Giao An Tin Hoc 11 CA Nam

Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Chng 1 MT S KHI NIM V LP TRNH V NGN NG LP TRNH Bi 1 : 1 KHI NIM LP TRNH V NGN NG LP TRNH
I. MC CH YU CU
Bit c 3 lp ngn ng lp trnh v cc mc ca ngn ng lp trnh: ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng bc cao. Bit vai tr ca chng trnh dch Bit khi nim thng dch v bin dch Bit mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca chng trnh dch l pht hin li c php ca chng trnh ngun.
II. PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

Phng php: Thuyt trnh, vn p. Phng tin: My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng.
III. LU S PHM:
Trong chng trnh lp 10 cc em c bit n mt s khi nim: ngn ng lp trnh, chng trnh dch; nn trong bi ny chng ta nn trnh by r cho hc sinh hiu v bin dch v thng dch.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING:

Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh Ni dung
n nh lp:
+ + + Cho thy c. Cn b lp bo co s s Chnh n trang phc
GV: t cu hi 1: Em hy cho bit cc bc

gii mt bi ton trn my tnh? HS: Suy ngh v tr li cu hi. GV: Phn tch cu tr li ca hc sinh. Nhc li cc bc gii bi ton trn my tnh hc lp 10. GV: t cu hi 2: Em hy cho bit c my loi ngn ng lp trnh? HS: Tr li cu hi ca gio vin. GV: Phn tch cu tr li ca hc sinh.
Bi Quang T
Khi nim lp trnh: Lp trnh l s dng mt cu trc d liu v cc cu lnh ca mt ngn ng lp trnh c th m t d liu v din t thut ton . -Tr li cu hi: C 3 loi ngn ng lp trnh: Ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng bc cao.
Chng trnh vit bng ngn ng my c th

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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Mi loi my c mt ngn ng ring, thng th chng trnh vit bng ngn ng ca my no ch chy c trn my . Khi vit chng trnh bng ngn ng bc cao mun thi hnh c trn loi my no th cn chuyn chng trnh sang ngn ng my ca my . GV: t cu hi 3 : Lm th no chuyn chng trnh vit bng ngn ng bc cao sang ngn ng my? a ra v d : Bn l ngi khng bit ting Anh vy lm sao bn c th ni chuyn vi ngi Anh hay c mt cun sch ting Anh?
np trc tip vo b nh thi hnh ngay. Chng trnh vit bng ngn ng bc cao ni chung khng ph thuc loi my, mun thi hnh c th n phi c chuyn sang ngn ng my. =>Cn phi c chng trnh dch chuyn chng trnh vit bng ngn ng lp trnh bc cao sang ngn ng my my c th thi hnh c.
+
+
Khi mt ngi lm phin dch ngi phi dch nh th no? (Dch ngay tng cu khi 2 ngi ni chuyn) Khi mt ngi mun dch 1 cun sch sang ting Vit th lm th no? (Dch ton b cun sch sang ting Vit ngi c th c c)
Chng trnh dch c 2 loi: Bin dch v thng dch

+ Bin dch (Compiler): Thc hin cc bc sau: Duyt, kim tra, pht hin li v kim tra tnh ng n ca cc cu lnh trong chng trnh ngun . Dch ton b chng trnh ngun thnh mt chng trnh ch (ngn ng my) c th thc hin trn my v c th lu tr s dng li khi cn. + Thng dch (Interpreter): Dch ln lt tng cu lnh v thc hin ngay cu lnh y. Thng dch c thc hin bng cch lp li dy cc bc sau: Kim tra tnh ng n ca cu lnh tip theo trong chng trnh ngun Chuyn i cc cu lnh thnh mt hay nhiu cu lnh trong ngn ng my. Thc hin cc cu lnh va chuyn i c .
GV: Ly v d v bin dch v thng dch cho hc sinh c th hnh dung c mi cng vic. Bin dch: S dng ngn ng lp trnh Pascal dch mt chng trnh vit sn ra a v thi hnh chng trnh dch hc sinh quan st. Thng dch: S dng cc lnh trong Command promt thc hin mt s lnh ca DOS hoc dng ngn ng Foxpro thc hin mt s lnh qun tr d liu, hc sinh d dng nhn ra vic thng dch. i km vi cc chng trnh dch thng c cc cng c nh son tho chng trnh ngun, lu tr, tm kim, pht hin li, thng bo li, ngn ng lp trnh thng cha tt c cc dch v trn.
V.
CNG C , DN D:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi.
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
2 CC THNH PHN CA NGN NG LP TRNH

I. MC CH YU CU
Bit ngn ng lp trnh c 3 thnh phn c bn l: bng ch ci, c php v ng ngha. Hiu v phn bit c 3 thnh phn ny. Bit cc thnh phn c bn ca Pascal: Bng ch ci, tn, tn chun, tn ring (t kha), hng v bin. Phn bit c tn, hng v bin Bit t tn ng.
II. PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

Phng php: Thuyt trnh, vn p. Phng tin: My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng
III. LU S PHM:
Phn ny bt u mt kin thc mi, ngoi gii thiu cho cc em bit cc khi nim mi, cn gii thch s khc nhau gia c php v ng ngha. Ring cc thnh phn c s ca Pascal, vi mi khi nim cn nn ly v d minh ha ng-sai, v v d s khc bit gia chng, nn minh ha bng mt on chng trnh n gin.

n nh lp:
+ Cho thy c. + Cn b lp bo co s s + Chnh n trang phc + GV: Cc ngn ng lp trnh ni chung thng c chung mt s thnh phn nh: Dng nhng k hiu no vit chng trnh, vit theo quy tc no, vit nh vy c ngha l g? Mi ngn ng lp trnh c mt quy nh ring v nhng thnh phn ny. V d: Bng ch ci ca cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau c s khc nhau. Chng hn ngn ng Pascal khng s dng du ! nhng ngn ng C++ li s dng ngn ng ny.
1.Cc thnh phn c bn: - Mi ngn ng lp trnh thng c 3 thnh phn c bn l : bng ch ci, c php v ng ngha. a.Bng ch ci: L tp cc k hiu dng vit chng trnh. -Trong ngn ng Pascal bng ch ci gm: Cc ch ci trong bng ch ci ting Anh, cc ch s 0 9 v mt s k t c bit (xem trong SGK) b.C php: L b quy tc dng vit chng trnh.
- C php cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau cng khc nhau, ngn ng Pascal dng cp t Begin End gp nhiu lnh thnh 1 lnh nhng C++ li dng cp k hiu {}.
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
V d: Xt 2 biu thc: A + B (1) A, B l cc s thc. I + J (2) I, j l cc s nguyn. Khi du + trong (1) s l cng hai s thc, trong (2) l cng hai s nguyn. - Mi ngn ng khc nhau cng c cch xc nh ng ngha khc nhau. HS: Lng nghe, ghi chp. GV: a ra v d ngn ng t nhin cng c bng ch ci, ng php (c php) v ngha ca cu, t.
c. Ng ngha: Xc nh ngha thao tc cn thc hin ng vi t hp k t da vo ng cnh ca n. C php cho bit cch vit chng trnh hp l, ng ngha xc nh ngha ca cc t hp k t trong chng trnh. Li c php c chng trnh dch pht hin v thng bo cho ngi lp trnh. Chng trnh khng cn li c php th mi c th dch sang ngn ng my. Li ng ngha c pht hin khi chy chng trnh.
2. Mt s khi nim
GV: Trong cc ngn ng lp trnh ni chung, cc i tng s dng trong chng trnh u phi t tn tin cho vic s dng. Vic t tn trong cc ngn ng khc nhau l khc nhau, c ngn ng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng, c ngn ng khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng. GV: Gii thiu cch t tn trong ngn ng c th Pascal. V d : Tn ng: a, b, c, x1, x2, _ten Tn sai: a bc,2x, a&b a. Tn - Mi i tng trong chng trnh u phi c t tn. Mi ngn ng lp trnh c mt quy tc t tn ring . - Trong ngn gn Turbo Pascal tn l mt dy lin tip khng qa 127 k t bao gm cc ch ci, ch s v du gch di nhng phi bt u bng ch ci hoc du gch di. - Trong Free Pascal, tn c th c ti a 255 k t. - Ngn ng lp trnh Pascal khng phn bit ch hoa, ch thng nhng mt s ngn ng lp trnh khc li phn bit ch hoa v ch thng. - Ngn ng lp trnh thng c 3 loi tn c bn: Tn dnh ring, tn chun v tn do ngi lp trnh t t. Tn dnh ring: - L nhng tn c ngn ng lp trnh quy nh vi ngha xc nh m ngi lp trnh khng th dng vi ngha khc. - Tn dnh ring cn c gi l t kha V d: Mt s t kha Trong ngn ng Pascal: Program, Var, Uses, Begin, End, Trong ngn ng C++: main, include, while, void, Tn chun: - L nhng tn c ngn ng lp trnh (NNLT) dng vi ngha no trong cc th vin ca NNLT, tuy nhin ngi lp trnh c th s dng vi ngha khc.
GV: Ngn ng no cng c 3 loi tn c bn ny nhng ty theo ngn ng m cc tn c ngh khc nhau trong cc ngn ng khc nhau. o Trong khi son tho chng trnh, cc ngn ng lp trnh thng hin th cc tn dnh ring vi mt mu ch khc hn vi cc tn cn li gip ngi lp trnh nhn bit c tn no l tn dnh ring (t kha). Trong ngn ng Pascal, t kha thng hin th bng mu trng. GV: M mt chng trnh vit bng Pascal hc sinh quan st cch hin th ca mt s t kha trong chng trnh. - Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng cung cp mt s n v chng trnh c sn trong cc th vin chng trnh gip ngi lp trnh c th thc hin c nhanh mt s thao tc thng dng. Gio vin ch cho hc sinh mt s tn chun trong ngn ng Pascal. GV: a ra v d: vit chng trnh gii Bi Quang T
V d: Mt s tn chun Trong ngn ng Pascal: Real, Integer, Sin, Cos, Char, Trong ngn ng C==: cin,cout. Getchar
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
phng trnh bc hai ta cn khai bo nhng tn sau: + a,b,c l ba tn lu ba h s ca chng trnh. + X1,X2 l 2 tn dng lu nghim nu c. + Delta l tn lu gi tr ca Delta. Hng thng c 2 loi, hng c t tn v hng khng c t tn. Hng khng c t tn l nhng gi tr vit trc tip khi vit chng trnh. Mi ngn ng lp trnh c mt quy nh v cch vit hng ring.Hng c t tn cng c cch t tn cho hng khc nhau.
Tn do ngi lp trnh t t - c xc nh bng cch khai bo trc khi s dng v khng c trng vi tn dnh ring. - Cc tn trong chng trnh khng c trng nhau b. Hng v bin Hng: L cc i lng c gi tr khng i trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh. - Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng c: + Hng s hc : s nguyn hoc s thc. + Hng xu : l chui k t t trong d6u nhy hoc + Hng Logic : l cc gi tr ng hoc sai Bin: - L i lng c t tn, gi tr c th thay i c trong chng trnh. - Cc NNLT c nhiu loi bin khc nhau. - Bin phi khai bo trc khi s dng.
Bin l i tng c s dng nhiu nht trong khi vit chng trnh. Bin l i lng c th thay i c nn thng c dng lu tr kt qa, lm trung gian cho cc tnh ton,Mi loi ngn ng c nhng loi bin khc nhau v cch khai bo cng khc nhau. Khi vit chng trnh, ngi lp trnh thng c nhu cu gii thch cho nhng cu lnh mnh vit, khi c li c thun tin hoc ngi khc c c th hiu c chng trnh mnh vit, do vy cc ngn ng lp trnh thng cung cp cho ta cch a cc ch thch vo trong chng trnh. Ngn ng khc nhau th cch vit ch thch cng khc nhau.
c. Ch thch - Trong khi vit chng trnh c th vit cc ch thch cho chng trnh. Ch thch khng lm nh hng n chng trnh. Trong Pascal ch thch c t trong { v } hoc (* v *) Trong C++ Ch thch t trong /* v */
GV: M mt chng trnh Pascal n gin c cha cc thnh phn l cc khi nim ca bi hc, nu khng c my gii thiu th c th s dng bn in sn kh ln. ch cho hc sinh tng khi nim c th hin trong chng trnh .
IV.
CNG C , DN D :
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi Cho bi tp v nh
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
CHNG II:
CHNG TRNH N GIN 3 CU TRC CHNG TRNH

I. MC CH YU CU
Hiu chng trnh l s m t ca thut ton bng mt ngn ng lp trnh. Bit cu trc ca mt chng trnh Pascal: cu trc chung v cc thnh phn. Nhn bit c cc thnh phn ca mt chng trnh n gin.
II.
PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

III. LU S PHM:
Cch dy hiu qa nht l c mt chng trnh mu vi y cc thnh phn ca mt chng trnh, ch cho hc sinh tng thnh phn trong chng trnh v thnh phn no c th c, thnh phn no bt buc phi c

n nh lp:
+ + + Cho thy c. Cn b lp bo co s s Chnh n trang phc 1. Cu trc chung - Mi chng trnh ni chung gm 2 phn: phn khai bo v phn thn chng trnh. [<Phn khai bo>] <Phn thn> 2. Cc thnh phn ca chng trnh a.Phn khai bo - C th khai bo tn chng trnh, hng c t tn, bin, th vin, chng trnh con, Khai bo tn chng trnh - Trong Turbo pascal Program <tn chng trnh>; - Tn chng trnh do ngi lp trnh t t theo ng quy tc t tn. V d : Program Bai_1; Program Tong; Khai bo th vin: - Trong ngn gn Pascal : Uses <tn th vin>; - Trong ngn ng C++ : #include<Tn tp th vin> V d: Trong Turbo Pascal : Uses CRT, GRAPH;
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GV : Thuyt trnh a ra cu trc chung ca chng trnh : HS: Lng nghe, ghi chp
GV : Thuyt trnh a ra kin thc HS : Lng nghe, ghi chp . GV : Phn khai bo s bo cho my bit chng trnh s s dng nhng ti nguyn no ca my. GV : Mi ngn ng lp trnh c cch khai bo khc nhau v ty thuc vo ngn ng m ta cn tm hiu xem trong chng trnh ta cn khai bo nhng g .
GV : Th vin chng trnh thng cha nhng on chng trnh lp sn gip ngi lp trnh thc hin mt s cng vic thng dng, cc on chng trnhny cc k hu ch cho gni lp trnh, nht l trong nhng ngn ng lp trnh tin tin hin nay. GV : Ly mt ngn ng lp trnh mi nht hin
Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
nay, chng hn Visual Basic.NET, ly mt s lnh hc sinh thy c s tin dng khi s dng th vin. GV : Khai bo hng l vic t tn cho hng tin khi s dng v trnh vic phi vit lp li nhiu ln cng mt hng trong chng trnh. Khai bo hng cn tin li hn khi cn thay i gi tr ca n trong chng trnh. GV : Lp trnh bng ngn ng no cn tm hiu cch khai bo hng ca ngn ng y.
Trong VISUAL STUDIO 2005 : Imports System.Xml Khai bo hng : - Nhng hng s dng nhiu ln trong chng trnh thng c t tn cho tin khi s dng. V d: Trong Pascal : Const N = 100; e = 2.7; Trong C++ : Const int N = 100; Const float e = 2.7 Khai bo bin : - Mi bin s dng trong chng trnh u phi khai bo choyng trnh dch bit x l v lu tr. - Bin ch mang mt gi tr gi l bin n (Khai bo bin s trnh by bi 5) Phn thn chng trnh : - Thn chng trnh thng l ni cha ton b cc cu lnh ca chng trnh hoc li gi chng trnh con. - Thn chng trnh thng c cp du hiu bt u v kt thc chng trnh V d: Trong ngn gn Pascal Begin [<Cc cu lnh>] End.
GV : Nu c th gio vin gii thch hc sinh c th hiu c rng, khai bo bin l xin my tnh cp cho chng trnh mt vng nh lu tr v x l thng tin trong b nh trong.
GV : Mi ngn ng lp trnh c cch t chc chng trnh khc nhau, thng th phn thn cha cc cu lnh ca chng trnh. GV : a ra nhng v d khc nhau v cch vit thn chng trnh trong cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau.
GV : Cho hc sinh quan st 2 chng trnh trong 2 ngn ng khc nhau l Pascal v C++. HS : Quan st v nhn xt v cch vit ca hai chng trnh trong 2 ngn ng khc nhau. Thng qua hc sinh cn nhn ra : hai chng trnh cng thc hin mt cng vic nhng vit bng hai ngn ng khc nhau nn h thng cc cu lnh trong chng trnh cng khc nhau. C th thm cu lnh hin th mt xu vo trong chng trnh Pascal th hin r hn l nu mun a ra cu thng bo th ta c th s dng lnh. Writeln v xu c trong du nhy n .
3. V d chng trnh n gin

Xt hai chng trnh n gin trong 2 ngn ng khc nhau sau y : Chng trnh 1 : Trong ngn ng Turbo Pascal Program VD; Begin Write(Chao cac ban); Readline; End. Chng trnh 2 : Trong ngn ng C++ #include<stdio.h> Main() { Printf(Chao cac ban); }
V. CNG C , DN D:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi Cho mt chng trnh mu v nh yu cu hc sinh phn bit v ch r tng thnh phn ca chng trnh .
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
4
I. II.
MT S KIU D LIU CHUN

MC CH YU CU
Bit mt s kiu d liu nh sn: nguyn, thc, k t, logic, v min con. Xc nh c kiu cn khai bo ca d liu n gin.
III. LU S PHM:
Trong phn ny gio vin ch cn ly nhiu v d n gin hc sinh luyn tp vic xc nh kiu d liu cn khai bo.

Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh
n nh lp: Cho thy c. Cn b lp bo co s s Chnh n trang phc GV : Vn p: Khi cn vit chng trnh qun l hc sinh ta cn s l thng tin nhng dng no ? HS : Suy ngh, tr li cu hi ca GV GV : Phn tch cu tr li ca hc sinh, a ra mt vi dng thng tin nh sau : - H tn hc sinh l nhng thng tin dng vn bn hay l dng k t . - im ca hc sinh l cc thng tin cc s thc . - S th t ca hc sinh l cc s nguyn. - Mt s thng tin khc li ch cn bit chng l ng hay sai . GV : Thuyt trnh a ra mt s b sung nh sau : Ngn ng lp trnh no cng a ra mt s kiu d liu chun n gin, t nhng kiu n gin ny ta c th xy dng thnh nhng kiu d liu phc tp hn. Kiu d liu no cng c min gii hn ca n, my tnh khng th lu tr tt c cc s trn trc s nhng n c th lu tr vi chnh xc cc cao. Ty thuc vo ngn ng lp trnh m tn ca cc kiu d liu khc nhau v min gi tr ca cc kiu d liu ny cng khc nhau. Vi mi kiu d liu ngi lp trnh cn ghi nh tn kiu, min gi tr v s lng nh lu mt gi tr thuc kiu . Trong lp trnh ni chung th kiu k t thng l tp cc k t trong cc bng m k t, trong cc bng m ha k t ngi ta quy nh c bao nhiu k t khc nhau v mi k t c mt m thp phn tng ng. NNLT Pascal c mt s kiu d liu chun sau :
Ni dung
1. Kiu s nguyn
Kiu BYTE INTEGER WORD LONGINT S Byte 1 2 2 4 Min gi tr 0 -215 0 -231 255 215 - 1 216 - 1 231 - 1
2. Kiu thc
- C nhiu kiu cho gi tr l s thc nhng hay dng mt s kiu sau : Tn kiu REAL EXTENDED Min gi tr 0 hoc nm trong (1038 1038) 0 hoc nm trong (104932 104932) S Byte 6 10
3. Kiu k t Tn kiu: CHAR Min gi tr: L cc k t trong bng m ASCII gm 256 k t Mi k t c 1 m tng ng t 0 n 255 Cc k t c quan h so snh, vic so snh da trn m ca tng k t.
V d: Trong bng m ASCII, cc k t trong

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Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
lu cc gi tr l k t th phi lu m thp phn tng ng ca n . GV : t cu hi: Em bit nhng bng m no? HS : HS s a ra mt s bng m nhng GV ch cc em NNLT Pascal ch s dng bng m ASCII cho kiu k t. - Kiu logic l kiu thng ch c 2 gi tr ng sai. Mi ngn ng khc nhau li c cch m t kiu logic khc nhau, Pascal dng True False nhng mt s ngn ng khc li m t bng 0 1, C ngn ng li khng c kiu logic m ngi lp trnh phi t tm cch th hn nhng gi tr dng ny.
bng ch ci ting Anh xp lin tip vi nhau, cc ch s cng xp lin tip, c th: A m 65; a m 97, 0 m 48
4. Kiu logic
Tn kiu : Boolean Min gi tr : Ch c 2 gi tr l TRUE (ng) hoc FALSE (Sai) Mt s ngn ng c cch m t cc gi tr logic bng nhng cch khc nhau. Khi vit chng trnh bng ngn ng lp trnh no th cn tm hiu c trng ca cc kiu d liu ca ngn ng .
V.
CNG C , DN D:
Nhc li cc kiu d liu n gin hay dng. Cho v nh mt s v d v vic lu tr trong cuc sng v yu cu hc sinh tm kiu d liu tng ng
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 05/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2
Tit 5
5. KHAI BO BIN
I. MC CH YU CU
o o o Hiu c cch khai bo bin. Khai bo ng Nhn bit c khai bo sai. Phng php : Thuyt trnh, vn p. Phng tin : My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng
II.

o o
III. LU S PHM:
Trong phn ny gio vin ch cn lly nhiu v d n gin hc sinh luyn tp vic xc nh kiu d liu v t khai bo bin. Ch cho hc sinh : o Cn t tn bin sao cho gi nh n ngha ca n. o Khng nn t tn qa ngn hay qu di, d dn n mc li hoc hiu nhm. o Khai bo bin cn quan tm n phm vi gi tr ca n. IV.
NI DUNG BI GING :
Ni dung
Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh n nh lp: Cho thy c. Cn b lp bo co s s Chnh n trang phc
GV : Khai bo bin l chng trnh bo cho my bit phi dng nhng tn no trong chng trnh. HS : Lng nghe v ghi chp V d : - gii phng trnh bc hai cn khai bo cc bin nh sau: Var a, b, c, x1, x2, delta : real; - tnh chu vi v din tch tam gic cn khai bo cc bin sau: Var a, b, c, p, s, cv: Real; Trong : a, b, c: dng lu di 2 cnh ca tam gic. p: na chu vi tam gic cv, s: chu vi v din tch tam gic GV : t cu hi: Khi khai bo bin cn ch nhng iu g ? HS : Suy ngh tr li cu hi GV : Phn tch cu tr li ca hc sinh
Trong ngn ng Pascal, bin n c khai bo nh sau : Var <danh sch bin> : <kiu s liu> Trong :
ax2 + bx + c = 0
+ + + +
Var : l t kha dng khai bo bin Danh sch bin : tn cc bin cch nhau bi du phy Kiu d liu : l mt kiu d liu no ca ngn ng Pascal Sau Var c th khai bo nhiu danh sch bin c nhng kiu d liu khc nhau
+ +
Cn t tn bin sao cho gi nh n ngha ca n. Khng nn t tn qu ngn hay qu di, d dn ti mc li hoc hiu nhm. Khai bo bin cn quan tm n phm vi gi tr ca n .
V.
CNG C , DN D :
o o
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi. Cho bi tp v nh

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Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
6. PHP TON, BIU THC, CU LNH GN

I.
o o o o o
MC CH YU CU
Gii thiu php ton, biu thc s hc, hm s hc chun v biu thc quan h. Hiu lnh gn. Vit c lnh gn. Phn bit c s khc nhau gia lnh gn (:=) v php so snh bng. Vit c biu thc s hc v logic vi cc php ton thng dng
II.
o o
III. LU S PHM:
i vi vic dy php ton, cn ch cho hc sinh mt s php ton thng khng dng trong ton hc, v mt s php ton c k hiu khc vi k hiu trong ton hc. Kt qu ca php ton quan h mang gi tr logic. i vi vic dy biu thc s hc, cn phn bit cho hc sinh cch vit biu thc s hc trong ton hc v trong tin hc.. Kiu gi tr ca biu thc thng l kiu ca bin, hay hng c ln kiu ln nht trong n, nn s dng bin trung gian trnh vic s dng bin nhiu ln. Khi dy biu thc quan h v biu thc logic, cn ly nhiu v d t n gin n phc tp hc sinh c th tnh ton a ra gi tr ca biu thc, hay nu v d c th v cc mi quan h trong cuc sng hc sinh t a ra biu thc logic. Ti cu lnh gn cn cho hc sinh hiu lnh gn l ly gi tr ca biu thc bn phi a vo bin bn tri, hay thay gi tr bin bn tri lnh gn bng gi tr ca biu thc bn phi. C th cho hc sinh so snh vi php so snh bng v t phn bit d dng.
IV.
NI DUNG BI GING :
Ni dung
Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh n nh lp: + Cho thy c. + Cn b lp bo co s s + Chnh n trang phc
GV : Dn dt vo bi: Trong khi vit chng trnh ta thng phi thc hin cc tnh ton, thc hin cc so snh a ra quyt nh xem lm vic g? Vy trong chng trnh ta vit th no? C ging vi ngn ng t nhin hay khng? Tt c cc ngn ng c s dng chng mt cch ging nhau khng ? GV : Ton hc c nhng php ton no ? HS : a ra mt s php ton thng dng trong ton hc GV : Chng c dng c trong cc ngn ng lp trnh ? Ch mt s php dng c, mt s php phi xy dng t cc php ton khc. VD : Php ly tha khng phi ngn ng no cng vit c. GV : Mi ngn ng khc nhau li c cch k hiu php ton khc nhau.
Bi Quang T
Ngn ng lp trnh no cng s dng n php ton, biu thc, cu lnh gn. Ta xt cc khi nim ny trong ngn ng Pascal
1. Php ton
NNLT Pascal s dng mt s php ton sau: - Vi s nguyn : +, -, * (nah6n), div (chia ly nguyn), mod (chia ly d) - Vi s thc : +, -, *, / (chia) - Cc php ton quan h <, <= , >, >=, =, <>: Cho kt qa l mt gi tr logic (True hoc False)
Cc php ton Logic : NOT (ph nh), OR (hoc), AND (v): thng dng kt hp
- 11 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
nhiu biu thc quan h vi nhau. GV : Trong ton hc, biu thc l g? HS : a ra khi nim. GV : a ra khi nim biu thc trong lp trnh. GV: Cch vit cc biu thc ny trong lp trnh c ging cch vit trong ton hc ? HS : a ra kin ca mnh GV : Phn tch kin ca hc sinh. GV : a ra cch vit biu thc v th t thc hin php ton trong lp trnh. GV : Cch vit biu thc ph thuc c php tng ngn ng lp trnh. a ra mt s biu thc ton hc v yu cu cc em vit chng trong ngn ng Pascal. HS : Gi mt vi hc sinh ln bng vit. GV : t cu hi, mun tnh X2 ta vit th no? HS : C th a ra l X*X GV : Mun tnh ,sinx, cosx, lm th no ? HS : Cha bit cch tnh GV : tnh cc gi tr mt cch n gin, ngi ta xy dng sn mt s n v chng trnh trong cc th vin chng trnh gip ngi lp trnh tnh ton nhanh cc gi tr thng dng. GV : Vi cc hm chun, cn quan tm n kiu ca i s v kiu ca gi tr tr v. VD : Sinx th c o bng hay radian ? GV : Trong lp trnh thng ta phi so snh hai gi tr no trc khi thc hin lnh no . Biu thc quan h cn c gi l biu thc so snh 2 gi tr, cho kt qu l ng hoc sai (logic). VD : 3>5: Cho kt qu sai Th t thc hin cc php ton : Trong ngoc trc, ngoi ngoc sau. Nhn chia trc cng tr sau. Gi tr ca biu thc c kiu l kiu ca bin hoc hng c min gi tr ln nht trong biu thc.
2. Biu thc s hc
L mt dy cc php ton +, -, *, /. Div v Mod t cc hng, bin kiu s v cc hm. Dng cp du () qui nh trnh t tnh ton.
3. Hm s hc chun
- Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng cung cp sn mt s hm s hc tnh mt s gi tr thng dng. - Cch vit : Tn_hm (i s) - -Kt qa ca hm ph thuc vo kiu ca i s. - i s l mt hay nhiu biu thc s hc t trong du ngoc () sau tn hm. - Bn thn hm cng c th coi l biu thc s hc v c th tham gia vo biu thc nh ton hng bt k. Bng mt s hm chun: (Theo di SGK v mn hnh)
4. Biu thc quan h

C dng nh sau: <biu thc 1> <php ton quan h> <biu thc 2> Trong : - Biu thc 1 v biu thc 2 phi cng kiu. - Kt qu ca biu thc quan h l TRUE hoc FALSE V d: A < B; 2*A >= 4+ B
GV : t cu hi, mun so snh nhiu iu kin ng thi lm th no? HS : a ra kin ca mnh. (v, hoc,)
5. Biu thc logic

- Biu thc logic n gin nht l hng hoc bin logic. - Thng dng lin kt nhiu biu thc quan h li vi nhau bi cc php ton logic. V d: - Ba s dng a, b, c l di ba cnh tam gic nu biu thc sau cho gi tr ng (a+ b > c) and (b+ c >a) and (c+ a >b)
- 12 -
a ra v d v cch vit ng trong ngn ng Pascal Ch : Mi ngn ng c cch vit khc nhau.
Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
GV : Mi NNLT c cch vit lnh gn khc nhau. GV : Cn ch iu g khi vit lnh gn? HS : a ra kin. GV : Phn tch cu tr li ca hc sinh sau tng hp li: cn ch n kiu ca bin v kiu ca biu thc.
Biu thc iu kin 0 d X d 5 c vit nh sau: (x >= 0) and (x <= 5)
6. Cu lnh gn
- Lnh gn l cu trc c bn nht ca mi ngn ng lp trnh, thng dng gn gi tr cho bin Cu trc: <tn bin> := <biu thc>; - Trong biu thc phi ph hp vi tn bin. C ngha l kiu ca tn bin phi cng kiu vi kiu ca biu thc hoc phi bao hm kiu ca biu thc. - Hot ng ca lnh gn : Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau ghi gi tr vo tn bin. V d: X1 := (-b sqrt(b*b 4*a*c))/(2*a); X2 := (-b +sqrt(b*b 4*a*c))/(2*a); I := I + 1; J := J 2; Trong : lnh th 3 tng gi tr ca I mt n v, lnh th 4 gim gi tr bin J hai n v.
GV : Minh ha mt vi lnh gn bng mt v d trc quan trn bng hoc trn mn hnh.
V.
CNG C , DN D:
o o
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi. Cho bi tp v nh, ngoi bi tp c trong sch c th cho thm nhiu biu thc logic hc sinh v nh tnh ton tm gi tr ca n, cho hc sinh mt s biu thc trong ton hc v yu cu vit n trong tin hc (NNLT); c th cho thm bi theo ct, mt ct l biu thc ton hc, mt ct l biu thc trong tin hc tng ng v tm ch sai ca biu thc so vi trong ton.
Bi Quang T
- 13 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 10/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2
Tit 6
7. CC TH TC CHUN VO/RA N GIN

I. MC CH YU CU
o o o o Bit lnh vo ra n gin nhp thng tin t bn ph1im v a thng tin ra mn hnh. Vit c mt s lnh vo ra n gin.
II.
PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC: LU S PHM :

o Cn ch cho hc sinh phn bit gia 2 lnh nhp d liu liu Read v Readln, khi nhp d liu nn dng Readln v nu khng c th lm tri lnh readln; (khng tham s) tip theo. o Cn hng dn c th cho hc sinh vic s dng lnh Write v Writeln, cc cch hin th d liu, cc kiu d liu trong n. o Cn hng dn hc sinh cch kt hp hai lnh vo ra d liu khi vit chng trnh cho hp l, sng sa (tt nht l vit chng trnh c th, n gin)
III.

Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh n nh lp: o Cho thy c. o Cn b lp bo co s s o Chnh n trang phc GV: Khi s dng cc ng dng ta thng nhp thng tin vo, nh vy bng cch no ta nhp c thng tin no khi lp trnh? Lm cch no nhp gi tr t bn phm vo cho bin. GV: Din gii hot ng ca READ/READLN, nu s khc nhau khi dng Read/Readln. GV: Mi ngn ng c cach nhp thng tin vo khc nhau. Trong ngn ng Pascal cc th tc vo ra chun vit nh sau : Ni dung
1. Nhp d liu t bn phm

- Ta dng th tc chun READ hoc READLN c cu trc nh sau: READ/READLN(<bin 1>, ,<bin n>); V d: Read(N); Readln(a,b,c); Ch : Khi nhp d liu t bn phm READ v READLN c ngha nh nhau, thng hay dng READLN hn. READLN lun ch g phm Enter. V d 2 : Xt chng trnh sau: Program VD; Uses crt; Var a, b, c : Integer; Begin Clrscr; Write(Moi ban nhap 3 so:); Readln(a, b, c); Write(Ban vua nhap vao 3 so:, a, b, c); Readln; End.
GV: a ra hai v d v chng trnh c nhp thng tin vo t bn phm . V d 1 : Xt chng trnh sau: Program VD; Uses crt; Var Tuoi: Byte Begin Clrscr; Write(Moi ban cho biet tuoi cua ban); Readln(tuoi); Write(Cam on, tuoi cua ban la,tuoi, Tuoi); Readln; End. GV : Chy chng trnh cho hc sinh quan st,
Bi Quang T
- 14 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
nhn xt v chng trnh . Gii thch vic nhp gi tr cho nhiu bin ng thi . C th thay i lnh Readln(a, b, c) trong v d 2 thnh Read(a, b, c), chy chng trnh hc sinh thy s khc nhau khi s dng hai lnh ny . GV : Ta thy v d 2 ca phn 1 vic ghi ra d liu th 3 gi tr a, b, c dnh lin vo nhau v ngi s dng khng th phn bit c gi tr ca tng bin. Vy lm th no v c nhng cch no hin th d liu theo mun ca ngi lp trnh . GV : Mi ngn ng c cch a thng tin ra mn hnh khc nhau. Ly thm v d v cc th tc a thng tin ra mn hnh ca ngn ng khc C++: cout . GV : Gii thch s khc nhau gia Write, Writeln. Ly v d minh ha c th bng chng trnh. C th ly d liu ca phn nhp d d liu sa hc sinh thy vic khc nhau gia 2 lnh Write v Writeln. Minh ha quy cch a thng tin ra bng chng trnh. Sa li v d 2 ca phn 1 d liu ca 3 s phn cch nhau ngi dng c th phn bit c. GV : a ra 2 v d : V d 1: nhp gi tr t bn phm ta thng dng: Write(Nhap gia tri cua M:); {1} Readln(M) {2} Trong : {1} a ra thng bo: Nhap gia tri cua M: Cn {2} Dng c gi tr v gn cho bin M. Cu trc {1}, {2} gi l giao tip ngi my.
Vic lp d liu cho nhiu bin th gi tr mi bin phi cch nhau t nht mt du cch hoc du Enter,my s gn gi tr cho cc bin theo th t nh trong lnh tng ng .
2. a d liu ra mn hnh
ta dng th tc WRITE hoc WRITELN vi cu trc : Write/Writeln(<Gi tr 1>, <Gi tr 2>,,<Gi tr n>); - Trong cc Gi tr c th l tn bin, tn hng, gi tr c th, biu thc hoc tn hm. V d: Write(a, b, c); Writeln(Gia tri cua N la : ,N); -Th tc Writeln sau khi a kt qu ra s chuyn con tr mn hnh xung u dng tip theo . Ngoi ra trong TP cn c qui cch a thng tin ra nh sau : Kt qu thc hin :< rng>:<S ch s thp phn> Kt qu khc: :< rng> V d: Write(N : 8); Writeln(X = ,X:8:3);
- a d liu ra mn hnh ti v tr con tr,
V d 2 : Xt chng trnh y sau: Program VD2; Var N : Integer; Begin Write(lop ban co bao nhieu nguoi:); Readln(N); Write(Vay la ban co,N -1,nguoi ban trong lop); Write(Go Enter de ket thuc chuong trinh); Readln; End.
VI. CNG C , DN D: o Ly 1 v d n gin lp trnh trc tip trn mycho hc sinh quan st . o Ra bi tp v nh .
Bi Quang T
- 15 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
8. SON THO, DCH, THC HIN V HIU CHNH CHNG TRNH

I.
o
MC CH YU CU
o
o
Bit cc bc son tho, dch, thc hin v hiu chnh chng trnh.. Bit mt s cng c ca mi trng Turbo pascal. Bc u s dng c chng trnh dch pht hin li. o Bc u chnh sa c chng trnh da vo thng bo li ca chng trnh dch v tnh hp l ca kt qu thu c.
II. o o
PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC :

Phng php : Thuyt trnh, vn p. Phng tin : My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng
III. LU S PHM:
Ta c th g mt chng trnh t u, to ra cc li in hnh, sa li, lm mn chng trnh hc sinh c th hnh dung ra qu trnh lp trnh, s dng chng trnh dch gip tm li, lp trnh nhanh hn .
IV.
NI DUNG BI GING :
Ni dung
Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh n nh lp: o Cho thy c. o Cn b lp bo co s s o Chnh n trang phc GV : Gii thiu mt s tp tin vn thit Turbo Pascal c th chy c, hng dn cc em cch khi ng Pascal trn my tnh. Turbo.exe (file chy) Turbo.tpl (file th vin) Turbo.tph (file hng dn) GV : Gii thiu mt s thao tc thng dng khi son tho chng trnh trong mi trng son tho Turbo Pascal . GV : Thc hin mt vi ln cc thao tc ny cc em nhn thy mc tin li ca n khi son tho cng nh chy chng trnh . GV : Vit mt chng trnh v d, thc hin cc thao tc sa li C th ly v d yu cu ngi dng nhp vo nm sinh, tr ra kt qu l tui ca ngi .
Mn hnh lm vic ngn ng Pascal c dng nh sau:
Mt s thao tc thng dng trong Pascal: -Xung dng: Enter -Ghi file vo a: F2 -M file c: F3 -Bin dch chng trnh: Alt + F9 -Sot li chng trnh: F9 -Chy chng trnh: Ctrl + F9 -ng ca s chng trnh: Alt + F3 -Chuyn qua li gia cc ca s: F6 -Xem li mn hnh kt qa: Alt + F5 -Thot khi Turbo Pascal: Alt + X
V.
-
CNG C , DN D:
Nhc li hot ng ca Write/Writeln, Read/Readln. Cho bi tp v nh.
Bi Quang T
- 16 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 10/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2
Tit 7.8.9
BI TP & THC HNH

I. MC CH YU CU
o o o o
Cng c kin thc hc: bit cch khai bo bin, hng, kiu d liu; Bit phn bit r cc php ton, cc biu thc v hiu cu lnh gn; Bit vit cc th tc vo/ra n gin. Bit khi ng v lm quen vi giao din Pascal.
II.
o o III.

Phng php : Thuyt trnh, vn p. Phng tin : My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng.
NI DUNG BI TP & THC HNH :

Ni dung
Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh
Ton b bi tp trong SGK
Bi Quang T
- 17 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 10/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2
Tit 10
Chn 3 g
I.

CU TRC R NHNH V LP
9. CU TRC R NHNH
MC CH YU CU
Hiu nhu cu cu trc r nhnh trong biu din thut ton. Hiu cu lnh r nhnh (dng thiu v dng ) Hiu cu lnh ghp. S dng cu trc r nhnh trong m t thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. Vit c cc lnh r nhnh khuyt, r nhnh y v p dng th hin c thut ton ca mt s bi tan n gin.
II.
III.
PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC: LU S PHM :

Nn s dng cc thut ton cc em hc lp 10. Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu.
IV.
NI DUNG BI GING :
Ni dung
1. Khi nim r nhnh

V d : vit chng trnh gii phng trnh bc 2, ta phi: Tnh = b2 4ac; Sau ty thuc vo gi tr ca m ta c tnh nghim hay khng.
GV : a ra v d ri cng hc sinh tho lun phng php gii quyt bi ton.
Trong thc t : - Nu <0 th phng trnh v nghim - Nu >=0 th phng trnh c nghim - Nh vy ty thuc vo gi tr ca m ta
a ra v nghim hay c nghim. v nghim, ngc li th phng trnh c nghim. =>Nh vy ta thy mt s mnh c dng + Nu ..th.. + Nu ..th.. ngc li th Cu trc ny c gi l cu trc r nhnh . Cc NNLT thng cung cp cc cu lnh m t cc cu trc r nhnh nh trn .
- 18 -
Kim tra >=0
- Hoc c th ni : Nu < 0 th phng trnh
Thng bo v nghim
Tnh v a ra nghim
Bi Quang T
Kt thc
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
a ra khi nim r nhnh trong lp trnh. Mi NNLT c cch th hin r nhnh khc nhau . GV : a ra cu trc lnh r nhnh trong Pascal. Nhc nh hc sinh y l cu trc quan trng, n s c s dng rt nhiu trong cc chng trnh sau ny.
2. Cu lnh If Then
Pascal dng cu lnh If then m t vic r nhnh tng ng vi hai loi mnh r nhnh nh nhau - Dng thiu : If <iu kin> Then <cu lnh>; - Dng y : If <iu kin> Then < cu lnh 1> Else <cu lnh 2>
GV : Lu cc em sau Then v sau Else ch c mt lnh chng trnh.
GV : Vi hai dng ny, dng no dng thun tin hn ? HS : Tm cu tr li, gio vin gi hc sinh a ra c ty trng hp c th m dng dng thiu hay dng .
Trong : - iu kin : L biu thc quan h Logic. - Cu lnh, cu lnh 1, cu lnh 2 l 1 cu lnh ca Pascal
ngha ca cc cu lnh :
- Dng thiu : Nu iu kin ng th cu lnh c thc hin, nu iu kin sai th khng thc hin g - Dng : Nu iu kin ng th thc hin cu lnh 1, nu iu kin sai th thc hin cu lnh 2. VD 1 : If (X Mod 2 = 0) Then WRITE(x,La so chan); VD 2: If DELTA <0 Then WRITE(PT Vo Nghiem) Else WRITE(PT co nghiem); VD 3: Tm gi tr ln nht (max) ca 2 s a v b Cch 1 : Max :=a; If b >a Then max :=b; Cch 2 : If a >b Then max :=a Else max :=b;
a ra cc v d c s dng lnh r nhnh, nu khng c lnh r nhnh th khng th thc hin c. GV : VD3: Cch no nhanh hn, tin hn? => Cch 2 tin hn GV : Phn tch s tin li trong cch 2 v s lnh m my phi thc hin.
GV : Trong cu lnh If Then mun thc hin nhiu lnh sau Then hay nhiu lnh sau Else lm th no ? HS : Pht biu kin ca mnh. GV : Khi ta cn gp nhiu lnh li v coi l mt cu lnh trong chng trnh. Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng c cu trc gip ta thc hin iu ny. GV : Gii thiu lnh ghp ca mt vi ngn ng lp trnh khc C==: {} VB: If Then Endif
Bi Quang T
3. Cu lnh ghp
- Trong ngn ng Pascal, Cu lnh ghp c dng: Begin <cc cu lnh> End ;
Ch : - Sau End phi l du; v trc Else khng cha du ; - T nay ni n cu lnh th c th l cu
- 19 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
lnh n hoc l cu lnh ghp. V d : on chng trnh sau trong ngn ng Pascal c s dng chng trnh ghp. GV : Ch r u l lnh ghp trong chui lnh ny. GV nn son sn hai chng trnh ny v cho cc em quan st cch vit chng trnh cc em hnh thnh dn cch vit mt chng trnh . Chy th chng trnh v ch r cc lnh trong chng trnh dng lm g . Nu c nhiu thi gian, GV c th g tng lnh chng trnh, g n u gii thch cho hc sinh n . Nu cn thi gian, gi hc sinh ln bng vit cu lnh If Then cho mt s bi ton n gin . C th vit chng trnh mu cho hc sinh xong, yu cu cc em g li chng trnh va c theo di m khng cn nhn vo bi mu . IF DELTA <0 THEN WRITELN(Phuong trinh vo nghiem) ELSE BEGIN X1 :=(-B-SQRT(DELTA))/(2*A); X2 := - B/A X1; WRITELN(X1=,X1:6:3,X2=,X2:6:3); END;
4. Mt s v d
Quan st cc chng trnh sau trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal . V d 1 : Tm nghim thc ca phng trnh bc hai AX2 + BX + C= 0 V d 2 : Tm s ngy ca mt nm: Nm nhun l nm chia ht cho 400 hoc chia ht cho 4 nhng khng chia ht cho 100 .
V.
CNG C , DN D:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi . Nhc li cu trc cu lnh IF THEN, IF THEN ELSE thng qua cc v d . Cho bi tp v nh .
Bi Quang T
- 20 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 19/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2
Tit 11,12,13
10. CU TRC LP
I.
II.
MC CH YU CU
Hiu nhu cu ca cu trc lp trong biu din thut ton . Hiu cu trc lp kim tra iu kin trc, cu trc lp vi s ln nh trc . Bit cch vn dng ng n cu trc lp vo tnh hung c th . M t thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin c s dng lnh lp . Vit ng cc lnh lp kim tra iu kin trc, lnh lp vi s ln lp trc . Vit c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin .

Phng php : Thuyt trnh, vn p . Phng tin : My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng .
III.
LU S PHM :
Cn tng kt 3 loi cu trc iu khin: tun t, r nhnh v lp Bc u hnh thnh khi nim lp trnh c cu trc cho hc sinh. Cn xy dng cc bi thc hnh v t chc thc hin ti phng my hc sinh t c nhng k nng theo yu cu Khi dy lnh lp, vi mi mt dng lnh lp, tt nht vit mt v d c th, vi s ln lp nh ri vit m t vic hot ng ca vng lp bng cu trc tun t (th hin s tng ng trong cng vic nhng lnh lp din t ngn hn nhiu) iu cng gip hc sinh hiu hn v vng lp) NI DUNG BI GING : Ni dung
IV.
GV : a ra bi ton, yu cu hc sinh tm cch lp trnh gii cc bi ton ny . HS : a ra cch gii ca mnh, hc sinh c th a ra nhng cch gii khc nhau . GV : a ra cch gii cho bi ton . Gii theo cc lnh tun t S1:=0; If (1/a>0.0001) then S1:=S1+ 1/a; If (1/(a+1)>0.0001) then S1:=S1+ 1 /(a+1); If (1/(a+2)>0.0001) then S1:=S1+ 1 /(a+2); If (1/(a+3)>0.0001) then S1:=S1+ 1 /(a+3); HS : Nhn xt vi vic gii bi ton theo cch ? Vi N = 100 th lp 100 ln nh th nhng theo vic kim tra iu kin th khng bit phi lm theo cch no? Theo c hai trng hp th u qu di.
1. Khi nim lp
- Xt 2 bi ton nh sau vi a > 2 l s nguyn cho trc : Bi ton 1 : Tnh tng S1=
1 1 1 1 + + + ... + a a +1 a + 2 a + 100
Bi ton 2 : Tnh Tng
1 1 1 1 + + + ... + + ... a a +1 a + 2 a+N 1 < 0.0001 Vi iu kin a +N

S2= Cch gii : Bt u S c gn gi tr 1/a. Tip theo mi ln cng thm vo S l 1/ (a+N) vi N = 1, 2, 3, Vi bi ton 1, vic cng thm dng khi 1/ (a+N) < 0.0001, => s ln lp cha bit. Vi bi ton 2, vic cng thm dng khi N = 100, => s ln lp bit trc.
- 21 -
Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
hc sinh hiu c khi nim lp, gio vin a ra mt s v d trong thc t c tnh ton lp i lp li nhiu ln. VD1 : Bi ton gi tin vo ngn hng. Hng thng phi tnh li v cng thm vo gc ang gi hay ni cch khc gc ca thng sau = gc + li thng trc. VD 2: Tnh tng ca mt on s nguyn m khng c dng cng thc.
Trong lp trnh, c nhng thao tc phi lp li nhiu ln, khi ta gi l cu trc lp. Lp thng c 2 loi : Lp vi s ln bit trc . Lp vi s ln khng bit trc . NNLT no cng cung cp mt s cu lnh m t cc cu trc lp nh trn. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu cc cu lnh trong ngn ng Pascal.
2. Lp c s ln bit trc v cu lnh for do

GV : a ra v d: So snh hai thut ton sau: Thut ton Thut ton Tong_1a Tong_1b B1: S:=1/a; N:=0; B1: S:=1/a; B2: N:=N+1; N:=101; B3: Nu N >100 B2: N := N -1; th chuyn sang B3: Nu N < 1 th bc 5; chuyn sang bc B4: S:= S + 1/(a+ 5; N) ri quay li B2; B4: S:= S+ 1/ B5: a ra S ri (a+N) ri quay li kt thc. B2; B5: a ra S ri kt thc. GV : Gi mt s hc sinh nhn xt v 2 thut ton trn v mt s vn : Thut ton c lp khng? Lp bao nhiu ln? Hai thut ton ging v khc nhau nh th no? Ci g thay i trong thut ton ny? Sau khi so snh hai thut ton trn, gio vin a ra hai cch lp trong ngn ng Pascal, gii thch ngha ca cc thnh phn trong cu lnh . GV : Ly v d minh ha trong Pascal cc em thy c s thay i gi tr ca bin m trong mt chng trnh thc s ca Pascal . Vi 2 v d ny, gio vin nn g sn chng trnh v cho hc sinh quan st vic chy chng trnh, gio vin va cho chy chng trnh va gii thch ngha cc lnh trong chng trnh (ch nhiu n lnh lp) . GV : a ra thut ton hoc c th yu cu hc sinh t xy dng thut ton gii bi ton 2, nu t xy dng c thut ton th cc em s hiu hn v lp khng bit trc s ln a thm v d : Nhc li bi ton gi tin vo ngn hng: Nu c s tin l A, mun gi vo ngn hng c s tin l B > A th cn gi trong bao lu vi li sut l k%. Yu cu hc sinh a ra cch gii cho bi ton ny .
Bi Quang T
Trong Pascal, c 2 lai cu lnh lp c s ln bit trc : - Lp dng tin: For <bin m> := <gi tr u> to <gi tr cui> do <cu lnh>; - Lp dng li For <bin m> := <gi tr cui> downto <gi tr ui> do <cu lnh>; Trong : Bin m thng l bin kiu s nguyn. Gi tr u, gi tr cui l cc biu thc cng kiu vi bin m. Gi tr u phi nh hn hay bng gi tr cui. dng lp tin: Bin m t tng dn t gi tr u n gi tr cui. dng lp li: Bin m t gim dn t gi tr cui n gi tr u. Tng ng vi mi gi tr ca bin m, cu lnh sau do thc hin 1 ln V d 1 : Hai chng trnh ci t thut ton tong_1a v tong_1b . V d 2 : Tnh tng cc s nguyn chia ht cho 3 hoc 5 trong phm vi t M n N (M<N).
3. Lp vi s ln cha bit trc v cu lnh while do

gii bi ton 2 ta dng thut ton nh sau : Bc 1 : S :=1/a; N :=0; Bc 2 : Nu 1/(a+N) < 0.0001 th chuyn n bc 5 ;
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
GV : Phn tch phng n tr li ca hc sinh sau a ra li gii cho bi ton. GV : a ra cu trc cu lnh While Do Trong Pascal, gii thch ngha cc thnh phn. HS : Lng nghe v ghi chp.
Bc 3: N :=N +1; Bc 4: S := S+ 1/(a+N) ri quay li bc 2; Bc 5: a kt qa S ra mn hnh ri kt thc - T bc 2 n bc 4 c lp li nhiu ln nu iu kin 1/(a+N) < 0.0001 cha c tha mn. _ Pascal s dng cu lnh lp While - Do t chc lp vi s ln cha vit nh sau While <iu kin> Do <Cu lnh>; Trong - iu kin l biu thc quan h hoc logic. - Cu lnh l mt cu lnh trong Pascal. ngha : Khi iu kin cn ng th cn thc hin cu lnh sau Do sau li quay li kim tra iu kin. V d 1 : Chng trnh ca bi ton 1. V d 2 : Tm c chung ln nht ca M v N. Thut ton : B1: Nu M = N th CLN := M; Kt thc. B2: Nu M > N th M := M N ri quay li B1, ngc li N := N M ri quay li B1 Sau y l chng trnh tm UCLN;
GV: Nn g sn nhng v d ny hc sinh c th quan st chng trnh, gio vin chy th chng trnh trong Pascal. Ring vi VD 2, trc khi a ra thut ton, GV nn cho hc sinh xy dng thut ton tm c chung ln nht ( hc lp 10) Chy chng trnh vi nhiu cp M, N khc nhau. Tt nht chy tng bc, cho hc sinh thy s thay i ca cc bin.
V.
CNG C , DN D:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi Nhc li cu trc cu lnh. Cho bi tp v nh
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 02-01-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 18.19.20
Chn g
KIU D LIU C CU TRC 11. KIU MNG
I. MC CH, YU CU :
Hiu khi nim mng mt chiu v hai chiu . Hiu cch khai bo v truy cp n cc phn t ca mng . Ci t c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin vi kiu d liu mng mt chiu . Thc hin c khai bo mng, truy cp, tnh ton cc phn t ca mng .
II.
PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN :
III. LU S PHM :
Cn cho hc sinh thy cn phi c mt kiu d liu mi, ch li ca kiu d liu , c th

minh ha bng hnh nh .
Khi lm vic vi mng, hc sinh kh hiu nht vn l cch truy xut ti cc phn t ca
mng. Cn lm r cc khi nim nh : nh s cc phn t ca mng, ch s, kiu ch s.
IV. NI DUNG BI GING :

HOT NG CA GIO VIN V HC SINH n nh lp : - Cho thy c . - Cn b lp bo co s s . - Chnh n trang phc . Trc khi vo bi, gio vin a ra mt s vn cn gii quyt nh sau : Vi nhng kiu d liu nh bit, lm th no : - Lu tr v x l mt dy s ? - Lu tr v x l H v tn ca mt ngi ? - Lu tr v x l bng kt qu thi tt nghip ? HS : a ra cc phng n tr li cho 3 cu hi trn . GV : Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng cung cp mt s kiu d liu c xy dng t nhng kiu d liu chun gi l kiu d liu c cu trc . Chng ny chng ta s tm hiu mt s kiu d liu trong ngn ng Pascal tr li 3 cu hi trn . GV : a ra v d, cn lp lp trnh x l mt dy s nguyn, hy tm cch lu tr mt dy s nguyn trong khi lp trnh ? Bng cch no lu tr c thng tin di dng bng khi lp trnh ?
Bi Quang T
NI DUNG
C th s dng v d trong SGK hc sinh d theo di, g trc chng trnh c th s dng cho cc phn tip theo .
Trong lp trnh thng mng : - Mng mt chiu . - Mng hai chiu .
loi
1. Kiu mng mt chiu

- Mng mt chiu l mt dy hu hn cc phn t c cng kiu, mng c t tn v mi phn t mang mt ch s. m t mng mt chiu ta cn xc nh kiu ca cc phn t v cch nh ch s cc phn
- 24 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
HS : a ra kin . GV : nh gi kin ca hc sinh, sau a ra mc ch ca vic s dng cu trc mng trong chng trnh . GV : a ra khi nim mng mt chiu v mt s yu t lin quan trong lp trnh ni chung .
t .
Vi mng mt chiu ta quan tm n :

Tn mng mt chiu . S lng phn t trong mng . Kiu d liu ca phn t . Cch khai bo bin mng mt chiu . - Cch truy cp vo tng phn t ca mng . Xt v d : Nhp vo nhit trung bnh mi ngy trong tun . Tnh v a ra mn hnh nhit trung bnh ca c tun v m s ngy c nhit ln hn nhit trung bnh ny . Quan st hai chng trnh vit bng ngn ng Pascal cng gii bi ton trn . - Chng trnh 1 : Khng s dng kiu mng . - Chng trnh 2 : S dng kiu mng mt chiu . -
GV : i su phn tch hai chng trnh cho hc sinh nhn thy s tin li khi s dng mng .
HS : Trong khi gio vin phn tch hai chng trnh, hc sinh s a ra kin nhn xt v 2 chng trnh.
a> Khai bo mng mt chiu

GV : a ra cch khai bo mng mt chiu trong ngn ng Pascal, gii thch ngha ca cc t kha mi . GV : Khai bo bng cch no tin li hn ? HS : Thng th hc sinh tr li cch 1 tin li hn ? GV : Ty trng hp c th m ta dng cch 1 hay cch 2 nhng thng thng ta s dng cch 1 . Trong ngn ng Pascal, mng mt chiu c khai bo bng hai cch nh sau : Cch 1 : Var <Tn mng> : Array[kiu ch s] of <kiu phn t> ; Cch 2 : Type <Tn kiu mng> = Array [<kiu ch s>] of <kiu phn t> ; Var <Tn mng> : <tn kiu mng> ; Trong : - Type l t kha dng khai bo bin, Array l t kha khai bo mng . - Kiu ch s thng l on s nguyn lin tc c n1..n2, vi n1 l ch s u v n2 l ch s cui. - Kiu thnh phn l kiu d liu ca phn t mng . - truy cp vo phn t mng ta vit : - <Tn bin mng>[Ch s] V d : A[20] Truy cp phn t mang ch s 20 trong mng A . V d : Khai bo bin mng thng qua kiu mng : Type ArrayInteger=Array[1..100] of Integer; ArrayReal=Array[1.50] of Real; Var A : Array[1..50]; B : Array[1..50] of Real; Khai bo mng trc tip : Var A : Array[1..100] of Integer ;
Bi Quang T - 25 -
GV : S dng mt s hnh nh trc quan minh ha cho hc sinh cu trc mng v ch s ca phn t Ch s Gi tr 1 53 2 81 3 62 4 18 5 26 6 41 7 24 8 53
a ra mt s khai bo mng trong Pascal .
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
B : Arrat[1..50] of Real ;
b>
GV : a ra v d . HS : Xy dng thut ton gii bi ton (thut ton hc lp 10) . GV son sn chng trnh v cho hc sinh quan st chng trnh .
Mt s v d :
V d 1 : Tm phn t ln nht ca mt dy s nguyn . - Input : S nguyn dng N v dy s A1, A2, .., AN - Output : Ch s v gi tr ca s ln nht trong dy - tng : + t s A1 l s ln nht (max) + Cho i lp t 2 n N, nu A[i]> th i max = A[i] v lu li v tr i . Chng trnh nh sau : Program timmax ; Uses crt ; var a : array[1..250] of integer ; n,i,max,csmax : Integer ; Begin clrscr ; Write('Nhap n = ') ; Readln(n) ; For i := 1 to n do Begin Write('a[',i,'] = ') ; readln(a[i]) ; End ; max := a[i] ; csmax := 1 ; For i := 2 to n do If a[i] > max then Begin max := a[i] ; csmax :=i ; End ; Writeln('Gia tri lon nhat : ',max) ; Writeln('chi so ptu lon nhat : ',csmax) ; Readln ; End . V d 2 : Sp xp dy s nguyn theo bng thut ton tro i . - Input : S nguyn dng N v dy s A1, A2, , AN - Output : Dy A c sp xp theo th t khng gim . - tng : + i a s ln nht v v tr cui cng . + Lm tng t i vi nhng s cn li . Chng trnh nh sau : Program sapxep ; Uses crt ; var A : Array[1..250] of integer ;
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Nu c nhiu thi gian, gio vin s tin hnh son chng trnh t u hc sinh c th d dng nhn ra cc thao tc cn phi thc hin khi vit chng trnh .
GV : a ra v d, nhc li tng ca thut ton . HS : Xy dng thut ton gii bi ton (thut ton hc lp 10) .
GV son sn chng trnh v cho hc sinh quan st chng trnh . Nu c thi gian, gio vin s tin hnh son chng trnh t u hc sinh c th d dng nhn ra vic chuyn i ngn ng t ngn ng thut ton sang ngn ng lp trnh .
Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
n,i,j,tg : Integer ; Begin clrscr ; Write('Nhap so phan tu mang n = ') ; Readln(n) ; For i := 1 to n do Begin Write('A[',i,'] = ') ; readln(A[i]) ; End ; For j := n downto 2 do Begin For i := 1 to j-1 do If A[i] > A[i+1] then Begin tg := A[i] ; A[i] := A[i+1] ; A[i+1] := tg ; End ; End ; Writeln('day sau khi sap xep : ') ; For i := 1 to n do write(a[i]:8) ; readln ; End . Writeln('chi so ptu lon nhat : ',csmax); readln ; End . V d 3 : Tm kim nh phn . GV : a ra v d, nhc li tng ca thut ton . HS : Xy dng thut ton gii bi ton (thut ton hc lp 10) . GV son sn chng trnh v cho hc sinh quan st chng trnh . Input : Dy s A1, A2,, AN c sp xp tng dn . - Output : C hay khng ch s i m A[i] = k hoc thng bo khng tm thy . - tng : Xem li thut ton tm kim nh phn trong SGK lp 10 . Chng trnh nh sau : Program sapxep ; Uses crt ; var A : Array[1..250] of integer ; n,i,k : Integer ; dau,cuoi,giua : Integer ; TK : boolean ; Begin clrscr ; Write('Nhap so ptu mang n = ') ; Readln(n) ; For i := 1 to n do Begin Write('A[',i,'] = ') ; readln(A[i]) ; End ; Write('nhap so can tim k : ') ; Readln(k); dau := 1 ; cuoi := n ; TK := false ;
Bi Quang T - 27 -
Nu c thi gian, gio vin s tin hnh son chng trnh t u hc sinh c th d dng nhn ra vic chuyn i ngn ng t ngn ng thut ton sang ngn ng lp trnh .
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
while (dau <= cuoi) and Not TK Do Begin giua := (dau+cuoi) div 2 ; If A[giua] = k then TK := true Else If a[giua]>k then cuoi := giua - 1 Else dau := giua + 1 ; End ; If TK then write('Chi so la : ',giua) else write(' Khong tim thay '); readln ; End .
GV : Quay li v d v lu tr d liu dng bng cc em nhn ra nhu cu phi s dng mng 2 chiu trong lp trnh .
2. Kiu mng 2 chiu :

