Bi tp 1.

Di y l mt phn ng cu ca ba c nhn v cht lng khng kh ca

3
vng ln cn. Cht lng khng kh (ch mang gi tr nguyn) c o bng g/m
(micrograms kh SO2 c trong mt mt khi kh). Nu chi ph cn bin gim kh SO2
3
vng xung quanh l 40 $ cho mi g/m , mc cht lng khng kh hiu qu x hi l
g, gi s rng x hi trong trng hp ny ch bao gm ba ngi ny.
Chi ph x l kh SO2
( la/microgram/m3)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

A
1.400
1.300
1.200
1.100
1.000
900
800

Lng cu
B
1.200
1.100
1.000
900
800
700
600

C
1.500
1.400
1.300
1.200
1.100
1.000
900

Gii p:
y l cu hi sinh vin thc hnh tm ng cu tng ca hng cng cng. Trc
honh o mc cht lng khng kh tng ln theo chiu sang phi, c ngha gim kh
SO2 trong khng kh. Trong trng hp ny ng tng cu c xc nh tng theo
chiu dc sn lng chi tr ca c nhn:
g/m3
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600

Tng gi sn lng chi tr cn bin (MWTP)

130
100
70
40
20
10
0
3

ng tng cu khng c xc nh r rng ti mc cao hn 1200 g/m

3
c nhn B ch c bit n mc . Hiu qu t c mc 900 g/m .

ng cu

Bi tp 2: i vi bi tp 1, hy chng ming rng mc cht lng khng kh hiu qu

x hi s ti a ho li ch rng x hi.
Gii p:
Sinh vin c th chng minh theo hai cch rng mc cht lng khng kh hiu qu x
hi s ti a ho li ch rng x hi. S dng phng php 1, i vi mc cht lng
khng kh trn 900, MWTP (li ch cn bin x hi) gim kh SO2 vt qu chi ph x
l cn bin x hi. V vy, nu cht lng khng kh c ci thin, mc gim thit hi
phi vt qu chi ph c c li ch rng x hi tng thm. Ngc li, nu cht
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

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lng khng kh di mc 900, gi sn lng chi tr cn bin nh hn chi ph x l
cn bin(MAC). Bng cch gim cht lng khng khi mt n v, chi ph x l tit
kim c s ln hn thit hi gim xung li ch rng tng thm. Thng d x hi
khng th tng thm y nu MAC = MD (thit hi cn bin). Phng php th hai
v th ng MWTP v MAC v s dng din tch pha di nhng ng ny
tnh ton li ch rng x hi. Gi s ch s cht lng khng kh ban u l 1200,
gi tr rng tng thm do lm sch n mc cht lng mi trng di y c
minh ho sau y.
Ch s cht lng
khng kh
7500
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300

Tng WTP

Tng chi ph

Gi tr rng x hi

11500
20000
25500
27500
29000
29500
29500
29500
29500

4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
24000
28000
32000
36000

7500
12000
13500 (MAX)
11500
9000
5500
1500
-2500
-6500
d

Cu 1. Nhu cu ca Alvin i vi nc ng chai c biu din qua th Q A = 8

0.5P. Hm cu ca Betty l QdB = 6 P. Hy tnh tng gi sn lng tr v gi sn lng tr
cn bin ca Alvin v Betty cho 4 chai nc v minh ha bng th.
p n:
ng cu c nhn th hin lng nc ti a m mi c nhn sn lng mua ti mt
mc gi. Sp xp li phng trnh theo mc gi, ta c mt hm biu din mc gi ti a
m mi c nhn sn lng tr (gi sn lng tr bin; MWTP) cho n v th Q. MWTPA
d
d
=16-2 Q A v MWTPB =6 - Q B. Vi lng cu l 4 n v cho mi ngi, MWTP ca
Alvin l $8, trong khi MWTP ca Betty l $2. Tng WTP ca Alvin l din tch nm di
d
d
ng WTP bin ca anh ta t Q A = 0 n Q A =4, v tng t cho Betty. Tng WTPA =
(8 x 4) x [(16-8) x 4]/2 = $48. Tng WTPB = (2 x 4) x [(6-2) x 4]/2 = $16.

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MWTP
($/n v)

16

MWTP

($/n v)

8
6
2
0

0
4

Qa

4 6

Qa

Cu 2. Vi cc phng trnh nh trong Cu 1, hy tnh tng cu i vi nc ng chai,

gi nh rng Alvin v Betty nhng ngi tiu dng duy nht. Xc nh ng tng cu
nu c 5 ngi c ng cu nh Alvin v 5 ngi c ng cu nh Betty.
p n:
tnh tng cu ca Alvin v Betty, cng gp lng cu ti mi mc gi (cng theo
chiu ngang). ng cu s gp khc mc gi $6, ti Alvin mua 5 v Betty mua 0
n v sn phm. H s ct trn trc gi l $16 v trn trc lng l 14 n v. Vi mc
gi t 0 n 6, c hai ngi tiu dng s c nhu cu v nc ng chai, tnh tng lng
d
cu s cho ta hm tng cu Q B & A = 14 3P/2. Vi mc gi cao hn $6, ch c Alvin l
d
c nhu cu, t c hm cu Q B & A = 16 2P.
Vi 5 ngi tiu dng cho mi hm cu c nhn trn, hm tng cu cho 5 ngi ging
d
d
Alvin v 5 ngi ging Betty tng ng l Q aggA = 40 2.5P v Q aggB =30 5P.
ng tng cu ca 10 ngi l gp khc ti mc gi $6 v sn lng 25 n v. mc
gi t 0 n 6, c th tm ra ng cu bng cch tnh tng lng cu ca 10 ngi
d
Q agg = 70 7.5P. Vi mc gi cao hn $6, ch c Alvin c nhu cu mua nc, vi tng
d
cu l Q agg = 40 2.5P. H s ct trn trc gi l $16 v trn trc lng l 55.
MWTP
16
($/n v)

