i s Boole

Nguy n Th Vinh-HKH

CHNG VI

I S BOOLE
Trong my tnh in t v cc dng c in t khc cc mch in t u c cc u vo, mi u vo l s 0 hoc s 1 v to ra cc u ra cng l cc s 0 v 1. Cc mch in u c th c xy dng bng cch dng bt k mt phn t c bn no c hai trng thi khc nhau. Chng bao gm cc chuyn mch c th hai v tr m hoc ng v cc dng c quang hc c th l sng hoc ti. Cc chuyn mch in t quang hc c th nghin cu bng cch dng tp {0,1} v cc qui tc ca i s Boole. Nm 1938 Claude Shannon chng t rng c th dng cc quy tc c bn ca lgic do George Boole a ra vo nm 1854 trong cun Cc quy lut ca t duy ca ng thit k cc mch in. Cc quy tc ny to nn c s ca i s Boole. S hot ng ca mt mch in c xc nh bi mt hm Boole ch r gi tr ca u ra i vi mi tp u vo. Bc u tin trong vic xy dng mt mch in l biu din hm Boole ca n bng mt biu thc c lp bng cch dng cc php ton c bn ca i s Boole. Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu cc phng php tm mt biu thc vi s ti thiu cc php tnh tng v tch c dng biu din mt hm Boole. 6.1. KHI NIM I S BOOLE Trc ht ta lm quen vi cc php ton v qui tc lm vic trn tp {0,1}. Php ton c dng nhiu nht l php ly phn b, php ly tng v php ly tch. Phn b ca mt phn t c k hiu bi hoc NOT 0=1 v 1=0 Tng Boole c k hiu v + hoc OR c cc gi tr sau 1 + 1=1; 1 + 0=1; 0 + 1=1; 0 + 0=0; Tch Boole c k hiu l . hoc AND c cc gi tr sau 1 . 1 =1; 1 . 0=0; 0 . 1 =0; 0 . 0=0;

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V d: Tm gi tr ca 1.0 + (1+0) 1.0 + (1+0)= 1.0 + 1= 1.0 + 0= 0+0=0 i s Boole l cc php ton v quy tc lm vic vi tp {0,1} c p dng trong cc nghin cu v my tnh, dng c in t quang hc v ba php ton phn b, tng boole v tch boole trn. 6.1.1. Bin Boole v hm Boole nh ngha: Cho B={0,1}. Khi Bn ={(x1,x2,x3,..xn) | xi B} l tp tt c cc b n gi tr 0 v 1. Bin x c gi l mt bin Boole nu n nhn ch nhn cc gi tr t B. Mt hm t Bn ti B c gi l hm Boole bc n V d: Hm F(x,y)= x + y t tp cc cp c th t l hm Boole bc 2 vi F(1,1)=1; F(1,0)=1; F(0,1)=0; F(0,0)=1; 6.1.2. Cc hng ng thc ca i s Boole Trong qu trnh thit k mch mt trong nhng vic cn lm l n gin ha cc mch hay tm gi l ti u ha cc mch, thng c da trn mt s hng ng thc Boole cn c gi l cc lut. 1. Lut giao hon a) a.b = b.a b) a+b = b+a 2. Lut kt hp a) (a.b).c = a.(b.c) b) (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) 3. Lut phn phi a) a.(b+c) = (a.b)+(a.c) b) a+(b.c) = (a+b).(a+c) 4. Lut ng nht a) a.1 = a b) a+0 = a 5. Lut tri a+1=1 a.0=0 6. Lut tn ti phn t b:
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a) a.a = 0 (tnh cht 0) b) a+a =1.(tnh cht n v) 7. Lut lu ng a) a.a = a, b) a+a = a. 8. Lut De Morgan a) (a.b) = a + b b) (a+b) = a .b 9. Lut b kp (a) = a. 10. Lut ht a) a.(a+b) = a b) a+(a.b) = a. Vic chng minh cc lut trn c da vo vic lp bng chn tr chng hn chng minh lut ht da vo bng sau Gi tr a 0 0 1 1 b 0 1 0 1 a+b 0 1 1 1 a. (a+b) 0 0 1 1

