CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
As commercial and industrial customers become more and more reliant on high-
quality and high-reliability electric power, utilities have considered approaches that
would provide different options or levels of premium power for those customers who
require something more than what the bulk power system can provide. Insufficient power
quality can be caused by (1) failures and switching operations in the network, which
mainly result in voltage dips, interruptions, and transients and (2) network disturbances
from loads that mainly result in flicker (fast voltage variations), harmonics, and phase
imbalance.
Momentary voltage sags and interruptions are by far the most common
disturbances that adversely impact electric customer process operations in large
distribution systems. In fact, an event lasting less than one-sixtieth of a second (one-
cycle) can cause a multimillion-dollar process disruption for a single industrial customer.
Several compensation devices are available to mitigate the impacts of momentary voltage
sags and interruptions. When PQ problems are arising from nonlinear customer loads,
such as arc furnaces, welding operations, voltage flicker and harmonic problems can
affect the entire distribution feeder. Several devices have been designed to minimize or
reduce the impact of these variations. The primary concept is to provide dynamic
capacitance and reactance to stabilize the power system. This is typically accomplished
by using static switching devices to control the capacitance and reactance, or by using an
injection transformer to supply the reactive power to the system.
Custom power is formally defined as the employment of power electronic or static
controllers in distribution systems rated up to 38 kV for the purpose of supplying a level
of reliability or power quality that is needed by electric power customers who are
sensitive to power variations. Custom power devices or controllers, include static
switches, inverters, converters, injection transformers, master-control modules and
energy-storage modules that have the ability to perform current-interruption and voltage-
regulation functions within a distribution system. Each custom power device can be

1
considered to be a type of power-conditioning device. In general, power-conditioning
technology includes all devices used to correct end-user problems in response to voltage
sags, voltage interruptions, voltage flicker, harmonic distortion and voltage-regulation
problems.
The solution to the above power quality problem is to use Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS)[2] and Custom Power products like DSTATCOM
(Distribution Static synchronous Compensator), DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer),
UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) etc. These devices deal with the issues
related to power quality using similar control strategies and concepts. Basically, they are
different only in the location in a power system where they are deployed and the
objectives for which they are employed.
Most of the electricity produced today is generated in large generating stations,
which is then transmitted at high voltage to the load centers and transmitted to consumers
at reduced voltage through local distribution systems. In contrast with large generating
stations, distributed generation (DG) produce power on a customer's site or at a local
distribution network. Distribution generation has started gaining importance all over the
world and can become the answer for increasing power failure some times during fault
occurrences. Power failure leads power interruption leading to insecure and unreliable
power system. Conventionally, power plants have been large, centralized units. A new
trend is developing toward distributed energy generation, which means that energy
conversion units are situated close to energy consumers, and smaller ones substitute large
units. In the ultimate case, distributed energy generation means that single buildings can
be completely self-supporting in terms of electricity, heat, and cooling energy.
The relation between distributed generation and power quality is an ambiguous
one. On the one hand, many authors stress the healing effects of distributed generation for
power quality problems. For example, in areas where voltage support is difficult,
distributed generation can contribute because connecting distributed generation generally
leads to a rise in voltage in the network. At the same time if any faults are occurring in
the system the DG must be capable of providing the power supply without any problems
to the customers. Hence in order to ensure the reliability of power to the customers it is

2
necessary to install some compensating devices such that these devices provides the
required reactive power to the generators during fault instants such that the reactive
power drawn from the supply will be nil and the other customers will not be affected.

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

The main objective of the thesis is to show that using DISTRIBUTION
STATCOM (DSTATCOM) it is possible to reduce the voltage fluctuations like sag and
swell conditions in distribution systems. The DSTATCOM which can be used at the PCC
for improving power quality is modeled and simulated using proposed control strategy
and the performance is compared by applying it to a radial distribution system with and
without DSTATCOM. DSTATCOM is applied to a simple Distributed Generation system
consisting of AC generators like Induction and Synchronous Generators and the system is
analyzed by applying faults at various points. Finally the best generator to be installed
with DSTATCOM is chosen.

