Tiu lun ph gia GVHD: L Vn

Nht Hoi
B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH
VIN CNG NGH THC PHM SINH HC
------1 1 -------
Tiu lun mn:
ti:
GVHD: Th.S L Vn Nht Hoi
Lp : HTP2
Sinh vin:
Trn Th Ngc Diu
Phm Th Bch Loan
Nguyn Th Ho
Phm Th Hong Yn
Tp.H Ch Minh. Thng 4 nm 2009
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Nc ta l nc nng nghip, do nguyn liu trong ngnh cng ngh
thc phm v cng a dng. Nhng vic tn dng cc nguyn liu trong sn xut
cn hn ch, a s nc ta ch sn xut nguyn liu th.
V vy, vic tm hng pht trin mi cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin
ngy cng tr nn cp thit hn, mt trong nhng gii php l vic s dng cc
cht ph gia trong sn xut, chng ngy cng tr nn ph bin, a dng v hon
thin hn bi nhng c tnh u vit nh tng thi gian bo qun, to cu trc v
c gi tr cm quan. Cho nn s dng cht ph gia thc phm ngy nay tr
thnh mt vn ht sc quan trng v cn thit.
Ph gia th rt a dng, vic s dng ph gia thch hp s lm tng gi tr
cm quan thc phm. y, chng em xin nghin cu v ph gia to cu trc, m
trong ng quan tm nht l pectin.
Thi tin s, pectin l thnh phn quan trng trong khu phn thc n
ca con ngi. Nhng ch mi trong na th k trc ngnh thc phm mi nhn
bit c vai tr quan trng ca ph gia pectin trong vic a dng ha cc sn
phm thc phm.
Trong cng nghip pectin c thu nhn t dch chit ca cc nguyn liu
thc vt, thng l to hay cc qu c mi. Phn ln cc quc gia xem pectin l
ph gia qu v v hi, c s dng vi liu lng ph thuc vo quy trnh cng
ngh.
Do kin thc cng nh thi gian cn hn ch v vi quy m l mt bi tiu
lun. V vy khng th trnh khi nhng thiu xt v khng y . Knh mong
Thy v qu bn c gp cho nhm nhng bi tiu lun sau hon thin hn.
Nhm chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy L Vn Nht Hoi
hng dn tn tnh nhm chng em hon thnh tt bi tiu lun ny.
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1. Gii thiu chung v pectin:
1.1 .Ngun gc
- Pectin l mt polymer ca polygalacturonic v cc ester
methyl ca chng. Pectin c nhiu qu, c hoc thn cy. Trong thc vt, pectin
tn ti di hai dng: dng protopectin khng tan, tn ti ch yu thnh t bo
di dng kt hp vi polysaccharide araban, dng ha tan ca pectin tn ti ch
yu dch t bo.
- Pectin nh mt loi keo gn cht cc t bo thc vt vi nhau,
v th ngi ta thung gi chng l cht ciment l protopectin, protopectin chim
t l kh1 cao, protopectin khng ha tan trong nc gip qu c cng.
- Khi qu chn dn protopectin s chuyn sang pectin ha tan
(pectin) v araban, lm gim s lin kt gia t bo, qu tr nn mm hn. Qu
trnh ny cng xy ra di tc dng ca acid v nhit trong qu trnh chn 60-
85
0
C.
- Trong thc vt cc pectin thng lin kt vi cellulose vch
t bo dng phc hp cha bit r (hnh 1)
Hnh 1: pectin trong cu to ca thnh t bo thc vt
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1.2 .Cu to phn t pectin:
Cc cht pectin l cc polysaccharide, mch thng, cu to t s lin kt
gia cc mch ca phn t acid D-galacturonic C
6
H
10
O
7
, lin kt vi nhau bng
lin kt 1,4-glucoside. Trong mt s gc acid c cha nhm th methoxyl (-
OCH
3
). Chiu di ca chui acid polygalacturonic c th bin i t vi n v ti
hng trm n v acid galacturonic.
