H THC TRUY HI

Gii44.Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to tnh s chui nh phn di n c 3 bit 0 lin tip
t Sn l s chui nh phn di n , c 3 bit 0 lin tip:
mt chui di n (n>3) s c mt trong cc dng sau:
A1 ( A cha 3 bit 0 lin tc, s cch l S(n-1))
B10 (B cha 3 bt 0 lin tc, s cch l S(n-2))
C100 (C cha 3 bt 0 lin tc, s cch l S(n-3)
D000 (D ty di n-3, s cch 2^(n-3)
ta c cng thc truy hi:
Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)+S(n-3)+2^(n-3)
khi to: S1=S2=0; S3=1.
45. Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to tnh s chui nh phn di n khng
c 3 bit 0 lin tip.
t Sn l s chui nh phn di n , ko c 3 bit 0 lin tip:
mt chui di n tha mn iu kin s c dng:
A1
B10
B100
trong A,B,C c di n-1,n-2,n-3 v tha mn ko c 3 bit ko lin tip.
nn ta c h thc:
Sn=Sn-1 + Sn-2 + Sn-3 ( khi to: S1=2,S2=4,S3=7)
46. Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to tnh s chui nh phn di n c cha chui con 01
Sn l s chui nh phn c cha chui con 01 (*)
th s chui nh phn ko cha chui con 01 l 2^n-Sn.
chui tha mn (*) c 1 trong 2 dng:
Ax (A tha mn (*) , x = 0 hoc 1 )
B01 (B k tha mn (*))
=>Sn=2 Sn-1 + (2^(n-2)-Sn-2)
=>Sn=2 Sn-1 - Sn-2 + 2^(n-2)
(khi to: S1=0;S2=1)
Thc ra Sn c th tnh d dng ko truy hi nh sau:
chui ko tha mn (*) ch c th c dng: 111...111000...000 s chui th ny = n+1
=>Sn=2^n-(n+1)
47.Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to tnh s cch i ln n bc thang nu c th i 1,2 hoc 3
bc mt ln.
mun bc ln ti bc n(n>3) c 3 cch:
bc ti bc n-1 ri bc 1 bc ln n
bc ti n-2 ri bc 2 bc ti n
bc ti n-3 ri bc 3 bc ti n
vy ta xy dng c:
Sn = Sn-1 + Sn-2 + Sn-3
khi to:
S1=1;
S2=2;

S3=3;
48.Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to tnh s chui nh phn di n c mt s chn bit 0.
Sn _ s chui c s chng bit 0
Kn _ s chui c s l bt 0
Sn+Kn=2^k
mt chui di n c chng bit ko c thnh lp bng 2 cch
* s chn bt 0 di n-1 thm 1
* s l bt 0 di n-1 thm 0
vy
Sn=S(n-1)+K(n-1)
tng t ta c
Kn=S(n-1)+K(n-1)
=>Sn=Kn
=>Sn=2S(n-1)
khi to : S1=1 ( s 1 )
49.Tm h thc truy hi m Rn tho mn, trong Rn l s min ca mt phng b phn chia bi n
ng thng nu khng c hai ng no song song v khng c 3 ng no cng i qua mt im
trn mt phng c n (vi n>1) ng thng i mt ct nhau v ko c 3 ng ng quy. ta thy rng c mi
ng thng b n-1 ng cn li chia lm n phn. bi vy nu ta b i mt ng bt k th khi mt n phn
ny , 2 mt min 2 bn lp tc hp li lm mt, iu ngha l nu b i 1 ng thng th s min b mt i
l n:
tc l
Rn=n+R(n-1), R1=2.
=> cng thc Rn=n(n+1)/2+1
50.Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to tnh s chui k t gm A,B,C c di n cha hai k
t lin tip ging nhau.
Gi Sn l s chui tha mn : c cha 2 k t lin tip ging nhau ()
th s chui ko tha mn () l 3^n-Sn
chui tha mn c 1 trong 2 dng:
* Mx ( M tha (), x c 3 cch)
* Nxx (Nx ko tha ())
=> Sn=3 Sn-1 + (3^(n-1) - Sn-1) = 2 Sn-1 +3^(n-1)
khi to: S1=0, S2=3
c th gii ko truy hi nh sau:
u tin tm s chui ko c 2 k t lin tip bng nhau:
chn k t u tin c 3 cch, k t tip theo c 2 cch ( tr k t trc n )
vy tt c c : 3.2^(n-1) cch
=> Sn=3^n-3.2^(n-1)
51.C bao nhiu byte c 3 bit 0 lin tc.
1 byte co 8 bit
vay 3 bit lin tc vy 8 v tr coi cn 6 v tr vy c 6! Cch sp xp
52.Cho dy S={Sn}, Sn l s chui n bit khng cha mu 00.
a)Tm h thc truy hi v cc iu kin khi to cho dy {Sn}
b)Chng t Sn=f(n+1), n=1,2, vi f l dy Fibonacci.

