HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Km10 ng Nguyn Tri, H ng-H Ty

Tel: (04).5541221; Fax: (04).5540587
Website: http://www.e-ptit.edu.vn; E-mail: dhtx@e-ptit.edu.vn

NGN HNG THI

Mn: K THUT HA
Dng cho h HTX, ngnh CNG NGH THNG
TIN S tn ch: 3
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V K THUT HO

Loi 1:
1/ Pht biu rng: Trong mn hnh mu, s phn t trong bng LUT (LookUp
Table) chnh l s mu c th c hin th cng mt lc trn mn hnh, l ng
hay sai?
a
ng b
Sai
2/ Gi s mn hnh ca bn ang s dng c phn gii (Resolution) l
640x480 th lnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C++ )
printf(\n Ta ngang l: %d, getmaxx()/2);
S cho kt qu khi chy chng trnh nh sau: To ngang l: 320. Theo bn kt
qu
ng hay
sai?
a
ng b
Sai
3/ Gi s mn hnh ca bn ang s dng c phn gii (Resolution) l
640x480 th lnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C++ )
printf(\n Ta ng l: %d, getmaxy()/2);
S cho kt qu khi chy chng trnh nh sau: To ng l: 239. Theo bn kt
qu
ng hay
sai?
a

Sai

ng

4/ Pht biu: k thut ho vector = m hnh hnh hc + t trt, l ng hay sai?

Sai

ng

5/ Ni rng : k thut ho im gip cho chng ta quan st hnh nh nhiu

gc khc nhau bng cch thay i gc nhn l ng hay sai?
a

Sai

ng

6/ to ra cc im nh (pixel) th cc phng php no khng ng:

a

T trt (rendering)

Ri rc ho (s ho) hnh nh thc ca i

tng c

Da vo cc l thuyt m phng

(Fractal)
d

Dng phn mm v trc tip tng im nh mt

7/ Chn phng n sai cho k thut ho im:

a

D dng thay i thuc tnh ca i tng (mu sc, sng)

Quan st i tng nhiu gc nhn khc nhau bng cch

thay i gc nhn c Xo i d dng tng pixel ca i tng

d

i tng c hin th thng qua tng mu ri rc

8/ Chn phng n khng phi l ng dng ca k thut ho:

a

Tnh khi lng vt liu (st, thp) cho

mt to nh b iu khin cc qu trnh sn xut

c

Tnh th tch hoc din tch cc hnh trong thit k cng trnh

xy dng d

Gii tr ngh thut v m phng

9/ Cc chun sau th chun no khng thuc chun giao din ca h ho:

a

GKS

OPENGL

c
IEEE802.11 d
CGI
10/ T s phng (aspect ratio) ca mn hnh l 1,4 vy mt hnh trn khi hin
th trn mn hnh s cho:
a Hnh ellipse nm ngang (bn knh theo trc x di hn bn knh theo
trc y)
b

Hnh

trn c
Hnh
thoi
d

Hnh ellipse ng (bn knh theo trc x ngn hn bn knh theo trc y)

Loi 2:
11
s mn hnh ca bn ang s dng c phn gii (Resolution) l
a/ Gi
78464
1
b
78540
c
d

8
78643
1
78643

1024x768 th s im nh ca mn hnh l:

12/ Gi s mn hnh ca bn ang s dng c phn gii (Resolution) l

640x480 th s im nh ca mn hnh l:
a
b

30608
130720
0
30608
2
30719

c
d

9
13/ Nu thng tin mi 1 pixel trn mn hnh ta dng 8-bit. Th bng LUT
(LookUp Table) c s mu l:
a

256

mu b

mu
c

1024

mu d

32

mu
14/ Nu thng tin mi 1 pixel trn mn hnh ta dng 10-bit. Th bng LUT
(LookUp Table) c s mu l:
a

1024

mu b

32

mu
c

256

mu d
10 mu
15/ Gi s mn hnh ca bn ang s dng c phn gii (Resolution) l
640x480 th lnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C++ )
printf(\n Ta : %d,
getmaxx()-10); S cho kt qu khi chy
chng trnh:
a

To

631 b

To

: 629 c
To
630 d

To

: 640
16/ Gi s mn hnh ca bn ang s dng c phn gii (Resolution) l
640x480 th lnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C++ )
printf(\n Ta : %d,
getmaxy()-20); S cho kt qu khi chy

chng trnh:
a

To

460 b

To

: 461 c
To
459 d

To

: 480

Loi 4:
17/ Cho mn c phn gii 1024x1024 v mi pixel c m t 24bt vy
video RAM ca mn hnh l:
a

3 MB

24 MB

8 MB

1048576 bt

18/ Nu thng tin mi 1 pixel trn mn hnh ta dng 16-bit. Th bng LUT
(LookUp Table) c s mu l:
a

16 mu

1024 mu

65536

mu d

1016

mu

CHNG 2: CC GII THUT SINH THC TH C S

Loi 1:
19/ Khi biu din tng minh on thng c dng y=kx+m, trong k l h s
gc ca on. Phng trnh khng th nhn gi tr k=.
a

Sai

ng

20/ Trong C/C++ th hm pixel(300,200,RED) v mt im ti to (299,199)

vi mu . a
b

ng

Sai

21/ Trong C/C++ th hm getpixel(100,200) tr v mu hin thi ti im c to

(100,200). a ng
b

Sai

22/ Trong C/C++ th hm line(20,30,300,260,RED) v mt on thng c hai

im cui to (20,30) v (300,260) vi nt v mu .
a

Sai

ng

23/ on m sau l thuc gii thut Bresenham v on thng:

dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
for
(x=x1;x<=x2;x+
+)
{ putpixel(x,y,c);
if(p<0)
p += 2*dy;
else{
p += 2*dy - 2*dx;
y+
+;
}
}
a
ng b

Sai
24/ on m sau l thuc gii thut Bresenham v on thng:
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;

for
(x=x1;x<=x2;x+
+)
{ putpixel(x,y,c);
if(d<0)
d += dy;
else{
d += dy - dx;
y++;
}
}
a
ng b
Sai
25/ Xy dng gii thut tng qut v on thng ta c xt h s k (h s
gc ca on thng) c tt c cc trng hp ca k:
a

26/ biu din on thng thng qua phng trnh tham s nh sau:
a

f(x,y)=0 hay ax + by +c =0

+v(x -x ) v y(v) +v(y -y ) c v [0,1]

=y

x(v)=x

c
P

P(u) = + u(P -P ) c u [0,1]

y=f(x) hay y=kx+b

27/ Trong gii thut Bresenham (v on thng) dng biu din on thng l:
a

Phng trnh khng tng

minh b

Phng trnh tng

minh
c

Phng trnh cc im gn vi on

thng d

Phng trnh tham s

Loi 2:
6

28/ Trong gii thut Midpoint (v on thng) dng biu din on thng l:
a

Phng trnh khng

tng minh b Phng trnh

tng minh
c

Phng trnh im

gia d

Phng trnh

tham s
29/ Gii thut sau l gii thut no hc?

void Function(int xt, int yt, int r, int c){

int x, y, d;
x = 0;
y = r;
d = 3 - 2 * r;
while (x <= y){
putpixel(xt + x, yt +
y, c); putpixel(xt - x,
yt + y, c); putpixel(xt
+ x, yt - y, c);
putpixel(xt - x, yt - y,
c); putpixel(xt + y, yt
+ x, c); putpixel(xt y, yt + x, c);
putpixel(xt + y, yt x, c); putpixel(xt - y,
yt - x, c);
if (d < 0)
d += 4 * x + 6;
else{
d += 4 * (x-y) + 10;
y--;
}
x++;
}}
a

Gii thut Bresenham xy dng

ng trn b

Gii thut Midpoint xy

dng ng trn
c

Gii thut Bresenham xy dng ng

ellipse d Gii thut Midpiont xy dng

ng ellipse
30/ Gii thut sau l gii thut no hc?
void Function(int xt, int yt, int r, int c){
int x, y, d;
x = 0;
y = r;
d = 1 - r;
while (x <= y){
putpixel(xt + x, yt +

y, c); putpixel(xt - x,
yt + y, c); putpixel(xt
+ x, yt - y, c);
putpixel(xt - x, yt - y,
c); putpixel(xt + y, yt
+ x, c); putpixel(xt y, yt + x, c);

putpixel(xt + y, yt x, c); putpixel(xt - y,

yt - x, c); if (d < 0)
d += 2 * x + 3;
else
{
d += 2* (x-y) + 5;
y--;
}
x++;
}}
a

Gii thut Midpoint xy dng ng trn

Gii thut Bresenham xy dng

ng trn c

Gii thut Midpiont xy

dng ng ellipse
d

Gii thut Bresenham xy dng ng ellipse

31/ Gii thut sau l gii

thut:
.#define ROUND(a) ((long)(a+0.5))
void plot(int xc, int yc, int x, int y, int color){
putpixel(xc+x,
color);

yc+y,

putpixel(xc-x,

yc+y,

color);

putpixel(xc+x,
color);

yc-y,

putpixel(xc-x,

yc-y, color);
}
void Function(int xc, int yc, int xRadius, int yRadius, int color){
long x, y, px, py, rx2,
ry2, p;
x =
0;
y
=
yRadius;
rx2

xRadius;

xRadius

ry2

yRadius * yRadius; px
= 0;
py = 2 * rx2 *
y;
plot(xc,

yc,

x,y,

color);
p
=
ROUND(ry2-(rx2*yRadius)
+(0.25*rx2));
while (px <
py){
x++;
px += 2*ry2;
if (p<0)
p += ry2 + px;
else{
y--;

py -= 2*rx2;
p+= ry2 + px - py;
}
plot(xc, yc, x, y, color);
}
p = ROUND(ry2*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5) + rx2*(y-1)*(y-1) - rx2*ry2);
while (y>0){
y--;
py -= rx2*2;
if (p>0)
p+=rx2-py;
else
{
x++;
px += ry2*2;
p += rx2 - py + px;
}
plot(xc, yc, x, y, color);
}
}
a

