Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CC MI TRNG
S TAY
QUAN TRC V PHN TCH
MI TRNG
Mc lc
TT
NI DUNG
Trang
1. Li gii thiu
2.1
2.2
trng khng kh
2.3
2.4
2.5
10
trng
2.6
14
2.7
14
2.8
17
19
3.1
19
3.2
20
3.3
20
3.4
20
3.5
20
3.6
21
4.1
M u
21
4.2
22
nc
4.3
27
lng mi trng nc lc a
5
4.4
Phng php ly mu
27
4.5
Hng dn ly mu nc
29
4.6
31
4.7
32
nghim
4.8
34
4.9
43
44
5.1
Cht thi rn th
44
5.2
44
5.3
45
46
Ph lc
50
1. Ph lc 1
50
2. Ph lc 2
52
54
S ph thuc ca dn vo nhit
Chuyn i n v nng cht nhim
58
59
63
1. LI GII THIU
T nm 1994 Vit Nam hnh thnh mng li cc trm quan trc v
phn tch mi trng quc gia trn c s khai thc cc tim nng sn c ca cc
c quan nghin cu v o to trong lnh vc mi trng trong c nc. Cc c
quan ny m nhim vic quan trc v phn tch mi trng ti nhng vng
trng im cu t nc trn t lin cng nh trn bin. Cho n nay c 19
trm trong c 5 trm vng t lin chu trch nhim quan trc mi trng lc
a bao gm khng kh, ting n, nc v rc thi. Bn cnh , t nm 1996,
cc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (S KHCNMT) ca cc a phng
tham gia D n Mi trng Vit Nam - Canaa (VCEP) v c trang b
mt s thit b cn thit v quan trc v phn tch mi trng, cc hot ng
thc t trong khun kh d n ti cc ni trn c trin khai. Trong qu
trnh hot ng ban u cc S KHCNMT gp rt nhiu kh khn v phng
php lun tin hnh cc cng vic c th v quan trc v phn tch mi
trng.
Bi vy ti liu ny c son tho nhm mc ch gip cho cn b k
thut lm cng vic quan trc v phn tch mi trng trong v ngoi mng li
Quan trc v Phn tch mi trng (QTPTMT) Quc gia; gip h nhanh chng
nm bt c nhng c s l thuyt cng nh k thut c bn trong quan trc v
phn tch mi trng, tm c cc ngun ti liu tham kho khi i su vo cc
cng vic c th ca mnh.
S tay QTPTMT c son tho khng nhng da trn c s cc phng
php quan trc v phn tch mi trng c Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc,
Cng ngh v Mi trng (KHCNMT) Vit Nam nu ra trong bn D
tho''Quy nh phng php quan trc v phn tch mi trng v qun l s
liu '', m cn da vo vic tham kho cc ti liu trong v ngoi nc, da vo
kinh nghim trin khai cc phng php k thut ny trong cc phng th
nghim ca cc trm QTPTMT Quc gia. Ti liu ny bao gm cc phn chnh
sau y:
7
NO2 hp th bc x cc tm O + NO
9
2.
O + O2 O3
TT
Thng
s
Ppm
mg/m3
SO2
2,600
CO
1,145
10
NO2
1,880
O3
2,000
- Khi ly mu bi phi chn giy lc dng si thu tinh ( glass fibre filter) c
kch thc trng vi kch thc u ly bi.
- Khi ly mu kh ng hp th thng c dung tch 10ml, 25ml hoc 100ml c
hoc khng c mng xp phn tn dng kh. Nn dng loi nh v ni
tip hai ng c cha dung dch hp th m bo cht nhim c hp
th ht. i vi CO ly mu bng chai, chai cha mu phi m bo khng
thot kh mu hoc khng kh bn ngoi thm nhp vo.
- t u o cch mt t t 1,2 - 1,5 m
2.5.2.2. S 1: S h thng ly mu kh, bi
u ly mu bi
Ni v o ng ni
Mng lc bo v
ng ni
Lu lng k
( flow control)
ng hp th kh
My ht kh (air pump)
Ch bi :
Theo Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN - 354 -89 ca B Y t trong Thng quy
k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng. B Y t -1993 . (trang 522-527).
Ch lu l y dng phng php ly mu qua phin lc v phng php ly
ch bi hon ton tng t nh i vi bi l lng nh nu trn.
o c cc thng s kh tng:
Khi o c cc thng s kh tng c th dng cc thit b o c cu hnh
khc nhau. Cc thng s ny c th ly t trm kh tng gn nht nh nu
trn.
Tn sut o l mi gi o mt ln bao gm nhng thng s sau : nhit
khng kh, tc gi, hng gi, m tng i, p sut kh quyn. Vic o
c tun theo ng ch dn ca hng dn s dng km theo my. Ghi cc s
liu quan trc c vo nht k ly mu.
2.5.3. Bo qun v vn chuyn mu
Mu bi ng trong bao kp bng giy can k thut c th bo qun d
dng v lu di iu kin thng, nhng ni chung khng nn qu 3 ngy.
Cc mu kh ly xong phi bo qun trong bnh lnh c nhit 5oC v
vn chuyn nhanh v phng th nghim. Mu O3 phi phn tch ti ch cng
nhanh cng tt ngay sau khi ly.
Khi ly mu bng ng hp th, ly mu xong rt mu vo l thu tinh c
nt nhm hoc ng nghim c nt chc chn, t trong gi cho vo bnh lnh
vn chuyn ngay v, nu cha kp phn tch th phi t trong ngn mt ca t
lnh ( phi phn tch ngay trong vng 24 gi).
i vi cc mu CO, chai ng mu phi nt v gn kn gi trong cc
thng g hoc tn c chn xp trnh b v.