a)chui di n tha mn ko cha 00 th c mt trong 2 dng

* A1 ( A ko cha mu 00)
* B10 ( B ko cha mu 00)
vy Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)
S1=2 (0;1) , S2=3 (01;10;11)
b)quy np:
S1=f(2); S2=f(3) ng.
gi s ng n n-1 tc l Sk=f(k+1), mi k=1..n-1
=>Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)=f(n)+f(n-1)=f(n+1)
vy Sn=f(n+1) mi n=1,2,3,..
53.Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin khi to cho s cch ng cp ngoc n trong biu thc
a1*a2**an,n>=2.
# nu ch c mt th mt cch ng cho biu thc di n = a1*a2*...*an
gi cng thc tnh s cch ng cp ngoc l Sn
n>2: mt cch ng s c 1 trong 2 dng
* Aan, vi cp ngoc trong A, A di n-1, S(n-1) cch
* Aan), du m ngoc A , n-1 cch.
=> Sn=S(n-1)+n-1
S2=1;
s3=3
s4=3+3=6
vy Sn=(n-1)+(n-2)+..+3+2+1=n(n-1)/2
(hoc mt cch ng ngoc chnh l mt t hp chp 2 ca n phn t, p s l nC2=n(n-1)/2)
54.Gi a(n) l s cc ch s 0 c trong cc s t nhin t 0 n (10^n)-1.
a)Chng t rng a(n) tho mn h thc truy hi a(n)=a(n-1)+9*(n-1)*10^(n-2)
b)Bit gi tr u a(1)=1, gii h thc truy hi trn.
a)Gi Kn (n>0) l s cc ch s 0 c trong cc s t nhin t 10^(n-1) n 10^n-1 ( tc c ng n ch s, ch
s u tin bn tri khc 0 )
ta s i chng minh Kn=9(n-1).10^(n-2)
mt s c n ch s s c dng Ax, trong A c n-1 ch s v x=0..9
Kn l s cc s 0 trong cc s dng Ax
s cc s 0 trong Ax bng 10 ln s cc s 0 trong A cng thm cc s 0 trong x.
s cc s 0 trong A th bng 10 ln s cc s K_(n-1) ( v Ax, x c 10 cch chn)
s cc s 0 dng A0 th bng s cc s dng A, s u khc 0 nn s cch chn l 9.10^(n-2)
vy rt cuc ta c cng thc:
Kn = 10.K_(n-1)+9.10^(n-2), t y d dng quy np c Kn = 9(n-1).10^(n-2) ( v 10.9(n-2).10^(n-3) +
9.10^(n-2) = 9(n-1).10^(n-3) )
Mt khc An=A_(n-1)+Kn ( chia t 1 n 10^n-1 thnh 2 on, t 1 n 10^(n-1)-1 v 10^(n-1) n 10^n-1. )
vy ta c h thc truy hi: An=A_(n-1) + 9(n-1).10^(n-2)
b)ta ci: An=9(n-1).10^(n-2) + 9(n-2).10^(n-3) +...+ 9.1.10^0+A0 ( A0=1 )
x^n-1=(x-1) (x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) +...+ x^2 + x + 1)
(x^n-1)/(x-1)=(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) +...+ x^2 + x + 1)
o hm 2 v
(n.x^(n-1).(x-1)-(x^n-1))/(x-1)^2=(n-1 + (n-2).x^(n-3) +...+ 2x + 1