Gii thut Bresenham xy dng ng trn

Gii thut Bresenham xy dng ng

ellipse c Gii thut Midpoint xy dng

ng trn
d

Gii thut Midpiont xy dng ng ellipse

32/ im u nt ca on thng (-2,6) v (6,18), tnh gi

tr ca k a
b

k= -6

k=

k= 3

1.5 d
k= -3
33/ im u nt ca on thng (-2,-6) v (3,-2), tnh gi
tr ca k a
b

k= 3

k=

0.8 d
k=

k= -0.8

1.5
34/ Gii thut sau l gii thut
no? Funtion(int X[], int Y[]) {
for(int i=0;i<=6;i++)

line(X[i],Y[i],X[i+1],Y[i+1]);
line(X[i+1],Y[i+1],X[0],Y[0]);
}
a

Gii thut v ng bao a gic vi s

nh l 8 b

Gii thut t a gic vi s

nh l 7
c

Gii thut v ng bao a gic vi

s nh l 7 d Gii thut v ng bao a

gic vi s nh l 6
35 /

Gii thut sau l gii thut

no? Funtion(int X[], int Y[]) {

for(int i=0;i<6;i++)
line(X[i],Y[i],X[i+1],Y[i+
1]);
line(X[i+1],Y[i+1],X[0],Y
[0]);
}
a

Gii thut v ng bao a gic vi s

nh l 7 b

Gii thut v ng bao a

gic vi s nh l 5 c Gii thut t a gic

vi s nh l 6
d

Gii thut v ng bao a gic vi s nh l 6

36/ Chn phng n ng nht, trong (xc,yc) l to tm ca ng trn

v r l bn knh ca ng trn.
.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT,
gr_mode; int xc=getmaxx()/2,
yc=80, r=50 ;
initgraph(&gr_drive,
&gr_mode, ""); circle( int xc,
int yc, int r); closegraph();
}
a

ng trn gia, pha phi mn

hnh b
mn hnh

ng trn gia, pha tri

ng trn gia, pha trn mn hnh

ng trn gia, pha di mn hnh

37/ Chn phng n ng nht, trong (xc,yc) l to tm ca ng trn

v r l bn knh ca ng trn.
.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>

void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
int xc=getmaxx()-100, yc=getmaxy()/2, r=50 ;
initgraph(&gr_drive,
&gr_mode, ""); circle( int xc,
int yc, int r); closegraph();
}
a

ng trn gia, pha trn mn hnh

ng trn gia, pha bn tri mn hnh

ng trn gia, pha bn phi

mn hnh d

ng trn gia, pha

di mn hnh
38/ Khi xy dng gii thut v ng trn y ta ch cn vit phng
trnh cho 1/8 ng trn, ri gi i xng 8 cch. Khi xy ra hin tng
overstrike. Vy im xy ra hin tng l: (r l bn knh ca ng trn)
a

(0,r) hoc (0,-r) hoc (r,0) hoc (-r,0)

(r,0) hoc (0,r)

39/ Ta c hm sau: line(getmaxx(),0,0,getmaxy()); l v mt on thng c 2

im cui l: (vit bng C++)
a

Gc tri trn v gc phi di ca mn hnh

gia bn di v gc tri trn ca

mn hnh c

gia bn trn v gc phi

di mn hnh
d

Gc tri di v gc phi trn ca mn hnh

40/ Ta c hai hm sau (vit bng

C++):
moveto(getmaxx()/2
,0);
lineto(0,
getmaxy());
L v mt on thng c hai im
cui l:

gia bn phi v gc tri trn mn hnh

gia bn di v gc phi trn mn

hnh c

gia bn tri v gc phi di

mn hnh d

gia bn trn v

gc tri di mn hnh

41 /

Gii thut sau l gii thut

g? void Function (int x, int y, int

c1, int c2){ if (getpixel(x, y) ==
c1){
putpixel(x, y, c2);
Function (x-1, y, c1, c2);
Function (x+1, y, c1,
c2); Function (x+1,
y+1, c1, c2); Function
(x-1, y-1, c1, c2);
Function (x, y-1, c1, c2);
Function (x, y+1, c1, c2);
}
}
a

Gii thut t mu dng qut dng 6 im ln cn

Gii thut t mu dng qui t vng kn dng

mu t c Gii thut t mu loang dng 6 im

ln cn
d
42 /

Gii thut t mu loang dng 4 im ln cn

Gii thut sau l gii thut

g? void Function (int x, int y, int

c1, int c2){ if (getpixel(x, y) ==
c1){
putpixel(x, y, c2);
Function (x-1, y, c1,
c2); Function (x+1, y,
c1, c2); Function (x,
y+1, c1, c2);
Function (x, y-1, c1, c2);
}
}
a

Gii thut t mu dng qui t vng kn dng

mu t b Gii thut t mu dng qut dng 4 im

ln cn
c

Gii thut t mu loang dng 4 im ln cn

Gii thut t mu loang dng 6 im ln cn

43/ 1. Chn phng n ng nht, trong (xc,yc) l to tm ca ng trn

v r l bn knh ca ng trn.

.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT,
gr_mode; int xc=100, yc=80,
r=50 ; initgraph(&gr_drive,
&gr_mode, "");

circle( int xc, int yc, int r);

closegraph();
}
a

ng trn gc phi, pha di mn

hnh b

ng trn gc tri, pha

di mn hnh
c

ng trn gc tri, pha trn mn hnh

ng trn gc phi, pha trn mn hnh

44/ Phng trnh khng tng minh cho ng trn l: (r l bn knh ca ng

trn)
a

f(x,y)=x2 +y2 -r2 =0

f(x,y)=b2x2 + a2y2 -

a2b2 =0 c (x-1)2 + (y-1)2 =

(r-1)2
d

f(xi +1,y
-1/2)=0
i

45/ Phng trnh khng tng minh cho ng ellipse l : (ra l bn knh theo
trc ox, rb l bn knh theo trc oy v (xc,yc) l to tm):
a

f(x,y) = rb2(xc+x)2 + ra2(yc+y)2 -

ra2rb2 = 0 b

f(x,y)=(xc+x)2/ra2 +

(yc+y)2/rb2 - ra2rb2 =0
c

f(xi +1,y
-1/2) = 0
i

ra2(xc+x)2 + rb2(yc+y)2 - ra2rb2=0

46/ Theo gii thut Midpoint v on thng th d = f(x +1,y +1/2) - trung im,
vi gi tr no
i
i
i
ca d trung im nm di on
thng:
i
a

di =0

di <0

di = d
i+1

d
d
>0

Loi 3:
47/ Theo gii thut Midpoint v ng cong (trn, ellipse) th d -1/2)= f(x +1, y
trung
im, vi gi tr no

ca d trung im nm ngoi ng cong:

i

di = di+1

b
d
=0 i
c
d
>0 i
d
d
<0 i

48 /

Gii thut v on thng sau v cho trng hp k l:

void Midline(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int c){

int x=x1,y=y1,dx=x2-x1,dy=y2-y1,p=2*dx-dy;
while(y<y2)
{ putpixel(x,
y,c);
if(p<=0){
p=p+2*dx;
}
else{
p=p+2*dx-2*dy;
x++;
}
y+
+;
}}
a

k>1

0<=

k<=1 c
k<=-1
d

-1<k<0

49/

Gii thut v on thng sau v cho trng hp k l:

void Midline(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int c){

int x=x1,y=y1,dx=x2-x1,dy=y2-y1,p=-2*dy+dx;
while(x<x2)
{ putpixel(x,
y,c);
if(p<=0){
p=p+2*dx-2*dy;
y++;
}
else
p=p-2*dy;
x++;
}}
a

0<=

k<=1 b
k>1
c 1<k<0

d
50/

k<=-1
Gii thut v on thng sau v cho trng hp k l:

void Midline(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int c){

int x=x1,y=y1,dx=x2-x1,dy=y2-y1,p=2*dy+dx;

while(x<x2)
{ putpixel(x,
y,c);
if(p<=0){
p=p+2*dy+2*dx;
y--;
}
else{
p=p+2*dy;
}
x++;
}}
a

1<k<0 b
k<-1
c

0<=k<=1

k>1

51/

Gii thut v on thng sau v cho trng hp k l:

void Midline(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int c) {

int x=x1,y=y1,dx=x2-x1,dy=y2-y1,p=-2*dx-dy;
while(y>y2)
{ putpixel(x,
y,c);
if(p<=0) {
p=p-2*dx-2*dy;
x++;
}
else {
p=p-2*dx;
}
y--;
}
}
a

k>1

k<-

1
c

-1<k<0

0<=k<=1

52 /

Gii thut sau l gii thut

g? void Function (int x, int y, int

c1, int c2){ if (getpixel(x, y) ==
c1){
putpixel(x, y, c2);

Function (x-1, y, c1, c2);

Function (x+1, y, c1,
c2); Function (x, y+1,
c1, c2); Function (x, y-1,
c1, c2); Function (x-1, y1, c1, c2); Function
(x+1, y-1, c1, c2);
Function (x-1, y+1, c1,
c2); Function (x+1,
y+1, c1, c2);
}
}
a

Gii thut t mu mu t dng 8 im ln cn

Gii thut t mu ng bin dng 8 im

ln cn c Gii thut t mu gi qui

d

Gii thut t mu dng qut dng 8 im ln cn

53/ 1. Chn phng n ng nht, c (x1,y1) l to ca gc tri trn ca hnh

ch nht v
(width,height) l kch thc cnh di v cnh ngn ca hnh ch nht.
.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void Function(int x1, int y1, int width, int
height){ line(x1,y1,x1+width,y1);
line(x1+width,y1,x1+width,y1+heig
ht);
line(x1+width,y1+height,x1,y1+hei
ght); line(x1,y1+height,x1,y1);
}
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
int x1=10, y1=10, width=100,
height=50; initgraph(&gr_drive,
&gr_mode, "");
Function(x1,y1,width,height);
closegraph();
}
a

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha di

mn hnh b

Hnh ch nht gc tri,

pha trn mn hnh

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha trn mn hnh

Hnh ch nht gc tri, pha di mn hnh

54/ Chn phng n ng nht, c (x1,y1) l to ca gc tri trn ca hnh

ch nht v
(width,height) l kch thc cnh di v cnh ngn ca hnh ch nht.
.#include <stdio.h>

.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void Function(int x1, int y1, int width, int height){
line(x1,y1,x1-width,y1);
line(x1-width,y1,x1width,y1+height); line(x1width,y1+height,x1,y1+height);
line(x1,y1+height,x1,y1);
}
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
int x1=getmaxx()-20, y1=10, width=100,
height=50; initgraph(&gr_drive, &gr_mode,
""); Function(x1,y1,width,height);
closegraph();
}
a