Nhn vo ct 1 v ct 4 ta thy cc gi tr hon ton ph hp vi nhau do vy a. (a+b) = a; tng t vi b Ngoi ra ta c th chng minh bng cch dng cc hng ng thc ca i s Boole. a(a+b)= (a+0)(a+b) theo lut ng nht = a +0. b theo lut phn phi = a+ b.0 theo lut giao hon =a+0 theo lut tri
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=a theo lut ng nht Tng t trong i s lgic, trong i s Boole ta cng xt cc cng thc, c thnh lp t cc bin a, b, c, nh cc php ton . , +, . Trong cng thc, ta quy c thc hin cc php ton theo th t: , ., +; a.b c vit l ab, gi l tch ca a v b cn a+b gi l tng ca a v b. Ta c th bin i cng thc, rt gn cng thc tng t trong i s lgic. Ta cng xt cc tch s cp v tng s cp tng t hi s cp v tuyn s cp. Mi cng thc u c th a v dng tch chun tc hon ton hoc v dng tng chun tc hon ton tng t dng hi v tuyn chun tc hon ton. Mi cng thc trong i s Boole cng c gi l biu din mt hm Boole. 6.1.3 Biu din cc hm boolean 6.1.3.1. Khai trin tng cc tch Tm cc biu thc Boole biu din cc hm c cc gi tr tng ng trong bng sau Gi tr x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 F(x,y,z) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 G(x,y,z) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Vi hm F(x,y,z) ta thy ch nhn gi tr 1 khi x=z=1 v y=0 cn li c gi tr 0 trong mi trng hp cn li. Ta li thy y=0 th y=1. Vy ta c th lp biu thc bng cch ly tch ca x,y,z c f(x,y,z)= x.y.z

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Vi hm G(x,y,z) nhn gi tr 1 khi x=z=0 v y=1 hoc x=y=1 v z=0. Tng t nh trn tch x.y.z=1 hoc tch x.y.z=1 sau xt tng ca chng. Vy hm G(x,y,z) s l tng ca 2 tch ny G(x,y,z)=x.y.z + x.y.z Nh vy vic tm mt biu thc boole biu din mt hm Boole c gi tr cho ta da trn cc gi tr 1 t s dn ti tch ca cc bin hoc cc phn b ca n. 6.1.3.2. nh ngha: Mt bin boole hoc phn b ca n c gi l mt tc bin. Tch ca n tc bin c gi l mt tiu hng. V d: Tm tiu hng c gi tr l 1 nu x1=x3=1 v x2=0 Tiu hng x1. x2. x3 c cc tp gi tr p ng c yu cu Bng cch ly tng Boole ca cc tiu hng phn bit ta lp c biu thc Boole vi tp gi tr c xc nh. Kt qu ca tng bng 1 khi v ch khi tn ti t nht 1 tiu hng nhn gi tr l 1, kt qu ca tng bng 0 khi mi tiu hng u bng 0. Tng cc tiu hng biu din hm c gi l trin khai tng cc tch ca hm Boole. V d: Tm trin khai tng cc tch ca hm sau: F(x,y,z)= x.(y+z) Ta c th trin khai tng ny da vo hai phng php c bn sau Phng php 1: Lp bng chn tr Gi tr x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 x 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 y+z 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 x.(y+z) 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Da vo bng ta c F(x,y,z) = x.y.z +x.z.y+ x.z.y

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Phng php 2: S dng cc lut = x.(y+z) = x.y + x.z = x.1.y + x.1.z = x.(z+z).y + x.(y+y).z =x.z.y + x.z.y + x.y.z + x.y.z = x.z.y + x.z.y + x.y.z 6.2. MCH LGIC. 6.2.1. Cng lgic:
x1 x2 xn-1 xn

theo lut phn phi theo lut ng nht theo lut phn t b theo lut phn phi theo lut ly ng

M
F(x1, x2, , xn)

