2 : c tin + khng hc Cao hc. Tnh trng 3 : khng c tin + hc Cao hc. Tnh trng 4 : khng c tin + khng hc Cao hc. iu kin th Hu qa.

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MC NHIN THA
Ap dng. Chng minh : X, X. nh ngha cha trong : A X (x)(x A x X) Ly A = . Khi nim cha trong tr thnh : X (x)(x x X) Mnh (x x X) mc nhin tha. Vy X, X.
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VN SUY NGH
L thuyt tp hp c phi l 1 ngn ng lp trnh khng ?

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CU TRC I S
X l mt CTS X l tp hp + Hu hn ton t.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

TON T
Cc tnh cht ca ton t. Th d : x + y = y + x, (giao hon) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z), (phi hp) x + 0 = 0 + x = x, (0 l pt trung ha ca +) x * 1 = 1 * x = x, (1 l pt trung ha ca *) x + ( = ( + x = 0, ( l pt nghch o) x) x) x x * (y + z) = (x * y) + (x * z), (* phn b vi +).
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CU TRC I S
Th d : <X, > l groupoid nu X l tp hp v l ton t cp 2. <X, > l bn nhm nu l groupoid v phi hp. <X, > l nhm nu l groupoid, phi hp, c phn t trung ha, c phn t nghch o. <X, , > l vnh nu <X, > l nhm giao hon, <X, > l bn nhm v phn b vi . Nhng cu trc i s khc : Vnh giao hon, min nguyn, vnh chia, trng, modul, khng gian vector, lattice, i s boolean.

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CTS - NHM
Mt cu trc i s <X, > vi l ton t cp 2 c : Tnh phi hp (a, b, c) (a b) c = a (b c) Phn t n v ( u)(x) (x u = u x = x) Phn t o (x) ( x*) (x x* = x* x = u)

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CTS - VNH
Mt cu trc i s <X, , > vi , l ton t cp 2 c : <X, > l nhm Tnh giao hon ca (a, b) (a b = b a). Tnh phi hp ca (a, b, c) (a b) c = a (b c) Tnh phn b ca i vi a (b c) = (a b) (a c) (b c) a = (b a) (c a)
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CTS - TRNG
Mt cu trc i s <X, , > vi , l ton t cp 2 c : <X, , > l vnh <X {0 }, > l nhm giao hon (0 l phn t n v ca )

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CU TRC I S
Tng quan gia cc tp hp thng dng : N Z Q R C nhm quaternion. Cc cu trc i s : < N, +> < Z, + , * > < Q,+ , * > < R, + , * > < C, + , * >
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

l bn nhm. l vnh. l trng. l trng. l trng.

s

QUAN H

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

TCH HAI TP HP
Ly A = {a, b, c}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} A B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (a, 4), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3), (b, 4), (c, 1), (c, 2), (c, 3), (c, 4)}. Mi phn t (x, y) ca tp tch (A B) : * l mt cp c th t (ie, xA v y B).

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

TCH HAI TP HP
A B = { | (a)(b) (aA v bB v = (a,b))}. hay A B = { (a, b) | aA v bB }. M rng : A1 A2 A3 An = { (ai)i | ai Ai }.

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TNH CHT CA TCH

A B B A. A = . A = . To hai tp hp tch bit : A {0} v B {1}.
B {1} A {0} B A

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H
Phn loi ngn ng lp trnh

Cu trc Pascal C++ Fortran Prolog Smalltalk Cobol Lisp

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

Hm

Logic

Object

QUAN H
Biu din quan h loi ngn ng lp trnh bng tp hp. {(Pascal, cutrc), (C++, cu trc), (C++, itng), (Fortran, cutrc), (Prolog, logic), (Small talk, object), (Cobol, cutrc), (Lisp, hm)}.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H
Quan h R trn tp X = {a, b, c, d, e}.

a a b c d e

Biu din bng tp hp : R = {(a, a), (a, c), (b, a), (b, d), (b, e), (c, a), (c, c), (d, c), (d, e), (e, a)}

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H
R l quan h ca A v B R A B. Phn t ca R c vit di dng : (x, y) R, hay xRy. A c gi l Min tr ca R. B c gi l Min nh ca R. Nu X A v Y B th X cng l min tr ca R, Y cng l min nh ca R.
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QUAN H
R l quan h ca A v B. cng l quan h ca A v B. A B cng l quan h ca A v B. Nu A = B th = {(x, x) | (x)(x X)} c gi l quan h ng cho.

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TON T TRN QUAN H

Hi 2 quan h : (R S) (x)(y)((x, y) R (x, y) S) hay (R S) ((x, y) R) ((x, y) S).