1.3 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS

The complete thesis is divided into 8 chapters. In this, chapter 1 discusses about
the power quality and the available solutions followed by literature survey for
DSTATCOM and for Distributed Generation. in chapter 2.
Chapter 3 of the thesis summarizes the solutions to different power quality
problems in the form of custom power devices and also in this chapter the power quality
problems in DG are discussed.
Chapter 4 describes about DSTATCOM and its operating principle. In chapter 5,
the modeling part of DSTATCOM along with the voltage regulation technique is shown.
In Chapter 6, the modeled DSTATCOM is applied to a distribution system with
the two loads switched at different times for sag condition and source voltage is increased
to a particular time for swell condition. And the waveforms show that the DSTATCOM
improves the terminal voltage to 1pu in sag and swell conditions. Also the Chapter 6
shows the simulation results simulated with the DG and DSTATCOM. The Simulation is
completed using MATLAB / SIMULINK version 7.0.1.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

The last decade has seen a marked increase on the deployment of end user
equipment that is highly sensitive to poor quality control electricity supply. Several large
industrial users are reported to have experienced large financial losses as a result of even
minor lapses in the quality of electricity supply [1]- [3]. A great many efforts have been
made to remedy the situation, where the solutions based on the use of latest power
electronic technology figure prominently. Indeed custom power technology, the low
voltage counterpart of the more widely known flexible as transmission system (FACTS)
technology, aimed at high voltage power transmission applications, has emerged as a
credible solution to solve many of the problems relating to continuity of supply at the end
user level. The various power quality Problems at the Distribution level are voltage sag
and swells, fluctuations, harmonics, flickering etc [7].
Recently, various power electronic technology devices have been proposed
especially to be applied to medium voltage networks, generally named custom power.
Custom power concept introduced by N.G.Hingorani [1] has been proposed to ensure
high quality of power supply in distribution networks using power electronics devices.
Additionally, various custom power devices are based on the voltage source converter
technology introduced by N.G.Hingorani and L.Gyugyi [2].
At present, wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly
available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications.
Among these the Distribution static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR), both of them based on the VSC principle given by L.Gyugyi [2], and the
SSTS are the controllers which have received the most attention. The modeling and
analysis of these custom power devices has applied for the study of power quality by
Olimpo Anaya-Lara and E Acha [4] presenting comprehensive results to assess the
performance of each device as a potential custom power application. The different control
techniques of DSTATCOM are discussed in papers [8]-[12]. Sung- Min Woo, Dae- wook
kang, Woo-Chol Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun, have demonstrated a new control technique for

4
reducing effect of Voltage Sag and Swell with DSTATCOM [8]. In this Thesis the
DSTATCOM is simulated with Voltage Regulation Technique [9].
The interest in distributed generation has considerably increased due to market
deregulation, technological advances, governmental incentives, and environment impact
concerns [18]. At present, most distributed generation [19] Installations employ induction
and synchronous machines, which can be used in thermal, hydro, and wind generation
plants [18]. Although such technologies are well known, there is no consensus on what is
the best choice under a wide technical perspective. In the paper by Prof.Mrs. P.R.Khatri,
Prof.Mrs. V.S.Jape, Prof.Mrs. N.M.Lokhande, Prof.Mrs. B.S.Motling, [18], they
discussed the main problems associated with DG and also how to interface the DG to the
utility systems.
M. I. Marei, E. F. El-Saadany and M. M. A. Salama, in their work dealt with the
Flexible Distributed Generation proposed a novel control scheme for the nonlinear link
connecting DG to the distribution network using a current controlled Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI).

5
 CHAPTER 3
POWER QUALITY ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS IN DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
FACTS use the latest power electronic devices and methods to control
electronically the high-voltage side of the network. Custom Power focuses on low-
voltage distribution, and it is a technology born in response to reports of poor power
quality and reliability of supply affecting factories, offices and homes [1]-[3]. With
Custom Power solutions in place, the end-user will see tighter voltage regulation, near-
zero power interruptions, low harmonic voltages, and acceptance of rapidly fluctuating
and other non-linear loads in the vicinity.
A Custom Power specification may include provision for
 No power interruption.
 Tight voltage regulation including short duration sags or swells
 Low harmonic voltages
 Acceptance of fluctuating and non linear loads without effect on terminal
voltage
The family of emerging power electronic devices being offered to achieve these
custom power objectives includes:
 Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) to protect the distribution
system from the effects of a polluting e.g. fluctuating, voltage sags and swells
and non-linear loads.
 Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to protect a critical load from disturbances
e.g. sags swells, transients or harmonics, originating on the interconnected
distribution system.
 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is the combination of series and
shunt APF, which compensates supply voltage and load current imperfections
in the distribution system.

