BI TP HA I CNG

Chng 1: CU TO NGUYN T
1. Vn dng nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli tnh s electron ti a c trong mt phn lp (v d phn lp 3d) v trong mt lp (v d lp N). 2. Trong mt nguyn t c bao nhiu electron ng vi: a) n = 2 b) n = 2, = 1 c) n = 3, = 1, m = 0 d) n = 3, = 2, m = 0, ms = + 3. Lp cu hnh electron ca nguyn t zirconi (Z = 40) trng thi c bn. Nguyn t zirconi c lp l thun hay nghch t? 4. Trong nhng cu hnh sau cho nguyn t niken (Z = 28): a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s0 b) 1s22s22p63s23p83d64s2 c) 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2 d) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s24p2 trong nhng cu hnh ny: 1) Cu hnh no khng tun theo nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli? 2) Cu hnh no biu th nguyn t niken trng thi c bn? 3) Cu hnh no khng c electron c thn? 5. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v ion sau y trng thi c bn: 8O, 3+ 13Al , 17Cl , 19K, 26Fe, 80Hg. 6. Cho bit cc ion di y, mi ion c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng: 16S2-, 20Ca2+, 3+ 2+ 4+ 24Cr , 30Zn , 35Br , 50Sn . Ion no c cu hnh tng t kh tr? 7. C th c mt electron trong mt nguyn t no c b bn s lng t nh sau khng? a) n = 3, = 3, m = + 1, ms = + b) n = 3, = 2, m = + 1, ms = + c) n = 2, = 1, m = + 2, ms = d) n = 3, = 1, m = + 2, ms = + e) n = 4, = 3, m = 4, ms = f) n = 2, = 1, m = 1, ms = 8. Hy vit cc gi tr bn s lng t cho cc electron trng thi c bn ca nguyn t c Z = 7 (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu m gim dn) 9. Cho bit gi tr cc s lng t n, ng vi cc AO 1s, 2p, 3d, 4s, 4f. 10. Hy cho bit tn ca cc AO c: a) n = 4, = 0 b) n = 3, = 1, m = + 1 c) n = 6, = 2, m = 0 11. Cho bit electron c bn s lng t di y thuc lp no? Phn lp no? V l electron th my ca phn lp ny? (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu m tng dn) 1

a) n = 2, = 0, m = 0, ms = + b) n = 3, = 2, m = + 2, ms = + c) n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms = d) n = 4, = 3, m = + 2, ms = 12. Electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t c bn s lng t nh sau: a) n = 2, = 0, m = 0, ms = b) n = 2, = 1, m = 0, ms = c) n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms = + d) n = 4, = 2, m = 2, ms = + Hy xc nh tn orbital ca cc electron ny v in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t. 13. Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t: 17Cl, 26Fe, 20Ca, 34Se. 14. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t di dng ch v lng t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 14, 22, 27, 34 v 37. nhng nguyn t ng vi s th t no c cha hai electron c thn trng thi c bn? 15. Hy cho bit s th t ca cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cc phn lp ha tr nh sau: 4s1, 4s23d7 v 4p5. 16. Trong s cc nguyn t di y, nhng nguyn t no c cu hnh electron nguyn t bt thng, nguyn nhn dn n hin tng bt thng ? a) 23V 3d34s2 b) 24Cr 3d54s1 5 2 c) 25Mn3d 4s d) 28Ni 3d84s2 e) 29Cu 3d104s1 f) 30Zn 3d104s2