Xt mt thit b nh hnh trn, c mt s ng vo (dn tn hiu vo) v ch c mt ng ra (pht tn hiu ra). Gi s cc tn hiu vo x1, x2, , xn (ta gi l u vo hay input) cng nh tn hiu ra F (u ra hay output) u ch c hai trng thi khc nhau, tc l mang mt bit thng tin, m ta k hiu l 0 v 1. Ta gi mt thit b vi cc u vo v u ra mang gi tr 0, 1 nh vy l mt mch lgic. u ra ca mt mch lgic l mt hm Boole F ca cc u vo x1, x2, , xn. Ta ni mch lgic trong hnh trn thc hin hm F. Cc mch lgic c to thnh t mt s mch c s, gi l cng lgic. Cc cng lgic sau y thc hin cc hm ph nh, hi v tuyn. 1. Cng NOT: Cng NOT thc hin hm ph nh. Cng ch c mt u vo. u ra F(x) l ph nh ca u vo x.
0 khi x = 1, F ( x) = x = 1 khi x = 0. F(x)= x x

Chng hn, xu bit 100101011 qua cng NOT cho xu bit 011010100.

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2. Cng AND: Cng AND thc hin hm hi. u ra F(x,y) l hi (tch) ca cc u vo.
1 khi x = y = 1, F ( x, y ) = xy = 0 trong cc trng hp khc.
x y F(x,y)=xy x y z F(x,y,z)=xyz

Chng hn, hai xu bit 101001101 v 111010110 qua cng AND cho 101000100. 3. Cng OR: Cng OR thc hin hm tuyn (tng). u ra F(x,y) l tuyn (tng) ca cc u vo.
1 khi x = 1 hay y = 1, F ( x, y ) = x + y = 0 khi x = y = 0.
x y F(x,y)=x+y x y z t F=x+y+z+t

Chng hn, hai xu bit 101001101 v 111010100 qua cng OR cho 111011101. 6.2.2. Mch lgic 6.2.2.1. T hp cc cng: Cc cng lgic c th lp ghp c nhng mch lgic thc hin cc hm Boole phc tp hn. Nh ta bit rng mt hm Boole bt k c th biu din bng mt biu thc ch cha cc php , ., +. T suy ra rng c th lp ghp thch hp cc cng NOT, AND, OR c mt mch lgic thc hin mt hm Boole bt k. V d: Xy dng mt mch lgic thc hin hm Boole cho bi bng sau.

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x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

F(x,y,z) 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

Theo bng ny, hm F c dng tng (tuyn) chun tc hon ton l:

F ( x, y, z ) = xyz + xy z + x yz .

Hnh di y v mch lgic thc hin hm F cho.

x y z

F = xyz + xy z + x yz

Biu thc ca F(x, y, z) c th rt gn:

xyz + xy z + x yz = xy ( z + z ) + x yz = xy + x yz .

Hnh di y cho ta mch lgic thc hin hm xy + x yz .

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x y

F = xy + x yz

Hai mch lgic trong hai hnh trn thc hin cng mt hm Boole, ta ni l hai mch lgic tng ng, nhng mch lgic th hai n gin hn. Vn tm mch lgic n gin thc hin mt hm Boole F cho trc gn lin vi vn tm biu thc n gin nht biu din hm y. y l vn kh v l th, tuy ngha thc tin ca n khng cn nh my chc nm v trc. Ta va xt vic thc hin mt hm Boole bt k bng mt mch lgic ch gm cc cng NOT, AND, OR. Da vo ng thc x + y = x. y cng nh xy = x + y , cho ta bit h {., } v h {+, } cng l cc h y . Do c th thc hin mt hm Boole bt k bng mt mch lgic ch gm c cc cng NOT, AND hoc NOT, OR. Xt hm Sheffer F ( x, y ) = x y =
0 khi x = y = 1, Mch lgic thc 1 khi x = 0 hay y = 0.
x y

hin hm gi l cng NAND, c v nh hnh di y.

x y

Da vo cc ng thc x = x x, xy = ( x y ) ( x y ), x + y = ( x x) ( y y ) , cho ta bit h { } l y , nn bt k mt hm Boole no cng c th thc hin c bng mt mch lgic ch gm c cng NAND.

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Xt hm Vebb F ( x, y ) = x y =

0 khi x = 1 hay y = 1, Mch lgic thc 1 khi x = y = 0.

x y

hin hm gi l cng NOR, c v nh hnh di y.

x y

Tng t h { } l y nn bt k hm Boole no cng c th thc hin c bng mt mch lgic ch gm c cng NOR. Mt php ton lgic quan trng khc l php tuyn loi:
0 khi x = y, F ( x, y ) = x y = 1 khi x y.