6
  Solid State Breaker (SSB) to provide power quality improvement through
instantaneous current interruption there by protecting the sensitive loads from
disturbances that conventional electromechanical breaker cannot eliminate.
 Solid- State Transfer switch (SSTS) to instantaneously transfer sensitive loads
from a disturbance on the normal feed to the undisturbed alternate feed.
3.2 Available Custom Power Devices
This section presents an overview of the VSC-based custom power controllers mentioned
above.
3.2.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR): The DVR is a powerful controller that is
commonly used for voltage sags mitigation at the point of connection. The DVR employs
the same blocks as the D-STATCOM, but in this application the coupling transformer is
connected in series with the ac system [5]-[6], as illustrated in Fig 3.1. The VSC
generates a three-phase ac output voltage, which is controllable in phase and magnitude.
These voltages are injected into the ac distribution system in order to maintain the load
voltage at the desired voltage reference.

Fig 3.1 Schematic representation of the DVR

The DVR is a solid state dc to ac switching power converter that injects a set of
three single phase ac output voltages in series with the distribution feeder and in
synchronism with the voltages of the distribution system. By injecting voltages of
controllable amplitude, phase angle and frequency (harmonic) into the distribution feeder
in instantaneous real time via a series injection transformer, the DVR can restore the

7
quality of voltage at its load side terminals when the quality of the source side terminal
voltage is significantly out of specification for sensitive load equipment.
The reactive power exchanged between the DVR and distribution system
is internally generated by the DVR without any ac passive reactive components, i.e.
reactors and capacitors. For large variations in the source voltage, the DVR supplies
partial power to the load from a rechargeable energy source attached to the DVR dc
terminal. The DVR, with its three single phase independent control and inverter design is
able to restore line voltage to critical loads during sags caused by unsymmetrical L-G, L-
L, L-L-G, as well as symmetrical three phase faults on adjacent feeders or disturbances
that may originate many miles away on the higher voltage interconnected transmission
system.Connection to the distribution network is via three single-phase series
transformers there by allowing the DVR to be applied to all classes of distribution
voltages. At the point of connection the DVR will, within the limits of its inverter,
provide a highly regulated clean output voltage.
3.2.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC): The Universal Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) is a more complete solution for the power quality problem. The
basic structure of this equipment is shown in shown in Fig 3.2. In this figure, the UPQC
is an association of a series and shunt active filter based on two converters with common
dc link [5], [6]. The series converter has the function to compensate for the harmonic
components

Fig 3.2 Basic Block Diagram of UPQC

8
(Including unbalances) present in the source voltages in such a way that the voltage on
the load is sinusoidal and balanced. The shunt active filter has the function of eliminating
the harmonic components of nonlinear loads in such a way that the source current is
sinusoidal and balanced. This equipment is a good solution for the case when the voltage
source presents distortion and a harmonic sensitive load is close to a nonlinear load as
shown in Fig3.2.
.3.2.3 Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS): The SSTS consists of two three-phase static
switches, each constituted in turn by two anti-parallel thyristors per phase. Normally, the
static switch on the primary source is fired regularly, while the other one is off. In the
event of a voltage disturbance, the SSTS [6] is used to transfer the load from the
preferred source to an alternative healthy source. This results in a very effective way of
mitigating the effects of both interruptions and voltage dips by limiting their duration as
seen by the load.

Fig 3.3 Basic Block diagram of SSTS

The SSTS can be used very effectively to protect sensitive loads against voltage
sags, swells and other electrical disturbances. The SSTS ensures continuous high-quality
power supply to sensitive loads by transferring, within a time scale of milliseconds, the
load from a faulted bus to a healthy one. The basic configuration of this device consists of