10

0
5

14

B&A

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Cu 3. Nu gi ca bng tennis l $4 cho mi container, nhng nh sn xut sau y c

th tip tc sn xut hay khng? Ti sao? Mi ngi s sn xut bao nhiu ti mc gi
ny?
p n:
Mi doanh nghip s thu c thng d t nhn dng nu li ch bin m n nhn c
( y l $4 trn mt n v) cao hn chi ph bin sn xut ra n v sn phm .
Doanh nghip s c li nu MC <4. MC gim khi sn lng tng do li tc gim dn
theo quy m, cui cng mi doanh nghip s t c sn lng m ti MC = P. Nu
doanh nghip sn xut nhiu hn, MC> P, v n s l. Chng ta c th tm ra sn lng
ca mi doanh nghip bng cch t MC = P = 4 v tm n s. i vi doanh nghip A,
s
s
kt qu l 3 + 0.3 Q =4, t Q =3.33 (1,000 n v). Tng t, doanh nghip B khng
th cung ng n v sn lng no, trong khi doanh nghip C s cung cp 30 (1,000 n
v).
Cu 4. ng cu ca mt c nhn i vi nc ung ng chai c biu din bi
phng trnh:
Q= 6- 0.5p + 0.0001I
Vi Q l lng cu ti mc gi p khi thu nhn ca c nhn l I. Gi s ban u thu nhp
ca c nhn ny l $40,000.
a) Ti mc gi no th lng cu bng khng? Mc gi ny c gi l mc gi ti
a (choke price) bi v n l mc gi trit tiu nhu cu.
b) Nu gi tt ca nc ng chai l $10, lng cu l bao nhiu?
c) Ti mc gi $10, co gin ca cu theo gi l bao nhiu?
d) Ti mc gi $10, thng d tiu dng l bao nhiu?
e) Nu gi tng ln $12, thng d tiu dng s gim bao nhiu?
f) Nu thu nhp l $60,000, thng d tiu dng b mt l bao nhiu nu mc gi tng
t $10 ln $12?
p n:
a) Q = 6 0.5p + 0.0001I
Q = 6 0.5 p + 0.0001 (40,000)
Q = 10 0.5p
Ti Q =0 P =20
b) Q = 10 0.5 (10) = 5
c) co gin ca cu theo gi l (q/p) (p/q). Vi ng cu tuyn tnh nh
phng trnh trong bi ny, (q/p) bng dc ca ng cu, v trong bi tp
ny l 0.5. Do co gin ca cu theo gi l (-0.5) (10/5) = -1. Lu rng vi
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

15
ng cu tuyn tnh, co gin ca cu theo gi l khng c nh, gi tr tuyt
i ca n tng khi mc gi tng.
d) Thng d tiu dng l tam gic nm di ng cu (ngc) v trn mc gi
cn bng. ng cao ca tam gic l mc gi ti a choke price tr gi tt (20-10
= 10) v y l lng cu (5). Din tch tam gic l (10) (5)/2=$25.
e) Mc gi tng ln $12 lm lng cu gim xung 4 chai. Thng d tiu dng mi
l (20-12) (4)/2=$16. Phn gim trong thng d tiu dng l $25-$16=$9.
f) Khi thu nhp l $60,000, nh cu i vi nc ng chai l Q=6-0.5p+ (0.0001)
(60,000) = 12 0.5p. Vi p = 10, q=7, v p=12, q=6, s thay i trong thng d
tiu dng l (12-10) (6) + (2) (1)/2 = 13. S thay i trong thng d tiu dng
tng ln theo thu nhp cho thy s ph thuc ca gi sn lng tr vo thu nhp.
Cu 5. Gi s mt nh my xay bt g c t b sng Mekong. Chi ph t nhn
bin (MC) ca vic sn xut bt g ($/tn) c biu din qua phng trnh:
MC = 10 + 0.5 Y
Vi Y l tn bt g c sn xut. Bn cnh chi ph t nhn bin cn c mt chi ph
ngoi tc. Mi tn bt g s to ra mt lung nhim cho con sng, to ra mt thit hi
$10. y l mt chi ph ngoi tc do cng ng gnh chu ch khng phi do ngi gy
nhim. Li ch bin (MB) i vi x hi ca mi tn bt, tnh theo $, l:
MB = 30 0.5 Y
a) Hy v th minh ha chi ph bin (MC), li ch bin (MB), chi ph ngoi tc
bin (EMC), v hm chi ph x hi bin.
SMC = 20 +0.5Y
MC =10 +0.5 Y

MB= 30-0.5Y
EMC =10

Y*=10
b) Tm mc sn lng bt g ti a ha li nhun, gi s rng ngi bn c th t
c doanh thu bin bng li ch bin ca x hi t bt g.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

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MC = 10 + 0.5 Y
MR = 30 0.5 Y
MC = MR ti a ha li nhun:
10 + 0.5Y = 30 - 0.5Y-

ta c Y* = 20.

c) Tm mc sn lng bt g ti a ha li ch x hi rng
Vi MEC =10
SMC = MC + MEC = 10 + 0.5Y + 10 = 20 + 0.5 Y v ti a ha li ch x hi rng
i hi:
SMC = MB
Suy ra: 20 + 0.5 Y = 30 0.5 Y = > Y* = 10.
d) Chi ph ngoi tc bin phi l bao nhiu vic sn xut bt g khng cn ng
mong mun i vi x hi?
MC + MEC = MB
10 + 0.5Y + MEC = 30 0.5Y-

Y = 20 MEC.