Mch lgic ny l mt cng lgic, gi l cng XOR, c v nh hnh di y.

x y

x y

6.2.2.2. Mch cng: Nhiu bi ton i hi phi xy dng nhng mch lgic c nhiu ng ra, cho cc u ra F1, F2, , Fk l cc hm Boole ca cc u vo x1, x2, , xn.
x1 x2 xn-1 xn F1(x1, x2, , xn)

F2(x1, x2, , xn) Fk(x1, x2, , xn)

Chng hn, ta xt php cng hai s t nhin t cc khai trin nh phn ca chng. Trc ht, ta s xy dng mt mch c th duc dng tm x+y vi x, y l hai s 1-bit. u vo mch ny s l x v y. u ra s l mt s 2bit cs , trong s l bit tng v c l bit nh. x y 0+0 = 00 0 0 0+1 = 01 0 1 1+0 = 01 1 0 1 1 1+1 = 10
c 0 0 0 1 s 0 1 1 0

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T bng trn, ta thy ngay s = x y , c = xy . Ta v c mch thc hin hai hm s = x y v c = xy nh hnh di y. Mch ny gi l mch cng hai s 1-bit hay mch cng bn phn, k hiu l DA.
s = x y
x y x y DA s c

c = xy

Xt php cng hai s 2-bit a 2 a1 v b2b1 ,

a 2 a1 b2 b1

Thc hin php cng theo tng ct, ct th nht (t phi sang tri) ta tnh a1 + b1 c bit tng s1 v bit nh c1; ct th hai, ta tnh a 2 + b2 + c1 , tc l phi cng ba s 1-bit. Cho x, y, z l ba s 1-bit. Tng x+y+z l mt s 2-bit cs , trong s l bit tng ca x+y+z v c l bit nh ca x+y+z. Cc hm Boole s v c theo cc bin x, y, z c xc nh bng bng sau:
x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 c 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 s 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

T bng ny, d dng thy rng:

s = x yz.

Hm c c th vit di dng tng chun tc hon ton l:

c = x yz + x yz + xy z + xyz .

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Cng thc ca c c th rt gn:

c = z ( x y + x y ) + xy ( z + z ) = z ( x y ) + xy .

Ta v c mch thc hin hai hm Boole s = x y z v c = z ( x y ) + xy nh hnh di y, mch ny l ghp ni ca hai mch cng bn phn (DA) v mt cng OR. y l mch cng ba s 1-bit hay mch cng ton phn, k hiu l AD.
z

x y z

x DA y DA

x y AD

s c

Tr li php cng hai s 2-bit a 2 a1 v b2b1 . Tng a 2 a1 + b2b1 l mt s 3-bit c2 s 2 s1 , trong s1 l bit tng ca a1+b1: s1 = a1 b1 , s2 l bit tng ca a2+b2+c1, vi c1 l bit nh ca a1+b1: s 2 = a2 b2 c1 v c2 l bit nh ca a2+b2+c1.

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Ta c c mch thc hin ba hm Boole s1, s2, c2 nh hnh di y.

b2 a2 b1 a1

AD

DA

c1 c2 s2 s1

D dng suy ra mch cng hai s n-bit, vi n l mt s nguyn dng bt k. Hnh sau cho mt mch cng hai s 4-bit.
b4 a4 b3 a3 b2 a2 b1 a1

AD

AD

AD

DA

c3 c4 s4 s3

c2 s2

c1 s1

6.3. CC TIU HO CC MCH LGIC Hiu qu ca mt mch t hp ph thuc vo s cc cng v s b tr cc cng . Qu trnh thit k mt mch t hp c bt u bng mt bng ch r cc gi tr u ra i vi mi mt t hp cc gi tr u vo. Ta lun lun c th s dng khai trin tng cc tch ca mch tm tp cc cng lgic thc hin mch . Tuy nhin,khai trin tng cc tch c th cha cc s hng nhiu hn mc cn thit. Cc s hng trong khai trin tng cc tch ch khc nhau mt bin, sao cho trong s hng ny xut hin bin v trong s hng kia xut hin phn b ca n, u c th c t hp li. Chng hn, xt
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mch c u ra bng 1 khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 hoc x = z = 1 v y = 0. Khai trin tng cc tch ca mch ny l xyz + x yz . Hai tch trong khai trin ny ch khc nhau mt bin, l bin y. Ta c th t hp li nh sau:
xyz + x yz = ( y + y ) xz = 1xz = xz .