9
two three-phase solid-state switches, one for the main feeder and one for the backup
feeder. These switches have an arrangement of back-to-back connected thyristors, as
illustrated in the schematic diagram of Fig 3.3.
Each time a fault condition is detected in the main feeder, the control system
swaps the firing signals to the thyristors in both switches, i.e., Switch 1 in the main feeder
is deactivated and Switch 2 in the backup feeder is activated. The control system
measures the peak value of the voltage waveform at every half cycle and checks whether
or not it is within a prespecified range. If it is outside limits, an abnormal condition is
detected and the firing signals to the thyristors are changed to transfer the load to the
healthy feeder.
3.2.4 Solid State Breaker (SSB): It offers a solution to several problems originated in
distribution systems since it can act as [6]:
a) Transfer switch by transferring sensitive loads from the normal supply that
experiences a disturbance to an alternate supply unaffected by the disturbance
b) A substation bus-tie switch that is normally open; a fault on one feeder leads to
Opening its circuit breaker, the bus-tie switch will close to serve the loads from other
feeder as soon as the faulty feeder is separated from loads
c) A current limiter that conducts inrush and fault currents for several cycles

Fig 3.4 Block Diagram Of SSB

10
Fig 3.4. Shows a schematic diagram of a SSB acting as a fault current limiter (FCL),
constructed from a number of antiparallel GTO modules; in normal operation GTO
elements are closed, under abnormal condition the breaker detects the rise of both the
steady state current and the rate of current change, di/dt, and opens rapidly. The SSB in
its present form is not likely to replace the conventional circuit breaker. However it has a
number of applications where, used in place of a circuit breaker could provide
uninterrupted power by providing rapid transfer to a secondary feeder or limit reactive in-
rush currents by pulse width modulating the current.

3.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Most of the electricity produced today is generated in large generating stations,
which is then transmitted at high voltage to the load centers and transmitted to consumers
at reduced voltage through local distribution systems. In contrast with large generating
stations, distributed generation (DG) produce power on a customer's site or at a local
distribution network. The International Energy Agency (IEA) [20] defines distributed
generation as the following: "Distributed generation is a generating plant serving a
customer on-site or providing support to a distribution network, connected to the grid at
distribution level voltages. The technologies include engines, small (and micro) turbines,
fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems [18]. They generate electricity through various small-
scale power generation technologies. Distributed energy resources (DE) refers to a
variety of small, modular power-generating technologies that can be combined with
energy management and storage systems and used to improve the operation of the
electricity delivery system, whether or not those technologies are connected to an
electricity grid.
3.3.1 Advantages of Distributed Generation
Distributed generation has some economic advantages over power from the grid,
particularly for on-site power production [18].
1) On-site production avoids transmission and distribution costs, which otherwise
amount to about 30% of the cost of delivered electricity.

11
 2) Onsite power production by fossil fuels generates waste heat that can be used
by the customer. Distributed generation may also be better positioned to use inexpensive
fuels such as landfill gas.
3) End-user perspective: End users who place a high value on electric power can
generally benefit greatly by having back up generation to provide improved reliability.
There are also substantial benefits in high efficiency applications, such as combined heat
and power, where the total energy bill is reduced. End users may also be able to receive
compensation for making their generation capacity available to the power systems in area
where there are potential power shortages.
4) Distribution utility perspective: The distribution utility is interested in selling
power to end users through its existing network of lines and substation. It can be used for
transmission and distribution capacity relief. Thus it can also serve as a hedge against
uncertain load growth and high price hikes on the power market, if permitted by
regulatory agencies.
5) Commercial power producer perspective: Those looking at DG from this
perspective are mainly interested in selling power in the power market. Commercial
aggregators will bid the capacities of the units generated by them. The DG then can be
directly interconnected into the grid or simply serve the load off- grid. However the
perspectives on interconnected DG of typical utility distribution are very conservative in
their approach to planning and operation.

3.3.2 Power Quality problems with DG

The Main Power Quality Issues affected by Distributed Generation are [18].
1. Sustained Interruption: This is the traditional reliability area. Many generators
are designed to provide backup power to the load in case of power interruption. However,
Distributed Generation has the potential to increase the number of interruptions in some
cases.
2. Voltage Regulation: This is often the most limiting factor for how much
Distributed Generation (DG) can be accommodated on a distribution feeder without
making changes.