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha trn

mn hnh b

Hnh ch nht gc tri,

pha trn mn hnh

c

Hnh ch nht gc tri, pha di mn hnh

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha di mn hnh

55/ Chn phng n ng nht, c (xc,yc) l to tm ca hnh ch nht

v (width, height) l kch thc cnh di v cnh ngn ca hnh ch nht.
.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void Function(int xc, int yc, int width, int height){
line(xc-width/2,yc-height/2,xc+width/2,ycheight/2); line(xc+width/2,ycheight/2,xc+width/2,yc+height/2);
line(xc+width/2,yc+height/2,xcwidth/2,yc+height/2); line(xcwidth/2,yc+height/2,xc-width/2,yc-height/2);
}
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
int xc=getmaxx()-20, yc=getmaxy()-10, width=100,
height=50; initgraph(&gr_drive, &gr_mode, "");
Function(xc,yc,width,height);

closegraph();
}
a

Hnh ch nht gc tri, pha di mn

hnh b

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha

trn mn hnh c Hnh ch nht gc tri,

pha trn mn hnh

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha di mn hnh

56/ Chn phng n ng nht, c (xc,yc) l to tm ca hnh ch nht

v (width, height) l kch thc cnh di v cnh ngn ca hnh ch nht.
.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void Function(int xc, int yc, int width, int height){
line(xc-width/2,yc-height/2,xc+width/2,ycheight/2); line(xc+width/2,ycheight/2,xc+width/2,yc+height/2);
line(xc+width/2,yc+height/2,xcwidth/2,yc+height/2); line(xcwidth/2,yc+height/2,xc-width/2,yc-height/2);
}
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
int xc=20, yc=getmaxy()-10, width=100,
height=50; initgraph(&gr_drive, &gr_mode,
""); Function(xc,yc,width,height);
closegraph();
}
a

Hnh ch nht gc tri, pha di

mn hnh b

Hnh ch nht gc tri,

pha trn mn hnh

c

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha trn mn hnh

Hnh ch nht gc phi, pha di mn hnh

57/ v ng ellipse ta ch cn xy dng gii thut v ng ellpise sau

ly i xng. Hm sau l hm ly i xng 4 im (v 4 im 1 lc). Rt tic
l trong hm b thiu 1 lnh nn hnh ellipse khi hin th trn mn hnh s thiu
hnh :
void plot(int xc, int yc, int x, int y, int color) { // xc, yc l to
tm ca ellipse putpixel(xc+x, yc+y, color);
putpixel(xc-x, yc+y, color);
putpixel(xc+x, yc-y, color);
}
a

Tri

di

b
Tri

trn

Phi
trn
d
Phi
di
58/ v ng ellipse ta ch cn xy dng gii thut v ng ellpise sau
ly i xng. Hm sau l hm ly i xng 4 im (v 4 im 1 lc). Rt tic
l trong hm b thiu 1 lnh nn hnh ellipse khi hin th trn mn hnh s thiu
hnh :

void plot(int xc, int yc, int x, int y, int color) { // xc, yc l to
tm ca ellipse putpixel(xc+x, yc+y, color);
putpixel(xc-x, yc+y, color);
putpixel(xc-x, yc-y, color);
}
a

Tri trn

Tri di

Phi

di
dPhi trn
59/ Theo l thuyt c hc th pht biu (km hnh minh ho) no l
ng nht?
void Function (int x, int y, int c1, int c2){
if (getpixel(x, y) == c1){
putpixel(x, y, c2);
Function (x-1, y, c1, c2);
Function (x+1, y, c1,
c2); Function (x+1,
y+1, c1, c2); Function
(x-1, y-1, c1, c2);
Function (x, y-1, c1, c2);
Function (x, y+1, c1,
c2);
}
}
a

60/ Chng trnh sau a ra ch:

.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>

void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT,
gr_mode; int x=getmaxx()/3,
y=getmaxy()/2;
initgraph(&gr_drive,
&gr_mode, "");
moveto(x,y); lineto(x,80); lineto(x+50,y); lineto(x+50,80);
getch(); closegraph();
}
a

61/ Chng trnh sau a ra ch:

.#include <stdio.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#include <graphics.h>
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
int x=getmaxx()/3, y=getmaxy()/2;
initgraph(&gr_drive, &gr_mode,
""); moveto(x,y); lineto(x,40);
lineto(x,40);
moveto(x,y); lineto(x+50,y);

lineto(x+50,y-80);

getch(); closegraph();
}
a

Loi 4:
62/ on thng c 2 im cui l (1,1) v (8,5). Dng thut ton Bresenham
v on thng tnh cc gi tr ti x=3.
a

p=5 v

y=3 b
p=2 v

y=4
c

p=-3 v y= 2

d p=-3 v y=
3
63/ on thng c 2 im cui l (1,1) v (8,5). Dng thut ton Midpoint v
on thng tnh cc gi tr ti x=3.

d=4 v
y=3

d=-3 va
y=3

d=-2 v
y=2

d=2 v
y=2

64 /

Chng trnh sau a g ra hnh no:

.#include <graphics.h>
.#include <conio.h>
void Function(int xc, int yc, int r, int c){
int x, y, d;
x = 0;
y = r;
d = 3 - 2 * r;
while (x <= y){
putpixel(xc + x, yc +
y, c); putpixel(xc - x,
yc + y, c); putpixel(xc
- x, yc - y, c);
putpixel(xc + y, yc - x,
c); putpixel(xc - y, yc x, c);
if (d < 0)
d += 4 * x + 6;
else{
d += 4 * (x-y) + 10;
y--;
}
x++;
}
}
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode;
initgraph(&gr_drive, &gr_mode, "");
Function(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2,
150, 4); getch();
closegraph();

}
a

65 /

Chng trnh sau a g ra hnh no:

.#include <graphics.h>
.#include <conio.h>
.#define ROUND(a) ((long)(a+0.5))
void plot(int xc, int yc, int x, int y, int
color){ putpixel(xc+x, yc+y,
color); putpixel(xc-x, yc+y,
color); putpixel(xc-x, yc-y,
color);
}
void Bresenham_Ellipse(int xc, int yc, int xRadius, int yRadius, int color){
long x, y, px, py, rx2,
ry2, p;
x =
0;
y
=
yRadius;
rx2

xRadius

ry2

xRadius;

yRadius * yRadius; px
= 0;
py = 2 * rx2 *
y;
plot(xc,
color);

yc,

x,y,

p
=
ROUND(ry2-(rx2*yRadius)
+(0.25*rx2));
while (px <
py){
x++;
px += 2*ry2;
if
(p<0)
p += ry2 + px;
else
{
y--;
py -= 2*rx2;
p+= ry2 + px - py;
}
plot(xc, yc, x, y, color);
}
p = ROUND(ry2*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5) + rx2*(y-1)*(y-1) - rx2*ry2);

while (y>0) {
y--;
py -= rx2*2;
if (p>0)
p+=rx2-py;
else
{
x++;
px += ry2*2;

p += rx2 - py + px;
}
plot(xc, yc, x, y, color);
}
}
void main(){
int gr_drive = DETECT, gr_mode; initgraph(&gr_drive,
&gr_mode, ""); Bresenham_Ellipse(getmaxx() / 2,
getmaxy() / 2, 150, 80, 4); getch();
closegraph();
}
a

CHNG 3: CC PHP BIN I HO

Loi 1:
66 /

Sai

ng

67/ Trong mt phng, tm phng n khng ng khi biu din mt im:

a

[1 6]

b
c

[x y h]

[4 -20 0]

68/ Trong mt phng to vector ca 1 im l [3 -1.5] khi im biu din

dng to ng nht c th l [3 -1.5 2].
a

ng

Sai

69/ Trong mt phng to vector ca 1 im l [2 -0.5] khi im biu din

dng to ng nht c th l
[4 -1 2] v [-10 2.5
-5 ]. a
b

Sai

ng

70/ Trong 3D to vector ca im P(-1,3,6) vy trong cc to sau to

no khng phi l to ng nht ca P:
a

(-a, 3a, 6a, a) trong a

0b

(- 0.5, 1.5, 3, 0.5)

(-2, 6,12,2)

(-2, 6, 12)

71/ Trong mt phng khi quay mt i tng mt gc a sau quay tip mt

gc b cng bng vi vic quay
i tng mt gc b ri quay tip mt
gc a. a

Sai

ng

72/ Ta c Tv = [T-a,oy]x[Tb,ox] , trong [T-a,oy] v [Tb,ox] l quay i tng

quanh oy mt gc -a sau quay i tng quanh trc ox mt gc b. Ta s c
[Tv -1 ] = [T-b,ox]x[Ta,oy], trong [T-b,ox] v [Ta,oy] l quay i tng quanh
trc ox mt gc -b sau quay quanh trc oy mt gc a.
a
ng b
Sai
73/ Ta c 4 php bin i ln lt l T1, T2, T3, T4. Khi bin i i tng P ln
lt qua T1, ri tip tc T2, T3 v T4
cng ging nh bin i n qua Tth. Trong Tth = T1x T3
x T2xT4. a
b