Do , vi Y =0, MEC=20.
Cu 6. Gi s mt c nhn c hm tha dng:
U=E

0.25

+Y

0.75

Vi E l ch s cht lng mi trng v Y l thu nhp. T tnh hung ban u vi E =1

v Y=100, tnh CS v ES tm ra s thay i do E ln 2 v E gim xung 0.5.
p n:
Vi s ci thin cht lng mi trng E, ta c:
U0 = 1

0.25

+ 100

0.25

+ 100

U1 = 2

0.75

= 32.6228

0.75

= 32.8120

CS l WTP cho s ci thin, do chng ta phi gii phng trnh:

32.6228 = 2

0.25

+Y

0.75

tm ra YN, nh sau:
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32.6228 = 1.1892 + Y
Y

0.75

0.75

= 31.4336

0.75ln(YN) = ln (31.4336) = 3.4479

ln (YN) = 4.5972
YN = 99.2032
Khi ,
CS = Y0- YN = 100 99.2032 = 0.7968
ES l WTA cho s ci thin b mt i, do ta phi gii:
32.8120 = 1

0.25

+Y

0.75

tm ra YN, kt qu l YN = 100.7928
Do ES = YN Y0 = 0.7928.
Vi s gim st cht lng mi trng E, ta c:
U0 = 1

0.25

U1 = 0.5

+ 100

0.25

0.75

+ 100

= 32.6228

0.75

= 32.4637

CS l WTA cho s thay i. Ta gii phng trnh:

32.6228 = 0.5

0.25

+Y

0.75

tm ra YN = 100.6815 kt qu l CS = YN Y0 = 100.6715 100 = 0.6715

ES l WTP khng xy ra s thay i, ta gii: 32.4637 = 1

0.25

+Y

0.75

tm ra YN = 99.3298, kt qu l ES = Y0 YN = 100 99.3298 = 0.6702

Cu 7. Ch c nhng tiu chun mi trng cao nht mi c th ti a ha phc li x
hi. Hy bnh lun.
p n:
Pht biu ny ni ln rng cn phi huy ng mt cch khng gii hn cc ngun lc
x l (hay phng chng) nhim hay suy thoi mi trng, bt k quy m ca li ch
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m vic lm ny em li. Hiu qu kinh t i hi s cn bng gia li ch v chi ph
bin. Tuy nhin, pht biu ny l ph hp vi vn hiu qu kinh t nu chi ph lm
sch/ngn nga nhim lun bng khng, hay cc thit hi l ln v cng, hay ni mt
cch tng qut hn, nu li ch bin di hn lun ln hn chi ph x l bin di hn cho
n khi nhim c x l hon ton.

BI 5: KINH T NHIM MI TRNG

CH 1: Mc nhim ti u
Ngun: Field, Olewiler, and Forsdyke, 2002
Cu 1: Cho MNPB = 1000-10Q v MEC = 10Q. Gi s c sn xut mt n v sn
phm th to ra mt n v nhim. Hy xc nh mc nhim ti u di dng thit hi
hoc chi ph ngoi ng.
(1) Khi lng sn phm ti u l Q* tho mn iu kin cn bng cn bin.
MNPB = MEC
1000 -10Q = 10Q
Q* = 50
Mc nhim ti u tng ng vi mc sn lng Q* = 50 n v sn phm.
mc sn lng ny tng thit hi l din tch pha di ng MEC t 0 n Q*
hoc tam gic OEQ* bng (50 * 500)/2 = $ 1250.

C,B
MEC
MNPB

Q*
50

100

Q/W

Cu hi 5: Xem s di y. N cho thy hai hm MD. MDU v MDR l hm thit

hi cn bin ca khu vc thnh th v nng thn mt cch tng ng.
MDR = 5ER; MDU = 10EU v MAC = 600 5E
Tm hai cn bng hiu qu cho hai hm MD v nhim carbon monoxide. Gi s ngi
qun l p dng mt tiu chun ng b mc thi trung bnh cng ca hai mc thi
hiu qu. Thit hi qu mc ca khu vc thnh th do kim sot cha mc v ca khu
vc nng thn do kim sot qu mc l bao nhiu?
$
600

MDU

MAC

MDR

40

60

120

Lng thi carbon

monoxide (kg/thng)

Gi p:
Ti mc thi hiu qu x hi, MAC = MD cho mi vng
Nng thn:
MAC = MDR
Thnh th :
MAC = MDU
5ER = 600 5ER
10EU = 600 5EU
E*R = 60
E*U = 40
MACR (60) = 300
MACU (40) = 400
Tiu chun c t mc 50 lng thi l trung bnh cng ca hai mc thi hiu
qu x hi:
MAC (50) = 350
MDR (50) = 250
MDU (50) = 500
Thay i ca tng thit hi mi vng so vi tng thit hi hiu qu x hi l:

TDR = (250+300) x 10/2 = $2750 (gim)

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TDU = + (400 + 500) x 10/2 = +$4500 (tng)

Chng ta c th tnh thng d x hi b mt mi vng bng cch tnh thay i trong
tng chi ph x l (TAC). TAC ca khu vc thnh th gim 3750 la trong khi TAC
ca khu vc nng thn tng 3250 la. Thng d x hi b mt khu vc thnh th v
nng thn do tiu chun ng b l 750 la v 500 la mt cch tng ng.