Nn c mu lu, cc mu lu khong 3 thng, nu khng c iu g nghi
ngi th c th lp bin bn hu mu.
2.6. Cc phng php phn tch mu kh, bi :
2.6.1. Cc phng php phn tch
Phn tch cc mu kh v bi theo cc phng php sau y
18
T
T
Thng s
/Ch tiu
SO2
NO2
CO
O3
Ch bi
ng s
0,2
0,5
0,6
0,9
Dung dch hp th
25
24,8
24,5
24,4
24,1
22
d. Kt qu quan trc
- Lp cc bng biu bo co theo cc im v a im quan trc, trong nu
r cc gi tr c tnh nh : cc tiu min, cc i max v trung bnh TB.
- Lp biu so snh s nhim gia cc im quan trc ti cc a phng
khc nhau.
- Bin lun kt qu : so snh vi cc Tiu chun quy nh v mi trng, xc
nh mc nhim, gii thch cc kt qu thu c.
- Cc hot ng m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng (kim chun thit
b, cc mu QA/QC...)
2.8.2. Cc loi bng, biu
Cc loi bng biu cho quan trc v phn tch mi trng phi theo Bn
"D tho quy nh v phng php Quan trc v Phn tch mi trng v qun
l s liu", Cc Mi trng 2002.
23
Ly mu v o c hin
trng
27
X l s liu
Bo co
Ra cc quyt nh
4.2.1. pH
pH l n v biu th nng ion H+ c trong nc c tnh theo cng
thc Sorenson: pH = -log[H+] v c thang n v t 0 n 14.
28
Nitrit c mt trong nc l sn phm trung gian trong vng tun hon nit.
Nitrit rt c vi c v ng vt thu sinh. Cng nh nitrat, nitrit cn phi
kim sot cht ch i vi nc thi v nc ung.
4.2.12. Phtpho
Phtpho c mt trong nc t nhin (nc mt, nc ngm) v nc thi
khng nhng ch di dng photphat thng thng (mui othophotphat-PO43-)
m cn di dng polyphotphat (P2O74-, P3O105-) v cn di dng phtpho hu
c. Ngun gc c mt phtpho trong nc do nhiu nguyn nhn:
Nc l hi
Nc thi sinh hot c cha cc cht ty ra s dng polyphtphat lm ph
gia.
T cc ngun phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt dng trong nng nghip
Phn hu xc cht ng vt
Phtpho l mt trong cc thnh phn dinh dng (N, P, K) rt cn thit cho
i sng ca sinh vt m c bit l thu sinh.
Phtpho cn c mt trong trm tch v bn sinh hc di dng v c v
hu c.
4.2.13. Sulfat (SO42-)
Sulfat c mt trong nc l do qu trnh xi mn, ra tri v oxy ho qung
pirit. Nng sulfat trong nc mt thay i t mt n hng nghn gam/lt.
4.2.14. Clorua (Cl-)
Clorua (Cl-) c mt trong nc l do cc cht thi sinh hot, nc thi cng
nghip m ch yu l cng nghip ch bin thc phm. Ngoi ra cn do s xm
nhp ca nc bin vo cc ca sng, vo cc mch nc ngm ...
Nc mt c cha nhiu clorua s hn ch s pht trin ca cy trng thm
ch gy cht.
4.2.15. Coliform
Vi khun nhm coliform (coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci,
escherichia coli ...) c mt trong rut non v phn ca ng vt mu nng, qua
con ng tiu ho m chng xm nhp vo mi trng v pht trin mnh m
nu c iu kin nhit thun li.
32
i.
4.3.3. Phng php ly mu v phn tch ti hin trng
Cn c vo mc tiu cht lng, kh nng vt t, thit b v dng c m la
chn cc phng php/tiu chun ly mu v phng php/tiu chun phn tch
ph hp.
Phng php/tiu chun ly mu, phng php/tiu chun phn tch bao
gm cc tiu chun quc gia (TCVN), tiu chun quc t (ISO) hoc cc t chc
khc (EPA, APHA ...) hoc theo cc ti liu hng dn s dng km theo thit
b, cc phng php do phng th nghim xy dng. Cc phng php/tiu
chun trc khi p dng cn phi tin hnh th tc chp nhn (method
validation) v vit thnh vn bn lun lun sn sng s dng.
4.4. Phng php ly mu
4.4.1. Nguyn tc chung
Ly mu l mt khu rt quan trng nhn c chnh xc cc thng tin
v mi trng. Sai st trong vic ly mu s nh hng n kt qu monitoring.
Mc tiu ca vic ly mu l chn mt phn th tch mu nh vn chuyn
c v x l trong phng th nghip m vn m bo th hin v i din c
chnh xc thnh phn cc cht ti a im ly mu.
Tu thuc vo mc ch ly mu phn tch l ho hc hay phn tch
vi sinh, c im ngun nc m la chn phng php ly mu thch hp.
Mu ly phi p ng c cc yu cu ca chng trnh ly mu, x l
mu v phn tch.
Cn la chn mu ti cc vng m chng kh ng nht v thi gian
v khng gian (ngha l trnh nhng tnh hung khi ly mu c s sai lch v
thi gian hoc khng gian m dn n s sai lch khc kt qu). Nhng ni
khng th lm c iu cn phi c s ch c bit c c mu i
din.
4.4.2. Cc dng mu
TCVN 5992 - 1995 qui nh 6 loi mu trong quan trc cht lng nc.