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TNH CHT CA QUAN H

Trng hp min tr v min nh trng nhau : Phn hi i xng Phn i xng Truyn
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

(reflexive). (symmetric). (antisymmetric). (transitive).

s

QUAN H PHN HI
Quan h "song song" gia cc ng thng. mi ng thng u song song vi chnh n. Quan h "bn" gia cc sinh vin trong lp. sinh vin A l bn vi chnh anh ta. Quan h " " trn tp hp s nguyn. 25 25. (40, 40) .
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QUAN H PHN HI
Phn hi : (x)( (x, x) R ).

Nhn xt : Tnh phn hi ph thuc vo min tr.

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QUAN H PHN HI
Quan h R = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, d), (b, b), (b, a), (c, c), (d, d)} l phn hi trn tp X = {a, b, c, d}. Quan h R khng phn hi trn tp X' = {a, b, c, d, e}.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H PHN HI
Quan h phn hi cha ng cho.

a a b c d e
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QUAN H PHN HI
Quan h ca tp hp c phn hi khng ?. Quan h y chia chn cho x (x = ky) trn tp hp cc s nguyn c phn hi khng ?. Quan h modulo c phn hi khng ?. Quan h R = {(a, b), (a, c), (a, a), (b, d), (b, b), (b, c), (c, c), (c, d), (d, d), (c, d)} c phn hi khng ?.
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QUAN H KHNG PHN HI

Quan h "thng gc" gia cc ng thng. mi ng thng khng thng gc vi chnh n.

Quan h "" trn cc tp hp. A A.

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QUAN H KHNG PHN HI

Phn hi : (x)( (x, x) R ).

Khng phn hi : ( x)( (x, x) R ).

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QUAN H I XNG
Quan h "song song" gia cc ng thng. ng thng (d) song song ng thng (h) th (h) cng song song vi (d).

Quan h "bn" gia cc sinh vin trong lp. sinh vin A l bn ca B th B cng l bn ca A.

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QUAN H I XNG

i xng : (x)(y)( ((x, y) R) ((y, x)

R) ).

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QUAN H I XNG
.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H KHNG I XNG

Quan h "" trn cc tp hp. A B nhng B A. (hay (A, B) v (B, A) )

Quan h " " trn tp hp s nguyn. (40, 50) nhng (50, 40) .

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QUAN H KHNG I XNG

i xng :

(x)(y)( ((x, y) R) ((y, x) R) ). Dng (a b) tng ng vi (a b). Ph nh ca (a b) l ( a b). Khng i xng : ( x)( y)( ((x, y) R) ((y, x) R) ).
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QUAN H KHNG I XNG

.

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QUAN H PHN I XNG

Quan h "xp hng" mua v xem phim. nu A xp hng trc B th khng xy ra s kin B xp hng trc A.

Quan h "cha ca". A l cha ca B th B khng th l cha ca A.

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QUAN H PHN I XNG

Phn i xng (x)(y)( ( (x, y) (x, y) R ) (y, x) R ), hay (x)(y)( ( (x, y) R (y, x) R ) (x = y) ).

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QUAN H PHN I XNG

.

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Q.H KHNG PHN I XNG

Quan h "thy ca". A l thy B, nhng B cng c th l thy A.

Quan h "trc phng" ca cc vector trong khng gian 3 chiu. vector A trc phng vi vector B th B cng trc phng vi A.
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Q.H KHNG PHN I XNG

Phn i xng (x)(y)( ( (x, y) R (y, x) R ) (x = y) ). Khng phn i xng : ( x)( y)( (x, y) R (y, x) R (x y) ).

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Q.H XNG & PHN XNG

Quan h khng i xng v khng phn i xng.

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QUAN H TRUYN
Quan h "xp hng" mua v xem phim. nu A trc B v B trc C th A xp hng trc C.

Quan h "song song" gia cc ng thng. ng thng (d) // (h) v (h) // (k) th (d) // (k).

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QUAN H TRUYN
Truyn (x)(y)(z)(( (x, y) R (y, z) R) ) (x, z) R) ).

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QUAN H KHNG TRUYN

Quan h "cha ca". A l cha ca B v B l cha ca C nhng A khng l cha ca C. Quan h "bn ca". A l bn ca B v B l bn ca C nhng A khng chc l bn ca C.

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QUAN H KHNG TRUYN

Truyn (x)(y)(z)( ( (x, y) R (y, z) R) ) (x, z) R) ). Khng truyn ( x)( y)( z)( (x, y) R (y, z) R (x, z) R ).