Cu 4: S dng s di y v phng trnh MAC1 = 200 5E v MAC2 = 160 4E,

hy tnh chi ph tit kim c ca ch th gy nhim nu p dng cng ngh mi
(MAC2) sau khi ban hnh thu thi 100 la mi tn. Hy tnh chi ph tit kim c khi
p dng tiu chun 20 tn. Gii thch ti sao thu em li khuyn khch ci tin ln hn
so vi tiu chun.
$
200

MAC1

160

MAC2

Thu =100
mi tn

c
a
e
0

Gii p:

d
15

b
20

40

Pht thi
(tn mi nm)

Hng s x l n mc MAC bng thu sut, vt qu im , np thu l tit kim chi

ph hn x l. Vi cng ngh c, hng s x l 20 tn cht thi. TAC1 = [(40 20) x
100]/2 = 1000 la (din tch a+b) vi cng ngh mi, x l l r hn gy nhim ti
mc thi 15 tn. Nh my x l thm 5 tn v tin thu tit kim c l 5 x 100 = 500
la (bng din tch c +d). Nh my x l 15 tn v TAC2 = [(40-15) x100]/2 = $ 1250
(din tch b+d). Tng chi ph tit kim nh cng ngh x l tt hn l TAC1 TAC2 +
tin thu tit kim c = $ 250 (din tch a+c).
Vi tiu chun 20 tn, tng chi ph TAC vi cng ngh c l 1000 la (din tch a+b),
v vi cng ngh mi l [(80 x (40 200)]/2 = 800 la (din tch b). Tng chi ph tit
kim c l 200 la, s khc bit ca TAC (din tch a). Chi ph tit kim thm c
l 50 la tin thu. Thu em li khuyn khch ci tin ln hn bi v ng MAC gim
xung tng i so vi thu sut khuyn khch nh my gim nhim trnh thu. Khi
p dng tiu chun, nh my khng linh hot nh vy bi v lng pht thi ti a l c
nh.
Cu 4. Hai nh my gy nhim c th kim sot/x l nhim ca mt cht no c
MAC nh sau:
MAC1 = $300 10 E1 v
MAC2 = $90 5 E1
Ga s mc nhim mc tiu l 30 n v. Chng ta khng bit c phi l mc hiu
qu x hi hay khng.
(a) Hy tnh mc thi ca mi nh my t hiu qu chi ph x hi.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

27
(b) Gii thch h thng giy php thi c th chuyn nhng c th p dng nh th
no t c mc thi mc tiu. Gi s khi bt u ngi qun l cp min ph
15 giy php cho mi ch th gy nhim. Tm s lng giy php m mi nh
my gi khi th trng giy php hot ng, gi ca giy php, v tng chi ph t
nhn ca h thng giy php. Chi ph t nhn ca mi nh my s thay i nh
th no nu t u nh nc bn u gi giy php cho cc ch th gy nhim?
Gii p:
(a) Mc tiu l E1 +E2 = 30 n v (1).
x l l hiu qu chi ph: MAC1 =MAC2 (2)
T (1) & (2) ta c: E1 =24 v E2 =6
(b) Nu nh qun l cp 15 giy php cho mi nh my.
MAC1 = MAC2 = gi giy php khi nh my 1 gi 24 giy php v nh my 2
gi 6 giy php. C ngha nh my 1 mua 9 giy php t nh my hai.
0

Trc khi trao i:

TAC 1 = [(30-15) x150]/2 = $1125

0

TAC 2 = [(18-15) x15]/2 = $22.5

1

Sau khi trao i:

TAC 1 = [(30-15) x60]/2 = $180

1

TAC 2 = [(18-6) x60]/2 = $360

Chn (9) giy php c mua bn vi gi tr: 60 la x 9 = 540 la (gi s tt
c cc giy php u bn gi cn bng). Chi ph c nhn tit kim c do trao
i l:
Nh my 1: TAC01 TAC1 1 chi ph mua giy php = 1125 180 540 = 405
la
Nh my 2: TAC
la

TAC

+ doanh thu giy php = 22.5 360 + 540 = 202.5

Tng chi ph tit kim c nu lc u giy php c cp min ph l 607,5

la.
Nu giy php c bn u gi, mi nh my b thit mt khon bng gi tr
giy php c cp min ph ban u 900 la, tng chi ph ca c hai nh my
tng thm 1800 la.
Cu 5. Cng c chnh sch no trong s cc cng c: tiu chun ng b, tiu chun c
nhn, thu thi, hoc giy php nhim c th chuyn nhng to khuyn khch ln nht
i vi u t nghin cu pht trin h thp chi ph x l? Hy chng minh bng
th.
Gii p: TDPs (trong iu kin cnh tranh) v thu to khuyn khch ci tin ngang
bng vi tiu chun c nhn.
Xem s di y.

Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

28

$/tn
MAC (trc ci tin)

P* = t*

E2

d a
E1

MAC (sau ci tin)

Pht thi (tn)

Khi tiu chun c nhn t ti E1, nu nh my ci tin, tit kim ca nh my nh gim

tng chi ph x l l din tch (a+b) a = b. Khi thu sut c nh l t*, n khin nh
my x l n E2, tng chi ph x l l din tch (a+d) v tit kim c (c+d) v tin
thu. Tit kim rng khi l (a+b) (a+d) + (c+d) = b+c.
Vi h thng TDP, tng chi ph xa l ban u ca nh my l nh trng hp thu l
(a+b). Nu nh my ci tin chi ph x l cn bin s thp hn so vi tr tin mua giy
php cho tt c cc mc thi ln hn E2 v vy nh my bn (E1- E2) giy php. Tng
chi ph x l mi TAC khi l (a+d) v doanh thu giy php l (c+d). Tit kim nh
ci tin l (a+b) (a+d) + (c+d) = (c+b). Tit kim ging nh trng hp thu. Nu th
trng giy php l khng cnh tranh hon ho tt c li ch c thm t trao i c
thc hin, khi thu to nn li ch tng thm t ci tin ln hn so vi h thng TDP. V
d, nh my l khch hng ln th trng giy php cho nn bn ht mt s lng
ln giy php s lm cho gi giy php gim xung. Li ch tng thm nh ci tin s gim
khi gi giy php gim. Cng nh vy, bn ht giy php c th gy tr ngi cho n lc ca
nh my gi giy php lm ro cn s tham gia ca nhng nh my cng cnh tranh
trn mt th trng hng ho. Cnh tranh tng ln c th nh hng li ch c thm c
t ci tin bi v li nhun ca nh my gim do gi hng ho gim v gi u vo tng.
Mt yu t khc c th tip tc lm gim khuyn khch ci tin khi p dng tiu chun l
tim nng c quan qun l tng tnh nghim ngt ca tiu chun sau khi c ci tin.
Bi tp 1: Ph vo cng Rng quc gia Cc Phng l 10 la/ngi cho mt ngy
tham quan. Nu hng ngy ng cu gii tr ti cng vin cho trc l Q = 40 1/2P, th
thng d tiu dng ca khch tham quan n cng vin s l 1225 la /ngy. ng hay
sai? Gii thch cu tr li.
Bi gii:
ng. Bng cch tnh ng cu o ngc (P = 80 - 2Q) v ly din tch vng tam gic
di ng cu v trn ng P =10, bn c th xc nhn rng thng d ngi tiu
dng qu tht l 1225 la/ngy. Nu bn v ng mt bc tranh nhng trnh by
cch tnh ton sai, bn mt i 6 im. Lu rng ng cung khng thch hp cho mc
ch tnh thng d tiu dng ngi tiu dng trong trng hp ny ch n gin i
mt vi gi c chnh ph n nh, c th hay khng th phn nh chi ph cung ng cc
dch v cng vin.
Bi tp 2:
Cho bn s liu kho st sau y v nhng ngi i b ng di trn ng mn Bruce
(Bruce Trail)
on ng
Chi ph
Dn s (n v
S ngy
T l
Chi ph
i (km)
du hnh ($)
1000)
chy b
tham quan
du hnh
0-50
25.000
500
20.000
51-100
50.000
2500
75.000
101-150
75.000
5000
100.000
151-200
100.000
3000
30.000
(a) V th ng cu chy b trn Bruce Trail
(b) Vit v v phng trnh ng thng t d liu bn c.
(c) Tnh tng li ch t chuyn i Bruce Trail bng thng tin c dn ca cc vng bo
co.
(d) Gi thit ngi xa Bruce Trail c thm ng chy thay th gn . iu ny lm
sai lch tng li ch c tnh ca Bruce Trail nh th no?
Bi gii:
Tnh tng li ch ca ng Bruce i vi c dn cc vng

on ng i
(km)
0-50
51-100
101-150
151-200

Giao im gia
ng cu v
trc tung
125
125
125
125

Chi ph du hnh
($)

Thng d tiu dng

(CS/1000) ($)

Tng CS
($)

25.000
50.000
75.000
100.000
125,000

2.000
1.125
500
125
0
Total CS =

1.000.000
2.812.500
2.500.000
375.000
0
6.687.500

Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

38
Nu ngi s dng on ng c thm ng thay th, lng cu ca h mc gi
cao s thp hn lng cu mc gi thp. Giao im gia ng cu v trc tung s b
c lng thp hn mc thc t. Li ch ca c dn gn s b c lng thp hn mc
thc t.
CH 5: Phng php gi c hng th
Cu hi 1: Mt cng nhn tiu biu cho mi kha cnh, lm vic vi tin lng 40.000$
mt nm trong cho mt ch lm hon ton an ton. Mt cng nhn in hnh khc lm
mt cng vic i hi cng nhng k nng tng t, nhng mt ch lm y ri ro c
th dn n ci cht xc sut 1 trong 1000 ngi hng nm, v nhn mc lng 44.000$
mt nm. Gi tr ca i ngi ca cc cng nhn vi nhng c im ny l bao nhiu
nn dng phn tch chi ph -li ch.
Gii p :
Cc cng nhn i hi 4.000$ chp nhn ri ro t vong vi xc sut 0.001. Gi tr i
ngi p ch bng con s 4.000$/0,001 = 4.000.000$.
Bi tp 1: Chi ph ting n. Gi s mi ngi s hu cc cn h ging nhau gn sn
bay. Nu mt tuyn ng bng mi c xy dng, cc cn h trong vng A s hng
gi tr li ch v h cm thy yn tnh hn. Nhng cc cn h vng B, nm di ng
bay mi, mt i gi tr v h cm thy n o hn. Bng s liu di y cung cp s
cn h v nhng thay i trong gi tr mi vng.
Hon tt cc ct bng tay tnh ton nhng thay i trong gi tr vng.
Cc cn h
Gi tr 1000 la
S cn h
Thay i (gi
tr tin $)
Trc
Sau
A
Yn tnh hn
250
280
10.000
?
B
n o hn
250
210
5.000
?
a. Li ch, chi ph v li ch rng t nhng thay i l bao nhiu ?
b. n gin, gi thit nhng thay i trong ting n l ngun li ch hay chi ph
duy nht. ng bng mi v ci thin Pareto thc t theo nhng iu kin
no? Mt ci thin Pareto tim nng ?
Gii p :
Cc cn h