- Mng hai chiu l mt bng cc phn t cng kiu . Vi mng hai chiu ta quan tm n : Tn kiu mng hai chiu . S lng phn t ca mi chiu trong mng . Kiu d liu ca phn t . Cch khai bo bin mng hai chiu . Cch truy cp vo tng phn t ca mng .
GV : Khai bo cch no tin li hn (tng t mng 1 chiu) ? HS : Thng th hc sinh vn chn cch 1 . GV : Ty theo trng hp c th nhng thng th cch 1 hay c dng hn .
a> Khai bo mng hai chiu - Trong ngn ng Pascal, mnh hai chiu c khai bo nh sau : Cch 1 : Khai bo trc tip Var : <Tn mng> : Array[kiu ch s dng, kiu ch s ct] of < kiu phn t> ; Cch 2 : Khai bo gin tip thng qua khai bo kiu mng Type <Tn kiu mng> = Array[kiu ch s dng, kiu ch s ct] of <kiu phn t> ; Var <Tn mng> : <Tn kiu mng> ;
V d : Khai bo bin mng thng qua kiu mng : GV : Khi khai bo mng 2 chiu cn ch iu g ? HS : Tm cu tr li, GV gi cc em ch ra c ch s ca mng, s dng, s ct v kiu ca mi phn t trong mng . Type ArrayInteger = Array[1..10,1..15] of Integer ; ArrayReal=Array[1..50,1..100] of Real ; Var A : ArrayInteger ; B : ArrayReal ; Khai bo mng trc tip :
Bi Quang T - 28 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
GV : Gi mt s hc sinh ln khai bo mt s bin mng mt chiu theo yu cu ca gio vin .
Var A : Array[1..10,1..15] og Integer ; B : Aarray[1..50,1..100] og Real ; Cch truy cp vo phn t ca mng hai chiu :
Minh ha bng hnh nh mng 2 chiu v ch s cc phn t mng hai chiu cng nh cch vit truy cp phn t mng .
<Tn mng>[ch s dng, ch s ct] V d : A[1,3], B[23,66],
b> Mt s v d :
GV cho hc sinh quan st chng trnh v gii thch cc lnh trong chng trnh, ch i su vo cc lnh lp cc em nhn ra thng th ta s dng vng lp for - do duyt qua cc phn t mng . GV nn son sn chng trnh v cho cc em quan st chng trnh, v chy th chng trnh trn my cc em tin theo di . Program Timkiem; Uses crt; var A : Array[1..100,1..100] of Integer; i,j,n,m : Byte ; k,d : integer ; Begin Clrscr ; Write(' Nhap so dong, so cot cua mang : ') ; Readln(m,n); For i := 1 to m do For j := 1 to n do Begin Write(' A[',i,',',j,'] = '); Readln(A[i,j]); End ; Writeln(' Mang vua nhap vao la : '); Writeln; For i := 1 to m do Begin For j := 1 to n do Write(a[i,j]:4) ; Writeln; Writeln; End; Write(' Nhap gia tri k : '); Readln(k) ; d := 0 ; For i := 1 to m do For j := 1 to n do If a[i,j] < k then Begin write('So nho hon ',k,' la '); write(a[i,j]:8); d := d+1 ; End ; If d = 0 then Write('Khong co ptu nao nho hon ',k);
Bi Quang T - 29 -
V d 1 : Chng trnh sau a ra mn hnh bng cu chng . Program cuuchuong; Uses crt ; var A : Array[1..9,1..9] of Integer ; i, j : Byte ; Begin Clrscr ; Writeln('Bang cuu chuong 1 -> 9 : '); Writeln ; For i := 1 to 9 do For j := 1 to 9 do A[i,j] := i*j ; For i := 1 to 9 do Begin For j := 1 to 9 do Write(a[i,j]:4); Writeln ; Writeln ; End ; Readln ; End . V d 2 : Chng trnh sau nhp vo mt mng 2 chiu v s nguyn k, sau in ra cc phn t c gi tr nh hn k ca mng .
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
readln; End .
V. CNG C:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi . Nhc li cu trc cu lnh bng cch chia bng thnh 4 phn ng thi gi 4 hc sinh ln bng vit li cc cch khai bo, truy xut, v hin th nhp d liu . Ra bi tp v nh .
Bi Quang T
- 30 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son:10-01-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 21.22
BI THC HNH 3
VI. MC CH, YU CU :
Nng cao k nng s dng mt s cu lnh v mt s kiu d liu thng qua vic tm hiu, chy th cc chng trnh c sn. Bit gii mt s bi ton tnh ton, tm kim n gin trn my tnh.
VII. PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN :

Phng php : Hc sinh nhp cc cu lnh, gio vin hng dn thc hnh.
Phng tin : My chiu, my tnh, phng chiu hoc bng.
VIII.NI DUNG :
Bi 1. (SGK Tin hc 11) Bi 2. (SGK Tin hc 11)
Tit CT: 24.25
BI THC HNH 4
I. MC CH, YU CU :
Bit nhn xt, phn tch, xut thut ton gii bi ton sao cho chng trnh chy nhanh hn; Lm quen vi d liu c cu trc v bi ton sp xp.
II.
III. NI DUNG :
Bi 1.(SGK Tin hc 11) Bi 2.(SGK Tin hc 11)
Bi Quang T
- 31 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 01-02-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 26.27
12. KIU XU
I. MC CH, YU CU :
Bit xu l mt dy k t (c th coi xu l mt mng mt chiu) . Bit cch khai bo xu, truy cp phn t ca xu . S dng c mt s th tc, h thng dng v xu . Ci t c mt s chng trnh n gin c s dng xu .
II.
III. LU S PHM :
Thun tin ca bi ny l cc em c hc khi nim v mng, c th s dng iu ny dy v xu, nhng cn ch cho cc em mt s khc bit so vi mng mt chiu : di xu, mt s php ton trn xu v mt s hm v th tc x l xu .
IV.
NI DUNG :
NI DUNG
HOT NG CA GIO VIN V HC SINH n nh lp : - Cho thy c . - Cn b lp bo co s s . - Chnh n trang phc . GV : lu tr v x l H tn ca mt ngi, cc kiu d liu hc c p ng c ? HS : a ra mt s phng n . GV : Phn tch cc phng n ca hc sinh, t a ra yu cu cn s dng mt kiu mi : Kiu xu .
Mt s khi nim
- Xu l mt dy k t trong bng m ASCII . - Mi k t c gi l mt phn t ca xu . - S lng k t trong xu c gi l di ca xu . - Xu c di bng 0 gi l xu rng. - Tham chiu ti phn t trong xu c xc nh thng qua ch s ca phn t trong xu . - Ch s phn t trong xu thng c nh s l 1 . - Trong ngn ng Pacal, tham chiu ti phn t thng c vit : <Tn bin xu>[ch s]
GV : Gii thiu mt s khi nim v thao tc thng dng khi lm vic vi xu k t trong lp trnh ni chung .
Cch khai bo v x l xu trong ngn ng Pascal :
1 Khai bo bin xu :
GV : y l cch khai bo trong ngn ng Pascal, trong cc ngn ng khc nhau c th c cch khai bo khc nhau . Do khi vit chng trnh bng ngn ng no cn tm hiu r cc i tng ca ngn ng . Pascal s dng t kha STRING khai bo xu . di ti a ca xu c vit trong [ ] sau t kha STRING . Khai bo nh sau : Var <tn bin> : String[ di ln nht ca xu] ; V d : Var Ten : String[10] ; Ho_dem : String[50] ; Que : String ; Ch :
Bi Quang T - 32 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
di ti a ca xu ph thuc vo ngn ng lp trnh, thng l 255 k t . Cch vit hng xu trong cc ngn ng khc nhau cng c s khc nhau .
- Nu khng khai bo di ti a cho bin xu k t th di ngm nh ca xu l 255 . - di ln nht ca xu l 255 k t . - Hng xu k t c t trong cp nhy n .
2 Cc thao tc x l xu
Xt v d nh sau : C xu k t : nGuyen vaN A Hi cn c cc thao tc g chnh sa xu k t ny ? (cn a xu v dng Nguyen Van A) HS : a ra kin ca mnh . GV : Phn tch kin v gi cc em nhn ra cn : - Xa bt mt s du cch . - Chuyn ch hoa v ch thng v ngc li . - Vi cc xu k t c cc php php xu v php so snh hai xu k t . - Php ghp xu : K hiu bng du cng + . V d : Ha + Noi cho kt qu l Ha Noi Php so snh : <, <=, >, >=, = , <>, Pascal t ng so snh ln lt t k t t tri sang phi . V d : AB < AC, ABC > ABB, ABC <ABCD
Mt s th tc chun dng x l xu :
GV : a ra mt s cu hi : - Lm sao bit mt k t l du cch ? - Lm sao xa i mt vi k t ? - Lm sao thm vo mt xu mt vi k t ? - Lm sao c c ch in hoa tng ng vi ch thng. - Lm sao c c ch ci thng tng ng vi ch hoa ? - Lm sao bit xu hin c bao nhiu k t ?
Delete(St,vt,n) xa n k t ca xu St bt u t v tr vt . Insert(S1,S1,vt) chn su S1 vo S2 bt u t v tr vt ca S2 Val(St,x,m) i gi tr xu St thnh s ghi gi tr vo bin X, nu khng i c th v tr gy li ghi trong m, nu i thnh cng th m =0 Str(X,St) chuyn s X thnh xu k t lu trong St .
Mt s hm chun :
T a ra cc th tc chun v hm chun ca Pascal thng dng x l xu . ng vi mi th tc hoc hm, gio vin ly v d trong mt chng trnh Pascal c th cc em hiu c ngha cc th tc v hm ny . Trong mi trng son tho ca Pascal, gio vin ch cn lm mt chng trnh n gin c s dng mt trong cc th tc hoc hm ny cc em theo di .
Copy(St,vt,n) sao chp t xu St n k t t v tr vt . Pos(S1,S2) tm v tr xut hin u tin ca S1 trong S2 . Length(St) : cho di xu St . Upcase(ch) : cho ch ci vit hoa tng ng vi ch thng trong ch . CHR(X) : cho k t c m X trong bng m ASCII . Ord(ch) : cho m ca k t ch trong bng m .
3 Mt s v d :
Gio vin son sn cc v d ny tin cho hc sinh theo di trn mn hnh cng nh vic chy th v khng lm mt thi gian ngi vit chng trnh .
VD 1 :
Program vd1 ; Uses crt ; Var s1,s2 : String ;
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Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Vi mi v d, gio vin i su vo cu lnh trc tip p ng yu cu ca v d, nh vy cc em s tip thu nhanh hn . V d 1 : hn . Nhp 1 xu, vit ra mn hnh xu di
Begin Clrscr ; Write('Nhap xau thu 1 : ') ; Readln(s1) ; Write('Nhap xau thu 2 : ') ; Readln(s2) ; If length(s1) > Length(s2) then Write(s1) else Write(s2); Readln ; End .
V d 2 : Nhp 1 xu, kim tra xem k t u tin ca xu S1 c trng vi k t cui cng ca xu S2 hay khng ?
VD 2 :
Program vd2 ; Uses crt ; Var s1,s2 : String ; x : Byte ; Begin Clrscr ; Write('Nhap xau thu 1 : '); Readln(s1) ; Write('Nhap xau thu 2 : '); Readln(s2) ; x := length(s2) ; If s1[1] = s2[x] then Write('Trung nha') else Write('Khac nhau'); Readln ; End .
V d 3 : Nhp 1 xu, vit ra mn hnh xu theo th t ngc li ca cc k t trong xu .
VD 3 :
Program vd3 ; Uses crt ; Var i,k : Byte ; a : String ; Begin Clrscr ; Write('Nhap xau : ') ; Readln(a) ; k := length(a) ; For i := k downto 1 do Write(a[i]) ; Readln ; End .
V d 4 : Nhp 1 xu, vit ra mn hnh xu nhng c b tt c cc k t l du cch .
VD 4 :
Program vd4 ; Uses crt ; Var i,k : Byte ; a,b : String ; Begin Clrscr ; Write('Nhap xau : ') ;
Bi Quang T
- 34 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Readln(a) ; k := length(a) ; b :='' ; For i := 1 to k do if a[i] <> '' then b := b+a[i] ; Write(b) ; Readln ; End .
V d 5 : Nhp 1 xu, vit ra mn hnh xu gm cc

k t s ca xu .
VD 5 :
Program Xulixau ; Uses crt ; Var s1,s2 : String ; i : Byte ; Begin Clrscr ; Write('Nhap xau s1 : ') ; Readln(s1) ; s2 := '' ; For i := 1 to length(s1) do If ('0'<s1[i]) and (s1[i]<='9') then s2 := s2 + s1[i] ; Write(s2); Readln ; End .
V. CNG C:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi . Nhc li cu trc cu lnh . Ra bi tp v nh .
Bi Quang T
- 35 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Tit CT: 28.29.30
BI THC HNH 5 BI TP
I. MC CH, YU CU :
Lm quen vi vic tm kim, thay th v bin i xu.
II.
III. NI DUNG :
Bi 1. (SGK Tin hc 11) Bi 2. (SGK Tin hc 11) Bi 3. (SGK Tin hc 11)
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 17-02-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 31
13. KIU BN GHI

I. MC CH, YU CU :
Bit khi nim kiu bn ghi . Bit cch khai bo bn ghi, truy cp trng ca bn ghi .
II.
III. LU S PHM :
Cn nhn mnh cho hc sinh rng, khc vi kiu mng, trong kiu bn ghi, cc
trng c th thuc cc kiu d liu khc nhau . Cc bn ghi thng mang cc thng tin v mt i tng cn qun l .
IV.
NI DUNG :
NI DUNG
HOT NG CA GIO VIN V HC SINH n nh lp : - Cho thy c . - Cn b lp bo co s s . - Chnh n trang phc .
Xt v d sau :
Mt s khi nim
- Kiu bn ghi c dng m t
cho cc i tng c cng mt s thuc tnh m cc thuc tnh c th c cc kiu d liu khc nhau . - Bn ghi thng c gi l Record, mi Record s lu tr d liu v mt i tng cn qun l . - Mi thuc tnh ca i tng tng ng vi mt trng ca bn ghi . Cc trng khc nhau c th c d liu khc nhau . - Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng cho cch xc nh : + Tn kiu bn ghi . + Tn cc trng . + Kiu d liu ca trng . + Cch khai bo bin . + Cch tham chiu n trng .
Vit chng trnh dng qun l cc th sinh ca mt k thi tuyn sinh . Chng trnh ca chng ta cn qun l c : + SBD ca th sinh, + H tn th sinh, + Gii tnh, + im ca cc mn GV : a ra mt s cu hi sau : - Lm th no qun l ton b thng tin trn ca hc sinh ? - Mi thng tin trn c kiu d liu l g ? HS : C th qun l mi d kin trn l mt mng mt chiu Ngn ng lp trnh bc cao c cch tt hn qun l d liu trn -> Bn ghi .
Cch khai bo v s dng kiu bn ghi trong ngn ng Pascal GV ly mt bng im ca hc sinh ri ch r : Mi 1. Khai bo
khai bo bin bn ghi, thng khai bo mt kiu bn ghi sau khai bo bin bn ghi .
hng ta gi l mt bn ghi, mi ct l mt trng . GV : Mi ngn ng c mt cch khai bo kiu bn ghi khc nhau .
Cch khai bo kiu :

Ngn ng Pascal khng cho bn khai bo bin bn ghi trc tip m phi khai bo bin bn ghi thng qua khai bo kiu bn ghi .
Bi Quang T
Type <Tn kiu bn ghi>=Record <Tn trng 1> : <Kiu trng 1> ;
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Trc ht phi khai bo kiu bn ghi sau bin bn ghi c khai bo thng qua kiu bn ghi ny .
<Tn trng n> : <Kiu trng n> ;
End ; Cch khai bo bin :

