List of Chemistry Experiments (PEKA) Form 4 (Part 1) Chapter 2 The Structure of the Atom List of PEKA experiments: 1.

. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid 2. Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature 3. Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles 4. Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Activity 2.1 7 Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid To investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid How diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid and gas? Particles can diffuse through the spaces between the particles of a solid, a liquid and the gas. A. Diffusion in a gas

Gas jars Gas jar covers

B. Diffusion in a liquid

Droppers / Teat pipette Thistle funnel Spatula

C. Diffusion in a solid

Stoppers Test tubes Test tube rack

Material

Retort stand and clamp A. Diffusion in a gas

Liquid bromine, Br2

B. Diffusion in a liquid

1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution

Water

C. Diffusion in a solid

Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal / Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal Hot liquid gel Manipulated variable: Type of medium Responding variable: Motion of the particles Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

Variables

================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Activity 2.2 8 Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the temperature How does rate of diffusion depends on the temperature? Higher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion Beakers

Material

Droppers Food colouring Water Ice water Hot water Manipulated variable: Temperature of water Responding variable: Rate of diffusion

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration and volume of food colouring and pressure Operational Higher temperature in water increases the particles Definition to move faster and increases the rate of diffusion. / Higher temperature in water increases the kinetics energy than lower temperature in water. ================================================ Number Activity 2.3

Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus

9 Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles? Low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses Glass tube Stoppers Retort stand and clamp Beakers

Material

Droppers Glass wool Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas particles Responding variable: Rate of diffusion

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure Operational Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than Definition those with high molecular masses. ================================================ Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Activity 2.4 9 Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 To determine the melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8 How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles? The temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase during heating except at its melting and solidification points Boiling tube 250 cm3 beaker Thermometer (0 100C) Tripod stand Retort stand and clamp Bunsen burner

Apparatus

Stopwatch Conical flask Wire gauze Naphthalene, C10H8 Water Manipulated variable: Heat supplied Responding variable: Temperature Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene, C10H8

Material

Variables

List of Chemistry Experiments (PEKA) Form 4 (Part 2) Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations List of PEKA experiments: 1. Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide 2. Empirical formula of magnesium oxide 3. Chemical equations Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Activity 3.4 23 Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide To determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide How does the formula of copper(II) oxide determine? The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide can be determined by finding out the mass of copper and oxygen in a sample of copper(II) oxide U tube Stoppers Glass tube Combustion tube with a small hole at the end Retort stand and clamp Spatula Porcelain dish Bunsen burner Balance Preparation for hydrogen gas

Apparatus

Thistle funnel Flat-bottomed flask Hydrogen gas, H2 Copper(II) oxide Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2 Wooden splinter

Material

Preparation for the hydrogen gas

Dilute hydrochloric acid Zinc pieces Manipulated variable: Mass of copper oxide Responding variable: Mass of copper formed Controlled / Fixed variable: An excess of hydrogen gas

Variables

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Activity 3.5 25 Empirical formula of magnesium oxide To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide How does the formula of magnesium oxide determine? The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO Crucible with lid Tongs Bunsen burner Tripod stand

Material

Pipe-clay triangle 10 cm magnesium ribbon Sandpaper Manipulated variable: Magnesium ribbon Responding variable: Mass of magnesium oxide Controlled / Fixed variable: Length / Mass of magnesium ribbon and excess air

Variables

=============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Activity 3.6 27 Chemical equations To construct balanced chemical equations A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid / Formation of ammonium chloride C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide / Precipitation of lead(II) iodide How does the chemical equations determine? A. The chemical equation of copper(II) carbonate is CuCO3 > CuO + CO2 B. The chemical equation of Boiling tube Test tubes Rubber bung with delivery tube Test tube rack Test tube holder Stoppers

Problem Statement Hypothesis

Apparatus

Material

Bunsen burner Copper(II) carbonate powder Lime water Concentrated ammonia solution Concentrated hydrochloric acid Lead(II) nitrate solution

Variables

Potassium iodide solution A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate

Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II) carbonate Responding variable: Mass of copper oxide formed / Volume of carbon dioxide liberated Controlled / Fixed variable: Pressure

B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid / Formation of ammonium chloride

Manipulated variable: Concentration of

ammonia and hydrochloric acid Responding variable: Ammonium chloride formed Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide / Precipitation of lead(II) iodide

Manipulated variable: Volume of lead(II) nitrate solution and volume of potassium iodide solution Responding variable: Mass of lead(II) iodide formed Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

List of Chemistry Experiments (PEKA) Form 4 (Part 3) Chapter 4 Periodic Table of Elements List of PEKA experiments: 1. Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium 2. Chemical properties of Group 17 elements 3. Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Apparatus Experiment 4.1 35 Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium To investigate the chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with water and oxygen gas, O2? When going down Group 1, alkali metals become reactive in their reactions with water Water troughs Small knife Forceps Gas jars Gas jar spoons