Do xz l biu thc vi t php ton hn biu din mch cho. Mch th hai ch dng mt cng, trong khi mch th nht phi dng ba cng v mt b o (cng NOT). 6.3.1. Bn Karnaugh lm gim s cc s hng trong mt biu thc Boole biu din mt mch, ta cn phi tm cc s hng t hp li. C mt phng php th, gi l bn Karnaugh, c dng tm cc s hng t hp c i vi cc hm Boole c s bin tng i nh. Phng php m ta m t di y c Maurice Karnaugh a ra vo nm 1953. Phng php ny da trn mt cng trnh trc ca E.W. Veitch. Cc bn Karnaugh cho ta mt phng php trc quan rt gn cc khai trin tng cc tch, nhng chng khng thch hp vi vic c kh ho qu trnh ny. Trc ht, ta s minh ho cch dng cc bn Karnaugh rt gn biu thc ca cc hm Boole hai bin. C bn hi s cp khc nhau trong khai trin tng cc tch ca mt hm Boole c hai bin x v y. Mt bn Karnaugh i vi mt hm Boole hai bin ny gm bn vung, trong hnh vung biu din hi s cp c mt trong khai trin c ghi s 1.
y x

y xy xy

xy xy

Cc hnh c gi l k nhau nu cc hi s cp m chng biu din ch khc nhau mt bin.

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V d: Tm cc bn Karnaugh cho cc biu thc: a) xy + x y b) x y + x y c) x y + x y + x y v rt gn chng. Ta ghi s 1 vo vung khi hi s cp c biu din bi c mt trong khai trin tng cc tch. Ba bn Karnaugh c cho trn hnh sau.
y x y

y
1 1

1 1

1 1

Vic nhm cc hi s cp c ch ra trong hnh trn bng cch s dng bn Karnaugh cho cc khai trin . Khai trin cc tiu ca tng cc tch ny tng ng l: a) y, b) x y + x y , c) x + y . Bn Karnaugh ba bin l mt hnh ch nht c chia thnh tm . Cc biu din tm hi s cp c c. Hai c gi l k nhau nu cc hi s cp m chng biu din ch khc nhau mt bin. Mt trong cc cch lp bn Karnaugh ba bin c cho trong bng sau:
yz
x

yz xy z xy z

yz xyz xyz

yz x yz x yz

xyz x yz

rt gn khai trin tng cc tch ba bin, ta s dng bn Karnaugh nhn dng cc hi s cp c th t hp li. Cc khi gm hai k nhau biu din cp cc hi s cp c th c t hp li thnh mt tch ca hai bin; cc khi 2 x 2 v 4 x 1 biu din cc hi s cp c th t hp li thnh mt bin duy nht; cn khi gm tt c tm biu din mt tch khng c mt bin no, c th y l biu thc (1). V d: Dng cc bn Karnaugh ba bin rt gn cc khai trin tng cc tch sau:

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a) xy z + x y z + x yz + x y z , b) x yz + x y z + x yz + x yz + x y z , c) xyz + xy z + x yz + x y z + x yz + x yz + x y z . Bn Karnaugh cho nhng khai trin tng cc tch ny c cho trong hnh sau:
yz
1

yz
1

yz
1 1

yz

yz

yz

yz
1

yz
1 1

x yz yz
1

yz
1 1

yz
1 1

1 1

Vic nhm thnh cc khi cho thy rng cc khai trin cc tiu thnh cc tng Boole ca cc tch Boole l: a) x z + y z + x yz , b) y + xz , c) x + y + z . Bn Karnaugh bn bin l mt hnh vung c chia lm 16 . Cc ny biu din 16 hi s cp c c. Mt trong nhng cch lp bn Karnaugh bn bin c cho trong hnh di y.
yz yz wxy z wxy z wxy z wxy z yz wx y z wx y z wx y z wx y z yz wx yz wx yz w x yz wx yz

wx wxyz w x w x yz wx wx
w x yz wxyz

Hai c gi l k nhau nu cc hi s cp m chng biu din ch khc nhau mt bin. Do , mi mt k vi bn khc. S rt gn mt khai trin tng cc tch bn bin c thc hin bng cch nhn dng cc khi gm 2, 4, 8 hoc 16 biu din cc hi s cp c th t hp li c. Mi biu