Var <Tn bin> : <Tn kiu bn ghi> ; Var <Tn mng> : Array[1..n] Of <Tn kiu bn ghi> ; Type Hocsinh = Record Hoten : String[30] ; Ngaysinh : String[10] ; NamNu :Boolean ; Toan,Ly, Hoa, Van, Su, Dia : Real ; End ; Var A, B : Hocsinh ; Lop : Array[1..100] Of Hocsinh ; truy cp vo tng trng ca bn ghi, ta vit : <Tn bin bn ghi> . <Tn trng> V d : A.Hoten B.Ngaysinh Lop[i].Toan Lop[i].Ly vi i l ch s no ca mng Lop
GV : Lm th no c th khai bo c nhiu bin bn ghi c cng mt kiu ? HS : GV s gi hc sinh a ra l s dng kiu mng trong phn t mng s c kiu bn ghi .
V d v khai bo bn ghi .
Khai bo mt kiu bn ghi x l bng kt qu thi ca cc hc sinh . Mi bn ghi s bao gm : H v tn ca hc sinh (Hoten), ngy thng nm sinh(Ngaysinh), Gii tnh (NamNu), v im thi cc mn ca mi hc sinh (Toan, Ly, Hoa, Van, Su, Dia,Tin) . Hy xc nh kiu d liu cho cc trng trn (Mi ni dung trn l mt trng ca bn ghi) GV : Khi c nhu cu thay i thng tin trong tng trng, lm th no truy cp thng tin vo tng trng ca bn ghi ? Mi ngn ng c mt cch truy cp khc nhau nhng thng c vit l : <Tn bin bn ghi>.<tn trng> GV: a ra mt s v d .
GV: V bn ghi c nhiu trng nn vic gn gi tr cho bn ghi phc tp hn cc bin khc . Khi nhp thng tin vo t bn phm, ta thng phi nhp cho tng trng .
2. Gn gi tr
C 2 cch gn gi tr cho bn ghi . - Dng lnh gn trc tip : Nu A, B l hai bn ghi cng kiu ta c th gn gi tr ca A cho B bng cu lnh gn : Vd : B := A ; hoc A := B ; - Gn gi tr cho tng trng . Dng cu lnh gn gn gi tr cho cc trng hoc nhp t bn phm . A.Hoten := Nguyen Van Tuan ; Readln(a.Ngaysinh); Chng trnh x l bng kt qu thi.
V d : CHng trnh sau c vit trong ngn ng Pascal dng kiu bn ghi x l bng kt qu thi bao gm 2 mn Ton, Vn ca hc sinh , Sau khi nhp xong danh sch s a ra bng kt qu hc tp v xp loi (xem k u bi trong SGK) .
V d : Chng trnh sau c vit trong ngn ng Pascal dng kiu bn ghi x l bng kt qu thi bao gm 2 mn Ton, Vn ca hc sinh , Sau khi nhp xong danh sch s a ra bng kt qu hc tp v xp loi (xem k u bi trong SGK) . (* Kieu ban ghi xu ly bang ket qua thi 2 mon : Toan, Van *) Program Xeploai ; uses crt ;
Bi Quang T - 38 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Type Hocsinh = Record Ten : String[30] ; Ngaysinh : String[10] ; Diachi : String[50] ; toan, van : real ; Xeploai : Char ; End ; Var Lop : array[1..100] of Hocsinh ; i, n : Byte ; Tg : Real ; Begin Clrscr ; Write(' Cho biet so hoc sinh : ') ; Readln(n) ; For i := 1 to n do Begin Writeln(' Vao thong tin cho hoc sinh thu ',i,' : ') ; Write (' Ho ten : ') ; readln(Lop[i].ten) ; Write(' Ngay sinh : ') ; readln(Lop[i].Ngaysinh) ; Write(' Dia chi : ') ; readln(Lop[i].Diachi) ; Write(' Diem Toan : ') ; readln(Lop[i].toan) ; Write(' Diem Van ') ; readln(Lop[i].van) ; Tg := Lop[i].toan + Lop[i].van ; if Tg >= 18 then Lop[i].Xeploai := 'A' Else if Tg >= 14 then Lop[i].Xeploai := 'B' Else if Tg >= 10 then Lop[i].Xeploai := 'C' Else Lop[i].Xeploai := 'D' End ; Readln ; For i := 1 to n do Writeln(i : 4, Lop[i].ten : 30 , ' --- Loai : ', Lop[i].Xeploai); Readln ; End.
V. CNG C:
Nhc li mt s khi nim mi . Nhc li cu trc cu lnh v vic khai bo, truy cp n cc thnh phn ca bn ghi . Ra bi tp v nh .
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 22-02-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 35
Chn 5 g
TP V THAO TC VI TP
14. KIU D LIU TP 15. THAO TC VI TP

I. MC CH, YU CU : 1 Kin thc :
Hc sinh bit c vai tr ca kiu d liu tp . Hc sinh bit c c hai cch phn loi tp . Hc sinh bit khai bo bin tp v cc thao tc c bn i vi tp vn bn .
2 K nng :
Dn dn hnh thnh k nng v cc thao tc vi tp vn bn .
3 Thi :
Rn luyn cho hc sinh c thc lu tr d liu mt cch khoa hc, phng chng mt
mt thng tin hoc nhim virt .
II. PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN :

S dng thuyt trnh, ging gii, gi nu vn . Dng bng trong in sn hnh 16 trong SGK v chun b my chiu overhead .
III. NI DUNG :
NI DUNG HOT NG CA GIO VIN Hot ng 1 : t vn : Trong cc gi thc hnh hc, sau khi chy mt chng trnh ta thy kt qu in ln mn hnh, tuy nhin mun s dng kt qu v sau th khng c (n khng lu tr li lu di) => khc phc nhc im ny ta nghin cu d liu kiu tp . HOT NG CA HC SINH HS : Ch nghe ging .
14 : KIU D LIU TP
Hot ng 2 : Vai tr kiu tp : Cu hi 1 : Trong my tnh c nhng loi b nh no ? Loi b nh no khng b mt d liu khi tt my hoc mt in ? Cu hi 2 : Vy theo em th cc kiu d liu hc c lu tr b nh no ? D on xem d liu kiu tp c lu tr trn b nh no ? Cu hi 3 : B nh trong hay ngoi thng c dung lng ln hn ? GV : HS : Ln lt tr li tng cu hi 1 (Da vo kin thc hc lp 10) HS : Da vo phn t vn ca thy gio v cc cu tr li bn trn suy lun ri a ra cu tr li . HS : Da vo kin thc hc lp 10 tr li cu hi .
Cht li :
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Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
- D liu kiu tp c lu tr lu di b nh ngoi cho nn n khng b mt khi tt my hoc mt in . - Lng d liu lu tr trn tp c th rt ln v ch ph thuc vo dung lng a . Hot ng 3 : Phn loi tp v thao tc vi tp
* Phn loi tp :
GV : Gii thiu cho hc sinh bit c hai cch phn loi tp . ( Khng i hi hc sinh phi hiu cn k tng loi tp mt ) . Theo cch t chc d liu : + Tp vn bn . + Tp c cu trc . Theo cch thc truy cp : + Tp truy cp tun t . + Tp truy cp trc tip . Hot ng 4 : Chuyn tip sang bi 15 GV : C hai thao tc c bn i vi tp l ghi d liu vo tp v c d liu t tp ra . Ta xt xem trong Pascal cc thao tc c th hin nh th no i vi tp vn bn ? HS : Ch nghe ging . HS : Ch nghe ging v ghi chp bi .
15 : THAO TC VI TP
Hot ng 5 : Khai bo GV : Vit khai bo bin tp ln bng ri gii thch cc t kha, tn bin tp hc sinh hiu c . Var <tn bin tp> : Text ; Hot ng 6 : Thao tc vi tp : Hot ng 6.1 : Gn tn tp : GV : Gii thch cho hc sinh ti sao phi gn tn tp cho bin tp, ri a ra th tc : Assign (<tn bin tp> , <tn tp>) ; VD : gn tp KQ.TXT cho bin tp f : Assign(f,KQ.TXT); Hot ng 6.2 : M tp : GV : Ly VD v 2 tnh hung cn phi m v Tin hc 11 l : M ra ghi bi (ghi d liu) v m ra hc bi (c d liu) => 2 trng hp phi m tp . GV : Gii thiu hai th tc m tp : + M tp ghi d liu : Rewrite(<tn bin tp>); + M tp c d liu : Reset(<tn bin tp>); GV : Phi nhn mnh rng : Trc khi s dng hai th tc trn phi gn tn tp cho bin tp ng thi bin tp phi c khai bo t trc . GV : Yu cu hc sinh ly v d (khai bo bin tp, gn
Bi Quang T - 41 -
HS : Ly mt vi v d v khai bo bin tp vn bn . VD : Var t1,t2 : Text ;
HS : Mi hc sinh t ly mt vi v d v ghi vo v .
HS : Ch nghe ging v lin h vi bi hc .
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
tn tp cho bin tp, m tp) sau gi hai hc sinh ln trnh by . GV : C th ni thm hc sinh bit v trng hp c tn tp trn a v trng hp cha c tp hc sinh hiu thm .
HS : Mi hc sinh ly mt v d .
Hot ng 6.3 : c / ghi tp vn bn :

Cu hi : nhp d liu t bn phm v in d liu ln mn hnh ta c t dng th tc g ? GV : Gii thiu cc th tc c d liu t tp v ghi d liu vo tp . HS : Tr li cu hi .
* c d liu t tp :
Read(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch kt qu>); Hoc Readln(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch kt qu>);
* Ghi d liu vo tp :
Write(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch kt qu>); Hoc Writeln(<tn bin tp>,<danh sch kt qu>); GV : a ra v d trong SGK yu cu hc sinh vit cu lnh c d liu t tp v ghi d liu vo tp.
HS : Ghi cc th tc vo v v t so snh s khc nhau gia th tc nhp d liu t bn phm, in d liu ln mn hnh vi cc th tc c d liu t tp v ghi d liu vo tp .
* Mt s hm thng dng i vi tp vn bn
GV : Gii thiu hc sinh bit hai hm chun thng dng v ngha ca n .
HS : Vit cc cu lnh theo s gi ca gio vin .
+ +
Hm EOF(<tn bin tp>); Hm EOLN(<tn bin tp>);
Hot ng 6.4 : ng tp .
GV : a ra l do ca vic phi ng tp gio dc cho hc sinh thc bo mt, an ton thng tin . Close(<tn bin tp>); VD : Close(f); HS : T ly mt vi v d v th tc ng tp .
VI. CNG C:
Gi 1 hc sinh khi qut li vai tr ca kiu tp v phn loi tp . Hc sinh khi qut li cc thao tc phi thc hin khi c d liu t tp v ghi d liu vo tp (da vo hnh 16 - SGK ) . Cho hc sinh lm mt s bi tp trc nghim khch quan .
Bi Quang T
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Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 25-02-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 36
16. V D LM VIC VI TP
I. MC CH, YU CU :
Hiu v hnh thnh k nng v cc thao tc c bn khi lm vic vi tp nh : M tp . Gn tn tp cho bin tp . c / ghi d liu i vi tp . ng tp .
II.
Phng php gi m nu vn , phng php vn p, phng php thuyt trnh . Phng tin : Mt my tnh c TP v mt my chiu Project .
III. NI DUNG :
NI DUNG HOT NG CA GIO VIN Hot ng 1 : V d 1 : Hot ng 1.1 : HOT NG CA HC SINH
Tm hiu u bi .
HS : Phn tch bi ton, xc nh yu cu ca bi ton theo s hng dn ca gio vin .
GV : Chiu u bi ca bi ton ln mn hnh (bng Power Point) . GV : Nhc li cng thc tnh khong cch gia hai im khi bit ta ca chng . Hot ng 1.2 :
Tm hiu chng trnh

HS : Tm hiu chng trnh .
GV : Dng Power Point chiu chng trnh ( son trc) ln mn hnh (c nh ch s cc dng lnh) . GV : Gi mt vi hc sinh hi ngha ca tng cu lnh trong chng trnh . GV : Khi qut li c chng trnh hc sinh nm c sau chy chng trnh (tp TRAI.TXT c sn d liu t trc) . Hot ng 1.3 :
HS : Quan st kt qu khi chy chng trnh .
M rng bi ton :
HS : Ghi yu cu vo v v nh lm.
GV : C th b sung thm yu cu in ln mn hnh khong cch ca tri xa vi tri ca hiu trng nht . Hot ng 2 : V d 2 : Hot ng 2.1 :
Tm hiu bi ton
HS : c trn mn chiu v nghiu cu u bi .
GV : Chiu u bi v hnh 17 SGK ln mn hnh .
GV : Nhc li cng thc tnh in tr tng ng ca

Bi Quang T - 43 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
2 in tr mc ni tip v ca 2 in tr mc song . GV : Chun ha t c cng thc chnh xc .
song
HS : Cc nhm xy dng cng thc tnh in tr tng ng ca 5 trng hp theo hnh v . HS : Biu din cc biu thc bng ngn ng Pascal .
Hot ng 2.2 :
Xy dng chng trnh :
GV : Gi tng hc sinh xy dng chng trnh theo tng bc 1 (c gi khi hc sinh vng mc) . + Khai bo . + Gn tn tp cho bin tp . + c d liu t tp . + Tnh cc in tr tng ng . + Ghi vo tp . + ng tp . GV : Chnh xc v ti u ha chng trnh .
HS : Suy ngh v tr li cu hi theo yu cu ca gio vin .
Chy chng trnh trn TP .
IV.
CNG C:
Gio vin nhc li cc thao tc khi lm vic vi tp cng vi cc th tc ca n .
Bi Quang T
- 44 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 02-03-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 38.39
Chn 6 g
I. MC CH, YU CU :
1 Kin thc :
CHNG TRNH CON v LP TRNH C CU TRC
17. CHNG TRNH CON V PHN LOI
Nm c khi nim chng trnh con S khc bit c bn gia hm v th tc . Phn bit im ging v khc nhau v cu trc ca chng trnh v chng trnh con . Bit c mi quan h gia tham s hnh thc v tham s thc s . Bin cc b : Cch khai bo v phm vi s dng .
2 K nng :
Cha i hi phi c k nng c th .
3 Thi :
Tip tc rn luyn phm cht ca ngi lp trnh nh tinh thn hp tc, sn sng lm vic theo nhm .
II.
Phng php gi m nu vn , phng php hi p, phng php thuyt trnh . My chiu Over head, giy trong .
III. NI DUNG :
NI DUNG HOT NG CA GIO VIN Hot ng 1 : Khi nim chng trnh con : Hot ng 1.1 : HOT NG CA HC SINH
t vn :
HS : Nu thut ton ca bi ton .
GV : a ra bi ton tnh tng 4 ly tha trong SGK. GV : Chiu bng my chiu Over head chng trnh ca bi ton trn (cha s dng chng trnh con) . Cu hi 1 : Trong chng trnh trn c nhng khi lnh no c vit tng t nhau . GV : Dn dt hc sinh hnh thnh t duy v lp trnh c cu trc v i n khi nim chng trnh con : Khi nim : Chng trnh con l mt dy lnh m
HS : Quan st chng trnh v tr li cu hi .
t mt s thao tc nht nh v c th c thc hin t nhiu v tr trong chng trnh .