Gas jar covers

Material

Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium Filter paper Distilled water Red litmus paper Three gas jars filled with oxygen gas, O2 Manipulated variable: Different types of alkali metals Responding variable: Reactivity of metals

Variables

Controlled / Fixed variable: Water, size of metals Operational An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously with Definition water is more reactive metal =============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Experiment 4.2 39 Chemical properties of Group 17 elements To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements (A) Reactions of halogens with water (B) Reactions of halogens with iron (C) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution? (A) Reactions of halogens with water 1. Halogens forms acidic solutions when they react with water 2. Halogens show bleaching properties when they react with water (B) Reactions of halogens with iron Halogens form iron(III) halides when they react with iron / When going down Group 17, halogens become less reactive in their reactions with iron (C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide,

Problem Statement Hypothesis

NaOH solution Halogens form sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and water when they react with sodium hydroxide / When going down Group 17, halogens become less reactive in their reactions with sodium hydroxide solution Test tubes Dropper Test tube holders Stoppers Combustion tubes Delivery tubes Bunsen burner

Apparatus

Material

Retort stand and clamp Chlorine gas, Cl2 (produce after mixing potassium manganate(VII) salts with concentrated hydrochloric acid) Liquid bromine, Br2 Solid iodine, I2 Blue litmus paper Water Iron wool Soda lime

Variables

2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution (A) Reactions of halogens with water

Manipulated variable: Type of halogens Responding variable: Change in colour of the blue litmus paper / Reactivity of halogens Controlled / Fixed variable: Water

(B) Reactions of halogens with iron

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens Responding variable: Appearance of brown solid / Reactivity of halogens Controlled / Fixed variable: Iron

(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

Manipulated variable: Types of halogens

Responding variable: Formation of a colourless solution from a coloured halogen / Reactivity of halogens

Controlled / Fixed variable: Sodium hydroxide solution Operational (A) Reactions of halogens with water Definition 1. When blue litmus paper turns red, the solution formed shows acidic property 2. When blue litmus paper turns white, the solution formed shows bleaching property

(B) Reactions of halogens with iron The appearance of a brown solid shows the formation of iron(III) halides (C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution The formation of a colourless solution indicates that salts of sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and water are formed =============================================== Number Pg. Title Aim Problem Statement Hypothesis Experiment 4.3 45 Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 To study the properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3 How do the acid-base properties of the oxides of elements change across Period 3? Acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase whereas basic properties of the oxides of elements decrease across Period 3 Boiling tubes Test tubes Test tube holder Glass rod Spatula Gas jar Gas cover

Apparatus

Material

100 cm3 measuring cylinder Sodium oxide, Na2O

Magnesium oxide, MgO Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2 Phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5 Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 Dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7 Universal Indicator 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution Manipulated variable: Oxides of elements of Period 3 Responding variable: pH values in water and solubility in acid or alkali

Variables

Operational Definition

Controlled / Fixed variable: Water or nitric acid, HNO3 or sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution 1. Oxide that dissolves in water to form solution with pH less than 7 is acidic and pH more than 7 is alkaline 2. Oxide that can dissolve in an acid exhibits basic properties 3. Oxide that can dissolve in an alkali exhibits acidic properties

4. Oxide that can dissolve in both acid and alkali exhibits amphoteric properties

List of Chemistry Experiments (PEKA) Form 4 (Part 4) Chapter 5 Chemical Bonds List of PEKA experiments: 1. Ionic compound 2. Properties of ionic and covalent compounds Number Pg. Title Aim Activity 5.1 52 Ionic compound To prepare ionic compounds(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl (C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 (A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

Apparatus

Sandpaper Crucible Spatula Pipe-clay triangle Tripod stand Bunsen burner

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

Knife Forceps Filter paper Spatula Gas jar spoon / Deflagrating spoon Gas jar cover Gas jar

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Spatula Asbestos paper Combustion tube Stopper with delivery tube Retort stand and clamp

Material

Bunsen burner (A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO

Magnesium ribbon

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl

Sodium Chlorine gas, Cl2

(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3

Iron filling Chlorine gas, Cl2

===============================================

Number Pg. Title Aim

Activity 5.3 55 Properties of ionic and covalent compounds To compare the properties of ionic and covalent compounds(A) Melting point and boiling point (B) Solubility in water and organic solvents (C) Electrical conductivity (A) Melting point and boiling point

Apparatus

Spatula Evaporating dish Dropper

(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents

Spatula Glass rod Test tubes Test tube rack

(C) Electrical conductivity

Spatula Glass rod Switch Connecting wires with crocodile clips Batteries Bulb Carbon electrodes Beakers Crucible Tripod stand Pipe-clay triangle

Material

Bunsen burner (A) Melting point and boiling point

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O Hexane, C6H14

(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents

Distilled water Magnesium chloride, MgCl2

Cyclohexane, C6H12 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O Hexane, C6H14

(C) Electrical conductivity

Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 solution Naphthalene, C10H8