ng Kch Mnh

Tc phm ng cch mnh c gi tr l lun v thc tin su sc. L lun ca tc phm khng sch v m vch ra l lun cch mng Vit Nam thit thc, tri thc l lun cch mng Vit Nam c hin din trong tc phm rt mcxt nhng cng rt Vit Nam, d hiu, d tip thu, kt hp rt ti tnh phng php lch s v lgch. Dng lch s ni l lun, t Cch mng Php n Cch mng Nga v kt lun Cch mng Nga, ri ly l lun soi sng thc tin Vit Nam, v kt lun: Ch c cch mng v sn mi gii phng c dn tc. I- Hon cnh ra i ca tc phm 1. Th gii Ch ngha Mc - Lnin l s tip ni v pht trin nhng t tng gii phng con ngi ca nhn loi. N tr thnh v kh t tng ca giai cp v sn u tranh chng ch ngha t bn v xy dng x hi mi - x hi ch ngha v cng sn ch ngha. c hc thuyt khoa hc v cch mng soi ng, phong tro u tranh ca giai cp v sn cc nc trn th gii pht trin mnh m, dn n s ra i ca cc ng Cng sn nh: ng x hi - dn ch Nga c thnh lp (1903); ng Cng sn Php c thnh lp (1920); ng Cng sn Trung Quc ra i (1921)... Nm 1917, ng Cng sn Bnsvch Nga lnh o cuc Cch mng Thng Mi Nga thnh cng. Cch mng Thng Mi Nga l bng chng khng nh gi tr thc tin ca ch ngha Mc - Lnin, ng thi cng bo hiu thi k u tranh ginh thng li ca giai cp v sn th gii bt u. Nm 1919, Quc t III - B Tham mu ca phong tro cng sn v cng nhn quc t c thnh lp. Quc t III quan tm n cch mng thuc a. Bn S tho ln th nht lun cng v vn dn tc v vn thuc a ca Lnin tc ng trc tip n phong tro gii phng dn tc cc thuc a. i vi Nguyn i Quc, S tho ln th nht lun cng v vn dn tc v vn thuc a ca Lnin l bc tin nhy vt v dt khot trong nhn thc t tng ca Ngi. Ngi quyt nh chn ch ngha Mc - Lnin lm h t tng cu nc. Nh vy, thi i m ra iu kin mi - c t tng chnh tr v c t chc cho vic thnh lp ng Cng sn cc nc. Chnh thi i cng dn dt phong tro cch mng cc dn tc trn th gii i vo qu o chung ca cch mng v sn. 2. Vit Nam c im ni bt ca Vit Nam cui th k XIX u th k XX l mt nc thuc a na phong kin. X hi Vit Nam lc c hai mu thun c bn l: gia ton th dn tc Vit Nam vi thc dn Php xm lc v gia giai cp phong kin Vit Nam vi ton th nhn dn (ch yu l nng dn). Yu cu ca lch s lc ny l phi gii quyt mu