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din mt hi s cp hoc c dng lp mt tch c t bin hn hoc c a vo trong khai trin. Cng nh trong trng hp bn Karnaugh hai v ba bin, mc tiu l cn phi nhn dng cc khi ln nht c cha cc s 1 bng cch dng mt s t nht cc khi, m trc ht l cc khi ln nht. 6.3.2. Phng php Quine-McCluskey 6.3.2.1. M u: Ta thy rng cc bn Karnaugh c th c dng to biu thc cc tiu ca cc hm Boole nh tng ca cc tch Boole. Tuy nhin, cc bn Karnaugh s rt kh dng khi s bin ln hn bn. Hn na, vic dng cc bn Karnaugh li da trn vic r sot trc quan nhn dng cc s hng cn c nhm li. V nhng nguyn nhn , cn phi c mt th tc rt gn nhng khai trin tng cc tch c th c kh ho c. Phng php Quine-McCluskey l mt th tc nh vy. N c th c dng cho cc hm Boole c s bin bt k. Phng php ny c W.V. Quine v E.J. McCluskey pht trin vo nhng nm 1950. V c bn, phng php Quine-McCluskey c hai phn. Phn u l tm cc s hng l ng vin a vo khai trin cc tiu nh mt tng cc tch Boole m ta gi l cc nguyn nhn nguyn t. Phn th hai l xc nh xem trong s cc ng vin , cc s hng no l thc s dng c. 6.3.2.2. nh ngha: Cho hai hm Boole F v G bc n. Ta ni G l mt nguyn nhn ca F nu TG TF, ngha l G F l mt hng ng. D thy rng mi hi s cp trong mt dng tng chun tc ca F l mt nguyn nhn ca F. Hi s cp A ca F c gi l mt nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F nu trong A xo i mt bin th hi nhn uc khng cn l nguyn nhn ca F. Nu F1, , Fk l cc nguyn nhn ca F th TFi TF , 1 i k . Khi
Tk =

Fi
i =1

UTFi TF . Do Fi
i =1
i =1

l mt nguyn nhn ca F.

Cho S l mt h cc nguyn nhn ca F. Ta ni rng h S l y i vi F nu F =

G , ngha l TF = UTG .
GS GS

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6.3.2.3. Mnh : H cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca hm F l mt h y . Chng minh: Gi S l h cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F. Ta c
TG TF , g S ,

Nn T G =
GS

UTG TF .
G S

Gi s dng tng chun tc hon ton ca F l F =

TF =

G'
G 'S '

nn

UTG ' .
G 'S '

Xt G ' S ' , nu G khng phi l nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F th bng cch xo bt mt s bin trong G ta thu c nguyn nhn nguyn t G ca F. Khi TG ' TG v V vy TF = hay F =

UTG ' UTG

G 'S ' GS

hay TF

UTG .
GS

UTG
GS

G .
GS

Dng tng chun tc

F=

G c gi l dng tng chun tc thu gn ca F.

GS

6.3.2.4. Phng php Quine-McCluskey tm dng tng chun tc thu gn Gi s F l mt hm Boole n bin x1, x2, , xn. Mi hi s cp ca n bin c biu din bng mt dy n k hiu trong bng {0, 1, } theo quy c: k t th i l 1 hay 0 nu xi c mt trong hi s cp l bnh thng hay vi du ph nh, cn nu xi khng c mt th k t ny l . Chng hn, hi s cp ca 6 bin x1, , x6 l x1 x3 x4 x6 c biu din bi 0110. Hai hi s cp c gi l k nhau nu cc biu din ni trn ca chng ch khc nhau

