Nc ngm v s nhim ca nc ngm

(2010-08-14 05:05:00)

Nc ngm l mt dng nc di t, tch tr trong cc lp t trm tch b ri nh cn, sn, ct bt kt, trong cc khe nt, hang caxt di b mt Tri t, c th khai thc cho cc hot ng sng ca con ngi

Theo su phn b, c th chia nc ngm thnh nc ngm tng mt v nc ngm tng su. c im chung ca nc ngm l kh nng di chuyn nhanh trong cc lp t xp, to thnh dng chy ngm theo a hnh. Nc ngm tng mt thng khng c lp ngn cch vi a hnh b mt. Do vy, thnh phn v mc nc bin i nhiu, ph thuc vo trng thi ca nc mt. Loi nc ngm tng mt rt d b nhim. Nc ngm tng su thng nm trong lp t xp c ngn cch bn trn v pha di bi cc lp khng thm nc. Theo khng gian phn b, mt lp nc ngm tng su thng c ba vng chc nng: Vng thu nhn nc. Vng chuyn ti nc. Vng khai thc nc c p. Khong cch gia vng thu nhn v vng khai thc nc thng kh xa, t vi chc n vi trm km. Cc l khoan nc vng khai thc thng c p lc. y l loi nc ngm c cht lng tt v lu lng n nh. Trong cc khu vc pht trin cacbonat thng tn ti loi nc ngm caxt di chuyn theo cc khe nt caxt. Trong cc di cn ct vng ven bin thng c cc thu knh nc ngt nm trn mc nc bin. Nc ngm l ngun cung cp nc sinh hot ch yu nhiu quc gia v vng dn c trn th gii. Do vy, nhim nc ngm c nh hng rt ln n cht lng mi trng sng ca con ngi. Cc tc nhn gy nhim v suy thoi nc ngm bao gm: Cc tc nhn t nhin nh nhim mn, nhim phn, hm lng Fe, Mn v mt s kim loi khc. Cc tc nhn nhn to nh nng kim loi nng cao, hm lng NO-3, NO-2, NH4+, PO4 v.v... vt tiu chun cho php, nhim bi vi sinh vt. Suy thoi

tr lng nc ngm biu hin bi gim cng sut khai thc, h thp mc nc ngm, ln t. Ngy nay, tnh trng nhim v suy thoi nc ngm ang ph bin cc khu vc th v cc thnh ph ln trn th gii. hn ch tc ng nhim v suy thoi nc ngm cn phi tin hnh ng b cc cng tc iu tra, thm d tr lng v cht lng ngun nc ngm, x l nc thi v chng nhim cc ngun nc mt, quan trc thng xuyn tr lng v cht lng nc ngm. NC B NHIM KIM LOI NNG Kim loi nng c Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, v.v... thng khng tham gia hoc t tham gia vo qu trnh sinh ha ca cc th sinh vt v thng tch ly trong c th chng. V vy, chng l cc nguyn t c hi vi sinh vt. Hin tng nc b nhim kim loi nng thng gp trong cc lu vc nc gn cc khu cng nghip, cc thnh ph ln v khu vc khai thc khong sn. nhim kim loi nng biu hin nng cao ca cc kim loi nng trong nc. Trong mt s trng hp, xut hin hin tng c v thu sinh vt cht hng lot. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim kim loi nng l qu trnh vo mi trng nc nc thi cng nghip v nc thi c hi khng x l hoc x l khng t yu cu. nhim nc bi kim loi nng c tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng sng ca sinh vt v con ngi. Kim loi nng tch ly theo chui thc n thm nhp v c th ngi. Nc mt b nhim s lan truyn cc cht nhim vo nc ngm, vo t v cc thnh phn mi trng lin quan khc. hn ch nhim nc, cn phi tng cng bin php x l nc thi cng nghip, qun l tt vt nui trong mi trng c nguy c b nhim nh nui c, trng rau bng ngun nc thi. NC B NHIM VI SINH VT Sinh vt c mt trong mi trng nc nhiu dng khc nhau. Bn cnh cc sinh vt c ch, c nhiu nhm sinh vt gy bnh hoc truyn bnh cho ngi v sinh vt. Trong s ny, ng ch l cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun v k sinh trng gy bnh nh cc loi k sinh trng bnh t, l, thng hn, st rt, siu vi khun vim gan B, siu vi khun vim no Nht Bn, giun , trng giun v.v... Ngun gy nhim sinh hc cho mi trng nc ch yu l phn rc, nc thi sinh hot, xc cht sinh vt, nc thi cc bnh vin v.v... nh gi cht lng nc di gc nhim tc nhn sinh hc, ngi ta thng dng ch s coliform. y l ch s phn nh s lng trong nc vi khun coliform, thng khng gy bnh cho ngi v sinh vt, nhng biu hin s nhim nc bi cc tc nhn sinh hc. xc nh ch s coliform ngi ta nui cy mu trong cc dung dch c bit v m s lng chng sau mt thi gian nht nh. nhim nc c xc nh theo cc gi tr tiu chun mi trng. hn ch tc ng tiu cc ca nhim vi sinh vt ngun nc mt, cn nghin cu cc bin php x l nc thi, ci thin tnh trng v sinh mi trng sng ca dn c, t chc tt hot ng y t v dch v cng cng. NC B NHIM BI THUC BO V THC VT V PHN BN HA HC