Sai

ng

74/ Ta c 5 php bin i ln lt l T1, T2, T3, T4 v T5. Khi bin i i tng P
ln lt qua T1, ri tip tc T2, T3, T4 v T5 cng ging nh bin i n qua Tth.
Trong Tth = T1x T2 x T3xT4xT5.
a
ng b
Sai
75/ Trong mt phng php i xng qua
trc oy l:
a

b=c=0, d=1 v

a=-1 b

b=c=d=1

v a=-1
c

b=c=a=1 v d=-1

b=c=0, a=1 v d=-1

76/ Trong mt phng php i xng qua

trc ox l:
a

b=c=0, a=1 v

d=-1 b

b=c=d=1

v a=-1
c

b=c=0, d=1 v

a=-1 d

b=c=a=1

v d=-1

25

77/ Trong mt phng php i xng qua

tm O l:
a

b=c=1 v

a=d=0 b b=c=0
v a=d=1
c

b=c=0 v

a=d=-1 d
b=c=-1 v
a=d=0
78/ Trong mt phng lm bo mt i tng gp 2 ln
ban u l:
a

b=c=0, a=2 v d=1

26

b=c=1

a=d=2 c b=c=2
v

a=d=0

b=c=0

a=d=2
79/ Trong mt phng thu nh mt i tng xung mt na ban u l:
a

b=c=1/2 v

a=d=0 b b=c=0
v a=d=1/2
c

b=c=0, a=1/2 v

d=1 d

b=c=1 v

a=d=1/2
80/ Trong mt phng sa mt i tng sao cho i tng bo ln gp ri
m chiu cao khng i th :
a

b=c=0,

a=1

d=1.5 b b=c=0,
a=1.5 v d=1 c
b=c=1.5

a=d=0
d b=c=0,
d=1.5

a=1.5

81/ Trong mt phng nu phng to mt i tng ln gp ri sau li phng

ln gp 2 ln th ma trn bin i l:
a b=c=0
a=d=3.5
b

b=c=0, a=1.5 v

d=2 c

b=c=0 v

a=d=3
d b=c=0,
d=1.5

a=2

82/ Trong mt phng nu phng to mt i tng ln gp i sau thu nh

xung ch cn
ban u th ma trn bin i l:
a

b=c=0

a=d=2+1/4

v
b

b=c=0, a=1/4 v
d=2 c

b=c=0

a=d=1/2

26

d b=c=0, a=2 v
d=1/4
83/ Ta c im P(2 , -5) sau khi bin i qua php phng to ln gp ri ln th to
P l:
a
)

(3.5, -6.5

b (2
7.5)
c (3
-5)

,,

d (3
7.5)

,-

84/ Ta c im P(-4.5, -11) sau khi bin i qua php thu nh ch bng 1 na
ban u th to P l:
a (-2.25
-5.5)
b (-2.25
11)

,
,-

27

c (-9
-22)

d (-4.5
-5.5)

85/ Trong 3D c im Q(-4 , 1.6 , -7), i xng qua trc ox c Q l:

a (-4 , -1.6 ,
-7)
b (4 , -1.6 ,
7)
c (4 , -1.6 ,
-7)
d (-4 , -1.6 ,
7)
86/ Trong 3D c im M(5.34 , - 31.8 , - 0.3), i xng qua mt xoy c Q l:
a (-5.34, - 31.8, 0.3)
b

(-5.34 , 31.8 ,

0.3) c
31.8

(5.34 , ,

0.3)

(5.34

31.8 ,

-0.3)
87/ Trong 3D c im Q(-4 , 1.6 , -7), i xng qua trc oy c Q l:
a (-4 , 1.6 ,
-7)
b (4 , 1.6 ,
7)
c (4 , -1.6 ,
7)
d (-4 , -1.6 ,
-7)
88/ Trong 3D c im Q(-4 , 1.6 , -7), i xng qua trc oz c Q l:
a

(4 , -1.6 ,

7) b

(4 ,

-1.6 , -7) c
(-4 , 1.6 ,
7) d

(-4 ,

1.6 , -7)
89/ Trong mt phng sa mt i tng sao cho chiu cao tng gp 3 m b
rng khng thay i th :

27

b=c=0, a=1 v

d=3 b
a=1

b=c=1,

d=3

b=c=0

c
v

a=d=3
d b=c=0, a=3 v
d=1

Loi 2:
90/ Cho im Q (3.2 , - 11.5) sau khi cho n cao ln gp 2 ln m vn gi chiu
rng khng
i, ri li thu nh n xung th Q l:
a

(1.6 ,- 5.75)

(6.4 , -23)

28

(0.8 ,-5.75)

(0.8 , - 2.86)

91/ Trong 3D c im A(2 , -3 , 1.4) sau khi bin i n cho cao ln 2 ln (theo
oy), mng i
(theo oz) v mt tin tng 3 ln th thu c Q l:
a

(6 , -9 ,

0.7) b

(4 ,

-1.5 , 4.2) c
(1 , -6 ,
4.2) d

(6 ,

-6 , 0.7)
92/ Cho on thng AB c to l A(1,-1) v B(-2,6), dn on thng theo
chiu trc ox ln gp 3 ln sau phng to ln gp ri th thu c A v B l:
a

A(4.5 , -1.5) v B(-9 , 9)

A(1.5 , -4.5) v B(-3 , 27)

A(3 , -1.5) v B(-6 , 9)

A(1.5 , - 3) v B(-3, 9)

93/ Cho on thng AB c to l A(1,-1) v B(-2,6), ko di on thng

theo chiu trc oy ln gp 3 ln sau thu nh ch bng mt na th thu c A
v B l:
a

A(1.5 , -3) v B(-1 ,

18) b

A(0.5 , -1.5)

v B(-1 , 9) c A(3

-0.5) v B(-6, 3)
d

A(1.5 , -0.5) v B(-3 , 3)

94/ Trong mt phng c im A(-1,5), quay A quanh gc to 1 gc 900 ta c

im A l:
a

(1,-5)

(-5 , 1)

(-5 , -1)

(1,5)

95/ Trong mt phng c im A(-1,5), quay A quanh gc to 1 gc -900 ta

c im A
l:
a

(1,-5)

(5 , 1)

(-5 , 1)

29

(-1,-5)

96/ Trong mt phng c im A(-2,6), quay A quanh gc to 1 gc 600 ta c

im A l:
a

30

b
c
d

97/ Trong mt phng c im A(-2,6), quay A quanh gc to 1 gc -600 ta

c im A
l:
a
b
c
d

98/ Trong 3D c im A(2.7, -3 , 2.5), quay A xung quanh trc oz mt gc 900.

To mi
A s l:
a
)

(2.7, -2.5 , -3

(3 , 2.7 ,

2.5) c

(2.5 ,

3, 2.7 ) d (-3

2.7 ,2.5)
99/ Trong 3D c im B(-11.5 , -2 , 4.2), quay B xung quanh trc ox mt gc
-900. To
mi B s l:
a (4.2 , -11.5,
2)
b

(-2 , 4.2 ,

-11.5) c

(-11.5

, 4.2 , 2) d
(11.5 , 4.2 ,
-2)
100/ Trong 3D c im M(6.3 , -7.5 , -13), quay M xung quanh trc oy mt gc
900. To
mi M s l:
a (-13,
-6.3)

-7.5

31

b (7.5 , 6.3 ,
-13)
c (13 , -7.5 ,
6.3)

32

d (6.3
-7.5)

13,

101/ Trong 3D c im H(2, -12, -4), quay H xung quanh trc oz mt gc 600. To
mi H
l:
a
b
c
d
102/ Trong 3D c im N(8, -4, 12), quay N xung quanh trc ox mt gc -300. To
mi N
l:
a
b
c
d

103/ Trong 3D c im K(-6, 42, -22), quay K xung quanh trc oy mt gc -600.
To mi K
l:
a
b
c
d

33

104/ Trong mt phng cho tam gic ABC c to cc nh l A(-3.6, 4), B(12,1) v C(-9,5). Thu hp tam gic i 3 ln (theo trc ox), ko di tam gic ln gp 3 ln (theo
trc oy) sau
i xng tam gic qua trc oy. Tam gic ABC cui cng thu c s
c to l:
a A(1.2, 12), B(-4,-3) v
C(3,-15)
b A(-1.2, -12), B(4,3) v C(3,15)
c A(-10.8, -4/3), B(36,1/3) v C(27,5/3)
d A(10.8,
C(27,-5/3)

4/3),

B(-36,-1/3)

105/ Trong mt phng cho on thng AB c cc to l A(1.5,-3) v B(6,2).

Phng ln on thng ln gp 1.8 ln sau ly i xng qua trc ox. on
thng AB cui cng thu c c to l:
a A(2.7,
B(10.8,-3.9)

5.4)

b A(3.3,-1.2)
B(7.8,3.8)

c A(-2.7, 5.4) v B(-10.8,3.9)

d A(-2.7,
10.8,3.9)

-5.4)

B(-

106/ Trong mt phng cho on thng MN c cc to l M(-12,-4) v N(16,2).

Quay on thng ny quanh O mt gc 600 sau ly i xng qua trc ox. on
thng MN cui cng thu c c to l:
a
b
c
d

107/ Trong mt phng cho on thng CD c cc to l C(11,-3) v D(12,28).

Quay on thng quanh O mt gc -450 sau ly i xng qua trc oy. on
thng CD cui cng thu c c to l:
a

34

b
c

35

108/ Trong on m sau cc s t [1],[ 2],[ 3], [4] ln lt l cc phm mi tn dch

chuyn:
c = getch();
switch (c)
{
case 75: x -= 10; //
[1]
break;
case 77: x += 10;//
[2]
break;
case 72: y -= 10; //
[3]
break;
case 80: y += 10;//
[4]
break;
}
a

Trn, di, phi v

tri b

Tri,

di v trn c

phi,
Tri,

phi, trn v di
d Trn, di, tri v
phi
109/ Trong 3D cho hnh kim cng ABCD c cc to l A(4,6,1), B(1,2,3),
C(2,2,5) v
D(7,2,4). i xng gng hnh
kim cng qua trc ox, to mi ca hnh kim cng l:
a

A(4,-6,-1), B(1,-2,-3), C(2,-2,-5) v

D(7,-2,-4) b

A(-4,6,-1), B(-1,2,-3), C(-

2,2,-5) v D(-7,2,-4) c A(4,6,-1),

B(1,2,-3),

C(2,2,-5) v D(7,2,-4)
d A(-4,-6,-1), B(-1,-2,-3), C(-2,-2,-5) v D(7,-2,-4)

Loi 3:
110/ Trong mt phng c on thng AB c to l A(2,-6) v B(18,8), quay

36

on thng mt gc 900 sau thu nh i mt na. To A v B cui cng thu

c l:
a

A(-1,3) v B(-9,-4)

A(1,-3) v B(9,4)

A(-3,-1) v B(4,-9)

A(3,1) v B(-4,9)

111/ Trong mt phng c on thng CD c to l C(2,-6) v D(18,8), quay

on thng mt gc -900 sau phng to ln gp 2 ln. To C v D cui cng
thu c l:

37

a C(12,4)
16,36)
b C(-12,-4)
D(16,-36)
c C(4,-12)
D(36,16)