Trong , 2 loi mu quan trng nht i vi Chng trnh Quan trc Mi
trng Quc gia l mu n v mu t hp. Hai loi mu ny c m t trong
phn ny nh sau:
Mu n:
34
t b thay i do nhit
Hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng ph hp
D dng lm sch v s dng li
Gi thnh va phi
Tu thuc vo bn cht thng s cn phn tch, phng php phn tch m
ly khi lng mu cng nh la chn cc chai l ng mu thch hp nh c
trnh by trong ISO 5667-3:1885/TCVN 5993 - 1995, nhng cn phi lu :
Bnh cha mu phi c phng th nghim lm sch trc v y np.
Nu c iu kin phi bc giy trng paraphin mng chng bi. Bnh
cha mu phn tch kim loi nng phi c ra sch nhiu ln sau
trng bng dung dch HNO3 1:1 v trng li ln cui cng bng nc
ct.
Bnh cha mu/dng c cha mu phi c kim tra nh k pht
hin nhim bn bng cch ly mu trng vo cc dng c s dng li
hoc thm chun nng thp.
Khng c ng mu trong l khng c np y.
Vic s dng li cc bnh cha mu ra sch l rt thng dng. Tuy
nhin, khng nn s dng li chng trong cc trng hp php phn
tch c nhy cao m nn s dng dng c cha mu mi.
4.5.2. Ly mu nc sng, sui (ISO 5667-6:1990(E)/TCVN 5996-1995)
Khi ly mu cho mc ch xc nh nn cht lng nc sng th im
ly mu c th l mt ci cu thng thng, hoc di mt ngun x, hoc
di mt nhnh sng cho nc trn u nhau trc khi n im ly mu.
Khi nghin cu tc ng ca mt dng nhnh ti cht lng nc trong
mt vng dng chnh, cn t nht hai im ly mu, mt vng thng lu ca
ch r nhnh v mt xa v pha h lu m bo trn ln hon ton.
Khong cch cn trn ln theo chiu nm ngang ph thuc vo khc ngot
v thng l nhiu km.
i vi cc con sng b nh hng ca ch thu triu, mi nhm hin
trng cn phi c bng thu triu v phi ly mu khi triu kit.
4.5.3. Hng dn ly mu nc ao h (ISO 5667-4:1987/TCVN 5994-1995)
Cht lng nc ao h thay i theo ma v theo su, hnh dng. Do
36
39
Thng s/
Ch tiu
1
pH
Nhit
SS
5
6
dn
DO
COD
BOD5
NH4+
10
NO2-
11
NO3
12
PO43-
13
SO42-
14
15
16
Cl
Tng
Coliform
Kim
loi
nng
Trong :
m1t, m2t: khi lng giy lc trc v sau khi lc mu trng tng ng, mg
V: th tch mu nc phn tch, ml.
4.8.2.4. c
Rc ni v cn c kch thc ln lng nhanh cn phi c tch ra khi
mu nc trc khi phn tch.
Tt c cc dng c thu tinh s dng u phi sch tuyt i.
Phi s dng nc c c bng khng pha dung dch chun
trong nhng trng hp cn thit. Nc c c bng khng c th
c iu ch theo APHA 2130 B. Loi nc ny c th mua ti cc i
l (cng ty) ca cc hng ho cht nc ngoi.
Loi b (tch) cc bt kh c trong mu trc khi phn tch. Cc loi kh
c trong mu c th c tch bng phng php chn khng, nhit hay
s dng vi sng...Tuyt i khng tch kh trong mu bng cch gi
mu n nh trong mt khong thi gian di v nh vy kt qu phn
tch s khng ng vi gi tr thc v mt s cn l lng c th lng
v nhit ca mu thay i.
Lm sch hi nc ng b mt ngoi ca cuvt do m ca mi
trng cao hay mu trng thi lnh nhng o c ni c nhit
cao.
43
44
Hiu chnh hm lng oxy ho tan theo nng cc mui ho tan (DS).
4.8.2.7. COD
Trng hp COD c phn thch theo phng php ngc dng m:
Axit sulfuric s dng trong phng php ny l axit m c ho tan
Ag2SO4 vi t l 5.5 g Ag2SO4: 1kg H2SO4. Dung dch thu c phi trong
sut v hu nh khng c cn.
Nng ca dung dch st(II) amoni sunfat (titrant) phi c xc nh theo
tng m phn tch. Nng chnh xc ca dung dch ny l trung bnh cng
kt qu ba ln chun vi iu kin l th tch ca dung dch tiu tn trong
ba ln chun khng chnh lch nhau qu 1%.
Cht ch th c b sung khi chun phi theo mt th tch c nh (3
git).
Hm lng ion Cl- trong mu nc phi nh hn 1000 mg/l, nh hng ca
n c th c loi tr bng sunfat thu ngn vi t l 10: 1 ( HgSO4: Cl- =
10:1). Vi loi nc c cha Cl- vi hm lng cao, COD c phn tch
theo quy trnh khc [29].
S hin din ca NO2- trong mu nc s lm cao kt qu phn tch (1.1mg
COD-O2/ 1mg NO2- - N). Nu hm lng ca NO2- - N trong khong 1
2mg/l (i vi hu ht ccloi nc mt) nh hng ca n n gi tr ca
COD c th b qua. Trong trng hp ngc li, nh hng ca n c th
c loi b bng cch b sung vo hn hp ph hu 10 mg sulfanic axit/
NO2- - N.