Gi tr $000
S h
Thay i $m
Trc
Sau
A
Yn tnh hn
250
280
10.000
+300
B
n o hn
250
210
5.000
200
a. Li ch, chi ph v li ch rng ln lt l $300m, $200m, v $100m.
b. ng bng mi l s ci thin Pareto thc t nu ngi hng li (A) b p cho
ngi tn tht (B). l ci thin Pareto tim nng nu ngi hng li khng n
b cho ngi tn tht.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

39
Bi tp 2: Li ch ca ng dn nc. Li ch lp t mt ng dn nc mi n
nng tri s nm trong gi c thm vo m ngi mua s tr cho nng tri c ng
ng dn nc. Mt s nng tri huyn c sn ng dn nc v mt s nng tri th
khng c. Mt cuc kho st v phn tch nhng nng tri ny cho kt qu mt m hnh
hng th sau y lin quan n gi c tr cho nhng c im ca cc nng tri.
Gi tr khu t = 500 + 200 SCHEME 0.2 AREA + 1.8
RAIN
Trong : kch thc trung bnh ti sn (AREA) huyn l 1.000 ha v lng nc
trung bnh (RAIN) l 150 mm, v gi tr khu t l la /ha. SCHEME c nh
ngha l 1 nu c chng trnh ng dn nc, v 0 = khng c ng dn nc.
Tnh li ch ca chng trnh vi gi c hng th, bng qui trnh sau
y.
a. a gi tr trung bnh ca AREA v RAIN vo phng trnh, v din t li
n nh sau: Gi tr khu t = Hng s + 200 SCHEME
b. Tnh ton gi tr khu t trn 1 ha khi c v khng c chng trnh. Gi tr
tng ln ca mi ha l bao nhiu, vi chng trnh ng dn nc?
c. Tnh s gia tng trong gi tr mi ti sn, vi chng trnh ng dn nc.
Gii
p:
Li ch tnh nh
sau:
a. M hnh: Gi tr khu t = 500 + 200 SCHEME -0,2(1000) + 1,8(150)
= 500 + 200 SCHEME 200 + 270
= 570 + 200
SCHEME
b. Khng c chng trnh: gi tr khu t trn mt ha = 570 + 200*0 = $570
C chng trnh: gi tr khu t trn mt ha = 570 + 200*1 = $770
Tng gi tr cho mi ha c chng trnh l $200
c. Tng gi tr ti sn = tng gi tr cho mi ha t x 1000 = 200 x 1000 =
$200.000
Cu hi 2. Gi s chnh quyn thnh ph ang c gng tm cch gii quyt vn
nhim do thuc tr su i vi ngun cung cp nc cho thnh ph. Chnh quyn thnh
ph mun tin hnh mt phn tch li ch chi ph vi hai phng n kim sot thuc tr
su khc nhau:
-

Nng cp nh my x l nc thi th loi b thuc tr su, hoc

Cm s dng thuc tr su trong phm vi thnh ph.

Gi s cch no cng gim thuc tr su n mt mc khng nh hng bt li sc khe

con ngi. Chi ph ca cc phng n kim sot ny nh sau:

Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

43
-

Nng cp nh my x l nc thi th: Chi ph vn = $20 triu. Nh my mi

c xy dng trong nm th nht v bt u hot ng vo cui nm (th nht)
ny. Khi nh my bt u hot ng, chi ph hot ng l $1 triu mt nm. Thi
gian hot ng ca nh my ko di 5 nm, v sau phi c thay bng mt
nh my mi.
Cm dng thuc tr su: Chi ph hot ng hng nm do thay th cc phng
php khng c hi kim sot su bnh l $3.5 triu mi nm.