D(v
v

d C(-4,12) v D(36,16)
112/ Trong 3D c im E(2,-4,6), quay im E quanh trc oz mt gc -300 sau
ly i xng qua trc ox. im E c to l:
a
b
c
d

113/ Trong 3D c im H(2,-4,6), quay im H quanh trc oy mt gc 450 sau

ly i xng qua mt xoy. im H c to l:
a
b
c

114/ Trong 3D c im V(2,-4,6), quay im V quanh trc ox mt gc -450 sau

ly i xng qua mt xoy. im V c to l:
a
b
c

38

115/ Trong mt phng c on thng EF c to l E(2,-6) v F(18,8), phng to

on thng ln gp 4 ln ban u sau quay mt gc 450. To E v F cui
cng thu c l:
a
b
c
d
116/ Trong mt phng c on thng PQ c to l P(-8,-48) v Q(32,16), quay
on thng mt gc 600 sau thu nh 1/4. To P v Q cui cng thu c
l:
a
b
c
d

117/ Trong 3D c im L(2,-4,6), quay im L quanh trc oz mt gc 300 sau

phng to gp i. im L c to l:
a
b
c

39

118/ Trong 3D c im O(-16,4,8), quay im O quanh trc oy mt gc 450 sau

thu nh
xung mt na. im O c to l:
a
b
c
d

119/ Trong 3D c im G(2,-4,6), quay im G quanh trc ox mt gc -450 sau

phng to ln gp 4 ln. im G c to l:
a
b
c

120/ Trong mt phng c on UV c to U(1,-1) v V(2,1), quay on UV 1

gc 450 sau
quay tip 1 gc 900. To mi U v V l:
a
b
c

40

121/ Trong mt phng c on PQ c to P(-4,2) v Q(0,2), quay on PQ 1 gc

-300 sau
quay tip 1 gc 900. To mi P v Q l:
a

b
c
d

122/ Trong mt phng c on MN c to M(6,0) v N(-2,8), quay on MN 1

gc 600 sau
quay tip 1 gc -900. To mi M v N l:
a
b
c
d
123/ Cho hnh kim cng ABCD c cc to l A(5,6,1), B(0,0,0), C(3,2,5) v
D(8,2,4).
Quay hnh kim cng quanh trc oy mt gc 900. To mi ca hnh kim cng
l:
a

A(1,6,-5), B(1,2,2), C(5,2,-3) v

D(2,-4,8) b

A(1,6,-5), B(0,0,0),

C(2,5,-3) v D(2,4,-8) c

A(-1,5,-1),

B(0,0,0), C(2,3,5) v D(2,4,8) d

A(1,6,-5), B(0,0,0), C(5,2,-3) v
D(4,2,-8)

Loi 4:

41

124/ Trong mt phng cho tam gic ABC c cc to A(1,1), B(1,2) v C(3,4)
thu nh tam gic ch cn m vn gi c nh im A. To mi ca tam gic
l:
a A(1,1),
C(1.5,1.75)

B(1,

b A(0.25,0.25),
C(0.75,2)
c A(1,1),
C(1.25,1.5)

1.25)
B(1,

B(0.5,

1.5)
1)

d A(1,1), B(1/4, 1/2)

C(3/4,1)

v
v

125/ Trong mt phng cho on thng AB c to A(2,3) v B(6,1) quay AB

mt gc 600
vn gi c nh B. To mi ca
AB l:
a
b
c
d

126/ Trong mt phng cho on thng CD c cc to l C(-1,-1) v D(2,3).

Ngi ta phng ln on thng n cao ln gp 2 ln (theo trc oy) v rng
gp 1.5 ln (theo trc ox) m vn gi c nh C. To mi ca on thng :
a

C(1,1) v D(-

1,5) b

C(1,-1) v

D(-7,5) c C(-1,-1)
v D(1,7)
d C(-1,-1)
D(3.5,7)

127/ Cho ng trn c tm ti (1,4), mt im trn ng trn A(1,0). Quay

ng trn mt gc 900 quanh im A, tm mi ca ng trn l:
a

(4,1)

(3,

0)

c
(-

3,0) d
(3,1)

42

128/ Cho ng trn c tm ti (-2,-6), mt im trn ng trn C(-2,-2). Quay

ng trn mt gc 600 quanh im C, tm mi ca ng trn l:
a

43

b
c
d

129/ Trong mt phng cho on thng MN c to M(-10,-4) v N(8,-2) quay MN

mt gc 900 vn gi c nh N. To mi ca
MN l:
a

M(16,6) v N(8,-2)

M(6,16) v N(8,-2)

M(-6,-16) v N(8,-2)

M(6,16) v N(2,-5)

130/ Trong mt phng cho on thng PQ c cc to l P(5,-3) v Q(7,-2).

Ngi ta phng ln on thng n cao ln gp 3 ln (theo trc oy) v rng
gp 2 ln (theo trc ox) m vn gi c nh Q. To mi ca on thng :
a

P(3,-5) v Q(14,-6)

P(-3,5) v Q(7,-

2) c

P(3,5) v

Q(7,-2) d P(3,-5) v
Q(7,-2)
131/ Cho DABC trong khng gian c to A(1,1,1), B(4,6,0) v C(2,-1,3) ko
dn cho tam gic rng ra (theo hng trc ox) ln 2 ln vn gi c nh B. To
mi ca DABC l:
a

A(2,1,1), B(2,3,1) v C(2,-

1,1) b

A(-2,1,1), B(4,6,0) v

C(0,-1,3) c

A(-2,1,1),

B(8,6,0) v C(0,-1,3)
d

A(2,2,2), B(4,6,0) v C(1,-0.5,1.5)

132/ Chng trnh sau a ra ci

g?
.
#include<stdio.
h>
.
#include<conio.
h>
.
#include<graphics.
h>

44

.
#include<math.
h>
.#define RADS
0.017453293 void
Function1() {
line (10,getmaxy()/2,getmaxx()-10,getmaxy()/2);
line (getmaxx()/2,10,getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()-10);
}

45

void Function2(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int x3,int y3){

line

(getmaxx()/2+x1,getmaxy()/2-

y1,getmaxx()/2+x2,getmaxy()/2-y2);

line

(getmaxx()/2+x2,getmaxy()/2y2,getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2-y3);

line

(getmaxx()/2+x3,getmaxy()/2y3,getmaxx()/2+x1,getmaxy()/2-y1);
}
void Function3(int x1,int y1, int x2, int y2, int x3, int y3,int xq, int yq,float goc ){
float
x11,y11,x22,y22,x33,y33;
float anpha = RADS
*goc;
x11 = int(x1*cos(anpha) - y1*sin(anpha) + (1 - cos(anpha))*xq +
sin(anpha)*yq);

y11

int(x1*sin(anpha)

y1*cos(anpha)

sin(anpha)*xq + (1 - cos(anpha))*yq); x22 = int( x2*cos(anpha) y2*sin(anpha) + (1 - cos(anpha))*xq + sin(anpha)*yq); y22 =int(
x2*sin(anpha)

y2*cos(anpha)

sin(anpha)*xq

(1

cos(anpha))*yq); x33 =int( x3*cos(anpha) - y3*sin(anpha) + (1 cos(anpha))*xq

sin(anpha)*yq);

y33

y3*cos(anpha)

sin(anpha)*xq

=int(
(1

x3*sin(anpha)

cos(anpha))*yq);

Function2(x11,y11,x22,y22,x33,y33);
}
void main() {
clrscr();
int driver = DETECT, mode;
initgraph(&driver,&mode,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
int x1 =50,y1 = 20,x2 = 50,y2 = 100,x3 = 200,y3 = 20;
int
xq=100,yq=100;
float goc=30 ;
Function1();
Function2(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3);
Function3(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,xq,yq,
goc); getch();
closegraph();
}
a

46

47

CHNG 4: CC GII THUT HO C S

Loi 1:
133/ H to thit b chun (NDCS) c kch thc mn hnh hin th l hnh ch
nht ngang c chiu di gp i chiu rng. Vy nu mt hnh ch nht ng (c
chiu di gp i chiu rng khi hin th trn mn hnh s cho:
a

Hnh ch nht c chiu di gp 1.5 chiu

rng b

Hnh vung

Vn l hnh ch nht ng

Hnh ch nht nm ngang (chiu di gp i chiu rng)

134/ H to thit b chun (NDCS) c kch thc mn hnh hin th l hnh ch

nht ng c chiu di gp i chiu rng. Vy nu mt hnh trn khi hin th trn
mn hnh s cho:
a

ng cong mo

Hnh ellipse ng (bn knh theo trc oy di gp i bn knh theo trc ox)

Hnh trn

Hnh ellipse ngang (bn knh theo trc ox di gp i bn knh theo trc oy)

135/ Gi s to ca mt im (x,y), im c hin th (khng b

xn ta) khi :
x

min

<= x
<= x

max

v
y

<= y
<=y

min

(c
x
max

,x

,y

min max min

v
y

max

l to ca ca s xn ta).

a
ng b
Sai
136/ Gi s to ca mt im (x,y), im c hin th (khng b xn ta) khi
:
x <= x
<= x
max

Sai

ng

min

v
y

<= y
<=y

min

(c x ,x ,y
max

min max min

v
y

l to ca ca s xn ta).
max

137/ Gi s to hai im cui on thng l P (x ,y ) v P (x ,y ), on thng

khng
1
1 1
2
2 2
c hin th (b xn ta hon ton) khi : x
,x >x
b
s xn
ta). a
Sai

n
g

(c x ,x
1
2

,y

min

ma
x

v
y

min

l to ca
ca

ma
x

48

max

138/ Gi s to hai im cui on thng l P (x ,y ) v P (x ,y ), on thng

khng
1
1 1
2
2 2
c hin th (b xn ta hon ton) khi : y
,y <y
1

min

(c x ,x

,y

min max

v
y
min

l to ca
ca
max

s xn
ta). a
Sai
b
ng

49

139/ Cho ca s xn ta c gc tri di (1,-2) v gc phi trn (6,8), m vng 4bit ca im

A(7,9) l:
a
b
c
d

101
0
100
0
011
0
001
0

140/ Cho ca s xn ta c gc tri di (1,-2) v gc phi trn (6,8), m vng 4bit ca im

B(-1,-4) l:
a
b
c
d

000
0
011
0
010
0
010
1

141/ M vng 4-bit ca im A l (1001), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th

im ny s
ct cc cnh ca ca s ct ta l:
a

v y=y
max

ma

v y=y
min

x=x b

ma

v y=y
min

x=x c

min

v y=y

max

mi
n

x=x
d
x=x
142/ M vng 4-bit ca im B l (0110), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th
im ny s
ct cc cnh ca ca s ct ta l:
a
x=x b
x=x c
x=x
d

xmax min min

=
max
x

max

y=y min
v y=y
max v
v y=y v y=y

min

143/ M vng 4-bit ca im E l (0001), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th

im ny s
ct cc cnh ca ca s ct ta l:
a

x=xmin

ma
x

x=x c

min
max

y=y
d
y=y
144/ M vng 4-bit ca im G l (0100), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th
im ny s
ct cc cnh ca ca s ct ta l:
a

y=ymin

b
ma

y=y c

x
ma
x

x=x

min

d
x=x
145/ Cho m vng 4-bit ca hai im cui on AB ln lt l A(0000) v
B(0000), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th hng mc xn ta ca on AB l:
a