Hn hp (nc ct hai ln hay mu, dung dch axit, dung dch K2Cr2O7) ch
cn un si nh v u sut qu trnh ph hu mu. Kim tra thng xuyn
nhit ca nc lm lnh ra khi ng sinh hn.
Trng hp COD c phn tch theo phng php ngc dng ng trc
quang:
Phng php ny c u im hn so vi phng php ngc dng m chun
l lng ho cht tiu tn t, ng thi c th phn tch nhiu mu, thi
gian phn tch ngn, nhng c sai s ln.
Lc u hn hp dung dch trong cuvet o (tube, ampule) trc khi ph hu
mu cng nh trc khi o mt quang. Ngoi ra, trc khi phn tch phi
cho tt c cc loi cn lng v dung dch trong cng o trong sut (ch
n cn bm vo thnh ca cng o). Khng s dng cng o c khuyt tt
45
b mt (try, xc).
4.8.2.8. BOD5
Nc pha long cn phi cy thm vi sinh vt v ngun vi sinh vt i vi
nc nh sau:
A- Nc mt (sng, sui, ao, h): nc thi sinh hot.
B- Nc thi: nc ly t h lu ca dng thi.
Hay c th s dng polyseed i vi tt c cc loi mu (qui trnh pha ch
v b sung vo nc pha long c m t trong ch dn km theo). DO ca
nc pha long cy vi sinh vt sau 5 ngy nhit 200C khng c
gim qu 1mg/l so vi DO ban u.
Trung ho mu nc pH nm trong khong 6.5 - 7.5 bng dung dch HCl
(hay H2SO4) v NaOH c nng sao cho th tch ca mu nc khng thay
i qu 0.5%. Trong nhiu trng hp khng nht thit phi trung ho mu
nc v khi pha long mu bng nc pha long cy vi sinh vt, mu pha
long c pH ph hp (c th tin hnh th trc khi trung ho).
Clo t do v clo lin kt c th c loi tr bng dung dch Na2SO3 0.5
mg/l. Lng Na2SO3 cn thit phi c xc nh theo ISO 7393 - 1, ISO
7393 - 2 hay APHA (trang 5-4).
Nu mu nc, cha lng ln to v cc ph du thc vt, th chng cn
c lc qua li lc ph du trc khi xc nh BOD5.
i vi nc thi cha cc cht c hi i vi vi sinh vt nh kim loi
nng, cht dit khun,...cn phi nghin cu cch loi tr nh hng ca
chng ring bit.
Thng thng nc ta, BOD5 c xc nh khng c s c ch nitrat ho.
i vi mt mu nc, phi tin hnh pha long t nht ba nng , h s
pha long c th da theo khuyn ngh (Bng 1 TCVN 6001 - 1995) hay da
vo gi tr ca ch tiu COD v ngun gc ca mu nh nc thi sinh hot:
BOD5/COD 0.6 - 0.7, nc thi cng nghip dt BOD5/COD 0.3... Mu
nc v nc pha long nui cy vi sinh vt cn c trn u trc khi
np vo chai .
Nhit ca nc nh hng rt ln n kt qu phn tch, do nhit
ca mu nc cn phi gi n nh ti nhit ph hp (200C i vi phn
tch BOD) bng cc thit b iu nhit. Nc c cha hm lng du m cao
46
50
Cc loi bng biu cho quan trc v phn tch mi trng theo Bn "D
tho quy nh v phng php Quan trc - Phn tch mi trng v qun l s
liu". Cc Mi trng, 1999.
52
54
55
12.Cc quy nh php lut v mi trng NXB Chnh tr Quc gia .Tp 2. H
Ni 1997
13.Stalay E. Manahan. Environmental Chemistry . Lewis Publisher-1994.
14.Chernobaev. Environmental Chemistry ( Russian) High School. Kiev
1990.
15.GEM/ AIR Methology Review Handbook Vol. 4: Passive and Active
Samling Methodology for Measurement of air quality. UNEP and WHO
1994.
16.GEM/ AIR Methology Review Handbook Vol. 1: QualityAssurance in Urban
Air quality Monitoring. UNEP and WHO 1994.
17.APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
19th Edition, 1995.
18.British Columbia Field Sampling Manual, 1996 Edition
19.Canadian Executive Agency , CPMS-II, Pollution Mornitoring and Baseline
Studies-Environmetal Mornitoring Workbook, 1997.,
20.EPA Methods,
21.ISO 5667-2:1991/TCVN 5992-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 2:
Guidance on Sampling Technique.
22.ISO 567-3:1985/TCVN
5993-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 3:
Guidance on the Preservation and Handling of Samples.
23.ISO 5667-4:1987/ TCVN 5994-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 4:
Guidance on Sampling from Natural Lakes and Man-Made Lakes
24.ISO 5667-6:1990/ TCVN
5996-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 6:
Guidance on Sampling on Rivers and Streams.
25.ISO 5667-10:1992/ TCVN 5999-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 10:
Guidance on Sampling of Waste Waters.
26.ISO 5667-11:1992/ TCVN 6000-1995, Water Quality-Sampling-Part 11:
Guidance on Sampling of Groundwaters.
27.Lawrence H. K. et all, Priciples for the Environmental Analysis, Ana. Chem.,
1983, 55, 2210-2218.
28. Villars M.T, Monitoring Water Quality in the future, Executive Summary,
56
ti a cho php
59. TCVN 5964-1995. m hc. M t v o ting n mi trng. Cc i
lng v phng php o chnh.
60.TCVN 5965-1995. m hc. M t v o ting n mi trng. p dng cc
gii hn ting n.