12
 3. Harmonics: There are harmonics concerns with both rotating machines and
inverters, although concern with inverters is less with modern technologies.
4. Voltage Sag: The most common power quality problem is the voltage sag.
3.3.3 Interfacing to the Utility System
While the energy conversion technology may play some role in the power quality,
most power quality issues relates to the type of electrical system interface [18]. However
some notable exceptions are:
1. The power variation from renewable sources such as wind and solar can cause
voltage fluctuations.
2. Some fuel cells and micro turbines do not follow step changes in load and must
be supplemented with battery or flywheel storage to achieve improved reliability.
3. Misfiring of the engine sets can lead to persistent and irritating type of flicker
which is more prominent when magnified by the response of power system.
The main types of electrical system interfaces however are
1) Synchronous machine.
2) Asynchronous or Induction machine.
3) Electronic power inverters.
The most common type of distributed generation employs ac rotating machines i.e.
Induction generator and Synchronous generator.
Though the synchronous machines are most commonly used technology and are
well understood. The machine can follow any load within its designed capability. It is
possible for such machine, which is large enough relative to the capacity of the system at
the PCC to regulate the utility system voltage, which can be a power quality advantage in
certain weak systems. Generators should be sized or designed considerably larger than
the load to achieve satisfactory power quality in isolated operation.
Though it is very simple to interface induction machine to the utility system as no
special synchronizing equipment is necessary. The chief issue however is that a simple
induction generator requires reactive power to excite the machine from the power where
it is connected. Another problem that is prominent in such machines is that the capacitor
bank yields resonance that coincides with the harmonics produced. Most of the DG

13
technologies nowadays have to use electronic power inverter to interface with the
electrical power system. However to achieve better control and to avoid harmonics
problems the inverter technology has changed to switched, pulse width modulated
technologies.

14
 CHAPTER 4
DISTRIBUTION STATCOM
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the operating principles of DSTATCOM. The DSTATCOM
is basically one of the custom power devices. It is nothing but a STATCOM but used at
the Distribution level. The key component of the DSTATCOM is a power VSC that is
based on high power electronics technologies.
The Distribution STATCOM is a versatile device for providing reactive
compensation in ac networks. The control of reactive power is achieved via the regulation
of a controlled voltage source behind the leakage impedance of a transformer, in much
the same way as a conventional synchronous compensator. However, unlike the
conventional synchronous compensator, which is essentially a synchronous generator
where the field current is used to adjust the regulated voltage, the DSTATCOM uses an
electronic voltage sourced converter (VSC), to achieve the same regulation task. The fast
control of the VSC permits the STATCOM to have a rapid rate of response.
The DSTATCOM is the solid – state based power converter version of the SVC.
Operating as a shunt – connected SVC, its capacitive or inductive output currents can be
controlled independently from its connected AC bus voltage. Because of the fast-
switching characteristic of power converters, the DSTATCOM provides much faster
response as compare to SVC. DSTATCOM is a shunt connected, reactive compensation
equipment, which is capable of generating and or absorbing reactive power whose output
can be varied so as to maintain control of specific parameters of the electric power
system. DSTATCOM provides operating characteristics similar to a rotating synchronous
compensator without mechanical inertia, due to the DSTATCOM employ solid state
power switching devices it provides rapid controllability of the three phase voltages, both
in magnitude and phase angle.
In addition, in the event of a rapid change in system voltage, the capacitor voltage
does not change instantaneously; therefore the DSTATCOM reacts for the desired
responses. For example, if the system voltage drops for any reason, there is a tendency
for the DSTATCOM inject capacitive power to support the dipped voltages.

15
4.2 Operating Principle of the DSTATCOM
Basically, the DSTATCOM system is comprised of three main parts: a VSC, a set
of coupling reactors and a controller. The basic principle of a DSTATCOM installed in a
power system is the generation of a controllable ac voltage source by a voltage source
inverter (VSI) connected to a dc capacitor (energy storage device). The ac voltage source,
in general, appears behind a transformer leakage reactance. The active and reactive power
transfer between the power system and the DSTATCOM is caused by the voltage
difference across this reactance. The DSTATCOM is connected to the power networks at
a PCC, where the voltage-quality problem is a concern. All required voltages and currents
are measured and are fed into the controller to be compared with the commands. The
controller then performs feedback control and outputs a set of switching signals to drive
the main semiconductor switches (IGBT’s, which are used at the distribution level) of the
power converter accordingly. The basic diagram of the DSTATCOM is illustrated in Fig
4.1.