Cu to 1 n v ca chui pectin:
Hnh 2: Cu to mt n v chui pectin
1.3 .Tnh cht ca pectin:
Pectin thuc nhm cc cht lm ng t. Pectin uc xem l
mt trong nhng ph gia thc phm an ton v uc chp nhn nhiu nht, v iu
ny c chng minh bi hm lng ADI cho php l khng xc nh uc ban
hnh bi t chc JECFA (Joint Food Experts Committee), SCF (Scientific
Committee for Food) lin minh Chu u, v GRAS (Generally Regarded).
M hiu quc t ca pectin l E40.
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Pectin tinh ch c dng bt trng mu xm nht.
L mt cht keo ht nc v rt d tan trong nc, khng tan trong
ethanol.
c tnh quan trong ca pectin l khi c mt ca acid v
ng n c kh nng to ng (to gel). V vy, n c ng dng ph bin
trong k ngh sn xut bnh ko.
Dung dch pectin c nht cao. Nu mun thu dch qu p
th dung dch ny bt li, ngi ta phi dng enzymes pectinase thy phn
pectin, gim nht. V d nc c chua 90-92% H
2
O nhng v % pectin cao nn
sn phm c dng st. Nc da t pectin d p, lc.
2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng to gel:
Gm 4 yu t: cht lng pectin, ng, nc v acid.
+ Pectin:
- Mch phn t pectin l c cu chnh ca hin tng to gel. V th,
lng pectin c trong dch ng phi t mt lng ti thiu no mi to
c s keo t. Nng pectin c trong dung dch cng ln th s lin hp gia
cc phn t xy ra cng nhanh, h keo t cng bn. Thng lng pectin s dng
khong t 0.5-1%. Khi dng lng pectin vt qu lng thch hp s thu c
gel qu cng, v vy i vi loi qu cha d pectin ngi ta cn tin hnh phn
gii bt chng bng cch un lu hn.
- Tuy nhin, cht lng ca h keo pectin li ph thuc rt ln vo
tnh cht ca pectin ch khng n thun hm lng pectin c s dng. Hai
yu t quan trng hng u l chiu di mch phn t pectin v mc methoxyl
ha trong phn t ca chng.
- Chiu di phn t pectin quyt nh cng ca gel:
- Nu phn t pectin qu ngn th n s khng to c gel mc d s
dng vi liu lng cao.
- Nu phn t pectin qu di th gel to thnh qu cng.
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- Mc methoxyl ha qui nh c ch to gel:
- Kh nng keo ha ca pectin ph thuc tong i vo mc hin
din ca cc nhm methoxyl. Ty thuc vo ch s methoxyl cao (>7%) hoc thp
(3-5%) phn t pectin m cc kiu kt hp gia chng s khc nhau trong vic
to gel.
Bng 2.1 : Tc dng ca DE ca pectin ln s to gel
DE(%) iu kin to gel
>70 pH ng
(%)
Ion
ha tr II
Tc
to gel
59-70 2.8-3.4 65 Khng Nhanh
<50 2.8-3.4 65 Khng Chm
2.5-6.5 0 C Nhanh
+ Nc
Nc l dung mi pectin c th trng n v khuch tn to nn dung
dch ng th. Nc ng vai tr quan trng gip pectin nh hng v sp xp li
mch phn t ca chng. Thng thng khi m ca dung dch to keo tng ln
th qu trnh keo ha din ra cng nhanh.
+ ng:
< Trong dung dch nc pectin trng thi ha
tan do c s to thnh cc lin kt hydro gia cc nhm OH-, ca mch phn t
pectin v H
+
ca phn t nc.
< Khi ng xut hin, ng ng vai tr ca
cht hydrate ha, ngm mt phn nc ang lin kt vi pectin. Khi pectin tr
nn khng ha tan. Cng vi tc ng ca ion H
+
t lng acid s dng to
ng, H
+
lm trung ha in tch ca cc gc COO
-
trn mch phn t pectin, to
gc COOH. V th si pectin khng cn y nhau m tin li gn nhau v to
mng.