61.L Vn Ni. Bo v mi trng trong xy dng c bn. NXB KH&KT.
H Ni- 2000.
62.US EPA. Test methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. Third Edition. November
1986.
PH LC
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79
79
78
78
77
76
76
75
74
73
72
71
83
83
83
82
82
82
82
81
81
81
80
80
80
79
79
78
78
78
77
77
76
76
75
74
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
81
80
80
80
79
79
79
79
78
78
77
77
77
76
76
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
71
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
78
78
78
77
77
77
76
76
76
75
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
69
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
76
75
75
75
74
74
74
73
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
69
69
68
68
67
66
65
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
57
56
55
53
73
73
73
72
72
72
71
71
70
70
69
69
68
68
67
67
66
65
65
64
63
62
62
61
60
59
57
56
55
54
52
51
49
71
71
71
70
70
69
69
68
68
68
67
66
66
65
65
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
59
58
57
55
54
53
52
50
49
47
46
60
100 93
100 93
100 93
7
6
5
t 6,0
t
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
69
69
68
68
68
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
52
51
50
87
87
87
81
81
80
74
74
73
70
69
68
65
64
63
60
59
57
57
56
54
52
50
48
48
46
44
44
42
40
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
48
47
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
45
44
64
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
57
57
56
55
54
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
41
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
51
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
42
40
39
60
59
59
58
58
57
56
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
39
38
36
58
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
51
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
38
37
35
34
56
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
52
51
50
49
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
36
35
33
32
10,
0
54
54
54
53
53
52
51
50
50
49
48
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
31
29
10,
5
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
49
48
47
47
46
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
32
31
29
27
11,
0
51
51
50
50
49
48
47
47
46
46
45
44
43
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
32
30
29
27
25
11,
5
50
50
49
49
48
47
46
46
45
44
43
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
33
33
31
30
29
27
25
24
12,
0
48
47
47
47
46
46
45
44
43
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
37
36
35
33
32
31
30
28
27
25
24
22
61
48
47
45
44
42
40
38
36
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
45
44
42
40
39
37
34
32
42
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
25
37
35
33
32
29
27
25
22
35
33
31
29
27
24
22
19
32
30
28
26
24
22
19
17
30
28
26
24
22
19
17
14
28
26
24
22
19
17
15
12
26
24
22
20
17
15
12
10
24
22
20
18
15
13
10
7
22
20
18
16
13
11
8
5
20
18
16
14
11
9
6
3
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
0
9.0
18.0
27.0
36.0
14.62
13.73
12.89
12.11
11.37
1.0
14.22
13.36
12.55
11.79
11.08
2.0
13.83
13.00
12.22
11.49
10.80
3.0
13.46
12.66
11.91
11.20
10.54
4.0
13.11
12.34
11.61
10.93
10.28
5.0
12.77
12.03
11.33
10.66
10.04
6.0
12.45
11.73
11.05
10.41
9.81
7.0
12.14
11.44
10.79
10.17
9.58
8.0
11.84
11.17
10.54
9.94
9.37
9.0
11.56
10.91
10.29
9.71
9.16
10.0
11.29
10.66
10.06
9.50
8.97
11.0
11.03
10.42
9.84
9.29
8.78
12.0
10.78
10.19
9.63
9.09
8.59
mui
62
13.0
10.54
9.96
9.42
8.90
8.42
14.0
10.31
9.75
9.22
8.72
8.25
15.0