Cho sut chit khu l 5%, v thi gian thc hin k hoch ca thnh ph l 10 nm. Gi
s NPV ca li ch ca d n l $40 triu. Chnh quyn thnh ph nn chn phng n
no?
By gi gi s mi phng n x l c cc li ch khc nhau. C th, hin gi vn l $40
triu i vi phng n cm dng thuc tr su, nhng c th c cc li ch tng thm
di dng t thit hi hn i vi h sinh thi so vi phng n nng cp nh my x l
nc thi. Mc chnh lch cc li ch tng thm ny phi l bao nhiu mi nm chnh
quyn thnh ph bng quan gia phng n nng cp nh my x l nc thi v phng
n cm dng thuc tr su?
Tr li:
Tt c cc con s tnh theo triu la. Hin gi (PV) c tnh bng cch chia gi tr hin
t
hnh (CV) cho (1 + r) , y t l thi gian v r l li sut.
Chi ph nng cp nh my x l cht thi th:
0
CV chi ph hot
ng
PV chi ph hot
ng
CV chi ph vn
PV chi ph vn

Tng
chi
ph

0.95

0.91

0.86

0.82

0.78

0.75

0.71

0.68

0.65

7.11

20

20

20

15.7

40
35.67

PV (chi ph hot ng) = 1 triu (1-1/(1 + r) )/r=7.11

PV (li ch rng) = PV (li ch) PV (chi ph) = 40 42.78 = -2.78 (triu)
Chi ph cm dng thuc tr su

CV chi ph hot
ng
PV chi ph hot

Tng
chi
ph

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

35.0

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

28.4

Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

44
ng
10
PV (chi ph hot ng) = 3.5 triu (1-1/(1 + r) )(1 + r)/r
PV (li ch rng) = 40 28.38 = 11.62 (triu)
Cm dng thuc tr su c hin gi cao hn. Nu nng cp nh my x l nc thi
th cho hin gi li ch cao hn trong khi cm dng thuc tr su vn cho hin gi li ch
l $40 (triu), bng quan gia cc d n, th PV ca li ch rng phi bng nhau gia
cc d n. Hin gi ca li ch rng i vi phng n nng cp nh my x l nc thi
th phi l $54.40 (triu).
Cu hi 3. B giao thng (MOT) ang xem xt liu c nn u t vo mt ng hm
mi qua ni ( y hin c mt con ng qua ni) hay khng. MOT chi $3 triu
(theo gi nm 2000) cho vic nghin cu kh thi v nhn thy rng ng hm mi c
th gim thi gian lu thng cho gn 200,000 ngi. Mt phn tch gn y ch ra rng
ng hm c th tit kim khong 33 gi i li hng nm cho mt ngi. Mt nghin
cu tin hnh nm 1992 cho thy nhng ngi i li hng ngy nh gi gi tr thi gian
ca h khong $11 mt gi (theo gi nm 1990). Bn c th gi s gi tr thc ca thi
gian i li khng i. ng hm c th tn chi ph xy dng $1 t (theo gi nm 2000)
v mt 6 nm mi hon thnh. Mt khi d n hon thnh, chi ph vn hnh v bo tr
ng hm l $25 triu mt nm (theo gi nm 2000). Chi ph thc c tin rng s
khng i theo thi gian. MOT ng ti tr chi ph xy dng ban u, nhng chi ph
vn hnh v bo tr phi c hon tr bng tin thu ph.
1. i vi mi quan im, nhn dng mi mc trong bng s c tnh l li ch (B),
chi ph (C) hay khng (NC) trong vic xc nh li ch rng ca d n.
MOT
Ngi s dng ng hm
X hi
Nghin cu kh thi
NC
NC
NC
Tit kim thi gian
NC
B
B
Chi ph xy dng
C
NC
C
Chi ph vn hnh v bo tr
C
NC
C
Tr cp
B
NC or C*
NC
Tin thu ph
B
C
NC
* Bn c th lp lun rng ngi s dng ng hm c th s tr khon tr cp thng
qua thu cao hn.
2. Mt s n gin ha trong phn tch gii hn chnh xc ca vic nh gi l g?
+ Gi tr thc ca thi gian i li c th tng hoc gim theo thi gian.
+ S lng ngi s dng ng hm c th tng hoc gim theo thi gian.
+ Chi ph thc ca vic vn hnh v bo tr c th tng hoc gim theo thi
gian.
3. Cc li ch v chi ph c th c khc m chng ta nn xem xt trong nh gi li ch
rng l g?
+ M ng hm c th thu ht nhiu ngi i li bng ng hm thay v i
bng cc phng tin giao thng khc lm gim kt xe trn cc ng cao tc,
gim nhim khng kh,
+ Chi ph hiu qu do tng thu tr cp xy ng hm mi.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

45
+ Chi ph thi gian i vi nhng ngi i li hng ngy do tr hon trong sut
thi gian xy ng hm.
4. Theo quan im x hi, hin gi ca chi ph ca d n theo gi nm 2000 l bao nhiu
nu vng i d n l 30 nm v sut chit khu hng nm l 3%? S dng tha s
chit khu dng tin u tnh ton cu tr li ca bn v gi s cc khon thanh
ton c tnh u mi giai on.
PV ca chi ph vn hnh v bo tr u nm 7/cui nm 6 tnh bng triu la
theo gi nm 2000:
c tha s chit khu dng tin u ca khon tr trc cho 24 nm, chng ta
s dng gi tr ca tha s chit khu dng tiu u cho khon tin cho 23 nm
vi sut chit khu 3%, 16.4436, v cng 1:
PV ( 25 )(17.4436 ) 436.09
+ 1
1(1+r )

= E
1n

PV ca chi ph vn hnh v bo tr u nm 1 (triu la theo gi nm 2000):

PV

436.09

3656
1.03
PV ca chi ph xy dng u nm 1 (theo gi nm 2000): $1 t
Tng chi ph theo gi nm 2000: $1.365 t
5. Theo quan im x hi, hin gi ca li ch ca d n theo gi nm 2000 l bao nhiu
nu vng i d n l 30 nm v sut chit khu l 3%? (Lu : S dng CPI trong
phn ghi ch bi ging). Li s dng tha s chit khu dng tin u tnh ton
cu tr li ca bn nhng n gin, gi nh rng cc li ch pht sinh tnh cui
nm.
Gi tr thi gian mt ngi theo gi nm 2000:
.8
CPI = 11172130.7
14.54
V2000 = V1990 CPI
2000