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of the voltage source converter based DSTATCOM

The ac voltage control is achieved by firing angle control. Ideally the output
voltage of the VSI is in phase with the bus (where the DSTATCOM is connected)
voltage. In steady state, the dc side capacitance is maintained at a fixed voltage and there
is no real power exchange, except for losses. The DSTATCOM differs from other reactive

16
power generating devices (such as shunt Capacitors, Static Var Compensators etc.) in the
sense that the ability for energy storage is not a rigid necessity but is only required for
system unbalance or harmonic absorption.
There are two control objectives implemented in the DSTATCOM. One is the ac
voltage regulation of the power system at the bus where the DSTATCOM is connected
and the other is dc voltage control across the capacitor inside the DSTATCOM. It is
widely known that shunt reactive power injection can be used to control the bus voltage.
In conventional control scheme, there are two voltage regulators designed for these
purposes: ac voltage regulator for bus voltage control and dc voltage regulator for
capacitor voltage control. In the simplest strategy, both the regulators are proportional
integral (PI) type controllers. Thus, the shunt current is split into d-axis and q-axis
components. The reference values for these currents are obtained by separate PI
regulators from dc voltage and ac-bus voltage errors, respectively. Then, subsequently,
these reference currents are regulated by another set of PI regulators whose outputs are
the d-axis and q-axis control voltages for the DSTATCOM.

4.3 Principle of Voltage Regulation

1) Voltage Regulation without Compensator:

Consider a simple circuit as shown in Fig 4.2. It consists of a source Voltage E, V

is the voltage at a PCC and a load drawing the current Il. Without a voltage compensator

[8], the PCC voltage drop caused by the load current Il, shown in fig as ∆V,

∆V = E − V = Z s * I l ,
S = VI * , so S * = V * I
From above equation,
Pl − j * Ql
Il =
V
so that,

17
 Pl − jQl
∆V = ( Rs + jX s )( )
V
( R P − X s Ql ) ( X P + Rs Ql )
= s l +j s l
V V
= ∆Vr + ∆Vx

The voltage change has a component ∆Vr in phase with V and component ∆Vx, which are
illustrated in Fig 4.2(a). It is clear that both magnitude and the phase of V, relative to the
supply voltage E, are functions of the magnitude and phase of the load current namely the
voltage drop depends on both the real and reactive power of the load. The component ∆V
is rewritten as

∆V = I s Rs + jI s X s

Fig 4.2 A Simple Circuit for demonstrating the voltage regulation principle.

Fig 4.2 (a) Phasor diagram for uncompensated

18
2) Voltage regulation with DSTATCOM:

Now consider a compensator connected to the system. It is as shown in Fig 4.2(b)

shows vector diagram with voltage compensation. By adding a compensator in parallel
with the load, it is possible to make E=V by controlling the current of the
compensator.

Is =Ir + Il
Where Ir is the compensating current.

Fig 4.2(b) Phasor diagram for voltage regulation with compensation

CHAPTER 5

19
 MODELING OF DSTATCOM
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The Fig 5.1 shows the basic structure of a six-pulse DSTATCOM to a load bus in
a power system where Rp represents the 'ON' state resistance of the switches including

transformer leakage resistance, Lp is transformer leakage inductance and the switching

losses are taken into account by a shunt dc-side resistance Rdc. A VSI resides at the core

of the DSTATCOM. It generates a balanced and controlled three-phase voltage Vp. The
voltage control is achieved by firing angle control of the VSI. Under steady state, the dc-
side capacitor possesses fixed voltage Vdc, and there is no real power transfer, except for

losses. Thus, the ac-bus voltage remains in phase with the fundamental component of Vp.
However, the reactive power supplied by DSTATCOM is either inductive or capacitive
depending upon the relative magnitude of fundamental component of Vp with respect to

Vt. If |Vt| > |Vp| the VSI draws reactive power from the ac-bus whereas if |Vt| < |Vp|, it
supplies reactive power to the ac-system. This is the basic principle of DSTATCOM.

Fig 5.1 Basic DSTATCOM connected to a load in a distribution system

The sending end source is assumed to be a strong system with high short circuit ratio and
low impedance. Thus, the source voltage is treated as a constant source irrespective of
variations in load current. The equivalent circuit of the above system is shown is figure
below:

20
 5.2 Equivalent circuit of the above system with DSTATCOM
5.2 Modeling of DSTATCOM in d-q frame
The dynamic equations governing the instantaneous values of the three-phase
voltages across the two sides of DSTATCOM [9] and the current flowing into it are given
by:

 d
 R p + L p i p = Vt − V p
 dt 
where i p = (ia ib ic )T
,

Vt = (Vta Vtb Vtc ) T and V p = (V pa V pb V pc ) T

.
Under the assumption that the system has no zero sequence components, all currents and
voltages can be uniquely represented by equivalent space phasors and then transformed
into the synchronous d-q-o frame by applying the following Park’s transformation (q is
the angle between the d-axis and reference phase axis).