10.08
9.54
9.03
8.55
8.09
16.0
9.87
9.35
8.85
8.38
7.93
17.0
9.67
9.15
8.67
8.21
7.78
18.0
9.47
8.97
8.50
8.05
7.63
19..0
9.28
8.79
8.34
7.90
7.49
20.0
9.09
8.62
8.18
7.75
7.35
21.0
8.92
8.46
8.02
7.61
7.22
Nhit
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
0
9.0
18.0
27.0
36.0
22.0
8.74
8.30
7.88
7.47
7.09
23.0
8.58
8.14
7.73
7.34
6.97
24.0
8.42
8.00
7.59
7.21
6.85
25.0
8.26
7.85
7.46
7.09
6.73
26.0
8.11
7.71
7.33
6.97
6.62
27.0
7.97
7.58
7.20
6.85
6.51
28.0
7.83
7.45
7.08
6.73
6.40
29.0
7.69
7.32
6.96
6.62
6.30
30.0
7.56
7.20
6.85
6.52
6.20
31.0
7.43
7.07
6.74
6.41
6.10
32.0
7.31
6.96
6.63
6.31
6.01
33.0
7.18
6.84
6.52
6.21
5.92
34.0
7.07
6.73
6.42
6.11
5.83
35.0
6.95
6.63
6.32
6.02
5.74
mui
63
36.0
6.84
6.52
6.22
5.93
5.65
37.0
6.73
6.42
6.12
5.84
5.57
38.0
6.62
6.32
6.03
5.75
5.48
39.0
6.52
6.22
5.93
5.66
5.40
40.0
6.41
6.12
5.84
5.58
5.32
41.0
6.31
6.03
5.75
5.50
5.25
42.0
6.21
5.94
5.67
5.41
5.17
43.0
6.12
5.84
5.58
5.33
5.09
44.0
6.02
5.75
5.50
5.25
5.02
45.0
5.93
5.67
5.42
5.18
4.95
550
575
Nhit
600
625
650
675
700
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
(oC)
0
10.56
11.04
11.53
12.01
12.49
12.98
13.46
10.27
10.74
11.21
11.68
12.15
12.62
13.09
9.98
10.44
10.90
11.36
11.82
12.27
12.73
9.72
10.16
10.61
11.05
11.50
11.94
12.39
9.46
9.89
10.33
10.76
11.20
11.63
12.06
9.21
9.64
10.06
10.48
10.91
11.33
11.75
8.98
9.39
9.80
10.22
10.63
11.04
11.46
8.75
9.16
9.56
9.96
10.37
10.77
11.17
8.54
8.93
9.33
9.72
10.11
10.51
10.920
64
p sut
mm Hg
550
575
Nhit
600
625
650
675
700
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
(oC)
9
8.33
8.72
9.10
9.48
9.87
10.25
10.64
10
8.13
8.51
8.88
9.26
9.64
10.01
10.39
11
7.94
8.31
8.68
9.04
9.41
9.78
10.15
12
7.76
8.12
8.46
8.84
9.20
9.56
9.92
13
7.58
7.94
8.29
8.64
8.99
9.34
9.69
14
7.41
7.76
8.10
8.45
8.79
9.14
9.48
15
7.25
7.59
7.93
8.26
8.60
8.94
9.28
16
7.10
7.43
7.76
8.09
8.42
8.75
9.08
17
6.94
7.27
7.59
7.92
8.24
8.56
8.89
18
6.80
7.12
7.43
7.75
8.07
8.39
8.70
19
6.66
6.97
7.28
7.59
7.91
8.22
8.53
20
6.52
6.83
7.13
7.44
7.75
8.05
8.36
21
6.39
6.69
6.99
7.29
7.59
7.89
8.19
22
6.26
5.56
6.85
7.15
7.45
7.74
8.04
23
6.14
6.543
6.72
7.01
7.30
7.59
7.88
24
6.02
6.31
6.59
6.88
7.16
7.45
7.73
25
5.91
6.19
6.47
6.75
7.03
7.31
7.50
26
5.80
6.07
6.35
6.62
6.90
7.18
7.45
27
5.69
5.96
6.23
6.50
6.77
7.05
7.32
28
5.58
5.85
6.12
6.38
6.65
6.92
7.19
29
5.48
5.74
6.01
6.27
6.53
6.80
7.06
30
5.38
5.64
5.90
6.16
6.42
6.68
6.94
31
5.28
5.54
5.80
6.05
6.31
6.56
6.82
32
5.19
5.44
5.69
5.95
6.20
6.45
6.70
65
p sut
mm Hg
550
575
Nhit
600
625
650
675
700
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
(oC)
33
5.10
5.35
5.59
5.84
6.09
6.34
6.59
34
5.01
5.25
5.50
5.74
5.99
6.23
6.48
35
4.92
5.16
5.40
5.64
5.89
6.13
6.37
36
4.83
5.07
5.31
5.55
5.79
6.03
6.26
37
4.75
4.98
5.22
5.46
5.69
5.93
6.16
38
4.67
4.90
5.13
5.36
5.60
5.83
6.06
39
4.58
4.81
5.04
5.27
5.50
5.73
5.96
40
4.50
4.73
4.96
5.19
5.41
5.64
5.87
41
4.43
4.65
4.88
5.10
5.32
5.55
5.77
42
4.35
4.57
4.79
5.01
5.24
5.46
5.68
43
4.27
4.49
4.71
4.93
5.15
5.37
5.59
44
4.20
4.41
4.63
4.85
5.07
5.28
5.50
45
4.12
4.34
4.55
4.77
4.98
5.20
5.41
p sut
mm Hg
550
575
Nhit
600
625
650
675
700
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
(oC)
0
13.94
14.43
14.62
14.91
15.39
15.88
16.36
13.56
14.03
14.22
14.50
14.97
15.44
15.91
66
p sut
mm Hg
550
575
Nhit
600
625
650
675
700
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
(oC)
2
13.19
13.65
13.83
14.10
14.56
15.02
15.48
12.84
13.28
13.46
13.73
14.17
14.62
15.06
12.50
12.93
13.11
13.37
13.80
14.24
14.67
12.18
12.60
12.77
13.02
13.45
13.87
14.29
11.87
12.28
12.45
12.69
13.11
13.52
13.93