< Lng ng trong hn hp pectin-ng-acid
thng phi ln hn 50% th mi c kh nng to gel. Thng thng ngi ta to
hn hp c 65% ung tin hnh to keo ng. Nu hm lng ng dng
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cao hn, s kt tinh ng c th xy ra trn b mt ht keo. c th khc phc
c th thay th mt phn ng saccharose bng ng glucose nhm trnh hin
tng kt tinh ng. Vi pectin cht lng cng tt th lng pectin dng gel
ha cng mt lng ng cng t.
+ Acid:
* Pectin ch c th to gel trong mi trng acid c pH<4.
* Trong mi trng c H
+
, cc phn t pectin c in tch m s b
trung ha v tr thnh dng trung ha in d to ng t. Hn na, ion H
+
s thay
th cc ion kim loi (nu c) trong nhm cacboxyl ca phn t pectin v chuyn
dng mui pectat (khng to ng) thnh dng pectin (c to ng).
* Acid s dng to ng cn c mc phn ly cao hn acid pectic
acid ny c th ngn cn s phn ly ca acid pectic, v gi cho chng dng
trung ha in tch.
* Nng ion H
+
cng ln th kh nng to gel ca dung dch pectin
s cng cao. Cn duy tr pH thp khi un nu s gy ra qu trnh nghch o
ng saccharose (30-50% ng thm vo pectin) ngn cn s kt tinh ca
ng. Cng khng nn dng qu nhiu acid, v pH thp s gy ra s nghch o
ca mt lng ln sacchrose t gy ra kt tinh glucose v ha gel nhanh to
nn vn cc. Thng dng pH t 3 n 3.5.
* Mc to gel ch tng ln n mt gii hn no ca nng
acid ri s ngng li v ngng nng ton b gc COO- ca phn t pectin
c trung ha in tch. Nn d c tng thm ion H
+
cng khng th tng
thm mc to gel. Nng acid to gel dung dch pectin ph thuc vo mc
methoxyl ha ca pectin v hm lng pectin trong dung dch. Khi hm lng
pectin s dng tng khong 0.05%-0.1% th pH ca dung dch c th tng ln 1
n v.
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* Nu s dng pectin c kh nng ng t yu th nn tng nng
acid ln. Nhng vic tng nng ny li d tng lng ng chuyn ha v lm
tng tnh ho nc ca sn phm.
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3. ng dng
ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh thc phm:
Bng 3a: Tm tt ng dng ca pectin:
Tnh cht pectin Kh nng ng dng
Phn t pectin di v d vng
vo nhau to dung dch c nht nn
pectin c kh nng to c
Pectin c kh nng ci thin cu
trc nc ung c hm lng ng
thp.
Nu hm lng ng ln
c b sung vo gim hydrate
ha ca cc phn t pectin, cc phn t
s li hnh thnh mng li gel
Mc tri cy c ng cao ph
thuc vo pectin to hnh
V nhm acid yu, s thay i
pH s thay i kh nng tch in ca
chui pectin. Pectin c lin kt vi nhau
iu kin acid
Cn c ng v acid trong sn
xut mc ng
Nhm acid ca pectin c th
phn ng vi ion Ca
2+
to lin kt 2
nhm COO- hnh thnh gel khng
cn ng
LMP c s dng lm mc tri
cy c hm lng ng thp v nhiu
sn phm ch bin t tri cy.
Phn t pectin c th lin kt vi
1 pectin tch in (+) nn chng khng
b ng li khi gia nhit.