 2π 2π 
 cos θ cos(θ −
3
) cos(θ + )
3 
2  2π 2π 
T= − sin θ − sin(θ − ) − sin(θ + )
3  3 3 
 1 1 1 
 2 2 2 

21
This transformation is called as Park's Transformation. And after transforming to d-q axis
the equations in two phases are given by,

Vd  Va  id  ia 

V  = T V  i  = T i 
 q  b  q  b
V0  Vc  i0  ic 
, .
Thus the transformed dynamic equations are
di pd Rp 1
=− i pd + ω i pq + (Vtd − V pd )
dt Lp Lp
-----------------(1)
di pq Rp 1
and =− i pq − ωi pd + (Vtq − V pq )
dt Lp Lp
-----------------(2),

where ω = (dθ dt ) , is the angular frequency of the source voltage.

For an effective dc-voltage control, the input power should be equal to the sum of
load power (if any) and the charging rate of capacitor voltage on an instantaneous basis
[9]. Thus, by power balance between the ac input and the dc output,

3 
p= V i + V i − (i 2
+ i 2
) R
2  
td pd tq pq pd pq p

dVdc V 2 dc
= CVdc +
dt Rdc ----------------(3),

dVdc 3 Vtd i pd + Vtq i pq − (i pd + i pq ) R p Vdc

2 2

Hence, = −
dt 2 CVdc CRdc ---------(4).
The above equation models the dynamic behavior of the dc-side capacitor voltage.
The equation (1), (2) and (4) together describe the dynamic model of DSTATCOM. The
Voltage regulation control strategy for DSTATCOM is concerned with the control of ac-

22
bus and dc-bus voltage on both sides of DSTATCOM. The dual control objectives are met
by generating appropriate current reference (for d- and q-axis) and, then, by regulating
these currents in the DSTATCOM. PI controllers are conventionally employed for both
the tasks while attempting to decouple the d- and q-axis current regulators.

The DSTATCOM current (ip) is split into real (in phase with ac-bus
voltage) and reactive components. The reference value for the real current is decided so
that the capacitor voltage is regulated by power balance. The reference for reactive
component is determined by ac-bus voltage regulator. As per the strategy, the original
currents in d - q frame (ipd, ipq) are now transformed into another frame, d1-q1 frame,

where d1-axis coincides with the ac-bus voltage (Vt), as shown in Fig4.5. Thus, in d1-q1
frame, the currents ipd1 and ipq1represent the real and reactive currents and they are given
by,

i pd 1 = i pd cos ∂ t + i pq sin ∂ t
i pq1 = i pq cos ∂ t − i pd sin ∂ t

23
 Fig 5.3 Phasor Diagram showing d-q and d1-q1 frame.

Now for DSTATCOM current control, the equations (1), (2) and (4) are modified as,

di pd 1 Rp 1
=− i pd 1 + ωi pq1 + (Vt − V pd 1 )
dt Lp LP
-----------(5)

di pq1 Rp 1
=− i pq1 − ωi pd 1 + (−V pq1 )
dt Lp LP
------------------(6)

where V pd 1 = V pd cos ∂ t + V pq sin ∂ t

V pq1 = V pq cos ∂ t − V pd sin ∂ t
----------------------------------(7)
The VSI voltages are controlled as follows,

V pq1 = −(ωL p i pd 1 + L p uq1 )

V pd 1 = ωL p i pq1 + Vt − L p ud 1

By using the equation (7) in (5) and (6), the equations will be modified to,

24
 di pd 1 Rp
=− i pd 1 + ud 1
dt Lp
di pq1 Rp
=− i pq1 + uq1
dt Lp
-------------------(8)
Also the dc bus voltage dynamic voltage equation is given by

dVdc 3 Vt i pd 1 − (i pd 1 + i pq1 ) Rp Vdc

2 2

= −
dt 2 CVdc CRdc ------- (9)
Now the control signals ud1 and uq1 are determined by selecting the proper values for the
Kp and Ki’s used in the control technique.