thun c bn a dn tc tin ln. Di ch thng tr ca thc dn - phong kin, c hng trm cuc u tranh gii phng dn tc theo h t tng phong kin v t tng t sn, nhng rt cuc, u khng gii quyt ni nhim v m lch s ang t ra, nhn dn ang mong i l gii phng dn tc khi ch thng tr ca thc dn phong kin. Bc vo nhng nm 20 ca th k XX, trong phong tro gii phng dn tc Vit Nam xut hin nhiu t chc yu nc mang sc mu chnh tr khc nhau, nh: Tm tm x ( l923 - 1925), Hi phc Vit (1925), ng thanh nin (1926), Thanh nin cao vng ng (1926 1929), Tn Vit cch mng ng (1926 - 1930), Vit Nam quc dn ng (1927 - 1980). Song, cc t chc yu nc ny thiu ng li chnh tr ng n, thiu t chc cht ch nh mt ng cch mng khoa hc, cho nn, h khng p ng c yu cu ca lch s. Thc tin lch s ang i hi phi c mt t chc mi, c xy dng trn c s h t tng cch mng v khoa hc, c ng li chnh tr ng n, c t chc cht ch th mi lnh o cch mng i n thnh cng. II- T tng c bn v ni dung ca tc phm 1. T tng c bn ca tc phm Mc ch tc phm c tc gi ch r: Mun sng th phi cch mnh. Hn hai mi triu ng bo hp hi trong vng t a. Phi ku to, lm chng cu ly ging ni. Th cht t o cn hn sng n l, quyt chin u cho nn c lp t do ca dn tc l tinh thn ca tc phm. C th ni, Khng c g qu hn c lp t do l quan im bao trm ton b tc phm. Tc phm cng ch r k th nguy him nht ca c lp t do v vch con ng c th ginh thng li. Tinh thn xuyn sut ton b tc phm l v c lp t do ca dn tc, v hnh phc ca nhn dn, phi gii phng dn tc, gii phng nhn dn ra khi ch p bc bc lt ca ch ngha quc. Kt hp c lp dn tc vi ch ngha x hi l quan im t tng ch o con ng cch mng Vit Nam. Gii phng nhn dn phi gn vi s nghip gii phng giai cp v sn. Cch mng gii phng dn tc phi theo qu o ca cch mng v sn, kt hp ch ngha yu nc vi ch ngha x hi, li ch ca dn tc vi li ch ca giai cp v sn phi gn b vi nhau. Thc hin nhim v gii phng dn tc u phi gii quyt trn c s quan im cch mng v sn a cch mng gii phng dn tc tin ln cch mng x hi ch ngha. Cch mng gii phng dn tc chun b cho cch mng x hi ch ngha. Cch mng x hi ch ngha chi phi cch mng gii phng dn tc. Cch mng phi trit , tch cc, ch ng v sng to. Tc gi a dn chng cc cuc cch mng trn th gii i n khng nh rng, cch mng Vit Nam phi ginh thng li trit : Mun cch mnh thnh cng th phi dn chng (cng nng) lm gc, phi c ng vng bn, phi bn gan, phi hy sinh; phi thng nht. Ni tm li l phi theo

ch ngha M Khc T v Lnin. Cch mng phi c lp v sng to, t lc, t cng, khng li ngi ch; phi tch cc tn cng, ch ng tin cng, quyt ginh thng li. Bit tranh th s gip ca cch mng th gii, nhng cng phi c ng gp cho cch mng th gii, cng cch mng th gii p ch ngha quc t bn, xy dng ch ngha x hi. Nhng t tng c bn trn nng gi tr ca tc phm ln tm cao. 2. Ni dung ca tc phm a) T cch mt ngi cch mnh T cch mt ngi cch mnh c t ln v tr hng u ca tc phm. Ni dung gm 3 phn: - T mnh phi cn kim - lim chnh - v cng vong t. Gi ch ngha cho vng - i ngi phi: vi tng ngi th khoan th. Trc m khng to bo. Hay xem xt ngi. - Lm vic phi : Xem xt hon cnh k cng. Quyt on, dng cm, phc tng on th. Tc phm nu ln nhng vn c bn ca o c mi - o c ca ngi cng sn. l phi c c v ti, tr v dng, t cch v nng lc theo kiu ngi cng sn. l con ngi mt lng mt d. l con ngi c t chc, gn b vi t chc, vi on th. ng thi bit pht huy nng lc c nhn. T cch ngi cch mnh khc hn vi ch ngha anh hng c nhn, t mnh ln trn t chc, cao ci ti o c ca ngi ng vin cng sn c cp trong tc phm ph hp vi truyn thng o c ca dn tc ta, p ng yu cu ca cch mng v cng rt ng vi nguyn l ca ch ngha Mc - Lnin v o c ca ngi cch mng. T cch ngi cch mnh d dng chinh phc lng ngi, tip thm sc mnh v nh hng phn u cho tt c nhng ai yu nc, thng ni, mun gii phng qu hng x s ra khi mi p bc bc lt, xy dng t nc theo hng dn giu, nc mnh, x hi cng bng, vn minh. T cch ngi cch mnh c gi tr khoa hc v gio dc ln t c s cho o c hc Vit Nam. b) Con ng cch mnh Tc gi a ra khi nim cch mnh: Cch mnh l ph ci c i ra ci mi, ph ci xu i ra ci tt. T , tc gi xc nh cc loi cch mng: - T bn cch mnh nh cch mnh Php nm 1789, M cch mnh c lp nm 1776; Nht cch mnh nm 1864. - Dn tc cch mnh nh: Italia ui cng quyn o nm 1859; Tu ui Mn Thanh 1911.