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SO SNH CC TNH CHT

Phn hi : Khng ph : i xng : Khng px : Khng x : Phn x : Truyn : Khng tr : (x)( (x, x) R). ( x)( (x, x) R ). (x,y)( ((x, y) R) ((y, x) R) ). ( x,y)( (x, y) R (y, x) R (x y)). ( x,y) ( ((x, y) R) ((y, x) R) ). (x,y) ( ((x, y) (x, y) R) (y, x) R) (x,y) ( ((x, y) R (y, x) R) (x = y)). (x,y,z)( ((x,y) R (y,z) R)) (x,z) R)). ( x,y,z) ( (x, y) R (y,z) R (x, z) R)
s

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CC QUAN H C BIT
Quan h X X Phn hi khng c c i xng Phn i xng Truyn c c c c c c khng c c

* (truyn + i xng) khng dn n phn hi.

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QUAN H TNG NG

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QUAN H TNG NG

Phn hi. i xng. Truyn.

Th d : * Quan h song song gia cc ng thng. * Quan h modulo.

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QUAN H TNG NG
Ly X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. R = {(1,1), (2,2), (1,2), (6,1), (2,6), (3,5), (8,7), (3,3), (4,4), (2,1), (1,6), (5,5), (6,6), (5,3), (6,2), (7,8), (7,7), (8,8)}. Chng minh quan h R l quan h tng ng.

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QUAN H TNG NG
R = {(1,1), (2,2), (1,2), (6,1), (2,6), (3,5), (8,7), (3,3), (4,4), (2,1), (1,6), (5,5), (6,6), (5,3), (6,2), (7,8), (7,7), (8,8)}. Phn hi : cha ng cho. i xng : (1, 2) c (2, 1), (6, 1) c (1, 6), (2, 6) c (6, 2), . Truyn : (1, 2) + (2, 6) (1, 6), (1, 2) + (2, 1) (1, 1), .
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QUAN H MODULO
Quan h modulo n trn s nguyn Z c nh ngha nh sau : n | (x y), hay hay x = y mod (n), x = y + kn, vi k Z.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H MODULO
Modulo l quan h tng ng. Phn hi x = x + 0n, vi 0 Z x mod(n) x. i xng x mod(n) y hay y = x + (k)n y mod(n) x. Truyn x mod(n) y v y mod(n) z, hay x = y + kn v y = z + k'n. x = z + k'n + kn = z + (k' + k)n x Nguyen Thanh Sn z. KH&KT MT HBK mod(n) Khoa

@ TpHCM

QUAN H MODULO
Cc phn t c quan h modulo (5) vi nhau : 6 14 9 4 1 0 5 12 2 7 6

3 8

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

LP TNG NG
Lp tng ng ca phn t a trn quan h tng ng R. a/R = {x | (x) (a, x) R} Th d : Modulo 5 c cc lp tng ng : {0, 5, 10, 10, 15, 15, } 5, ly pt i din 0. {1, 6, 4, 11, 9, 16, 14, } ly pt i din 1. {2, 7, 3, 12, 8, 17, 13, } ly pt i din 2. {3, 8, 2, 13, 7, 18, 12, } ly pt i din 3. {4, 9, 1, 14, 6, 19, 11, } ly pt i din 4. Z5 = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }.
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LP TNG NG
Cho quan h tng ng R trn tp X. * Cc lp tng ng cch bit nhau. X b ct thnh nhng mnh ri nhau bi quan h R.

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PHN HOCH
Phn hoch trn tp X l ct X thnh nhng mnh ri nhau. * Mi phn hoch trn tp X xc nh mt quan h tng ng S c cc lp tng ng trng vi cc mnh ct.

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NG DNG CA Q.H T.
To khi nim mi (t tn pt i din). Quan h song song khi nim "phng". Thu nh kch thc tp hp (chn pt i din). Tp Zp. Xy dng tp hp mi. Xy dng tp Z bng quan h tng ng R = {((m, n), (m+1, n+1)) | (m, n) m, n N} trn tp tch N N.
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QUAN H TH T

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H TH T
Phn hi. Phn i xng. Truyn.