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mt v tr 0, 1. R rng cc hi s cp ch c th dn c vi nhau bng php dn Ax + A x = A nu chng l k nhau. Thut ton c tin hnh nh sau: Lp mt bng gm nhiu ct ghi cc kt qu dn. Sau ln lt thc hin cc bc sau: Bc 1: Vit vo ct th nht cc biu din ca cc nguyn nhn hng n ca hm Boole F. Cc biu din c chia thnh tng nhm, cc biu din trong mi nhm c s cc k hiu 1 bng nhau v cc nhm xp theo th t s cc k hiu 1 tng dn. Bc 2: Ln lt thc hin tt c cc php dn cc biu din trong nhm i vi cc biu din trong nhm i+1 (i=1, 2, ). Biu din no tham gia t nht mt php dn s c ghi nhn mt du * bn cnh. Kt qu dn c ghi vo ct tip theo. Bc 3: Lp li Bc 2 cho ct k tip cho n khi khng thu thm c ct no mi. Khi tt c cc biu din khng c du * s cho ta tt c cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F. V d 9: Tm dng tng chun tc thu gn ca cc hm Boole:
F1 = w x yz + wx yz + w x yz + w x yz + w x yz + wxyz + wxyz , F2 = w x y z + w x yz + w x yz + wx y z + wx yz + wxy z + wxyz .
0001* 0101* 0011* 1001* 1011* 0111* 1111* 001* 001* 001* 011* 101* 011* 011* 111* 111* 01 01 11 0010* 0011* 1100* 1011* 1101* 1110* 1111* 001 011 110* 110* 111 111* 111* 11

T cc bng trn ta c dng tng chun tc thu gn ca F1 v F2 l:

F1 = wz + xz + yz F2 = w x y + x yz + wyz + wx.

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6.32.5. Phng php Quine-McCluskey tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu Sau khi tm c dng tng chun tc thu gn ca hm Boole F, ngha l tm c tt c cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca n, ta tip tc phng php Quine-McCluskey tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu (cc tiu) ca F nh sau. Lp mt bng ch nht, mi ct ng vi mt cu to n v ca F (mi cu to n v l mt hi s cp hng n trong dng tng chun tc hon ton ca F) v mi dng ng vi mt nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F. Ti (i, j), ta nh du cng (+) nu nguyn nhn nguyn t dng i l mt phn con ca cu to n v ct j. Ta cng ni rng khi nguyn nhn nguyn t i l ph cu to n v j. Mt h S cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F c gi l ph hm F nu mi cu to n v ca F u c ph t nht bi mt thnh vin ca h. D thy rng nu h S l ph hm F th n l y , ngha l tng ca cc thnh vin trong S l bng F. Mt nguyn nhn nguyn t c gi l ct yu nu thiu n th mt h cc nguyn nhn nguyn t khng th ph hm F. Cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu c tm nh sau: ti nhng ct ch c duy nht mt du +, xem du + thuc dng no th dng ng vi mt nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu. Vic la chn cc nguyn nhn nguyn t trn bng nh du, c mt dng tng chun tc ti thiu, c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau. Bc 1: Pht hin tt c cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu. Bc 2: Xo tt c cc ct c ph bi cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu. Bc 3: Trong bng cn li, xo nt nhng dng khng cn du + v sau nu c hai ct ging nhau th xo bt mt ct. Bc 4: Sau cc bc trn, tm mt h S cc nguyn nhn nguyn t vi s bin t nht ph cc ct cn li. Tng ca cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu v cc nguyn nhn nguyn t trong h S s l dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca hm F.

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Cc bc 1, 2, 3 c tc dng rt gn bng trc khi la chn. phc tp ch yu nm Bc 4. Tnh hung tt nht l mi nguyn nhn nguyn t u l ct yu. Trng hp ny khng phi la chn g v hm F c duy nht mt dng tng chun tc ti thiu cng chnh l dng tng chun tc thu gn. Tnh hung xu nht l khng c nguyn nhn nguyn t no l ct yu. Trng hp ny ta phi la chn ton b bng. V d 10: Tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca cc hm Boole cho trong V d 9.
w x yz wz xz yz wx yz w x yz w x yz w x yz wxyz wxyz

+ +

+ + + + + + + +

Cc nguyn nhn nguyn t u l ct yu nn dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca F1 l:

F1 = wz + xz + yz wxyz

wxy z wx wxy x yz wyz

w x yz

w x yz

wx y z

wx yz

wxy z

+ + + + + +

Cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ct yu nm dng 1 v 2. Sau khi rt gn, bng cn dng 3, 4 v mt ct 3. Vic chn S kh n gin: c th chn mt trong hai nguyn nhn nguyn t cn li. V vy ta c hai dng tng chun tc ti thiu l:
F2 = wx + w x y + x yz , F2 = wx + w x y + wyz .
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BI TP CHNG VI Bi tp tnh ton

6.1.1. Cho S l tp hp cc c nguyn dng ca 70, vi cc php ton , +

v c nh ngha trn S nh sau: a b = UCLN(a, b), a + b = BCNN(a, b), a = 70/a. Chng t rng S cng vi cc php ton , + v lp thnh mt i s Boole. 6.1.2. Chng minh trc tip cc nh l 6b, 7b, 8b (khng dng i ngu suy ra t 6a, 7a, 8a). 6.1.3. Chng minh rng: a) (a+b).(a+b) = a; b) (a.b)+(a.c) = (a+c).(a+b). 6.1.4. Cho cc hm Boole F1, F2, F3 xc nh bi bng sau: x 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 y 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 z 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 F1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 F2 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 F3 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

V mch thc hin cc hm Boole ny. 6.1.5. Hy dng cc cng NAND xy dng cc mch vi cc u ra nh sau:
a) x b) xy c) x+y d) x y. 6.1.6. Hy dng cc cng NOR xy dng cc mch vi cc u ra c cho trong Bi tp 5. 6.1.7. Hy dng cc cng NAND dng mch cng bn phn. 6.1.8. Hy dng cc cng NOR dng mch cng bn phn.

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6.1.9. Dng cc bn Karnaugh, tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu (khai

trin cc tiu) ca cc hm Boole ba bin sau:

a) F = x yz + x yz . b) F = xyz + xy z + x yz + x y z . c) F = xy z + x yz + x y z + x yz + x yz . d) F = xyz + x yz + x y z + x yz + x y z + x y z . 6.1.10. Dng cc bn Karnaugh, tm dng tng chun tc ti thiu ca cc hm Boole bn bin sau: a) F = wxyz + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z + w x yz . b) F = wxy z + wx yz + w x yz + wx yz + w x y z + w x yz . c) F = wxyz + wxy z + wx yz + w x yz + w x y z + wx yz + w x y z + w x yz . d) F = wxyz + wxy z + wx yz + w x yz + w x y z + wxyz + w x yz + w x y z + w x yz .

Bi tp trn my tnh
6.2.1. Xc nh u ra ca hm s F(x,y) bt k khi i qua cc cng AND; OR; NOR. 6.2.2. Cho gi tr ca hm Boole n bin, vi n l s nguyn dng. Tm trin khai tng cc tch ca hm ny 6.2.3. Cho bng gi tr ca mt hm Boole. Hy biu din hm ny bng cch ch dng cc php ton + v 6.2.4. a ra dng tng ca chun tc thu gn ca hm Boole 6.2.5. Lp bn Karnaugh n bin (<3n<10).

Vit tiu lun

6.3.1. M t mt s my tnh giai on u c ch to gii mt bi ton v logic, chng hn nh my chng minh Stanhope, my logic ca Jevon v

my Marquand 6.3.2. Hy nu cch dng cc cng logic dng cc b nhn 6.3.3. Tm hiu cu trc vt l ca cc cng NAND v NOR c c dng xy dng cc mch khng. 6.3.4. Thit k mch n c iu khin bi hai cng tc. 6.3.5. Tm hiu v thit k cc mch in t

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Kenneth H.Rosen- Ton hc ri rc ng dng trong tin hc, NXB Gio dc, 2007. [2] Robert Sedgewick, Cm nang thut ton, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2004 [3] c Gio, Ton ri rc, NXB i hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2000. [4] ng Huy Run, L thuyt th v ng dng, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2000. [5] Nguyn c Ngha-Nguyn T Thnh, Ton ri rc, NXB Gio dc, 1999.

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