- Giai cp cch mnh nh cng nng Nga ui t bn v ginh ly chnh quyn 1917. Tc gi gii thch nguyn nhn sinh ra cc loi cch mnh y. T phn tch mu thun dn tc, mu thun giai cp, tc gi xc nh tnh cht cch mnh. Dn tc cch mnh l dn tc n l ng tm hip lc nh ui ti p bc mnh i ginh c lp t do. Giai cp cch mnh l giai cp b p bc cch mnh p giai cp i p bc mnh. V dn tc cch mnh v giai cp cch mnh, tc gi u ly v d Vit Nam. Khi kt lun, tc gi cng ni n s cn thit phi tin hnh dn tc cch mnh v giai cp cch mnh Vit Nam. Cch mnh Vit Nam phi tin hnh gii phng dn tc tin ln gii phng giai cp. Vit Nam phi lm c dn tc cch mnh v giai cp cch mnh. Tc gi phn tch k Cch mng t sn Php 1789, Cch mng t sn M 1776, Cch mng Thng Mi Nga 1917 v ch ra kinh nghim lch s ca cc cuc cch mng ny: Cch mnh Php cng nh cch mnh M, ngha l cch mnh t bn, cch mnh khng n ni, ting l cng ha v dn ch k thc trong th n tc lc cng nng, ngoi th n p bc thuc a. Cch mnh 4 ln ri, m nay cng nng Php hng cn mu cch mnh ln na mi hng thot khi vng p bc. Cch mnh An Nam nn nh nhng iu y. Trong th gii by gi ch c cch mnh Nga l thnh cng, v thnh cng n ni, ngha l dn chng c hng ci hnh phc, t do, bnh ng tht. T lch s v thc tin, tc gi nh hng cho cc mng Vit Nam l i theo con ng Cch mng thng Mi Nga theo ch ngha M Khc T v Lnin. Tc gi cng xc nh r bn v th ca cch mnh Vit Nam. quc Php ch p ln nn c lp ca dn tc, t ch p bc bc lt i vi nhn dn ta. Do , quc Php va l k th ca dn tc v cng l k th ca giai cp. Tc gi phn bit rch ri gia quc Php v nhn dn Php trc ht l cng nng Php. T , nu mi quan h mt thit gia cch mng gii phng dn tc Vit Nam vi giai cp cch mnh Php ni ring v mi quan h gia cch mng gii phng dn tc vi cch mng v sn chnh quc ni chung. Cn giai cp phong kin a ch, tc gi c phn loi: in ch nh l bu bn cch mnh cng nng, nhng i a ch th ch c cho h vo hi ca dn cy. Vic xc nh ng, chnh xc k th c bn l ch ngha quc Php c ngha to ln trong vic xy dng chin lc v sch lc cch mng, trong vic tp hp lc lng, phn ha, c lp cao k th, nhm tng sc mnh cho cch mng. y l tm t duy ca thin ti rt bin chng, cch mng v khoa hc vt ln tm t duy ng thi ca nhiu ngi cho rng, a ch tt nhin s l k th ca cch mng, l i tng ng v pha quc. c)V lc lng cch mng, lnh t Nguyn i Quc cng ch r: Cng nng l ngi ch cch mnh l v cng nng b p bc nng hn, l v cng nng l ng nht cho nn sc mnh hn ht, l v cng nng l tay khng chn ri, nu thua th ch mt mt ci kip kh, nu c th c c th gii, cho nn h gan gc. Hc tr, nh bun nh, in ch nh cng b t bn p bc, song khng cc kh bng cng nng; 3 hng y ch l bu bn cch mnh ca cng nng thi.