Hot ng 2 : Phn loi v cu trc ca
Bi Quang T
HS : Ghi khi nim vo v .
- 45 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
chng trnh con :

Hot ng 2.1 :
Phn loi :
HS : Da vo gi ca thy gio, t duy nhn thy c hm chun th tr v mt gi tr no , cn th tc chun th khng tr v mt gi tr no c qua tn ca n .
GV : a ra mt s hm v mt s th tc chun hc ri gip hc sinh nhn thy c s khc bit ln nht gia hm v th tc => phn loi chng trnh con .
Hm (Function) l chng trnh con thc hin
mt s thao tc no v tr v mt gi tr qua tn ca n . Th tc (Procedure) l chng trnh con thc hin mt s thao tc no nhng khng tr v mt gi tr no qua tn ca n . Hot ng 2.2 :
HS : Ghi khi nim hm v th tc vo v .
Cu trc chng trnh con:

HS : Tr li cu hi .
Cu hi 2 : Trnh by cu trc ca mt chng trnh. GV : Dng my Over head chiu cu trc ca chng trnh con ln mn chiu . Cu hi 3 : Cu trc ca chng trnh con c g ging v khc cu trc ca mt chng trnh ? GV : Chnh xc ha kin thc .
HS : Suy ngh v tr li cu hi .
Tham s hnh thc, bin cc b v bin ton cc :

Hot ng 2.3 : GV : Ch a ra cho hc sinh bit c tham s hnh thc l g ? N ng vai tr g ? Bin cc b v bin ton cc l g, c khai bo u, phm vi hot ng ca n ch khng i su gii thch cn k cho hc sinh . Hot ng 2.4 : HS : Ch nghe ging .
Thc hin chng trnh con
GV : Gii thch hc sinh thy c chng trnh con ch c th thc hin khi c li gi n, ng thi cng ch ra tham s thc s l g ? C th ly VD v li gi hm chun hoc th tc chun minh ha .
IV.
CNG C:
dng chng trnh c cu trc .
Gio vin khi qut li khi nim chng trnh con v nhn mnh cho hc sinh v thc xy
Bi Quang T
- 46 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
17. CHNG TRNH CON V PHN LOI(TT) I. MC CH, YU CU :

Hc sinh cn bit : Chng trnh con (CTC) thc cht l mt khi lnh (tp hp cc lnh) nhm gii quyt mt bi ton con gp phn gii quyt mt bi ton ln hn bng mt chng trnh . Khi vit nhng chng trnh di, phc tp, vic s dng chng trnh con l ht sc cn thit . S khc nhau c bn gia hai loi chng trnh con thng gp trong cc ngn ng lp trnh . S ging v khc nhau v cu trc gia chng trnh v chng trnh con . Mi quan h gia tham s hnh thc v tham s thc s vi chng trnh con v li gi chng trnh con . ngha ca bin cc b c khai bo trong mt chng trnh con .
II.
My chiu Projestor . Mt s bi v chng trnh con : Tinh_tong, Tinh_tong2 (c s dng chng trnh con ) .
III. NI DUNG TIT DY :

A. T chc lp : n nh v kim tra s s . B. Kim tra bi c : khng kim tra . C. Tin trnh tit dy :
NI DUNG HOT NG CA GIO VIN V : Cc chng trnh gii cc bi ton phc tp thng rt di, c th gm rt nhiu lnh . Khi c nhng chng trnh di, rt kh nhn bit c chng trnh thc hin cc cng vic g v hiu chnh chng trnh cng kh khn . Vy phi cu to chng trnh nh th no cho chng trnh d c, d hiu chnh nng cp . Trong chng ny ta s nghin cu mt vn mi l CTC . Vy CTC l g ? Cch vit, cch s dng chng nh th no ? Ghi u bi v phn 1 . HOT NG CA HC SINH Nghe ging .
1 Khi nim chng trnh con

Xt bi ton tnh tng 4 ly tha: trnh chiu slide 1
Tluythua = an + bm + cp + dq
Cht li : c th giao cho 4 ngi, mi ngi thc hin mt bi . Trnh chiu slide 2 : Phn tch vi mi bi ton phc tp ta c th chia thnh cc bi ton con . Mi bi ton con c th chia thnh cc bi ton con nh hn . y l cch thit k t trn xung . -
Tho lun theo nhm (4 HS / 1nhm 2 bn lin nhau) trong thi gian 3 pht v 1 em trnh by cch lm ca nhm mnh . Cc nhm khc nhn xt . Nghe ging .
Bi Quang T
- 47 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Trnh chiu slide 3 : Phn tch, gii cc bi ton trn my tnh c th phn chia chng trnh thnh cc khi (Module), mi khi bao gm cc lnh gii mt bi ton con no . Chng trnh chnh s c xy dng t cc CTC ny .
+
-
Chng trnh con l g ?

Nhn mnh khi nim CTC v ghi bng ? + + Mt HS c trc lp . Mt HS khc pht biu li, cc hc sinh t ghi vo v . c c nhn on chng trnh (c bit phn i mu) trong 5 pht v nu nhn xt v on chng trnh . Mt s HS nhn xt v cu tr li ca bn . Nghe ging .
V d : (Trnh chiu slide
4) Hy nu nhn xt v on chng trnh bi en . -
Nhn mnh trong on ny c 4 on lnh tng t nhau dn n chng trnh di v kh theo di. x l vn ny cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao cung cp kh nng xy dng cc CTC dng tng qut i din cho nhiu on lnh tng t nhau . Trnh chiu slide 5 : Phn tch thay v phi nh nhiu on lnh ta ch cn nh 1 on v gi CTC nhiu ln . (s dng slide 6)
Li ch ca vic s dng CTC : ghi bng tng li ch ri ly v d

phn tch . (trnh chiu slide 7)
+ + + +
+
Trnh c vic phi vit lp i lp li mt dy lnh no . V d bi ly tha . H tr vic thc hin cc chng trnh ln . V d qun l im hc sinh . Phc v cho qu trnh tru tng ha . V d : Khi s dng cc hm ton hc ta khng cn xem n c xy dng nh th no . M rng kh nng ngn ng . V d : Trong bi ton ly tha ta xy dng thm CTC ly tha . Thun tin cho pht trin, nng cp chng trnh.
Nghe v t ghi bi .
2 Phn loi v cu trc ca chng trnh con

c c nhn phn ny trong 5 pht v tr li cc cu hi : Hm l g ? Th tc l g ? S khc nhau c bn gia hm v th tc l g ?
Cc hc sinh khc nhn xt v b sung cu tr li .

- 48 -
Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
a> Phn loi Nhn xt v ghi bng v hm v th tc (khng ghi s khc nhau c bn) . -
T ghi .
L CTC Hm Thc hin mt s thao tc no Tr v gi tr qua tn hm L CTC Th tc Thc hin mt s thao tc no

Nghe ging v t ghi bi .
Pht biu, nhn xt . T ghi .
b> Cu trc CTC CTC c cu trc tng t nh chng trnh chnh . Hy nu cu trc ca chng trnh chnh . - Ghi bng cu trc chng trnh chnh . Ghi bn cu trc CTC bn cnh . - Ging phn khai bo, phn thn .
* Tham s hnh thc :

Ghi bng : Tham s hnh bin c khai bo cho CTC . Bin cc b l cc bin chng trnh con . Bin ton cc l bin c trnh chnh . thc ca CTC l cc d liu vo ra ca c khai bo trong khai bo trong chng c c nhn phn ny trong thi gian 4 pht v tr li cc cu hi : Cch gi chng trnh con ? Tham s thc s l g ? Tr li cu hi v nhn xt . T ghi bi .
V d : (s dng slide 8) Trong chng trnh con luythua(x,k) th x, k l tham s hnh thc v j l bin cc b . Ch : Mt chng trnh con thng c th c hoc khng c tham s hnh thc, cng nh bin cc b . c> Thc hin chng trnh con * Tham s thc s .
D. Cng c : + +
Tho lun theo nhm . BT1. Thi gian 2 pht : Tr li trc lp . Cc nhm khc nhn xt, gp . Cho im . BT2. Thi gian 6 pht : + Tr li trc lp . Cc nhm khc nhn xt, gp . + Cho im .
E. Khi qut : Trnh chiu cc ni dung hc .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Bi Quang T
Khi nim chng trnh con v li ch ca chng trnh con . Phn loi : Hm v th tc . Cu trc ca chng trnh con . Tham s hnh thc, tham s thc s v cch gi CTC . Bin ton cc, bin cc b .
- 49 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 07-03-2009 Lp dy: khi 11
Tit CT: 40
18. V D V CCH VIT V S DNG CHNG TRNH CON I. MC CH, YU CU :

1 Kin thc :
Hc sinh bit c cu trc ca mt th tc . Hiu c mi lin h gia chng trnh v th tc . Phn bit c tham tr v tham bin . Phn bit c tham s hnh thc v tham s thc s . Phn bit c bin cc b v bin ton cc .
2 K nng :
Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong phn u ca th tc .
Nhn bit c hai loi tham s trong phn u ca th tc . Nhn bit c li gi ca th tc chng trnh chnh cng vi tham s thc s .
3 Thi :
Tip tc rn luyn phm cht ca ngi lp trnh nh tinh thn hp tc, sn sng lm vic theo nhm .
II.
Gio vin thuyt trnh, t cu hi cho Hc sinh, Hc sinh nghe ging, tr li cu hi ca gio vin, lm cc bi tp . Chun b my chiu Project v nh sn cc chng trnh ca VD1 v VD2 .
III. TiN TRNH LP HC

1. 2. n nh lp : Kim tra bi c :
Cu hi 1 : Chng trnh con c nhng loi no ? Cu trc ca mt chng trnh con ? Cu hi 2 : Vit chng trnh v ln mn hnh Hnh ch nht c dng :
+ +
******** * * ******** 3 . Bi mi :
NI DUNG HOT NG CA GIO VIN Hot ng 1 : HOT NG CA HC SINH
t vn :
HS : Ch nghe ging .
GV : Ta thy chng trnh trn bng mi v c 1 hnh ch nht, nu mun v 3 hnh ch nht th 3 cu lnh Writeln trn phi lp i lp li 3 ln chng trnh s tr nn rt di khc phc nhc im ny ta nn s dng th tc . Hot ng 2 : Tm hiu chng trnh GV : Chiu chng trnh bng my chiu Project sau gii thiu sau cho hc sinh tng cu lnh mt
Bi Quang T
- 50 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
hc sinh thy + + +
c : Tn th tc . Thn ca th tc . Li gi th tc . + Hot ng ca chng trnh . Cu hi 1 : Nu ta mun v 4 hnh ch nht th ta phi sa chng trnh trn nh th no ? Hot ng 3 : Cu trc ca th tc : GV : Chiu ln mn hnh cu trc ca th tc . Cu hi 2 : Chng trnh con Ve_hcn trn khuyt phn no so vi cu trc ca th tc ni chung ? GV : Tng qut li cc phn ca th tc, phn no nht thit phi c, phn no c th c hoc khng c . Ch : Gio vin cn nhn mnh mt s im hc sinh nm c : + Kt thc th tc sau t kha End l du ; . + Th tc phi c khai bo trong phn khai bo ca chng trnh chnh . Hot ng 4 : V d 1 (V hnh ch nht c s dng tham s) Hot ng 4.1 : t vn : GV : t vn nh trong SGK trnh by i n cn phi s dng 2 tham s di v rng . Hot ng 4.2 : Xy dng chng trnh con : GV : Hng dn hc sinh chia nh yu cu hc sinh c th vit cc cu lnh tng ng : + V cnh trn cng . + V rong-2 cnh gia . + V cnh di cng . GV : Chnh xc ha th tc ri chiu ton b chng trnh hc sinh theo di . Cu hi 3 : Hy ch ra cc li gi th tc trong chng trnh trn ? GV : T cc li gi th tc gio vin a hc sinh nhn bit c tham s gi tr, i n khi nim v cch khai bo tham bin v tham tr . Hot ng 4.2 : V d 2 (Hon i) GV : Chiu yu cu ca u bi v hng dn hc sinh i n thut ton hon i . GV : Chiu chng trnh ln mn hnh hc sinh theo di . Chy chng trnh . GV : Phi lm sao cho hc sinh nhn thy c hot ng ca tham s bin .
HS : Quan st, theo di chng trnh v lng nghe gio vin gii thiu . HS : Suy ngh, tr li cu hi . HS : Theo di trn mn chiu v ghi vo v . HS : Quan st v tr li cu hi .
HS : Vit cc cu lnh theo s hng dn ca gio vin .
HS : Quan st chng trnh trn mn chiu . HS : Tr li cu hi . HS : Nghe ging v ghi khi nim tham tr v tham bin vo v .
HS : Theo di, nghin cu u bi v tm hiu thut ton hon i theo s hng dn ca gio vin .
GV : Yu cu hc sinh v nh tm hiu chng trnh trong SGK (trang 102) v gii thch kt qu ?
M rng v d
HS : Quan st kt qu khi chy chng trnh .
Bi Quang T
- 51 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
IV. CNG C:
Gio vin yu cu hc sinh nhc li cu trc ca th tc, tha s hnh thc, tham s thc s, bin ca b, bin ton cc, tham s gi tr, tham s bin .
18. V D V CCH VIT V S DNG CHNG TRNH CON(TT) I. MC CH, YU CU :

Hc sinh cn nm c s ging nhau v khc nhau gia th tc v hm . Hc sinh c k nng nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u hm . Nhn bit c cu lnh s dng hm trong chng trnh chnh cng cc tham s thc s .
II.
Gio vin thuyt trnh, t cu hi cho Hc sinh, Hc sinh nghe ging, tr li cu hi ca gio vin, lm cc bi tp . Chun b bng ph nu s ging nhau v khc nhau gia th tc v hm, cch vit u hm, 2 chng trnh ca hai v d trong bi .
III. NI DUNG :
NI DUNG BI GING HOT NG CA GIO VIN HOT NG CA HC SINH
Hot ng 1 : Kim tra bi c : Cu hi : Nu s khc nhau gia tham s gi tr v tham s bin (khi khai bo v khi thay th bi tham s thc s) GV : Nu cu hi, gi hc sinh ln bng tr li . GV : Gi mt hc sinh khc nhn xt v b xung . GV : Nhn xt, cho im . Bi mi : HS : Ln bng tr li HS : Nhn xt, b sung .
Bi 3 : Cch vit v s dng hm

Hot ng 2 : Dn dt : gi trc chng ta c hc cch vit v s dng th tc, hm nay chng ta cng nghin cu cch vit v s dng hm. Cng nh th tc, hm l chng trnh con . im kah1c nhau gia th tc v hm l ch hm lun cho mt gi tr kt qu thuc kiu xc nh v gi tr c gn cho tn hm, kiu ca hm phi c khai bo trong u ca hm . Vy cch khai bo nh th no chng ta vo bi mi .
Cch vit u hm :
GV : a ra cc vit u hm vit sn trn giy to, gii thch cho hc sinh hiu cc khi nim : tn hm, danh sch tham s, kiu ca hm .
Bi Quang T
- 52 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Function <tn hm>([<DS tham s>]):<kiu d HS : quan st, nghe ging, ghi chp .
liu>; GV : Gi mt hc sinh nu s ging nhau v khc nhau gia hm v th tc . GV : Gi mt hc sinh khc nhn xt, b sung ri kt lun (c trnh by trong bng ph) . => Do hm lun tr v mt gi tr qua tn ca n cho nn trong thn hm cn c lnh gn gi tr cho tn hm : <tn hm> := <biu thc>; Hot ng 3 : VD 1 : Chng trnh thc hin gin c mt phn s trong c s dng hm tnh c s chung ln nht (USCLN) ca 2 s nguyn ( c vit sn trn kh giy ln) GV : a ra chng trnh hc sinh theo di ( c vit sn trn kh giy ln) . GV : Hy k tn cc bin cc b, bin ton cc, tham s hnh thc, tham s thc s trong chng trnh trn ? GV : Gii thch tng cu lnh v a nhn mnh nhng im khc vi th tc (phn u hm, cu lnh tr gi tr cho tn hm, li gi hm) . Hot ng 3 : VD2 : Chng trnh xc nh s nh nht trong 3 s nhp t bn phm, trong c s dng hm tm s nh nht trong hai s . GV : a ra chng trnh ( c vit sn trong bng ph) . GV : Gii thch tng cu lnh trong ch v trng hp li gi hm tham gia vo li gi hm khc v ng vai tr l mt tham s thc s . HS : Theo di vo chng trnh, ghi chp theo hiu . HS : Quan st chng trnh v tr li cu hi . HS : Tr li .
IV. CNG C:
Gio vin nhc li cu trc ca mt hm, nhn mnh im khc bit so vi th tc . Cho hc sinh lm mt s bi tp trc nghim khch quan .
Bi Quang T
- 53 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Ngy son: 13/04/2008 Tit CT: 48-49
Bi 19 TH VIN CHNG TRNH CON CHUN
I. MC TIU 1 Kin thc :