thay x=10 ta c:
(n.10^(n-1).9-(10^n-1))/9^2 = (n-1).10^(n-2) + (n-2).10^(n-3) +..+ 2.10 + 1
=> An = (n.10^(n-1).9-(10^n-1))/9+1 = n.10^(n-1) - (10^n-1)/9 + 1
55.Gi an l s dy bit di n khng c 2 bit 0 k nhau.
a)Tm h thc truy hi cho an
b)Bit gi tr u a1=2,a2=3, gii h thc truy hi trn.
mt dy di n ko c 2 bit 0 k nhau th c 1 trong 2 dng
* A10 ( A c n-2 bit v ko c 2 bit 0 k nhau )
* B1 ( B c n-1 bt v ko c 2 bit 0 k nhau )
vy suy ra
an=a(n-1)+a(n-2)
a1=2; a2=3
dy ny bt u t a1=2 l dy fibonaci
gii truy hi bng cch xt nghim ca phng trnh c trng
x^2=x+1
x1=(1+5)/2 ; x2=(1-5)/2
an=c1.x1^n+c2.x2^n
thay n=1,2 vo tm c1,c2
56.Gi an l s dy bit di n c 2 bit 0 k nhau.
a)Tm h thc truy hi cho an
b)Bit gi tr u a0=0 v a1=0, tnh s dy bit di 7 c 2 bit 0 k nhau.
a)mt s c 2 bt 0 k nhau th c 1 trong 3 dng
* A00 (A bt k di n-2 , s trng hp l 2^(n-2))
* B10 (B cha 2 bt 0 lin nhau di n-2 , s trng hp l a(n-2))
* C1 (C cha 2 bt 0 lin nhau di n-1, s trng hp l a(n-1))
vy an=a(n-1)+a(n-2)+2^(n-2)
b)a0=0,a1=0
=>a2=0+0+2^0=1
=>a3=1+0+2^1=3
=>a4=3+1+2^2=8
=>a5=8+3+2^3=19
=>a6=19+8+2^4=43
=>a7=43+19+2^5=94

NGUYN L DIRICHLET
1.Trong mt phng Oxy ly ngu nhin 5 im ta nguyn. Chng t rng c t nht mt trung im
ca cc on ni chng c ta nguyn.
5 im nn c t nht 3 im c tung cng tnh cht chn l ( chia 2 nhm: tung chn v l, c t nht 1
nhm cha khng t hn 3 im, 3 im tha mn )
trong 3 im c t nht 2 im c honh cng tnh cht chn l.
vy ta c 2 im m tung v honh cng tnh cht chn l, trung im 2 im ny tt nhin c ta