Ngi cn c vo iu kin c th ca t nc, thi ca cc giai cp trong x hi, i vi cch mng vn dng nguyn l ca ch ngha Mc - Lnin cho ph hp, khng gio iu, my mc. V vy, lc lng cch mng va ng, va mnh, nhng vn m bo vai tr lnh o ca giai cp cng nhn. d) V on kt quc t, Nguyn i Quc ch r rng, cch mng Vit Nam phi on kt vi cc lc lng cch mng th gii: Chng ta cch mnh th cng phi lin lc tt c nhng ng cch mnh trong th gii chng li t bn v quc ch ngha (nh tam quc t). Ngi a ra nhng dn chng c th, y sc thuyt phc xc nh lc lng ng minh quc t ca cch mng Vit Nam An Nam mun cch mnh thnh cng, th tt phi nh tam quc t. Cch mng Vit Nam cng phi lin minh vi cch mnh Php v c th thnh cng trc cch mnh Php. An Nam dn tc cch mnh thnh cng th t bn Php yu, t bn Php yu th cng nng Php lm giai cp cch mnh cng d. H Ch Minh khng nh: Cch mng Vit Nam l b phn ca cch mng th gii. Ai lm cch mnh trn th gii cng u l ng ch ca nhn dn Vit Nam. l ng ch th sung sng cc kh phi c nhau. Nh vy, v on kt quc t, H Ch Minh nu 3 vn ln: - Cch mng Vit Nam phi ng hn v pha phong tro cng nhn v phong tro gii phng dn tc th gii p tt c quc ch ngha trn th gii. - Xc nh r quan h li ch dn tc v cch mng th gii, gia quyn li v trch nhim, s thng nht ca quan h ny. - Xc nh r quan h cch mng thuc a v cch mng chnh quc l tc ng qua li. Cch mng thuc a khng th ng ngi ch cch mng chnh quc. Vi nhng lun im trn, tc phm t nn tng ng n cho ng li quc t ca ng, v t c s cho s gip ca quc t trong thi k thnh lp ng. )V phng php cch mng, Nguyn i Quc khng nh rng, phng php cch mng gi vai tr ht sc quan trng: Sa ci x hi c my ngn nm lm x hi mi, y l rt kh. Nhng bit cch lm, bit ng tm hip lc m lm th chc lm c. l: - Phi lm cho dn gic ng. - Phi ging gii l lun v ch ngha cho dn hiu. - Phi hiu phong tro th gii, phi by sch lc cho dn. - Phi on kt ton dn Cch mnh l vic chung c dn chng ch khng phi vic ca mt hai ngi... n b, tr con cng gip lm vic cch mnh c nhiu. Dn kh mnh th qun lnh no, sng ng no cng khng chng li.

- Phi bit t chc dn chng li, tc gi nhn mnh vai tr ca t chc: cch mng phi c t chc rt vng bn th mi thnh cng. Tc gi a ra cch t chc qun chng nh cng hi, dn cy, hp tc x, thanh nin, ph n, quc t cu t ... - Phi ginh chnh quyn bng bo lc cch mng ca qun chng, phi bit chn thi c. Tm li, tc phm nu ln nhng quan im c bn v phng php cch mng Vit Nam trn c s vn dng sng to ch ngha Mc Lnin v tng kt kinh nghim cch mng cc nc. Nhng quan im l c s cho ng xy dng phng php cch mng ca mnh. V ng Cng sn, ng l iu kin u tin m bo cho s thng li ca cch mnh. ng c vng cch mnh mi thnh cng, cng nh ngi cm li c vng thuyn mi chy. lnh o cch mng, ng phi theo ch ngha Mc - Lnin. ng m khng c ch ngha cng nh ngi khng c tr khn, tu khng c bn ch nam. By gi hc thuyt nhiu, ch ngha nhiu, nhng ch ngha chn chnh nht, chc chn nht, cch mnh nht l ch ngha Lnin. Nguyn i Quc lun c thc xy dng lp trng chnh tr, bn cht giai cp cng nhn, tnh cch mng trit ca ng. Nhng t tng v con ng cch mng Vit Nam ca Ngi l nhng phc tho cho ng li chnh tr ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam. Ngi phn tch su sc lch s cch mng Nga qun trit bi hc kinh nghim v xy dng ng v sn kiu mi Vit Nam. Vn xy dng i ng cn b, ng vin c Ngi cp gn nh xuyn sut tc phm. Ton b tc phm th hin ni dung . Bng t tng xy dng ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Nguyn i Quc p ng yu cu bc bch ca lch s Vit Nam u th k XX, chun b nhng tin cn thit cho vic thnh lp ng Cng sn Vit Nam. III- ngha ca tc phm 1. Tc phm ng cch mnh c vai tr quan trng trong vic chun b v t tng, chnh tr, t chc cho s thnh lp chnh ng cch mng Vit Nam. - V t tng: Tc phm c ngha gio dc ch ngha Mc - Lnin v t tng ca Nguyn i Quc cho cn b v ng o qun chng nhn dn, nhm xy dng s thng nht trong nhn thc t tng, chun b thnh lp ng. Tc phm khc phc t tng sai lm, m st c nhn, ch ngha ci lng, ch ngha quc gia; xc lp h t tng mi - t tng ca giai cp cng nhn. - V chnh tr: Tc phm xy dng lp trng, quan im ca giai cp cng nhn cho cn b v qun chng cng nng. Vch ra c ng hng c bn ca cch mng Vit Nam, lm c s cho vic xy dng