Gip protein sa trong yahourt
khng b ng t v nhit , c th tit
trng UHT
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Bng 3b: Cc loi thc phm s dng ph gia pectin (Theo Quy nh danh
mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm)
Nhm thc phm
ML(mg/kg
sn phm)
1) Sa v sa b GMP
2) Sa ln men nguyn kem, khng x l nhit sau ln
men GMP
3) Sa ln men nguyn kem, c x l nhit sau ln men 1000
4) Du&m khng cha nc GMP
5) Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti GMP
6) Thy sn, sn phm ca thy sn xay nh ng
lnh,k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai GMP
7) Thy sn, sn phm thu sn hun khi, sy kh, ln
men
hay p mui, k c nhuyn th, gip xc,da gai GMP
8) ng trng&ng vng dng:saccarose,
fructorose,
xylose GMP
9) Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) GMP
10) Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui 1000
11) Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng 2000
12) Nc qu c c ( dng lng hay dng rn) GMP
13) Necta qu c c ( dng lng hay dng rn) 3000
14) C ph, ch, nc ung c tho dc & c loi
ung t ng cc, khng k nc ung t ca cao GMP
15) Ru vang GMP
Ghi ch:
ML (maximum level) l mc ti a s dng ph gia trong sn xut, ch bin, bo
qun, bao gi, vn chuyn thc phm bao gm:
- Hn ch ti mc thp nht lng ph gia thc phm cn thit s dng.
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- Lng ph gia c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, bao gi v
vn chuyn c th tr thnh thnh phn nhng khng nh hng n tnh
cht l ha hay gi tr khc ca thc phm.
- Lng ph gia thc phm s dng phi ph hp vi cng b ca nh sn
xut c chng nhn c c quan thm quyn.
3.1. ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh ch bin rau qu:
- Pectin l cht to ng tt nht c s dng to ra cu trc gel cho
thc phm, ch yu l nhng thc phm c ngun gc t rau qu. N c kh nng
gi mi t nhin trong ko ng hay cc sn phm khc, khng gy mi v l.
- Kh nng to gel ca n cn c s dng nhng thc phm cn c s n
nh ca nhiu pha, hoc trong sn xut cui hoc giai on tc thi trong quy
trnh sn xut.
- Tc dng to c ca pectin c s dng ch yu nhng loi thc phm
m quy nh khng cho php s dng nhng loi gum c gi thnh r hn hay
nhng loi thc phm cn c mt hnh dng tht t nhin.

Hnh 3.1: Cc sn phm rau qu c s dng pectin
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+ HMP dung trong mt tri cy v mt ng:
-Vai tr ca pectin l nhm to ra mt cu trc cho mt ng v mt tri cy
nhng sn phm ny khi vn chuyn vn khng thay i cu trc, to ra mi v
thm ngon cho sn phm, gim n ti a s phn r. Qu trnh sn xut mt
ng v mt tri cy phi m bo to ra s phn b ng u ca cc phn t
trong pha lien tc ngay t khi qu trnh khuy trn ngng li. Hm lng pectin
s dng trong mt v mt ng thng trong khong t 0.2-0.4%.
-Pectin c kh nng to gel, to c trc khi ng hp. Cn mt ng tri
cy tt nht khi chng khng b tc ng trong sut qu trnh to gel. l l do
pectin to gel chm c s dng, v cc khu vo hp, ng np, dn nhn, xp
chng phi c thc hin trc khi qu trnh to gel din ra.
+Qu trnh to gel ca pectin c th c to ra trong mt quy trnh lnh
bng 2 cch:
-Trn syrup ng pectin c hm lng cht kh ha tan t 60 65%, pH =
3,8 -4,2 vi dch acid tri cy t c pH = 3,0.
-Trn dung dch pectin c pH = 2,9 v lng cht kh ha tan l 25% vi
syrup ng thu c hn hp mi c hm lng cht kh 23%.
- LMP thng c ng dng trong mt tri cy c hm lng cht kh
ha tan < 55% : Loi LMP c chn da trn hm lng cht kh v pH trong
sn phm. Trong nhng sn phm c hm lng cht kh rt thp, v d nh mt
tri cy khng ng cho ngi b bnh tiu ng, LMP kh to lin kt vi
nc, trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th s dng c pectin v carragenan.