nguyn!
2.Trong mt phng cho 6 im phn bit ni nhau tng i mt bi cc on thng mu xanh hoc .
Chng t rng c 3 im ni nhau bi cc on thng cng mu.
xt 1 im A bt k trong 6 im, t im ny c 5 on thng , nn phi c t nht 3 on thng cng mu
AB,AC,AD. gi s 3 on ny c mu chng hn.
khi
*nu 1 trong 3 on BC,CD,DB c mu th ta c tam gic cng mu ( vi 2 trong 3 on kia)
*nu c 3 on BC,CD,DB u xanh th ta c tam gic mu xanh
3.Trong mt phng cho 17 im phn bit ni nhau tng i mt bi cc on thng mu xanh, hoc
, hoc vng.Chng t rng c 3 im ni nhau bi cc on thng cng mu.
ly 1 im A t 17 im, t A c 16 on thng t bng 3 mu nn c t nht 6 on cng mu. gi s mu
. 6 im u kia nu c 2 im ni bng mu na th r rng to thnh tam gic mu . cn khng th
6 im ny c ni vi nhau bng 2 mu cn li ( xanh, vng ) theo bi 2 th tn ti 3 im ni vi nhau
cng mu. vy bi 3 c chng minh
4.Mt thng cha 10 qu bng mu xanh v 10 qu bng mu . Phi ly ngu nhin t nht bao
nhiu qu bng bo m c 3 qu bng cng mu.p s: 5 qu.
chng minh: nu ly 5 qu th tn ti 3 qu cng mu tt nhin
nu ly 4 qu th trng hp 2 xanh 2 khng tha mn, vy phi ly t nht 5 qu, ly <=4 qu khng thoai
5.Cho X={0..10}. Chng t rng nu S l mt tp con gm 7 phn t ca X th c 2 phn t ca S c
tng bng 10.chia {0..10} thnh 6 tp {0,10} {1,9} {2,8} {3,7} {4,6} {5}
vy nu ly 7 phn t th c t nht 1 tp c ly c 2 phn t
v nu mi tp ly ko qu 1 th tt c khng qu 6 phn t (<7)
2 phn t cng tp ny r rng c tng = 10
6.Mt ba tic c t nht hai ngi. Chng minh rng c t nht 2 ngi c cng s ngi quen.
gi s c n ngi (n>=2)
*nu c ngi ko quen ai, th ko th c ngi quen n-1 ngi quen
do vy s ngi quen t 0 n n-2 c n-1 s m c n ngi vy c 2 ngi cng s ngi quen
*nu ko c ai ko quen ai c: th s ngi quen ch c th t 1 n n-1
tng t, c n-1 s m c n ngi vy c 2 ngi cng s ngi quen.
7.Xt mt trn u n ngi, mi ngi u vi mi ngi khc v mi ngi thng t nht mt ln.
Chng t rng c t nht 2 ngi c cng s ln thng. tng t bi trn s trn thng ch c th t 1 n
n-1 , m c n ngi thi u, nn c 2 ngi c cng s trn thng nh nhau
8.Nu 10 im c chn ngu nhin bn trong mt tam gic u c di cnh 3 n v, chng t
rng c t nht 1 cp im bn trong ng trn n v.
chia tam gic lm 9 phn bng cc on thng song song v cch cc cnh 1 v 2
cc tam gic nh vy c cnh bng 1
c 10 im nn c t nht 2 im thuc 1 tam gic no , tt nhin khong cch ca chng b hn 1
( ch rng khong cch 2 im trong tam gic b hn hoc bng max{3 cnh} )
12.Chng t rng s hu t l mt s thp phn v hn tun hon.
s hu t th hu hn hoc v hn tun hon
xt trng hp v hn, dng ( s m c dng tng t ) : m/n=x+m'/n (m'<n) ( dng hn s )