11.57
11.98
12.14
12.38
12.78
13.19
13.59
11.29
11.69
11.84
12.08
12.47
12.87
13.26
11.02
11.41
11.56
11.79
12.17
12.56
12.94
10
10.76
11.14
11.29
11.51
11.89
12.26
12.64
11
10.51
10.88
11.03
11.25
11.61
11.98
12.35
12
10.27
10.63
10.78
10.99
11.35
11.71
12.07
13
10.04
10.40
10.54
10.75
11.10
11.45
11.80
14
9.82
10.17
10.31
10.51
10.86
11.20
11.54
15
9.61
9.95
10.08
10.29
10.62
10.96
11.30
16
9.41
9.74
9.87
10.07
10.40
10.73
11.06
17
9.21
9.54
9.67
9.86
10.18
10.51
10.83
18
9.02
9.34
9.47
9.66
9.98
10.29
10.61
19
8.84
9.15
9.28
9.46
9.77
10.09
10.40
20
8.66
8.97
9.09
9.28
9.58
9.89
10.19
21
8.49
8.79
8.92
9.10
9.40
9.70
10.00
22
8.33
8.63
8.74
8.92
9.21
9.51
9.80
23
8.17
8.46
8.58
8.75
9.04
9.33
9.62
24
8.02
8.30
8.42
8.59
8.87
9.16
9.44
67
p sut
mm Hg
550
575
Nhit
600
625
650
675
700
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
(oC)
25
7.87
8.15
8.26
8.43
8.71
8.99
9.27
26
7.73
8.00
8.11
8.28
8.55
8.83
9.11
27
7.59
7.86
7.97
8.13
8.40
8.67
8.94
28
7.45
7.72
7.83
7.99
8.25
8.52
8.79
29
7.32
7.59
7.69
7.85
8.11
8.37
8.64
30
7.20
7.46
7.56
7.71
7.97
8.23
8.49
31
7.07
7.33
7.43
7.58
7.84
8.09
8.35
32
6.95
7.20
7.31
7.46
7.71
7.96
8.21
33
6.84
7.08
7.18
7.33
7.58
7.83
8.08
34
6.72
6.97
7.07
7.21
7.46
7.70
7.95
35
6.61
6.85
6.95
7.09
7.34
7.58
7.82
36
6.50
6.74
6.84
6.98
7.22
7.46
7.70
37
6.40
6.63
6.73
6.87
7.10
7.34
7.57
38
6.29
6.53
6.62
6.76
6.99
7.22
7.46
39
6.19
6.42
6.52
6.65
6.88
7.11
7.34
40
6.09
6.32
6.41
6.55
6.78
7.00
7.23
41
6.00
6.22
6.31
6.45
6.67
6.90
7.12
42
5.90
6.12
6.21
6.35
6.57
6.79
7.01
43
5.81
6.03
3.16
6.25
6.47
6.69
6.91
68
Ph
n v o nhit
Ph lcc 4: S
S ph
ph thuc
thu c ca
c a dn
nhi t
Nhit
0
C
773 S
Nhit
0C
796 S
15
1142 S
820 S
16
1168 S
843 S
17
1194 S
867 S
39
1803 S
891 S
40
1832 S
915 S
41
1861 S
940 S
42
1890 S
964 S
43
1919 S
989 S
44
1948 S
10
1014 S
45
1977 S
11
1039 S
46
2007 S
12
1065 S
47
2036 S
13
1090 S
48
2065 S
14
1116 S
49
2095 S
50
2124 S
69
Ph lc 5
Chuyn i n v nng cht nhim
trong mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh
1. i vi cht lng (nc)
Nng cht nhim ho tan trong nc thng c o lng bng
trng lng ca cht nhim trn n v th tch ca hn hp cht lng.
n v o lng nng cht nhim thng dng nht l miligram (mg)
hay microgram (g) cht nhim trn 1 lt (l) cht lng hn hp. i khi
cn o lng bng gram trn mt khi (g/m3).
Ngi ta cn dng n v o lng nng cht nhim trong nc
bng trng lng ca cht nhim trn n v trng lng nc hn hp,
thng thng trng lng cht nhim trong nc rt nh, c th b qua v
tha nhn 1 m3 nc c trng lng l 1000 g, do chng ta c cng thc
chuyn i n v nng cht nhim i vi mi trng nc rt n
gin l :
1 mg/l = 1 g/m3 = 1 ppm (theo trng lng) - mt phn triu;
(1)
1 g/l
(2)
Nu nh t trng ring ca cht nhim rt ln v nng ca n li ln
th phi tnh n trng lng ring ca cht nhim trong nc, tc l :
mg/l = ppm (theo trng lng) T trng ring ca cht nhim.
(3)
2. i vi cht kh (khng kh)
Trn th gii tn ti hai n v o lng nng cht nhim trong mi
trng khng kh, l : n v ppm (mt phn triu) v n v g, mg hay
g cht nhim trn m3 khng kh.
n v ppm c ngha l 1 n v th tch cht kh nhim trn 1 triu
n v th tch khng kh, tc l :
1 n v th tch cht kh nhim
(4)
106 n v th tch khng kh
Quan h gia n v ppm (theo th tch) v n v theo trng lng
mg/m3 hay g/m3 ph thuc vo mt ca cht nhim, m mt ca
cht nhim li ph thuc vo kh p, nhit v trng lng phn t ca
n. nhit 0oC v p sut 1 atm th mt phn t gam ca kh l tng c
th tch l 22,4 lt (hay l 22,4.10-3 m3 ). Do chng ta c th vit:
1 m3 cht nhim /106 m3 k.kh
mg/m3 = ppm
ppm
Trng lng phn t (g/mol)
.103 (mg/g),
22,4.10-3 m3/mol
hay n gin ho ta c :
ppm Trng lng phn t
mg/m = ( nhit 0oC v p sut 1 atm).
(5)
22,4
3
(6)
22,4
T(oK)
1 atm
9.28
273
1atm
.
.
22, 4 273 + 25 1atm
= 10,3 mg/m3.