1990

Li ch hng nm nh tit kim thi gian theo gi nm 2000:

( $14.54

hour

)( 33 hours commuter ) ( 200,000 commuters year )

$95.96million

PV ca li ch tit kim thi gian tnh bng triu la theo gi nm 2000 u

nm 7/cui nm 6:
V chng ta gi nh cc li ch pht sinh tnh vo thi im cui giai on, nn
chng ta s dng gi tr ca tha s chit khu dng tin u cho 24 nm vi sut
chit khu l 3%, 16.9355 .
1
PV 95.96 16.9355 1, 625.2
=E

(n1 +r
)
r

Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

46
PV ca li ch tit kim thi gian tnh theo triu la theo gi nm 2000 thi
im bt u nm 1:
PV

1, 625.2
1, 361
6
1.03

Tng li ch tnh theo gi nm 2000: $1.361 billion

6. Hin gi ca li ch rng theo gi nm 2000 l bao nhiu?
Li ch rng = PV li ch PV chi ph = $1.361 t - $1.365 t = - $4 triu

CH 1: Gii thiu v li ch ca ti nguyn thin nhin, quyn ti sn, t, v

gi tr ca t
Cu hi 1: Gi s anh/ch d nh mua mt m vng. Chi ph hng nm xy dng
m l 1 triu trong ba nm, c th khai thc vng vo nm th 4. Mi nm hot ng
thu nhp rng (tng doanh thu tr tng chi ph) l 800.000 la. Anh/ch s tr gi bao
nhiu cho m vng nu:
a) Mc chit khu l 10% v vng c th khai thc trong vng 10 nm?
b) Mc chit khu l 5% v c th khai thc vng trong vng 6 nm?
Gii p:
a)
3 - $1.000.000
13
$800.000
NPV = ------------------ + -------------= $1.206.351
i
i
i=1
(1+0,10)
i=4
(1+0,10)
b)
3 - $1.000.000
9
$800.000
NPV = ------------------ + -------------- = $784.411
i
i
i=1
(1+0,05)
i=4
(1+0,05)
Bi tp:
Nm 2002, Cng ty Unocal khm ph ra mt m kh t nhin vi tr lng c tnh
khong 71 t tn vng bin ty nam Vit Nam. Hin ti Unocal ang chun b k
hoch kh thi khai thc m kh trong hai thi k. Chi ph khai thc, bao gm chi ph
lp t gin khoan, h thng ng ng, v chi ph hot ng, c tnh khong 200 USD
mi tn. Chi ph khai thc cn bin gi s l khng i. ng cu sn phm kh trong
hai thi k l P = 1200 23Q , vi n v o lng ca P l USD/triu tn v Q l
triu
tn. Sut chit khu l 10% /thi k.
a) Tnh tc khai thc ti u cho mi thi k.
b) Gi s nh nc quyt nh nh thu ti nguyn. Thu sut l 50 USD/tn. Hy
tnh li kt qu ca cu hi a.
c) Gi nh khi ph duyt d n Unocal, chnh ph thc hin mt iu tra khc
nh gi tr lng mt ln na v khm ph ra rng tr lng kh t nhin by
gi l 82 t tn. Vi thu sut 50 USD/tn, tnh ton tc khai thc ti u cho
mi thi k.

Gii p bi tp 1:
a) S dng nguyn tc Hotelling cho m hnh hai giai on:
P
P c= 1
c
0
1+
r
P0 c = 1200 23Q0 200 = 1000 23Q0
P1 c
1200 23Q1 200 1000 23Q1
=
=
= 909
1 20.9Q
1+
1+
1.1
r
10%
Rng buc: Q0 + Q1 = 71, hoc: Q1 = 71 Q0
P c
P c= 1
1000 = 909 20.9Q1
23Q
0
1+r
1000 23Q0 = 909 20.9(71 Q0 )
0

1000 23Q0 = 909 1483.9 + 20.9Q0

1000 909 + 1483.9 = 23Q0 + 20.9Q0
1574.9 =

Q0 = 35.87 ; Q1 = 35.13

43.9Q0
b) P0 c = 1200 23Q0 250 = 950 23Q0
P1 c

1200 23Q1 200

950

= 863.6 20.9Q
23Q1
1
1+
1+
1.1
r
10%
Rng buc: Q0 + Q1 = 71, hoc: Q1 = 71 Q0
=

Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005

51

P c=
0

P1 c

23Q
1+r

= 863.6 20.9Q1

950
0

950 23Q0 = 863.6 20.9(71 Q0 )

950 23Q0 = 863.6 1483.9 + 20.9Q0
950 863.6 + 1483.9 = 23Q0 + 20.9Q0
1570.3 = 43.9Q0

Q0 = 35.77 ; Q1 = 35.23

c) Q1 = 82 Q0
950 23Q0 = 863.6 20.9(82 Q0 )
950 23Q0 = 863.6 1713.8 + 20.9Q0
950 863.6 + 1713.8 = 23Q0 + 20.9Q0
1800.2 = 43.9Q0

Q0 = 41.02 ; Q1 = 40.98