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3. 2. ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh sn xut bnh nng:
Hnh 3.2: Cc sn phm bnh nng c s dng pectin
- Pectin to chng t kh nng c bit ca mnh trong cng ngh sn xut
bnh. N c vai tr quan trng trong vic chng li s bin tnh v bin dng ca
cc thnh phn lm t tri cy trong qu trnh nng bnh trong cc loi bnh rn,
bnh hp, bnh gng, bnh quy, bnh trn to v hnh nhn pht kem hay bnh
xp c nhiu b. Pectin c ng dng mt cch phong ph bi v n c th lm
qu trnh hon thin c m bo. Ngoi ra n cn lm cho b mt bnh lng
bng hn.
3. 3. ng dng ca pectin trong ngnh cng nghip bnh ko:
Hnh 13: Cc sn phm ko c s dng pectin
- Pectin tng tnh hp dn, to cu trc n hi, tng mi v tri cy t nhin
v to bmt bng lng cho sn phm. Pectin l cht to gel tt, tan nhanh, n
nh. V vy, pectin c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip bnh ko nh: mt
qu, ko do, lp mt bnh kem, bnh ngt nhn hoa qu,
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3. 4. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip ch bin sa:
- Pectin b sung hng v tri cy cho cc sn phm sa chua. Cho pectin
vo sa ln men vi liu lng va , trn u c dung dch ng nht.
- Trong yaourt tri cy, pectin to cu trc mn, gip phn b u cc mu
tri cy nh trong sa v n cn lm cho sn phm c b mt nhn bng. Trong
cc sn phm nhiu lp, pectin cn c tc dng n nh v gi cho tri cy khng
b tch khi yaourt.
Trong yaourt ung, pectin t to v citrus bo v protein khng b bin tnh trong
qu trnh tit trng, ngn chn protein kt ta v s kt bng. Pectin gip sn
phm n nh v t tnh cht cm quan tt nht,
khng gim cht lng ngay c khi bo qun mt
thi gian di.
Pectin phn ng vi canxi trong yaourt nhm ci
thin cu trc ca yaourt. Trong sn xut sa chua:
casein ca sa chua thng b vn cc. Nu cho
pectin vo hn hp th casein sa s kt ta dng
mn lm tng gi tr cm quan ca thc phm.
Hnh 3.4: Cc sn phm t sa c s dng pectin
3. 5. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip ch bin nc gii kht:
Vic s dng pectin trong cc sn phm ung rt ph hp v chng c
cacbonhydrate t nhin nng lng thp v n nh tnh c ca sn phm.
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Hnh 35: Cc sn phm nc gii kht c s dng pectin
3. 6. Cc ng dng khc ca pectin trong cng ngh thc phm:
Dng pectin hay pectat ch to bao b (mng) n c: mng thu
c bng cch em nhng sn phm vo dung dch pectin methoxyl thp hay
natri pectat v sau nhng vo dung dch canxi clorua. i khi ngi ta thm
glyxerin vo dung dch pectin lm do ha. Mng ph ln phi em sy.
Pectin cn c s dng nhiu trong sn xut thc n king cho nhng
ngi mc bnh tiu ng. Loi thc n ny thng c hm lng ng rt
thp.
3.7. Lng pectin s dng trong cc sn phm thc phm:
ng dng ca pectin trong cc sn phm thc phm:
, kem hn hp, sn xut phomat, thy sn ng hp (10g/kg)
Sa chua thm, sn phm x l nhit sau ln men (10g/kg)
Kem sa dit khun (5g/kg)
hp rau qu c b, du hay m (10g/kg)
Sa (10g/kg)
ung nh 500mg/kg
Sir 2,5g/kg
Mt, mt cam 5g/kg
C th dng ring pectin hay s dng kt hp vi cht nh ha, cht n
nh v lm ng c khc.
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4. Mt s lu khi s dng pectin trong ch bin thc phm:
Tiu chun v tinh sch ca pectin s dng trong ch bin:
Bng4.: Tiu chun v tinh sch ca pectin s dng trong ch bin
Khi dng pectin cn lu :
Pectin cn c phn tn cn thn c ha tan hon ton, thc t
thngdng hai cch sau:
Cho pectin vo nc ri dng my trn.
Trn bt pectin vi 5 ln saccharose ri phn tn hn hp ny trong
nc.