59
Khi
lng
nguyn
t
S
K Nguyn t hiu
nguy
hiu
n t
Khi
lng
nguyn
t
K
hiu
Nguyn
t
Ac
Actini
89
227,03
Er
Ecbi
68
167,26
Ag
Bc
47
107,87
Es
Ensteni
99
254
Al
Nhm
13
26,98
Eu
Europi
63
151,96
Am Amerixi
95
243
Flo
19,00
Ar
Agon
18
39,95
Fe
St
26
55,85
As
Asen
33
74,92
Fm
Fecmi
100
257
At
Atatin
85
210
Fr
Franxi
87
223
Au
Vng
79
196,97
Ga
Gali
31
69,72
Bo
10,81
Gd
Gaolini
64
157,25
Ba
Bari
56
137,33
Ge
Gecmani
32
72,59
Be
Berili
9,01
Hyro
1,01
60
Bi
Bitmut
83
208,98
He
Hli
4,00
Bk
Bekeli
97
247
Hf
Hafini
72
178,49
Br
Brom
35
79,90
Hg
Thu
ngn
80
200,59
Cacbon
12,01
Ho
Honmi
67
164,93
Ca
Canxi
20
40,08
Iot
53
126,90
Cd
Cadimi
48
112,41
Ir
Irii
77
192,22
Ce
Xeri
58
140,12
Kali
19
39,10
Cf
Califoni
98
251
Kr
Kripton
36
83,80
Cl
Clo
17
35,45
La
Lantan
57
138,91
Cm Curi
96
247
Li
Liti
6,94
Co
Coban
27
58,93
Lr
Laurenxi
103
256
Cr
Crom
24
52,00
Lu
Lutexi
71
174,97
Cu
ng
29
63,55
Md
Menelev
i
101
258
Dy
Disrozi
66
162,50
Mg
Magi
12
24,31
Khi
lng
nguyn
t
Mn Mangan
25
54,94
Ru
Ruteni
44
101,07
Mo Molipde
n
42
95,94
Lu
hunh
16
32,06
K
hiu
Nguyn
t
S
K Nguyn t hiu
nguy
hiu
n t
Khi
lng
nguyn
t
Nit
14,01
Sb
Stibi
51
121,75
Na
Natri
11
22,99
Sc
Scani
21
44,96
Nb
Niobi
41
92,91
Si
Silic
14
28,09
61
Nd
Neodim
60
144,24
Se
Selen
34
78,96
Ne
Neon
10
20,18
Sm
Samari
62
150,4
Ni
Niken
28
58,70
Sn
Thic
50
118,70
Np
Neptuni
93
237,05
Sr
Stronti
38
87,62
Oxi
16,00
Ta
Tantali
73
180,95
Os
Osimi
76
190,2
Tb
Tecbi
65
158,93
Photpho
15
30,97
Tc
Tecnexi
43
98,91
Pa
Protactin
i
91
231,04
Te
Telu
52
127,60
Pb
Ch
82
207,19
Th
Thori
90
232,04
Pd
Paladi
46
106,4
Ti
Titan
22
47,90
Pm Prometi
61
145
Tl
Tali
81
204,37
Po
Poloni
84
209
Tm
Tuli
69
168,93
Pr
Prazeodi
m
59
140,90
Urani
92
238,03
Pt
Platin
78
195,09
Vanai
23
50,94
Pu
Plutoni
94
244
Vonfram
74
183,85
Ra
Rai
88
226,03
Xe
Xenon
54
131,30
Rb
Rubii
37
85,47
Ytri
39
88,91
Re
Reni
75
186,21
Yb
Ytecbi
70
173,04
Rh
Roi
45
102,91
Zn
Km
30
65,38
Rn
Raon
86
222
Zr
Ziriconi
40
91,22
Ru
Ruteni
44
101,07
Ph lc 6
Chuyn i n v o lng thng dng gia
n v o lng Anh, M v n v o lng quc t (SI)
1. Chiu di
1 in (inch)
2,540 cm
62
1 b (foot)
0,3048 m
0,9144 m
1 dm (mile)
1,6093 km
1 mt (meter)
3,2808 ft (b)
1 kilomt (kilometer) =
0,6214 mi (dm)
2. Din tch
1 in vung
6,452 cm2
1 b vung
0,0929 m2
1 mu Anh (acre)
43 560 ft2
0,0015625 dm vung
4046,86 m2
0,404685 ha
640 acre
2,604 km2
259 ha
10,764 ft2
1 cng mu (hecta) =
2,471 acre
1 dm vung
1 mt vung
0,00386 dm vung
10 000 m2
3. Th tch
1 b khi
1 galon (M)
28,32 l
=
0,134 b khi
3,785 l
1 mt khi
=
=
8,11.10-4 Acft
35,3147 ft3
63
1,0973 km/h
0,3048 m/s
1,467 ft/s
0,4470 m/s
1,609 km/h
3,280 ft/s
4. Tc
1 b trn giy
1 dm trn gi
1 mt trn giy
5. Trng lng
1 cn Anh (pound - lb)
0,45392 kg
1 kilogam
1 tn
35,27396 aox
1000 kg
6. Lu lng
1 b khi trn giy
0,028316 m3/s
0,0438 m3/s
35,315 b khi/s
2118,9 ft3/pht
7. T trng
1 cn Anh (lb) trn b khi =
16,018 kg/m3
0,062428 lb/ft3
62,427961 lb/ft3
8. Nng
1 miligam trn lt nc (t trng ring = 1,0) =
1000 phn t
1,0 g/m3
14,696 lb/in2
33,8995 ft ct nc (oC)
101,325 kPa
9. p sut
1 atmosphe
1 Pascal (Pa)
1 in ct thu ngn
2,307 ft ct nc
0,06805 atm
1 N/m2
1,45.10-4 psia
(oC)
3386,4 Pa
10. Nhit
1 bch phn (oC)
1 F (oF)
1,8 . (oC) + 32 oF
=
((oF) - 32 oC)/1,8
778 ft - lb
252 cal
65
1055 J
0,2930 W.h
1 quadrillion Btu
1 jun
1 kilowat gi
1015 Btu
1055 . 1015 J
1 N.m
0,73756 ft - lb
3600 kJ
3412 Btu
860 kcal
1 kilocalo
4,185 kJ
1000 J/s
3412 Btu/h
1,340 sc nga
1 sc nga
746 W
66