Chng 2: BNG H THNG TUN HON (HTTH) V S TUN HON TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T
1. Cho bit v tr trong HTTH (chu k, phn nhm), tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t c s th t 19, 28, 35, 58 2. V sao mangan (Z = 25) thuc nhm VII l kim loi trong khi cc halogen cng thuc nhm VII li l phi kim? 3. Khng dng bng HTTH hy vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c in tch ht nhn Z = 15, 36, 39, 43. Xc nh bn s lng t ca electron cui cng v v tr ca chng trong HTTH. 4. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30 v xc nh: a) V tr (chu k, phn nhm) ca cc nguyn t . b) Tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t . c) S oxy ha dng cao nht v m thp nht (nu c) ca tng nguyn t. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion . 5. Electron cui cng ca hai nguyn t X v Y c bn s lng t nh sau: X n = 4, = 2, m = 1, ms = + Y n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms = a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t, in tch ht nhn ca X v Y. b) Xc nh v tr (chu k, phn nhm), tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X v Y. c) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc ion c th c ca X v Y 6. Ion A2+ c 24 electron. Hi A c bao nhiu lp, phn lp. Vit gi tr bn s lng t cho cc electron phn lp ngoi cng ca A. 7. Ion X2+ c phn lp ngoi cng l 3d2 a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v ion X2+. b) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X2+. c) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X. d) Hai electron 3d2 ng vi nhng gi tr no ca s lng t chnh n v s lng t ph . 8. Ion X2 c phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6 a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v ion X2. b) Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X2. c) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim ca X. d) Vit cng thc oxit ng vi s oxy ha dng cao nht ca X, cng thc phn t vi hydro ng vi s oxy ha m thp nht ca X. 9. Nguyn t X c 5 electron lp ngoi cng v thuc chu k 4. Hy: a) Xc nh phn nhm ca X. b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t Y cng chu k v nhm (nhng khc phn nhm) vi X. 10. Cc ion X+, Y v nguyn t Z cng c cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p63s23p6 a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X v Y. b) Xc nh v tr, tnh kim loi, phi kim; cc s oxy ha c th c ca X, Y v Z. c) Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca X, Y v Z. 11. Nng lng ion ha th nht I1 ca dy cc nguyn t nh sau:

Li Be B C N O F Ne 5,392 9,322 8,298 11,26 14,534 13,618 17,442 21,564 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar I1 5,139 7,646 5,986 8,151 10,486 10,36 12,967 15,759 Hy v th I1 Z, nhn xt quy lut bin i ca I1 theo Z trong mt chu k v gii thch quy lut . 12. V sao cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA v cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB u c 1 electron lp ngoi cng nhng cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA c nng lng ion ha nh hn so vi cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB? 13. Gi tr nng lng ion ha th nht I1 (tnh ra eV) ca cc nguyn t p v nguyn t d ca nhm V nh sau: Cc nguyn t p Cc nguyn t d Z I1 Z I1 As 33 9,82 V 23 6,74 Sb 51 8,61 Nb 41 6,88 Bi 83 7,29 Ta 73 7,89 Nhn xt quy lut bin thin I1 hai nhm nguyn t trn. Dng quan nim hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch cc quy lut . 14. So snh nng lng ion ha th nht I1 v bn knh nguyn t R ca cc nguyn t 71Lu, 58Ce, 29Cu, 22Ti nh sau: R(Lu) < R(Ce) R(Cu) < R(Ti) I1(Lu) > I1 (Ce) I1(Cu) > I1(Ti) Hy dng hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch hin tng trn. I1

Chng 3: LIN KT HA HC V CU TO PHN T

1. Nu cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ha hc. 2. Da vo m in hy phn bit lin kt ion v cng ha tr. 3. Trong cc phn t sau: HF, HCl, HBr, HI phn t no phn cc nht? Ti sao? 4. Hin tng lai ha l g? iu kin cc AO tham gia lai ha v so snh khuynh hng lai ha ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k, phn nhm. Hy nu c im ca cc kiu lai ha v gii thch trng thi lai ha ca cacbon trong cc phn t : C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 5. Phn bit cc loi lin kt v . 6. Nguyn tc t hp tuyn tnh cc AO thnh cc MO? Th no l MO lin kt, phn lin kt, khng lin kt ? 7. Lin kt hydro l g ? Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt hydro. nh hng ca lin kt hydro n tnh cht vt l ca cc cht ? Nu v d. 8. Cho bit cu hnh khng gian ca cc phn t CO2 v SO2. So snh nhit si v ha tan trong nc ca chng . 9. Th no l s phn cc ca lin kt, phn cc phn t v phn cc ion. 10. Hy gii thch v sao phn t NH3 c dng thp tam gic, cn phn t BH3 c dng tam gic phng. 11. Hy so snh bn v di ca lin kt O O trong cc phn t O 2 , O , O + , O 2 2 2 2 v cho bit t tnh ca cc ion, phn t . 12. Vit cu hnh electron phn t ca LiF, BeF v BF. So snh bn, v bi lin kt ca cc phn t . 13. Hy gii thch cu hnh electron phn t ca BN : 2s