Khng thuc hng mc no c

Hon ton nm

ngoi c
d

B xn ta

Hon ton nm trong

146/ Cho m vng 4-bit ca hai im cui on MN ln lt l M(0010) v

N(0010), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th hng mc xn ta ca on MN l:
a

Khng thuc hng mc no c

Hon ton nm

trong c
d

B xn ta

Hon ton nm ngoi

147/ Cho m vng 4-bit ca hai im cui on EF ln lt l E(1001) v

F(0010), theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland th hng mc xn ta ca on EF l:
a

B xn ta

Khng thuc hng mc no c

Hon ton nm

ngoi d

Hon ton

nm trong
148/ nh ngha a gic li l a gic m ni hai im bt k bn trong a
gic, sao cho
on ni nm trn trong a gic th l a
gic li. a
b

Sai

ng

149/ Gi s cnh AB l mt cnh ca ca s xn ta, P

,P , P
0

l danh sch cc nh
ca
N-1

a gic cn xn ta (a gic li hng dng). Theo gii thut

Hogman th P

v Pi u
nm
bn phi ca cnh AB th nh c a vo danh sch ca a gic sau khi
i-1

xn ta
(VertexOutput)
l:
a

P i-1

Khng c nh

no c
d

Pi

c Pi v Pi-1

150/ Gi s cnh AB l mt cnh ca ca s xn ta, P

,P , P
0

l danh sch cc nh
ca
N-1

a gic cn xn ta (a gic li hng dng). Theo gii thut Hogman nm bn

i-1
th nu P
phi v Pi nm bn tri ca cnh AB th nh c a vo danh sch ca a
gic sau khi xn ta (VertexOutput) l:
a Giao im I
ca P
b
P

P vi cnh AB v Pi
i-1

Giao im I v
i-1

c Ch c giao
im I
d

c Pi v P

i-1

151/ Gi s cnh AB l mt cnh ca ca s xn ta, P

,P , P
0

l danh sch cc nh
ca
N-1

a gic cn xn ta (a gic li hng dng). Theo gii thut Hogman nm bn

i-1
th nu P
tri v Pi nm bn phi ca cnh AB th nh c a vo danh sch ca a
gic sau khi xn ta (VertexOutput) l:
a

Khng c nh no

c Pi v P

c
P

Giao im I ca P vi cnh AB v Pi

d
P

Giao im I ca P vi cnh AB

i-1

i-1

i-1

152/ Gii thut LyangBarsky da vo phng trnh ng thng:

a

Khng tng minh f(x,y)

=0b

Do ng a ra

Tng minh y=f(x)

Tham s x = x(t), y = y(t) c t [0,1]

153/ Trong cc cu ni sau cu no sai ? (theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland)

a on thng nm hon ton ngoi khi n phm bt k mt trong bn
bt ng thc sau:
x ,x
x ,x
y ,y
y ,y <y
>x
<x
>y
1 2 max ; 1
min ; 1
max ; 1
min
2

b on thng nm hon ton ngoi khi n tho mn mt trong bn bt ng

thc sau:
x ,x >=
x ,x <=min ; y
>= max y ,y <= min
1 2
max 1 2
1 2
,y
x ;
x
y ;
y
1
2

on thng c hin th khi c hai u cui u trong ca s hin th

d on thng

c hin th khi: P .m or P .m ==0000 (P ,P

1

l hai im cui)

Loi 2:
154/ Bn hy cho bit hm sau l mt trong nhng hm ci t cho gii
thut xn ta no?
.#define TRUE 1
.#define FALSE 0

int cliptest(double p, double q, double *u0, double *u1) {

double r;
int retVal = TRUE;
if (p < 0.0) {
r = q / p;
if (r > *u1)
retVal = FALSE;
else
if (r > *u0)
= r;
}
else
if ( p > 0.0) {
r = q / p;
if (r < *u0)
retVal = FALSE;
else
if (r < *u1)
= r;
}
else{
if (q < 0.0)
retVal = FALSE;
}
return
(retVal);
}
a

Cohen Sutherland

Khng phi gii thut

xn ta c Lyangbarsky
d

Hodgman

155/ Cho ca s ct ta hnh ch nht c gc tri di L(3,1), gc phi trn

R(7,4). Cho
on IJ c to l I(8,2) v J(8,3), dng gii thut Lyangbarsky tnh cc gi tr P ,
P , P v
1
2
3
P 4.
a P =0, P =0, P = -1 v
P =11
2
3
4
b

P 1= -1, P2 =1, 3P =0 v4 P =0

P 1=1, P2 = -1, 3P =0 v4 P =0

P 1=-1, P2 =1, 3P =1 v4 P =-1

156/ Cho ca s ct ta hnh ch nht c gc tri di L(-2,-2), gc phi trn

R(9,4). Cho
on CD c to l C(1,-3) v D(6,5), dng gii thut Lyangbarsky tnh cc gi
tr P , P , P
1
2
v P4 .
a P = -5, P =5, P =8 v
P =-81
2
3
4
b

P 1= -7, P2 =7, 3P =-8 v

P =8
4

P 1= -5, P2 =5, 3P =8 v4 P =8

P 1= 5, P2 = -5,3P =8 v
P =-8
4

157/ Hm sau l thuc gii thut xn ta no?

void Function(float x1[10],float y1[10],int k){
if(y1[k]ymax>=0)
sign[k][1]=
1;
else
sign[k][1]=
0;
if(yminy1[k]>=0)
sign[k][2]=
1;
else
sign[k][2]=
0;
if(x1[k]xmax>=0)
sign[k][3]=
1;
else
sign[k][3]=
0;
if(xminx1[k]>=0)
sign[k][4]=
1;
else
sign[k][4]=
0;
}
a

a gic

Hodgman

LyangBarsky

CohenSutherhand

158/ Hm sau thuc gii thut xn ta no?

float xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax;
float p[10],q[10];
void Function(float x1,float x2,float y1,float y2){
p[1]= x1-x2; q[1]= x1xmin;

p[2]=

x2-x1;

q[2]=

xmax-x1;

p[3]=

y1-y2; q[3]= y1-ymin;

p[4]= y2-y1; q[4]= ymax-y1;

}
a

Hodgman

LyangBarsky

c
CohenSutherhand d
a gic
159/ Tnh ma trn bin i i tng t ca s vo cng xem nh sau:

160/ Da vo gii thut LyangBarsky th mun tnh gi v nh sau:

tr mi u0
u1
a

161/ Trong gii thut LyangBarsky th tnh cc gi tr trung

gian q , q , q
1

a q
=x

- x ; q =x - ; q
x 1 2 1 max=y3
min

q =x - x
1
1

min

;q
=x

max

;q
=x

max

c q
=x

d
x

min

-x

q =x 1

-x ;q
=y
1

-x ;q
=y
1

v
q

nh sau:
4

- y v q =y y 1
min
4
1
max
-y

min

min

v q
=y

max

v q
=y

max

-y

-y

-y

; q =x - ; q =y v q =y - y
x
y
min
2
1
max
3
1
min
4
1
max

162/

(x2 -x1 )(y-y

)-(y
-y
)(x-x
)
1
2
1
1

(x2 -x1 )(y-y

)+(y
-y 1)(x-x )
1
2
1

(x1 -x2 )(y-y

)-(y
-y
)(x-x
)
1
1
2
1

(x-x1 )(y-y
)-(y
-y
)(x-x
)
1
2
1
2

163/ Theo gii thut Cohen Sutherland tnh to ct ca on thng cn ct

ta vi ca s ct ta nh sau: (c k l dc ca on thng)
a

47

48

Loi 3:
164/ on m sau ci t gii thut Cohen Sutherland, gn m vng 4bt cho
mi im cui ca on thng xn ta. T gii thut c hc bn hy cho
bit th th t [1], [2], [3], [4] s c m vng ln lt s l:
[1]

.#define EDGE_1
0x1

[2]

.#define EDGE_2
0x2

[3]

.#define EDGE_3
0x4

[4]

.#define EDGE_4
0x8

Tri, phi, di v

trn b

Trn,

tri v phi c

di,
Tri,

phi, trn v di d
Phi, tri, trn v
di
165/ Cho ca s ct ta hnh ch nht c gc tri di L(-3,1), gc phi trn
R(2,6). Dng gii thut Cohen Sutherland tm hng mc ct ta ca MN c M(-4,2)
v N(-1,3).
a

(-4,2) v (-

1,2) b

(2,

3)

v (-1,3) c

d (-3,5) v (1,3)
166/ Cho ca s ct ta hnh ch nht c gc tri di L(1,1), gc phi trn R(6,5).
Dng gii thut Cohen Sutherland tm hng mc ct ta ca EF c E(2,2) v F(7,4).
a

48

b (1,2)
(7,4)

d (2, 3) v (1,3)

49

167/ Ta c chng trnh nh sau. Dch v chy u khng c li no (tt c cc

cu lnh u khng sai c php). Khi chy chng trnh khng thy kt qu g
(khng c thng bo li), vy ti sao, do dng lnh no ?
.
#include<conio.
h>
.
#include<graphics.
h>
void floodfill(int x,int y,int old,int
newc){
if(getpixel(x,y)==old)
{ putpixel(x,y,newc) ; //
[1] floodfill(x1,y,old,newc);
floodfill(x+1,y,old,newc);
floodfill(x,y-1,old,newc);
floodfill(x,y+1,old,newc);
}
}
void main(){
int grdriver, grmode; grdriver=DETECT;
initgraph(&grdriver,&grmode,"d:\\tc\\bgi");
circle(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2,60);