ta xt php chia. m' chia cho n cn thm s 0 sau. chia c s d, thm 0 chia tip ... nhn thy rng s cc
s d l hu hn (1->n-1, bng 0 l chia ht , dng)
nn sau n bc t nht php chia lp li v ta c s thp phn v hn tun hon chu k khng qu n.
13.Chng t rng trong n+1 s nguyn c t nht hai s ng d n.
c n+1 s trong khi ch c n s d t 0 n n-1 nn c 2 s c s d bng nhau ( ng d )
14.Cn t nht bao nhiu cp s nguyn (a,b) chc chn c hai cp (a1,b1) v (a2,b2) m
a1=a2(mod5) v b1=b2(mod5).
t nht 26 cp.
tht vy 25 cp sau (a,b), a=0..4,b=0..4 khng c 2 cp no m a1=a2,a1=b2(mod5) v nu vy th
a1=a2,b1=b2 (ng d m =0..4 th bng nhau )=> mu thun
gi chng minh nu 26 cp th tha mn:
xp 26 cp ny vo 25 nhm m khi chia cho 5 cc phn t c s d l (a,b), a,b=0..4 th c t nht 2 cp cng
nhm, 2 cp ny tt nhin tha mn.
16.Chng t rng trong dy n s nguyn th c mt hay nhiu s lin tip c tng chia ht n.
xt n tng
a1+a2+a3+...+an
a1+a2+..+a(n-1)
...
a1+a2
a1
c t nht 2 tng cng s d khi chia cho n
hiu ca chng chia ht cho n
hiu l tng ca cc s lin tip
17.C bao nhiu cch sp n ngi ngi vo bn trn xoay.
nu ch tnh v tr tng i gia cc ngi th c nh ngi th nht, v c (n-1)! cc sp xp cc ngi cn
li
p s: (n-1)!
10.Chng t rng mi dy (n + 1) s thc phn bit u c cha mt dy con t nht n+1 s hng hoc
tng hoc gim.
11.Cho S l tp gm n+1 phn t trong 2n s t nhin u tin. Chng t rng S cha 2 s nguyn m
mt s l bi ca s kia.
15.Chng t rng trong n+1 s nguyn dng khng vt qu 2n th c hai s nguyn t cng nhau.
Gi :
10. Ta xac inh (n + 1) s b1, b2, ..., b(n + 1) nh sau: s b(i) la DAI cua day con TNG DAI NHT
cua day a cho ma phn t u tin la a(i). D thy la nu vi i nao o ta co b(i) n + 1 thi co nghia la trong
day a cho co it nht 1 day con tng - bt u t a(i), co ln n + 1 (.p.c.m).
Ta xet th la vi moi i s b(i) n.Ta co (n + 1) s b1, b2, ..., b(n + 1) ma chung chi co th ly nhiu nht n
gia tri khac nhau t 1 ti n, vy co it nht (n + 1) s co cung gia tri, tc tn tai i1 < i2 < ... < i(n + 1) sao cho

b(i1) = b(i2) = ... = b(i(n+1))

Ta cmr a(i1) > a(i2) > ... > a(i(n+1)) . Ta cm bng phan chng.
Gia s tn tai j (1 j n) sao cho trong day k trn co a(i(j)) < a(i(j+1)) . iu o co nghia la DAI cua
day con TNG DAI NHT bt u t a(i(j)) ln hn DAI cua day con TNG DAI NHT bt u t
a(i(j+1)) - vi chi cn thm vao u cua day con tng th hai k trn phn t a(i(j)) la ta co day con tng bt
u t a(i(j)), tc b(i(j)) > b(i(j+1)). Vy gia thit sai va ta co , tc tn tai day con giam co (n + 1) phn t.
11. Goi cac phn t cua S la 1 a1 a2 ... a(n) a(n+1) 2n. Mi s a(i) co th biu din di dang a(i)
= 2^m(i) * k(i), vi 1 i n + 1 (k(i) chinh la c s le ln nht cua a(i)). k(i) chi co th ly n gia tri khac
nhau la 1, 3, ..., 2n - 1 ma co n + 1 s vy tn tai i < j sao cho k(i) = k(j) => a(j) chia ht cho a(i).
15. Ti thm k la cac s khac nhau tng i mt, vi vd. a1 = a2 = ... = a(n+1) = 2 thi di nhin 2 s bt ky co
c chung ln nht = 2 nn khng th nguyn t cung nhau c.
Cho day 1 a1 < a2 < ... < a(n+1) 2n
Ta xet n s t nhin a2 - a1, a3 - a2 , ..., a(n+1) - a(n),
co tng = a(n+1) - a1 2n - 1 < 2n. Vy tn tai it nht 1 s co gia tri = 1 => tn tai 1 i n sao cho a(i + 1) a(i) = 1 => a(i) va a(i + 1) la 2 s t nhin lin tip nn nguyn t cung nhau.