Trong qu trnh s dng thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn ha hc ti cc vng nng nghip thm canh, mt lng ng k thuc v phn khng c cy trng tip nhn. Chng s lan truyn v tch ly trong t, nc v cc sn phm nng nghip di dng d lng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt. Tc ng tiu cc khc ca s nhim thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn l lm suy thoi cht lng mi trng khu vc canh tc nng nghip nh ph dng t, nc, nhim t, nc, gim tnh a dng sinh hc ca khu vc nng thn, suy gim cc loi thin ch, tng kh nng chng chu ca su bnh i vi thuc bo v thc vt. MC SCH CA NC UNG "Nc ung sch l nc khng c mu, mi v khc thng gy kh chu cho ngi ung, khng c cc cht tan v khng tan c hi cho con ngi, khng c cc vi khun gy bnh v khng gy tc ng xu cho sc khe ngi s dng trc mt cng nh lu di". Trong nc sng h thng c nhiu cht l lng, mt s cht khong ha tan v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho con ngi. Nc ly t cc ging khi v ging khoan thng trong v t vi khun gy bnh hn, nhng li nhiu mui khong ha tan hn, c bit l st. Do vy, trc khi s dng cho sinh hot, cc loi nc ny cn c x l loi b cht l lng v st. Thng thng cc lng qu, nc ly t sng h v phi nh phn, lng hoc lc qua mt lp si, ct dy trc khi dng. cc th, khi c iu kin, ngi ta kh trng tiu dit vi trng gy bnh trong nc v cung cp nc ti ngi dng qua h thng ng dn kn. Ty thuc vo phng php x l v kh trng, nc c th t trong sch ti mc ung c. Tuy nhin, mc kh trng cng cao th chi ph sn xut cng ln, lm gi thnh nc tng ln. Do , khng phi u ngi ta cng kh trng nc my ti mc c th ung ngay c. Ngi ta ch to c nhng mng lc c bit, c tc dng ch cho nc i qua v gi li ton b cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cng nh cc cht tan trong nc. Nc sau khi lc tinh khit, trong sch nh nc ct. Tuy nhin, nc ny cng nh nc ct, khng hon ton c li cho sc kho con ngi, mc d chng khng cha cc vi trng gy bnh, nhng chng c th khng c cc loi mui khong ho tan cn thit cho c th con ngi. Ngoi ra, my lc nc li t tin, r rng l dng my lc nc ung va tn km, va khng c li. un si l bin php tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh n gin v hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin, trong khi un cn phi cho nc si k mt lc, nht l khi un nc trn cc vng ni cao. Bnh ng nc un si ngui, chai hp nc ngt ung d phi c y kn trnh bi bn, vi khun gy bnh v cn trng lm bn nc. S TRONG SCH CA NC MA Nc ma, trong dn gian cn gi l nc khng r, c nhiu ngi coi l nc sch. Mt s ngi dn thch ung nc ma khng un si v nhiu l: n cha t cc loi mui khong ha tan, cha t st lm cho nc khng tanh... Ngi ta cn cho rng nc ma, nc tuyt tan khng c thnh phn nc nng, nn rt c li cho sc khe con ngi.

Tuy nhin nc ma hon ton khng sch nh ngi ta tng, nht l trong thi i ngy nay. Bi v khng kh nhiu vng ang b nhim nghim trng. Mi ht ma khi ri t trn cao xung ra sch mt vi kilmet khng kh. Do trong nc ma cng c th c rt nhiu vi trng gy bnh, nhiu cht ha tan c hi, v d nh axit nitric, axit sunfuric... Hn na nc ma thng c hng t mi nh, l ni tch ly rt nhiu cht bn. V th khng nn ung nc ma cha un si