Cng lnh chnh tr ca ng. Tc phm ng cch mnh ra i chm dt cuc khng hong v ng li ca cch mng Vit Nam; thc y phong tro yu nc, phong tro cng nhn pht trin mnh m . - V t chc: o to ra mt lp cn b cch mng kiu mi chun b cho vic thnh lp ng. Tc phm cng a ra h thng t chc ca ng v cc t chc qun chng nh cng hi, nng hi, thanh nin, ph n... ng tp hp qun chng, chun b v mt t chc cho s ra i ca ng. 2. Tc phm ng cch mnh c gi tr l lun v thc tin su sc. L lun ca tc phm khng sch v m vch ra l lun cch mng Vit Nam thit thc, tri thc l lun cch mng Vit Nam c hin din trong tc phm rt mcxt nhng cng rt Vit Nam, d hiu, d tip thu, kt hp rt ti tnh phng php lch s v lgch. Dng lch s ni l lun, t Cch mng Php n Cch mng Nga v kt lun Cch mng Nga, ri ly l lun soi sng thc tin Vit Nam, v kt lun: Ch c cch mng v sn mi gii phng c dn tc. Tc phm cng l mt hnh mu ca s vn dng sng to ch ngha Mc - Lnin vo Vit Nam ca tc gi. V d: Lnin cho rng, cch mng thuc a ch c th ginh c thng li khi c s gip ca cch mng chnh quc, khi cch mng v sn chnh quc ginh thng li, nhng tc phm pht hin thm rng, cch mng thuc a c th thnh cng trc cch mng v sn chnh quc v tc ng tch cc i vi cch mng chnh quc. Ch ngha Mc - L nin bn nhiu v vn gii phng dn tc. Tc phm ch r dn tc v giai cp kt hp vi nhau, gii phng dn tc bng con ng cch mng v sn... Tc phm ng cch mnh th hin thin ti l lun cch mng ca Nguyn i Quc, tc phm c gi tr thc tin ln lao, to ra s chuyn bin cn bn, nhanh chng trong nhn thc v hnh ng cch mng ca cn b v ng o qun chng, chun b tin cho vic thnh lp ng. Nh vy, trc khi ng ra i, Vit Nam c s thng nht v t tng chnh tr v t chc. l iu kin trc tip gi vng s thng nht trong ng ngay t khi mi thnh lp cng nh sau ny. Tc phm ng cch mnh l mt kho tng tri thc l lun cch mng Vit Nam, l s th hin t tng c bn ca lnh t H Ch Minh. Gi tr ca tc phm cng c khng nh khi i hi i biu ton quc ln th VII ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam tuyn b rng, ng ly ch ngha Mc Lnin v t tng H Ch Minh lm nn tng t tng v kim ch nam cho hnh ng.

Theo Gii thiu tc phm ca C.Mc v Ph.ngnghen, V.I. Lnin, H Ch Minh v xy dng ng v chnh quyn nh nc, Nxb CTQG, H, 1999.

(Ngun : Website ng Cng Sn Vit Nam)

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