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 * 2 2s 2 1 2px 2p y 2pz

(z

l trc lin nhn) 14. Bn knh ion ca Na+ v Cu+ u bng 0,89. Hy gii thch v sao nhit nng chy ca NaCl (8000C) li cao hn ca CuCl (4300C). 15. Bit nhit si (Ts) v nhit ha hi ( Hhh) ca cc hp cht trong cc dy sau : HF HCl HBr HI Ts (K) 292 189 206 238 32,6 16,3 17,6 19,7 Hhh (kJ/mol) BF3 BCl3 BBr3 BI3 Ts (K) 172 286 364 483 Hy gii thch cc quy lut bin thin ca cc i lng ny v nhng trng hp ngoi l so vi cc quy lut . 16. So snh v gii thch nguyn nhn c s khc bit: a) Nhit si ca CO2 v CS2; CO2 v NH3; H2O, NH3 v HF. b) tan trong nc ca NH3 v CH4 ; SO2 v CH4.

Chng 11: DUNG DCH LNG 1. nh ngha dung dch phn t v nu cc phng php biu din nng dung dch thng dng nht. 2. Qu trnh ha tan xy ra nh th no? Th no l tan, dung dch bo ha, dung dch qu bo ha? 3. nh ngha nhit ha tan. Ti sao c qu trnh ha tan thu nhit v c qu trnh ha tan ta nhit? 4. Trnh by cc yt t nh hng n tan ca cht rn v cht kh vo nc. 5. Th no l p sut hi bo ha, nhit si, nhit kt tinh ca cht lng? 6. Qu trnh si v kt tinh ca dung dch long cha cht tan khng bay hi x ra nh th no? 7. nh ngha hin tng thm thu v p sut thm thu. Vit phng trnh Vant Hoff tnh p sut thm thu v phm vi p dng ca n. 8. Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch KOH 40% (d = 1,46 kg/l) iu ch 800 ml dung dch KOH 12% (d = 1,1 kg/l). 9. Tnh nhit si v nhit kt tinh ca dung dch ng saccaro (C12H22O11) 5% trong nc. Tnh p sut hi trn trn b mt dung dch ng ny 650C nu p sut hi nc bo ha nhit ny bng 185,7 mmHg. Cho h s nghim si v h s nghim ng ca nc ln lt bng 0,52 v 1,86. 10. p sut hi nc bo ha 700C l 233,8 mmHg. cng nhit ny, p sut hi ca dung dch cha 12g cht tan trong 270g nc bng 230,68 mmHg. Xc nh khi lng phn t ca cht tan. 11. Tnh nhit si v nhit kt tinh ca dung dch cha 9g glucoza (C6H12O6) trong 400g nc. 12. Mt dung dch glyxerin kt tinh -2,790C. Tnh s mol glyxerin (C3H8O3) ha tan trong 100mol nc v tnh p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch 200C. Bit rng p sut hi bo ha ca nc nhit ny bng 17,54 mmHg. 13. Khi ha tan 3,24g lu hunh vo 40g benzen nhit si ca dung dch tng ln 0,810. Tnh xem trong dung dch ny mt phn t lu hunh gm my nguyn t. Cho h s nghim si ca benzen bng 2,64. 14. Tnh p sut thm thu 270C ca dung dch c cha 91g ng saccaro (C12H22O11) trong 1 lt dung dch.