Pectin ha tan chm trong nc lnh do dung dch ny nn c nung
nng ln.
Pectin ha tan hon ton ch vi dung dch c phn trm cht kh ho tan
di 25%. Do pectin phi c ho tan trc khi cho ton b lng
saccharose hay cht kh ho tan khc.
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Nhm c ch s methoxyl thp (LMP): ha tan rt km trong nc cng
hay tri cy giu Canxi nh qu m hay qu cam. Lng ion vt qu Ca2+ c
th to ra dung dich m.
Thi gian nu di s lm mt i bn gel.
trnh s ti c li, sn phm phi c thc hin trn nhit to gel.
Gel to t pectin amid ho th c tnh thun nghch v nhit. Ph thuc vo
nng ion Ca2+ m c th to ra hin tng sol gel
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Kt lun
Pectin l cht to ng tt, c kh nng gi mi v t nhin ca sn phm v
khng gy mi l. Do , n c dng lm ng cc loi mt, gip cho sn phm
c chc ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dung.
Pectin methoxyl thp c dng lm bao b n c. sn phm c
nhng vo dung dch pectin hay pectate natri, ri tip tc nhng vo dung dch clorua
canxi. Khi kh li, lp ph b mt ny c tc dng bo v sn phm thc phm.
Trong sn xut sa chua, casein ca sa thng b vn cc ln, nhng nu cho
pectin vo th casein s kt ta dng mn, lm tng gi tr sn phm.
Trong y hc, pectin c dung iu ch thuc cm mu di dng thuc
ung hoc thuc tim. Ngoi ra, n cn c tc dng cha bnh ng rut v gip c
th bi tit kim loi nng.
i khi ngi ta s dng pectin methoxyl thp lm ng thc n cho ngi
bnh tiu ng v ngi n king. Thc n king thng c hm lng ng thp
nn khng c chc v nht nht nh hoc khng c cu trc nh cc sn phm
bnh thng. vic s dng pectin s lm sn phm c hnh dng bn ngoi hp dn hn
mc d thnh phn sn phm c s khc bit ln
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Ti liu tham kho:
[1] Bi c Hi Nguyn Th Thanh, K thut sn xut bnh ko, NXB
Trng
i hc Cng nghip nh, 1975.
[2] Nguyn c Lng, C s vi sinh vt cng nghip, NXB i hc Quc
gia
Thnh ph HCM, 2004, 237 tr.
[3] Nguyn Vn Tip Quch nh Ng M Vn, K thut sn xut hp
rau qu, NXB Thanh Nin, 2000, 423tr.
[4] L Ngc T (ch bin), Ha hc thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v k thut
H
Ni, 2001.
[5] L Ngc T (ch bin), Ha sinh cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v k thut
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[6] A.F.Nametnhicop, Ha hc trong cng nghip thc phm, NXB Khoa
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1. http://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/.../HangImg.aspx?ID=10 .
2. http://www.cesti.gov.vn/left/stinfo/khcntn/2008/01/KHTN-LV-030108-04
3. http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/data/news/2007/7/4869/PhuGia
TP.
4. http://vst.vista.gov.vn/home/database
Lp DHTP2
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Tiu lun ph gia GVHD: L Vn
Nht Hoi
Mc lc
M u
1. Gii thiu pectin
1.1.Ngun gc................................................................................................1
1.2. Cu to ca pectin..........................................................................................2
1.3.Tnh cht ca pectin........................................................................................2
2.Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng to gel......................................................3
3.ng dng
3.1. ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh ch bin rau qu.............................9
3. 2. ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh sn xut bnh nng...................10
3. 3. ng dng ca pectin trong ngnh cng nghip bnh ko........................11
3. 4. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip ch bin sa..............................12
3. 5. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip ch bin nc gii kht............12
3. 6. Cc ng dng khc ca pectin trong cng ngh thc phm....................13
3.7. Lng pectin s dng trong cc sn phm thc phm.............................14
4. Mt s lu khi s dng pectin trong ch bin thc phm............................15
Kt lun................................................................................................................16
Lp DHTP2
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