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

QUAN H TH T
R = {(a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (d, d), (a, g), (a, h), (a, i), (a, j), (a, k), (b, d), (i, i), (b, g), (b, i), (b, b), (c, d), (c, e), (c, g), (c, h), (c, i), (e, e), (k, k), (c, j), (g, g), (c, k), (f, f), (d, g), (d, i), (e, g), (h, h), (e, h), (j, j), (c, c), (e, i), (e, j), (e, k), (f, h), (f, j), (f, k), (g, i), (h, j), (h, k), (a, a)} Quan h th t ?. Min tr = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} Phn hi Phn i xng Truyn.
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QUAN H TH T
Quan h th t ton phn. (x, y)( (x, y) R (y, x) R)). a a b c d e
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

b c d e f
s

QUAN H TH T
Quan h th t ring phn. ( (x, y)( (x, y) R (y, x) R)) ). ( x, y)( (x, y) R (y, x) R)). a a c b d i g j c e h k d f i f b
s

e g k

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

CC I-CC TIU

TI I-TI TIU

Phn t cc i (maximum) ca quan h th t R l phn t : c quan h vi mi phn t, ch bn tri khi quan h vi phn t khc. a b d c e g f h i j
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

k
s

CC I-CC TIU

TI I-TI TIU

Phn t cc tiu (minimum) ca quan h th t R l phn t : c quan h vi mi phn t, ch bn phi khi quan h vi phn t khc. a f c h
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

b e j k

i
s

CC I-CC TIU

TI I-TI TIU
a

Phn t ti i (maximal) ca quan h th t R l phn t : ch bn tri khi c quan h vi cc phn t khc. ( khng cn c quan h vi mi phn t). c d i
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

e h

f k
s

g j

CC I-CC TIU

TI I-TI TIU
a

Phn t ti tiu (minimal) ca quan h th t R l phn t : ch bn phi khi c quan h vi cc phn t khc. ( khng cn c quan h vi mi phn t). c d i
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

e h

f k
s

g j

NH NGHA MAX-MIN
R l quan h th t trn X v S X. Cc i (maximum) ca quan h R l phn t max tha : (x X) (max, x) R. Cc tiu (minimum) ca quan h R l phn t min tha : (x X) (x, min) R. Ti i (maximal) ca quan h R l phn t maxl tha : (x X) ((maxl x) ((x, maxl) R)). Ti tiu (minimal) ca quan h R l phn t minl tha : (x X) ((minl x) ((minl, x) R)).
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R l quan h th t trn X v S X. Chn trn (upper bound) ca S l phn t : quan h c vi mi phn t ca S, ch bn tri khi c quan h vi cc phn t ca S. a c b e f d

CHN TRN-CHN DI LUB-GLB

g i j

h k
s

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

R l quan h th t trn X v S X. Chn di (lower bound) ca S l phn t : quan h c vi mi phn t ca S, ch bn phi khi c quan h vi cc phn t ca S. a b d i
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

CHN TRN-CHN DI LUB-GLB

h j k

R l quan h th t trn X v S X. Chn trn nh nht (least upper bound) ca S l : chn trn ca S, phn t cc tiu ca tp chn trn ca S. a K hiu : lub(S) hay sup(S). c b d

CHN TRN-CHN DI LUB-GLB

j h S g k i
s

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

R l quan h th t trn X v S X. Chn di ln nht (greatest lower bound) ca S l : chn di ca S, phn t cc i ca tp chn di ca S. a K hiu : glb(S) hay inf(S). b

CHN TRN-CHN DI LUB-GLB

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

i g j

d c

f k
s

LUB-GLB
R l quan h th t trn X v S l tp con ca X. Tm lub(S). lub(S) S. a

c d g e i j b

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

LUB-GLB
R l quan h th t trn X v S l tp con ca X. Tm lub(S). lub(S) S a

c d g j e i k b

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

LUB-GLB
R l quan h th t trn X v S l tp con ca X. Tm lub(S). lub(S) khng tn ti. a b d

c e f g h i j k

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

LUB-GLB
R l tp s thc. 0

1 S = [0, 1[

15

16

on thng [0, ] {1}

lub(S) khng hin hu

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM

NH NGHA LUB-GLB
R l quan h th t trn X v S X. Chn trn ub ca tp S l phn t tha : (x S) (ub, x) R. Chn di lb ca tp S l phn t tha : (x S) (x, lb) R. Chn trn nh nht (lub) ca tp S l phn t tha : lub(S) = min{ub | (x S) (ub, x) R}. Chn di ln nht (glb) ca tp S l phn t tha : glb(S) = max{lb | (x S) (x, lb) R}.
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM
s

NH NGHA LUB-GLB
R l quan h th t trn X. Kho st trng hp S = X. Chn trn ub ca tp S l phn t tha : (x X) (ub, x) R ub = max. Chn di lb ca tp S l phn t tha : (x X) (x, lb) R ub = min. Chn trn nh nht : lub(S) = max. Chn di ln nht : glb(S) = min. Vy max, min l trng hp c bit ca lub v glb.
@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM
s

L THUYT TP HP

HT CHNG

@ Nguyen Thanh Sn Khoa KH&KT MT HBK TpHCM