Chng 12: DUNG DCH IN LY 1. Hy trnh by nhng im chnh ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius v thuyt in ly hin i ca Kablukov. u v nhc im ca thuyt in ly Arrhenius. 2. Th no l cht in ly mnh, yu? Trong dung dch nc, nhng cht no l cht in ly mnh, yu? Ti sao? 3. Th no l in ly, hng s in ly. Mi lin h gia chng. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng in ly. 4. Nu ngha ca h s Vant Hoff. Mi quan h ca n vi in ly. S khc nhau gia dung dch in ly v dung dch phn t. 5. Tch s tan l g? Mi quan h gia tch s tan v tan. iu kin ha tan v kt ta ca cht in ly kh tan. 6. Trng thi ion trong dung dch cht in ly mnh nh th no? T suy ra v sao in ly ca cc axit mnh li nh hn 1 v chi khi pha long dung dch rt long th in ly mi tin ti 1? 7. nh ngha axit, baz theo Arrhenius, Bronsted v Lewis. u v nhc im ca chng. 8. Th no l tch s ion ca nc, pH? So snh tnh cht axit, baz cua mi trng theo pH. 9. Th no l s thy phn ca mui? Bn cht ca phn ng thy phn mui l g? Nhng mui no b thy phn? Cho v d. Cch trnh thy phn ca cc mui. 10. Cc axit a bc in ly nh th no? Ti sao nc u mnh nht. 11. p sut hi ca dung dch cha 16,98g NaNO3 trong 200g nc l 17,02 mmHg 200C. Tnh in ly ca mui trong dung dch bit rng p sut hi bo ha ca nc nguyn cht nhit ny l 17,54 mmHg. 12. Mt dung dch c cha 0,408 mol Ca(NO3)2 trong 1000g nc c p sut hi bo ha bng 746,9 mmHg. Tnh nhit si ca dung dch. 13. Khi ha tan 11,16g ZnCl2 vo 1000g nc th c mt dung dch kt tinh -0,3850C. Tnh in ly biu kin ca mui. 14. Tnh nng ion hydro, nng ion hydroxyl v pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M. Bit in ly ca axit trong dung dch ny l 4,2%. 15. Mt dung dch axit foocmic trong nc c pH = 3. Hy tnh nng mol/l ca axit bit hng s in ly ca n bng 2,1 10-4. 16. Tnh s mol NH4Cl cn phi thm vo 1 lt dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M nng ion OH- tr nn bng hng s in ly ca NH4Cl (K = 1,8 10-5). Bit rng mi in ly hon ton. 17. Tch s ha tan ca Ag2SO4 250C bng 7 10-5.Hy tnh tan ca Ag2SO4 biu din bng mol/l v g/l v nng cc ion Ag+ v SO 2 trong dung dch bo ha Ag2SO4 4 250C. 18. Trong 1 lt dung dch Ag2CrO4 bo ha c cha 0,025g cht tan. Tnh tch s tan ca mui. 19. Tnh xem c kt ta BaSO4 hay khng nu trn ln hai th tch bng nhau ca hai 10 dung dch BaCl2 0,01M v CaSO4 bo ha. Bit TBaSO 4 = 1,08 10 v

TCaSO 4 = 6,1 10 5
20. Khi thm 0,1 mol KCl vo 1 lt dung dch bo ha AgCl th tan ca AgCl gim i bao nhiu ln. Bit in ly biu kin ca KCl l 0,86 v TAgCl = 1,5 10-10.

Chng 16: IN HA HC 1. Phn ng oxy ha kh thng thng v phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra trong pin v trong bnh in phn c g ging v khc nhau? 2. Trnh by nguyn tc bin ha nng thnh in nng. Pin in ha hc l g? Vit k hiu ca pin, cc phn ng din ra in cc v trong pin khi pin hot ng, chiu chuyn ng ca dng electron, dong in, ca cc ion, cch tnh sut in ng ca pin. 3. Th no l th in cc, th in cc tiu chun? Dng th in cc xt chiu ca phn ng oxi ha kh nh th no? 4. Th no l sut in ng ca pin? Th in cc v sut in ng ca pin ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? 5. Hy thit lp cng thc tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng oxi ha kh theo th in cc tiu chun ca cc cp. Hy nhn nh v chiu v mc din ra ca cc phn ng da vo hng s cn bng. 6. Cn bng cc phn ng sau y bng phng php ion electron. Xc nh cht oxi ha, cht kh, qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh trong cc phn ng. a) HI + H2SO4 = I2 + SO2 + H2O b) NaNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 = NaNO3 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O c) H2S + HNO3 = S + NO2 + H2O d) Cl2 + KOH = KCl + KClO3 + H2O e) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + H2O f) K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O 7. Dng bng th in cc tiu chun, hy cho bit phn ng no sau y c th xy ra iu kin tiu chun: a) Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2 b) Cu + 2H+ = Cu2+ + H2 c) I2 + 2Fe2+ = 2I- + 2Fe3+ d) 2Fe3+ + Fe = 3Fe3+ e) Sn4+ + 2Fe2+ = Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ 8. Bit th in cc ca mt s bn phn ng: a) I2 + 2e = 2I 0 = 0,536V b) Br2 + 2e = 2Br 0 = 1,065V c) Cl2 + 2e = 2Cl 0 = 1,359V 2 r d) C 2 O 7 + 14H+ +6e = 2Cr2+ + 7H2O 0 = 1,333V e) MnO + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O 0 = 1,507V 4 - Hy sp xp cc cht kh v cc cht oxi ha thnh mt dy mnh dn. - iu kin tiu chun cht no c kh nng oxi ha Cl- thnh Cl2. Vit phng trnh phn ng. 9. C pin to thnh t thanh km nhng vo dung dch Zn(NO3)2 0,1M v thanh ch nhng vo dung dch Pb(NO3)2 0,02M. Tnh sut in ng ca pin. Vit cc phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc v trong pin. Lp s pin v ch chiu chuyn ng ca cc ion v electron. 10. Xt phn ng: Sn + Pb2+ = Sn2+ + Pb 0 0 Cho: Sn 2 + / Sn = 0,136 V v Pb 2 + / Pb = 0,126 V a) iu kin tiu chun phn ng din ra theo chiu no? Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng.