//

[2] floodfill(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2,0,4);
// [3] getch();
closegraph();

// [4]

}
a
[2] b
[3] c
[4]
d
[1]

Loi 4:
168/ Php bin i chun ho to nh x cho mt ca s m gc bn tri pha
di (1,3) v gc bn phi trn (4,7) vo mn hnh c chun ho ton b l:
a

50

51

169/ Hm sau l mt hm trong gii thut Cohen Sutherland. Bn hy cho bit

ln lt cc dng lnh [1], [2], [3], [4] s cho cc m vng 4bt l: (chiu theo
nh ngha m vng 4 bt trong sch k thut ho)
unsigned char encode(double x, double y, double xmin,
double ymin, double xmax, double ymax)
{
unsigned char code = 0x00;
if (x < xmin)
code = code | LEFT_EDGE;//[1]
if (x > xmax)
code = code | RIGHT_EDGE; //[2]
if (y < ymin)
code = code | TOP_EDGE; //[3]
if (y > ymax)
code = code | BOTTOM_EDGE;//[4]
return code;
}
a

0x8, 0x4, 0x2 v

0x1 b

0x1,

0x8 v 0x4 c

0x2,
0x2,

0x8, 0x4 v 0x1 d

0x1, 0x2, 0x4 v

52

0x8

53

170/ Cho ca s ct ta hnh ch nht c gc tri di L(0,-5), gc phi trn

R(4,-1). Cho
im V(-1,-4), dng gii thut Lyangbarsky tnh cc gi tr v ca im V.
q ,q ,q
q
1

a q = -1, q =5, q =1
v q 1=3 2
3
4
b

q1 = -1, 2q =5,3 q =2 v
q =4
4

q1 = -1, 2q =5,3 q =4 v
q = -1
4

q1 = 1, 2q =-5,3 q =1 v
q =3
4

171/

-2

172/

-2

-1

173/

a
20/7 b
-4
c

26/3

20/7
174/

54

-7/2

3/2

7/2

-7

55

CHNG 5: PHP CHIU

Loi 1:
175/ Trong cc phng php sau y, phng php no khng phi biu din
i tng
3D trn thit b hin th
2D: a

Thay

trc to b

i
T

cht b mt
c

K thut nh du

su d

Ct lt

176/ Trong cc cch sau, cch no khng phi dng m t i

tng 3D:
a

Tham s

Knh

stereo c Nt
khut
d

a gic

177/ Php chiu l php chuyn i nhng im ca i tng trong h thng ta

n chiu thnh nhng im trong h thng ta c s chiu ......Cc phng
n sau in vo chm chm th phng n no sai:
a

l (n+1)

thng l (n-1)

nh hn n

tng qut l s chiu nh hn n, thng (n-1)

178/ Php khng phi l php chiu, chn phng n in vo

chm chm. a
b

chiu nh x

chiu trc

lng c

chiu

Isometric d
chiu Cabinet
179/ Chng trnh AutoCad s dng php
chiu:
a

Trc

lng

Phi cnh
c

Trc giao

52

Xin

180/ Trong cc php sau th php no khng phi thuc php chiu
trc giao a
b

Chiu ng

Chiu mt

ct c

Chiu

bng

53

Chiu cnh

181/ Pht biu sau ng hay sai: php chiu Isometric c t l co theo trc ox
nh hn 1. a
b

Sai

ng

182/ Pht biu sau l ng hay sai : Php chiu Dimetric thc cht l php chiu
trc lng m cc gc quay tng ng l 35.260 v 450.
a

ng

Sai

183/ Php chiu Cavalier l php chiu xin c to thnh khi cc tia chiu
lm thnh vi mt phng chiu mt gc:
a

900

35.26

600

450

184/ Php chiu Cabinet l php chiu xin c to thnh khi cc tia chiu
lm thnh vi mt phng chiu mt gc:
a

35.260

900

450

63.4350

185/ Php chiu Isometric c 3 t l co trn ba trc bng nhau

v bng:
a

b
f=1 c

f=1/2

186/ Php chiu Dimetric l php chiu song song c cc tia chiu vung gc
vi mn chiu, hnh chiu thu c sau khi quay i tng sao cho 3 mt ca
i tng c trng thy (thng mt phng chiu l z=0) v h s co ....
Phng n no in vo chm chm l ng?

54

55

fx = fy

c
d

fx = fy = fz = 1/2

187/ Php chiu trimetric l php chiu song song c cc tia chiu vung gc
vi mn chiu, hnh chiu thu c sau khi quay i tng sao cho 3 mt ca
i tng c trng thy (thng mt phng chiu l z=0) v h s co ....
Phng n no in vo chm chm l ng?
a

fx = fy = fz =

1/2 b

fx = fy

188/ Php chiu Isometric l php chiu song song c cc tia chiu vung gc
vi mn chiu, hnh chiu thu c sau khi quay i tng sao cho 3 mt ca i
tng c trng thy (thng mt phng chiu l z=0) v h s co .... Phng
n no in vo chm chm l ng?
a

fx =

fy b

fx = fy = fz =

189/ Php chiu Cabinet l php chiu c t l

co l:
a
f=0.8165 b
f=1.2
c

56

f=1/2 d
f=1
190/ Php chiu Cavalier l php chiu c t l
co l:

57

a
f=1/2 b
f=1.2 c
f=1
d
f=0.8165
191/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

a
Dimetric b
Trimetric
c Othergraphic
giao)

(trc

d
Isometric
192/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

a Othergraphic
giao)

(trc

b
Isometric c
Trimetric d
Dimetric

58

193/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

a
Cavalier
b

Phi cnh mt tm

chiu c

Cabinet

d Phi cnh hai tm

chiu

59

194/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

Phi cnh mt tm

chiu b
c

Cavalier

Phi cnh hai tm

chiu d

Cabinet

195/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

Phi cnh mt tm

chiu b

Phi cnh hai

tm chiu
c
Cavalier d
Cabinet
196/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

Phi

cnh b
Xin

56

Trc giao

Trc lng

197/ Hnh sau l php chiu:

57

Xin

Phi

cnh c
Trc
giao
d

Trc lng

198/ Php chiu phi cnh l php chiu to ra hiu ng v lut xa gn, to cm
gic v su ca i tng trong th gii tht. Cc on thng song song ca
m hnh 3D sau php chiu phi cnh hi t ti mt im.
a
ng b
Sai
199/ Cc php sau php no khng phi php chiu phi
cnh:
a

Mt tm

chiu b

Ba

tm chiu
c

Hai tm

chiu d

Bn

tm chiu

Loi 2:
200/ Cho php chiu phi cnh mt tm chiu, c tm chiu l (0,0,5). C ma
trn 1 tm chiu Tr, tnh r?

0.2 b
-5

58

1/5

201/ Cho php chiu phi cnh hai tm chiu, c tm chiu l (-10,0,0) v
(0,4,0). C ma trn 2 tm chiu Tpq, tnh p,q?

59

p= 10 v q=-4

p=

-0.1

q=0.25 c p= 1/10
v q=-1/4 d

p=

0.1 v q=-0.25
202/ Cho php chiu phi cnh ba tm chiu, c cc tm chiu l (-5,0,0),
(0,20,0) v (0,0,10).
C ma trn 3 tm chiu Tpqr, tnh p,q v r?

p= 5, q=-20 v r=10

p= 0.2, q=-0.05 v r=0.1

p= -1/5, q=1/20 v r=-

1/10 d

p= -0.2, q=0.05

v r=-0.1
203/ Trong 3D cho im H(3,-7,1.3,1), chiu H bi php chiu bng (chiu trc
giao) th H
l:
a

(3,0,1.3,1)

(3,-

7,1.3,0) c (0,7,1.3,1) d
(3,-7,0,1)
204/ Trong 3D cho im L(-34,23.5,-11,1), chiu L bi php chiu cnh (chiu trc
giao) th
L l:
a

(-34,0,-11,1)

(-34,23.5,-11,0)

(-34,23.5,0,1)

(0,23.5,-11,1)

60

205/ Trong 3D cho im K(-5.25,72,44,1), chiu K bi php chiu mt (chiu trc

giao) th
K l:
a

(-5.25,72,0,1)

(0,72,44,1)

(-5.25,72,44,0)

61

d (5.25,0,44,1)
206/ Trong 3D c im A c to (2,3,4), chiu 1 tm chiu c tm chiu ti
(0,0,5). Sau php chiu c A l:
a
(10/9,15/9,0)
b
(10,15,0) c
(10,15,1) d
(4,6,8)
207/ Trong 3D c im B c to (-2,1,-4), chiu 1 tm chiu c tm chiu ti
(0,0,-10). Sau php chiu c B l:
a

(-

10/3,5/3,1) b
(10/3,5/3,0) c
(10/3,5/3,0) d

(-

4,2,-8)
208/ on m sau l thuc bi ...quay mt i tng quanh trc to ... php
quay trong
3D.
Hy cho bit trc m i tng quay quanh:
.#define RADS 0.017453293// i ra
radian struct point{
int
x,y,z;
}
point quay(int &x, int &y, int &z, int goc , int chieu)
{
point p;
if(chieu==1)
{
.........