Bit c mt s th vin chng trnh con :
2 K nng :
Bc u s dng c cc th vin trong lp trnh . Khi ng c ch ha . S dng c cc th tc v im, ng, hnh trn, hnh ellipse, hnh ch nht .
II.
DNG DY HC :
1 Chun b ca gio vin
My chiu Projector gii thiu v d .
2 Chun b ca hc sinh
Sch gio khoa .
III. HOT NG DY -- HC :
1. Hot ng 1 : Tm hiu th vin CRT .
a. Mc tiu : - Hc sinh bit c mt s chng trnh con chun trong th vin . b. Ni dung : - Th vin CRT cha cc th tc lin quan n vic qun l v khai thc mn hnh v bn phm . - Th tc Clrscr : xa mn hnh . - Th tc Textcolor(c) : t mu cho ch trn mn hnh, trong c l hng hoc bin c gi tr nguyn khng m xc nh mu . - Th tc Textbackground(c) : t mu cho nn ca mn hnh . - Th tc Gotoxy(x,y) : a con tr n v tr ct x dng y ca mn hnh vn bn . c. Cc bc tin hnh HOT NG CA GIO VIN 1. tc Clrscr . Tm hiu th -
HOT NG CA HC SINH
1. gio khoa : Tham kho sch
Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu SGK, k tn cc chng trnh con trong th vin CRT . Chiu chng trnh sau : Begin
Bi Quang T
Clrscr, textcolor, textbackground, gotoxy Quan st chng trnh .
- 54 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Clrscr; Readln; End. Bin dch chng trnh . Hi : Ti sao xut hin li ? Khc phc nh th no ? Thm Uses CRT; vo u chng trnh v thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy c kt qu. Ch cho hc sinh ghi nh mn hnh trc lc thc hin chng trnh ny . Hi : Chc nng ca th tc Clrscr ;
V s dng th tc nhng cha s dng th vin CRT . Thm lnh Uses CRT; Quan st gio vin thc hin chng trnh Xa mn hnh
Quan st chng trnh
2. Tm hiu th tc textcolor
Chiu chng trnh v d : Uses CRT; Begin Write(Chua dat mau chu); Textcolor(4); Write(Da dat mau chu la do); Readln; End.
Quan st kt qu chng trnh t mu ch thnh mu .
Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu Hi : Chc nng ca lnh textcolor(4);
Quan st chng trnh
3.Tm hiu Textbackground.

-
th
tc
Chiu chng trnh v d : Uses CRT; Begin Textbackground(1); Writeln(Da dat lai mau nen); Readln; End.
Quan st kt qu chng trnh t mu ch nn thnh mu xanh da tri
Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu. Hi : Chc nng ca lnh textbackground(1);
Quan st chng trnh
4. Tm hiu th tc gotoxy.
Chiu chng trnh v d : Uses CRT; Begin Writeln(Con tro dang dung o cot 10 dong 20); Gotoxy(10,20); Readln; End. Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu . Hi : Chc nng ca lnh
Bi Quang T - 55 -
Quan st kt qu chng trnh a con tr v v tr ct 10 dng 20 .
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
gotoxy(10,20);
2.
Hot ng 2 : Tm hiu th vin Graph ca ngn ng lp trnh
Pascal.
a. Mc tiu : b. Ni dung : - Th vin Graph cha cc chng trnh con phc v khai thc kh nng ha ca
Hc sinh bit c cch khi ng v thot ch ha .
+ +
+
+
my tnh mc thng dng nh v im, ng, t mu Cc thit b v chng trnh h tr ha : C hai ch mn hnh : ha v vn bn . Bng mch iu khin mn hnh l thit b m bo tng tc gia b x l v mn hnh thc hin cc ch phn gii v mu sc . Turbo Pascal cung cp cc chng trnh iu khin (c phn m rng l BGI) tng ng vi cc loi card ha . Khi khi ng ch ha cn ch ra ng dn n chng trnh ny . Ta mn hnh ha c nh s t 0 . Ct c nh s t tri qua phi, dng c nh s t trn xung di . Gi tr ln nht ca ta dng v ta ct c gi l phn gii ca mn hnh . thc hin c chc nng ha cn s dng cc th tc v hm trong th vin Graph . - Khi ng ch ha : Initgraph(dr,md:integer;pth:string); dr : l s hiu ca trnh iu khin BGI . md : l s hiu ca phn gii . pth : l ng dn ti cc tp BGI . - Kt thc ch ha tr v ch vn bn : Closegraph;
c. Cc bc tin hnh :
HOT NG CA GIO VIN

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu SGK tr li cc cu hi : Hi : Cc dng d liu no c th c hin th trn mn hnh ? Hi : Nhim v chnh ca Card mn hnh ? Hi : Khi ni mn hnh c phn gii 640 x 480 l ni n iu g ?
HOT NG CA HC SINH
1. tr li . Tham kho SGK
Vn bn v hnh nh .
Lm cu ni gia CPU v mn hnh khi th hin thng tin . L ni n mn hnh c 640 dng v 480 ct . 2. Quan st v theo di dn dt ca gio vin .
2.
a ra cu trc chung ca th tc khi ng ha . Initgraph(dr, md : integer ; pth : string) ; Gii thch cc thng s trong th tc cho hc sinh . Cho hc sinh thy mt v d khi ha .
Quan st gio vin thc hin .
3. Gii thiu th tc tr v ch vn bn Closegraph; - Yu cu khi ng ch ha v chuyn v ch vn bn .

Bi Quang T
3. Quan st v so snh gia hai ch vn bn v ha . Thay phin nhau

- 56 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
thc hin vic chuyn i gia hai ch vn bn v ha
3. Hot ng 3 : Tm hiu cc th tc v im, ng v cc hnh c bn .

a. Mc tiu :
Hc sinh bit c cc th tc v im, ng v cc hnh c bn . Bit c tn th tc, cc tham s v chc nng ca tng th tc . Putpixel(x,y:integer;color:word); Line(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); Lineto(x,y:integer); Linerel(dx,dy:integer); V hnh trn : Circle(x,y:integer;r:word); V hnh elip : Ellipse(x,y:integer;stangle,endangle,xr,yr:word); V hnh ch nht : Rectang(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); t mu cho nt v : Setcolor(word);
b. Ni dung : - V im : - V ng thng : c. Cc bc tin hnh
HOT NG CA GIO VIN

1. Putpixel Tm hiu th tc
HOT NG CA HC SINH
1. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi . Quan st chng trnh .
Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc : Putpixel(x,y:integer;color:word); Chiu chng trnh v d .
Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu . Hi : Chc nng ca th tc Putpixel 2. line Tm hiu th tc
Uses graph Begin Drive:=0; Initgraph(drive, mode ,c:\Tp\BGI); Putpixel(12,40,15); Readln; End.
Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh .
V mt im c mu Color trn mn hnh ti ta (x,y) . 2. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi . Quan st chng trnh . Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh .
Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc : Line(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); Chiu chng trnh v d trn nhng thay lnh Putpixel(12,40,15); bng lnh line(1,1,20,20); Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu . Hi : Chc nng ca th tc Line 3. Tm hiu th tc Lineto Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc : Lineto(x,y:integer);
V mt on thng t im c ta (x1,y1) n im c ta (x2,y2) . 3. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi . Quan st chng trnh .
Bi Quang T
- 57 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
Chiu chng trnh v d trn nhng thay lnh Putpixel(12,40,15); bng lnh Lineto(20,20); Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu . Hi : Chc nng ca th tc Lineto 4. Tm hiu th tc Linerel Chiu cu trc chung ca th tc Linerel(dx,dy:integer); Hi : Chc nng ca th tc Linerel
V mt on thng t im hin ti n im c ta (x,y) . 4. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi .
V on thng ni im hin ti vi im c ta bng ta im hin ti cng vi dx,dy
5. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi . 5. Tm hiu Rectangle . th tc Circle, Ellipse,
Chiu cu trc chung ca cc th tc : Circle(x,y:integer;r:word); Ellipse(x,y:integer;stangle,endangle, xr,yr:word); Rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2:integer); Chiu chng trnh v d Uses graph Begin Drive := 0; Initgraph(drive,mode,c:\Tp\BGI); Circle(12,40,30); Ellipse(50,50,30,120,50,100:word); Rectangle(100,100,200,200); Readln; End. Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu . Hi : Chc nng ca cc th tc Circle, Ellipse, Rectangle .
Quan st chng trnh .
Circle : v mt ng trn c tm ti (x,y) v bn knh r . + Ellipse : v cung ca Ellipse c tm ti im x,y vi bn knh trc xr,yr, t gc khi u stangle n gc kt thc endangle . 6. Quan st cu trc chung v suy ngh tr li cu hi .
6. Tm hiu th tc Setcolor Chiu cu trc chung ca cc th tc : Setcolor(m:word); Chiu chng trnh v d : Uses graph Begin Drive:=0; Initgraph(drive,mode,c:\Tp\BGI); Circle(12,40,100); Setcolor(4); Circle(12,40,200); Readln; End. Thc hin chng trnh hc sinh thy kt qu . Hi : Chc nng ca th tc setcolor
Quan st chng trnh
Quan st kt qu ca chng trnh Setcolor (m:word) : t mu cho nt v vi mu c s hiu m .
Bi Quang T
- 58 -
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
4. Hot ng 4 : Tm hiu mt s th vin khc
a. Mc tiu - Hc sinh bit c tn v chc nng ca th vin : System, Dos, Printer . b. Ni dung : - Th vin System cha cc hm s cp v cc th tc vo/ra m cc chng trnh u dng ti . - Th vin Dos cha cc th tc cho php thc hin trc tip cc lnh nh to th mc, thit lp ngy, gi h thng . - Th vin Printer cung cp cc th tc lm vic vi my in . c. Cc bc tin hnh :
HOT NG CA GIO VIN

1. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu SGK, nu tn cc th vin . 2. Yu cu hc sinh nu chc nng ca mi th vin .
HOT NG CA HC SINH
1. Cc th vin : System, Dos, Printer . 2. Chc nng mi th vin : - System : cha cc hm v th tc vo/ra s cp . - Dos : cha cc th tc nh to th mc, ng m file - Printer : cha cc th tc lin quan n my in .
5. Hot ng 5 : Rn luyn k nng lp trnh .
a. Mc tiu : - Bc u hc sinh s dng c cc th tc ca th vin graph vit chng trnh v mt s hnh c bn . b. Ni dung : - Vit chng trnh v 20 hnh trn lng nhau c ta tm l im chnh gia ca mn hnh, cc hnh c bn knh cch nhau 5 im nh . c. Cc bc tin hnh :
HOT NG CA GIO VIN

1. Gii thiu ni dung yu cu ln bng . nh hng cch gii quyt vn cho hc sinh - Th tc v c mt hnh trn c tm l im chnh gia mn hnh . - Cn bao nhiu lnh nh vy, dng cu trc no iu khin . 2. Chia lp lm 03 nhm, 01 nhm vit chng trnh trn my, 02 nhm vit ln ba trong . - Thu phiu tr li . Chiu ln bng, gi hc sinh nhm khc nhn xt nh gi . Sa chng trnh hon chnh cho hc sinh vit trn my . 3. Thc hin chng trnh trn my hc sinh thy kt qu .
HOT NG CA HC SINH
1. Quan st yu cu ca gio vin . Circle(x,y : integer ; r : word) ; Cn 20 lnh, nn dng cu trc For chng trnh ngn gn . 2. Tho lun theo nhm vit chng trnh ln giy ba trong . Bo co kt qu vit c . Nhn xt, nh gi v b sung thiu st ca cc nhm khc .
3. Quan st kt qu trn mn hnh
IV. NH GI CUI BI
1. Nhng ni dung hc : - Th vin chng trnh con cung cp nhng chng trnh con chun nhm m rng kh
nng ng dng . - Khi ng ch ha . Chuyn t ch mn hnh ha sang ch mn hnh vn bn . - Th tc v im, ng, hnh c bn : hnh trn, hnh ch nht, hnh ellipse .
2. Cu hi v bi tp v nh :
-
c bi c thm 4 : m thanh, sch gio khoa, trang 118 .

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Bi Quang T
Gio n Tin hc 11
THPT Trn Ph k Lk
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Bi Quang T
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Giao An Tin Hoc 11 CA Nam

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Giao An Tin Hoc 11 CA Nam

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Gio n Tin hc 11

II. PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

IV. NI DUNG BI GING:

GV: t cu hi 1: Em hy cho bit cc bc

Chng trnh vit bng ngn ng my c th

Chng trnh dch c 2 loi: Bin dch v thng dch

2 CC THNH PHN CA NGN NG LP TRNH

II. PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

IV. NI DUNG BI GING:

CHNG TRNH N GIN 3 CU TRC CHNG TRNH

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

IV. NI DUNG BI GING:

3. V d chng trnh n gin

MT S KIU D LIU CHUN

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

IV. NI DUNG BI GING:

V d: Trong bng m ASCII, cc k t trong

Ngy son: 05/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

Nhc li mt s khi nim mi. Cho bi tp v nh

6. PHP TON, BIU THC, CU LNH GN

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC:

4. Biu thc quan h

5. Biu thc logic

Biu thc iu kin 0 d X d 5 c vit nh sau: (x >= 0) and (x <= 5)

Ngy son: 10/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2

7. CC TH TC CHUN VO/RA N GIN

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC: LU S PHM :

IV. NI DUNG BI GING:

1. Nhp d liu t bn phm

- a d liu ra mn hnh ti v tr con tr,

8. SON THO, DCH, THC HIN V HIU CHNH CHNG TRNH

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC :

Mn hnh lm vic ngn ng Pascal c dng nh sau:

Ngy son: 10/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2

BI TP & THC HNH

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC :

NI DUNG BI TP & THC HNH :

Hot ng ca Gio vin v Hc sinh

Ton b bi tp trong SGK

Ngy son: 10/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC: LU S PHM :

1. Khi nim r nhnh

GV : a ra v d ri cng hc sinh tho lun phng php gii quyt bi ton.

Kim tra >=0

- Hoc c th ni : Nu < 0 th phng trnh

GV : Lu cc em sau Then v sau Else ch c mt lnh chng trnh.

Ngy son: 19/10/2008 Lp dy: 11A3,7,8,9,B1,B2

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN DY HC :

Bi ton 2 : Tnh Tng

1 1 1 1 + + + ... + + ... a a +1 a + 2 a+N 1 < 0.0001 Vi iu kin a +N

2. Lp c s ln bit trc v cu lnh for do

3. Lp vi s ln cha bit trc v cu lnh while do

Ngy son: 02-01-2009 Lp dy: khi 11

Tit CT: 18.19.20

KIU D LIU C CU TRC 11. KIU MNG

PHNG PHP, PHNG TIN :

Cn cho hc sinh thy cn phi c mt kiu d liu mi, ch li ca kiu d liu , c th

IV. NI DUNG BI GING :

Trong lp trnh thng mng : - Mng mt chiu . - Mng hai chiu .

1. Kiu mng mt chiu

Vi mng mt chiu ta quan tm n :

a> Khai bo mng mt chiu