b) Gim nng Pb2+ cn 0,1M, phn ng xy ra theo chiu no? ) g g 1M Z n Z ( + c sut n ) 11. Nng Zn2+ phi bng bao nhiu pin (M M 0 0 in ng bng 1,16V? Bit Mg / Mg = 2,363 V v Zn 2 + / Zn = 0,763 V .
2+ 2+
2+

0 0 12. Bit Co 2 + / Co = 0,277 V v Ni 2 + / Ni = 0,25 V . Xt chiu phn ng oxi ha kh gia hai cp Co2+/Co v Ni2+/Ni a) Khi nng cc cht bng 1M. b) Khi nng Co2+ bng 1M v nng Ni2+ bng 0,01M. c) Khi nng Co2+ bng 0,01M v nng Ni2+ bng 1M. Cho kin nhn xt v ca phn ng khi gim nng Co2+. 13. Dung dch KMnO4 c oxi ha c cc ion Cl- v Br- hay khng cc iu kin sau (nu c, hy vit phng trnh phn ng): a) iu kin chun. b) Khi pH = 3, cc cht khc ly iu kin chun. c) Khi pH = 5, cc cht khc ly iu kin chun. 14. Xc nh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau: 2 C 2 O 7 + 6I- +14H+ = 2Cr3+ + +3I2 + 7H2O r 2 r Trn c s hy kt lun v kh nng oxy ha I- n iot t do bng C 2 O 7 trong mi trng axit. 0 Hg 2 + + 2Fe2+ = 2Hg + 2Fe3+ . Bit Hg 2 = / Hg = 0,788 V v 15. Cho phn ng: 2 2

0 3+ / Fe 2 + = 0,771 V Fe

a) 250C, phn ng s xy ra theo chiu no nu C Hg 2 + = C Fe 2 + = 0,01M v 2

C Fe 3+ = 10 4 M

b) Cng 250C phn ng trn s t c cn bng khi nng Fe3+ l bao nhiu nu C Hg 2 + = C Fe 2 + = 0,01M . 2
0 0 16. Cho bit AsO 3 +4 H + / AsO +2 H 2O = 0,559 V v I 2 / 2 I = 0,536 V 4 2 a) Vit phng trnh phn ng gia chng iu kin chun. b) Tm pH phn ng cn bng v xy ra theo chiu ngc li, khi nng cc cht cn li u bng 1M. 17. Tnh hng s in ly ca axit axetic bit rng pin gm in cc hydro tiu chun v in cc hydro nhng vo dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, vi p sut hydro 1 atm c sut in ng 0,1998V 0 18. Tch s tan ca AgI l 10-16, Ag / Ag = 0,7991 V a) Tnh th kh ca in cc bc nhng vo dung dch bo ha AgI. b) Bc c th y c hydro ra khi dung dch HI 1M khng? V sao? 0 0 19. Bit Ag / Ag = 0,7991 V v AgCl / Ag +Cl = 0,2225 V . Tnh tch s tan ca AgI
+
+