62

= x*cos(RADS*goc) + z*sin(RADS*goc);

p
.

p.z = -x*sin(RADS*goc) + z *

cos(RADS*goc); p.y = y;
return
p;

}
a

ox

oz

oy

d oy
ox

63

209/ on m sau l thuc bi ...quay mt i tng quanh trc to ... php

quay trong
3D.
Hy cho bit trc m i tng quay quanh:
.#define RADS 0.017453293// i ra
radian struct point{
int x,y,z;
}
point quay(int &x, int &y, int &z, int goc , int chieu)
{
point p;
//..........
if(chieu==
2)
{
p.y = y*cos(RADS*goc) z*sin(RADS*goc); p.z =
y*sin(RADS*goc) + z * cos(RADS*goc);
p.x =x;
}
//...............
.. return
p;
}
a

ox

ox v

oy c
oz
d

oy

210/ on m sau l thuc bi ...quay mt i tng quanh trc to ... php

quay trong
3D.
Hy cho bit trc m i tng quay quanh:
.#define RADS 0.017453293// i ra
radian struct point{
int x,y,z;
}
point quay(int &x, int &y, int &z, int goc , int chieu)
{
point p;

//.................
if(chieu==
3)
{
p.x

y*sin(RADS*goc);

x*cos(RADS*goc)p.y

x*sin(RADS*goc)+y*cos(RADS*goc);
p.z = z;

}
return p;
}
a

oy

oz

oz v ox

ox

211/ Hm sau l ca php chiu no?

void Function(int x,int y,int z,int &x_,int
&y_){ x_=getmaxx()/2-z/2+(x/
(r*z+1)); y_=getmaxy()/2+z/2-(y/
(r*z+1));
}
a

Php chiu

ng b

Php

chiu bng
c

Php chiu phi cnh

Php chiu cabinet

212/ Hm sau l ca php chiu no?

void Function(int x,int y,int z,int &x_,int &y_){
x=x/
(p*x+q*y+r*z+1);
y=y/
(p*x+q*y+r*z+1);
z=z/
(p*x+q*y+r*z+1);
x_=getmaxx()/2+x
-z;
y_=getmaxy()/2 +getmaxy() +(2*(x-y+z))/3;
}
a Php
xin
b

chiu

Php chiu phi cnh 1 tm

chiu c

Php chiu phi

cnh 3 tm chiu d

Php chiu

phi cnh 2 tm chiu

213/ Php chiu Trimetric c ma trn chiu tng hp tng ng l:
b

61

T l co (Shortening Factor - SF) trn trc ox l:

a

62

214/ Php chiu Trimetric c ma trn chiu tng hp tng ng l:

T l co (Shortening Factor - SF) trn trc oy l:

a

215/ Php chiu Trimetric c ma trn chiu tng hp tng ng l:

T l co (Shortening Factor - SF) trn trc oz l:

a

63

Loi 3:
216/ Cho on thng AB c to l A(2,6,1) v B(-1,2,-3) php chiu phi cnh
mt tm chiu P(0,0,5) on thng AB ta thu c to mi ca AB l:
a

(2.5, 7.5) v (-0.625,

1.25) b

(-1.5, 5.5) v (-

0.25, 2.125) c

(-4.5, 1.25)

v (0.25, 2.5)
d (3.5, -7.5) v (-0.65,
1.5)
217/ Cho on thng AB c to l A(1,4,-2) v B(3,-1,7) php chiu phi
cnh hai tm chiu M(10,0,0) v N(0,-5,0) on thng AB ta thu c to mi
ca AB l:
a
b
c
d

218/ Trong 3D c im P(16,-22,-4) chiu P vi php chiu phi cnh 3

tm chiu
Xc(2,0,0), Yc(0,-6,0) v Zc(0,0,-20). To P thu c l:
a

(560/143,

-110/143,0) b

(-

560/143, 110/143,1) c
(-560, 110,0)
d (-560/143,
110/143,0)

63

219/ Cho on thng AB c to l A(2,-5,3) v B(-1,4,0) php chiu phi

cnh ba tm chiu M(4,0,0) , N(0,12,0) v P(0,0,-10) on thng AB ta thu c
to mi ca AB l:
a
b
c
d
220/ Cho tam gic ABC c cc to l A(-1,3,5), B(5,2,-2) v C(4,-2,8). Chiu
tam gic ABC vi php chiu phi cnh 1 tm chiu Zc(0,0,4). Sau php chiu ta
thu c tam gic ABC l:
a A(4,-12,0), B(10, 4,0) v C(4/3,
-2/3,0)
b A(4,-12,0), B(10/3, 4/3,0) v C(4,
-2,0)
c A(1,-3,0), B(10/3, 4/3,0) v C(4/3,
-2/3,0)
d A(4,-12,0), B(10/3, 4/3,0) v C(4/3,
-2/3,0)
221/ tnh ma trn chiu tng qut Dimetric nh sau: (ta c Pz l php chiu
trc giao trn mt z=0, Rx l php quay i tng quanh trc ox mt gc a v Ry
l php quay i tng quanh trc oy mt gc b)
a

64

222/ Ma trn sau l ma trn bin i ca php chiu:

a
Isometric b
Cavalier
c
Dimetric d
Cabinet
223/ Ma trn sau l ma trn bin i ca php chiu:

Cavalier

65

b
Isometric c
Cabinet
d

Dimetric

66

224/ tnh ma trn bin i tng hp ca cc bin i sau: quay i tng

quanh trc ox mt gc a,
ri quay quanh trc oy mt gc -b, sau chiu trn
mt y=0. a

Loi 4:
225/ Cho tam gic ABC c cc to l A(2,-4,5), B(1,-6,2) v C(1,-2,9). Chiu
tam gic ABC vi php chiu phi cnh 2 tm chiu Xc(5,0,0) v Yc(0,10,0) . Sau
php chiu ta thu c tam gic ABC l:
a

A(2,-4,1), B(5/7, -3/7,1) v C(1, -2,1)

A(2,-4,0), B(5, -3,0) v C(1, -2,0)

A(1,-4,0), B(5/7, -3/7,0) v C(1, -2,0)

A(2,-4,0), B(5/7, -3/7,0) v C(1, -2,0)

67

CHNG 6: MU SC TRONG HO

Loi 1:
226/ Di nh sng nhn thy (Visible spectrum) c bc sng (l) l :
a

0 - 255 MHz

7.1014 hz - 4.1014

hz c

4.10-7 m -

7. 10-7 m
d

400 mm - 700 mm

227/ Nu mt ngi b mt t bo nn (Cones), ch cn t bo que (Rods) th s

b m hon ton (theo l thuyt).
a

Sai

ng

228/ Mn hnh CRT th gi tr gama l:

a

3.3 n

4b
1.5
c

1.01

T 2.3 n 2.6

229/ Ngi b m mu (ch thy sng v ti) l ngi:

a

Mt b mt c t bo nn v

que b
c

Mt b mt t bo que

Mt c t l ba t bo nn khng bnh

thng d Mt b mt t bo nn
230/ Con ngi nhy cm vi mu:
a

Lc

Vng

Lam

231/ Cc khi nim : sc thi (tints), sc (shade) v tng mu (tone) l sc mu

trong:
a
l b
c

Cm nhn sinh
Hi ho
c trng c bn ca mu

68

sc d

Vt l

232/ Cc c trng c bn ca nh sng l:

69

Sc thi (tints), sc (shade) v tng mu (tone)

Mu sc (Hue), bo ho (Saturation) v sng (Lightness)

sng (Lightness), sc (shade) v bo ho (saturation)

Cng (intensity), chiu sng (Iluuminance) v sng (Brighness)

233/ Phng php da trn cu to ca mt ngi cng nh nguyn l thu nh

ca mt khi nhn nhng vng nh khong cch xa. Khi mt khng th phn
bit c cc vt mt cch c th m ch ghi nhn cng trung bnh ca vng
nh . Phng php ny gi l:
a

Phn ngng (Thread hold)

Dither

Xp x bn tng (Halftone)

Mu t

234/ Trong nh en trng, ta biu din mt im nh trn mn hnh theo cc mu

t. Nu ma trn li ca mu t kch thc 4x4, th chng ta c c thy s mu t
l:
a

15

18

17

1
6

235/ Theo tnh ton th r l mc ngng phn bit ca mt, vy r phi nh hn

gi tr no
mt khng phn bit c s khc lnh gia hai cng ln
cn nhau. a
b

2.3 - 2.6

rt kh xc

nh d

1.5

1.01

236/ M hnh mu RGB dng vi CRT l m hnh mu b

(subtractive). a Sai
b

ng

237/ Trong cc m hnh mu sau th m hnh no khng nh hng phn cng:

a

HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value)

RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

CMY (Cyan, Mangenta, Yellow)

YIQ

238/ H mu no s dng cho thit b in mu:

a

M hnh mu

b b

CMY-K

70

YIQ

RGB

71

239/ H mu m con ngi cm nhn l:

a

CIE

CMY (Cyan - xanh tm, Mangenta - ti v Yellow - vng)

Hue (sc mu), Saturation ( bo ho) v Lightness ( sng)

RGB (Red - , Green - lc, Blue - lam)

240/ Ta c ba hp mu nc (Red), lc (Green) v lam (Blue) em trn cc

mu bo ho v cn bng th thu c mu:
a

en

Cha xc

nh c
d

Trng

241/ My in mu thng gm s hp mc mu:

a

Cng nhiu hp th in cng c nhiu

mu b
c

2 hp

hp d
4
hp
242/ Ta c 3 hp mu Cyan (xanh tm), Magenta ( ti) v Yellow (vng) trn
bo ho th
c mu (theo l thuyt):
a

Xanh

lc b
en
c

Trng

243/ Ta c Y trong m hnh CMY cng chnh l Y trong m

hnh YIQ. a
b

Sai

ng

244/ M hnh mu CIE c hnh:

a

Lp

phng b
Mng
nga
c

Chp nn

ngc d

Tr

69

Loi 2:
245/ Trong m hnh mu RGB (Red, Green, Blue) th mu en l:
a

(0,0,0)

70

b
(1,0,0) c
(1,1,1) d
(0,0,1)
246/ Trong m hnh mu RGB (Red, Green, Blue) th mu trng l:
a
(0,0,0) b
(1,0,0) c
(1,1,1) d
(0,0,1)
247/ Trong m hnh mu CMY-K(m hnh ng dng trong my in) th mu
trng l:
a
(0,0,0) b
(1,1,1) c
(1,0,0) d
(0,0,1)
248/ Ma trn chuyn i gia m hnh mu CMY v RGB l:
a
b
c
d

249/ M hnh sau thuc m hnh mu:

71

RGB

HSV

CMY

CIE

250/ M hnh sau thuc m hnh mu:

CIE

CMY

HLS

RGB

Loi 4:
251/ Ma trn 2 x 2 ma trn Dither (tng c mn ca nh khi hin th) c k
hiu D(2) Tnh cc ma trn D(2n) thng qua D(n):

U(n) l ma trn n x n vi tt c cc phn t = 1

Vi n=4 t nh D(4) :

72

73