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BI TON M
Chng 1: Bi ton m
Cu 1: Trn gi c 6 quyn sch khc nhau ting Anh, 8 quyn sch khc nhau ting Php v 10 quyn sch khc nhau
ting c.
a. C bao nhiu cch chn 3 quyn sch cng ngn ng:
>> C3 ca 6 + C3 ca 8 + C3 ca 10
b. C bao nhiu cch chn 3 quyn sch mi th 1 quyn:
>> 6 * 8 * 10
c. C bao nhiu cch chn 2 quyn sch m 2 ngn ng:
>> 6 * 8 + 8 * 10 + 6 * 10
Cu 2: m s n gm 2 ch s nu:
a. n chn:
>> XY: X thuc (09) | Y thuc (0,2,4,6,8) nn c 10 * 5 s
b. n l: (tng t cu a.)
c. n l gm 2 ch s khc nhau:
>> XY: X thuc (09) | Y thuc (1,3,5,7,9) tr i s chn X nn c 10 * 4 s
d. n chn gm 2 ch s khc nhau: (tng t cu c.)
Cu 3:
a. Mt khu my tnh gm 1 ch ci v 3 hoc 4 ch s tnh s mt khu ti a c th c:
>> XYYY hoc XYYYY: X c 52 cch chn (phn bit ch hoa ch thng) mi Y c 10 cch chn
XYYY c 52 * 10 * 10 * 10 cch
XYYYY c 52 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 cch
Tng 2 cch trn c c p n
b. Nh trn nhng khng lp ch s:
>> XYYY c 52 * 10 * 9 * 8 cch
XYYYY c 52 * 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 cch
Tng 2 cch trn ta c c p n
Cu 4: m s byte (1 byte = 8 bit XXXXXXXX):
a. Bt k:

>> Mi X c 2 cch chn (0 hoc 1) nn s byte c th c l 2^8

b. C ng 2 bit 0:
>> C2 ca 8
c. C t nht 2 bit 0:
>> C2 ca 8 + C3 ca 8 + C4 ca 8 + C5 ca 8 + C6 ca 8 + C7 ca 8 + C8 ca 8
d. Bt u 00 v kt thc 00:
>> C dng 00XXXX00 nn s cch chn 1 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 1
e. Bt u l 11 v kt thc khng phi l 11:
>> C dng 11XXXX01 | 10 | 00 nn s cch chn 1 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 3
Cu 5: Cho 2 tp A, B vi |A| = m v |B| = n .m s nh x t A vo B
a. Bt k:
>>
b. n nh:
>>
Cu 6: Trong 1 ba tic c n cp v chng. Mi ngi bt tay vi 1 ngi khc khng phi l v hay chng mnh. Tnh
s ln bt tay:
>> n cp vc nn c 2n ngi. Chn ra 2 ngi bt tay nhau c C2 ca 2n v khng phi l v hay chng th tr ra
n nn p n l [(C2 ca 2n) n]
Cu 7: C bao nhiu cch sp n c gi v n con trai ngi vo dy 2n gh nu xen k gii tnh:
>> Nu con trai l s chn th c n! cch sp vo n gh c th t chn nn c n! c gi ngi vo n gh c th t l
Nu con trai l s l th tng t
Tng cng c n! * n! + n! * n! cch
Cu 8: m s cch sp xp cc ch ci ABCDE:
a. C cha xu con AB:
>> ng vi mii ABXXX | XABXX | XXABX | XXXAB c 3! Cch xp C,D,E nn p n c 4 * 3! Cch
b. A v B k nhau:
>> Hiu rng AB hoc BA nn p n c 2 * 4 * 3! Cch
c. A v B khng k nhau:
>> XXXXX c 5! Cch tr i p n cu b.
Cu 9: C 2 ngi ng thnh vng trn. m s cch phn n m cho n ngi trong c k m xanh v n-k m
>> Tng t bi ton chn ra k ngi trong s n ngi ta c kt qu Ck ca n hoc Cn-k ca n
Cu 10: C bao nhiu dy nh phn c chiu di l 10 bit hoc bt u bi 00 hoc kt thc bi 11:
>> Dng 00XXXXXXXX bng s XXXXXXXX11 2^8 s
C 2^6 s c dng 00XXXXXX11 nn p n l 2^8 + 2^8 2^6 cch