5.3 DSTATCOM VOLTAGE REGULATION TECHNIQUE

The DSTATCOM improves the voltage sags and swell conditions and the ac
output voltage at the customer points is improved, thus improving the quality of power at
the distribution side In this thesis the voltage controller technique [14] (also called as
decouple technique) is used as the control technique for DSTATCOM. The method is
already discussed in the previous topic. This control strategy uses the dq0 rotating
reference frame because it offers higher accuracy than stationary frame-based techniques
[2]. In this VABC are the three-phase terminal voltages, Iabc are the three-phase currents
injected by the DSTATCOM into the network, Vrms is the root-mean-square (rms)
terminal voltage, Vdc is the dc voltage measured in the capacitor, and the superscripts
indicate reference values. Such a controller employs a phase-locked loop (PLL) to
synchronize the three phase voltages at the converter output with the zero crossings of the
fundamental component of the phase-A terminal voltage. The block diagram of a
proposed control technique is shown in Fig 4.6. Therefore, the PLL provides the angle φ
to the abc-to-dq0 (and dq0-to-abc) transformation. There are also four proportional-
integral (PI) regulators.

25
 Fig 5.4 Block Diagram of DSTATCOM Control
The first one is responsible for controlling the terminal voltage through the
reactive power exchange with the ac network. This PI regulator provides the reactive
current reference Iq*, which is limited between +1pu capacitive and -1pu inductive.
Another PI regulator is responsible for keeping the dc voltage constant through a small
active power exchange with the ac network, compensating the active power losses in the
transformer and inverter. This PI regulator provides the active current reference Id*. The

other two PI regulators determine voltage reference Vd*, and Vq*, which are sent to the

PWM signal generator of the converter, after a dq0-to-abc transformation. Finally, Vabc*
are the three-phase voltages desired at the converter output.

26
 CHAPTER 6
Test Systems and Simulation Results
6.1 Test System for Distribution system
6.1.1 Introduction

Basically, DSTATCOM consists of PWM voltage source inverter circuit and a

DC capacitor connected at one end.. In the distribution voltage level, the switching
element is usually the integrated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), due to its lower switching
losses and reduced size. Moreover, the power rating of custom power devices is relatively
low. Consequently, the output voltage control may be executed through the pulse width-
modulation (PWM) switching method. IGBT based PWM inverter is implemented using
Universal bridge block from Power Electronics subset of Sim Power Systems. RC

27
snubber circuits are connected in parallel with each IGBT for protection. Such a model
consists of a six-pulse voltage-source converter using IGBTs/diodes, a 3000Vdc
capacitor, a PWM signal generator with switching frequency equal to 3 kHz, After
modeling of DSTATCOM, It is applied to a simple radial distribution line consisting of
different loads. The single line diagram of the radial distribution system to be tested is
shown in Fig 61. Refer to Appendix A for the complete details of the system.

Fig 6.1 Single Line Diagram of the system used.

6.1.2 Test Details:

The Test System details:

Table 6.1 The test system details of single line diagram used
Input Voltage 11kv, 50Hz.

Source Impendence 0.968Ω, 0.03H

Line impedance 0.4 Ω, 0.003H
DC Voltage 3000V.
Capacitor 2000µF.
Load1 0.5MW, 0.2MVAr
Load2 0.10MW, 0.05MVAr

28
6.1.3 Testing the DSTATCOM:
To verify the performance of the DSTATCOM, a variable load is connected at bus
2 and the substation voltage is also changed during the simulation. The sequence of
events simulated is explained as follows. Initially, there is no load connected at bus 2. At
t=200ms, the switch S1 is closed so that load1 is applied and at t=500ms, the switch S2 is
closed i.e load2 is applied too; both switches remain closed until the end of the
simulation. During these events, the terminal voltage of bus 2 decreases showing the
effect of sags and, at t=800ms, the substation voltage is increased to, the terminal voltage
of bus 2 also rises, showing the swell condition.

6.1.4 Simulation Results:

The DSTATCOM along with the Distribution System is simulated in MATLAB /
SIMULINK Software of Version 7.0.1. and the diagram is shown in Fig 6.2 below. For
the detailed circuit refer to Appendix A.

Fig 6.2.The Single line diagram implemented in MATLAB.

29
 Fig 6.3 Terminal Voltage of Bus2 in per unit.
The three-phase rms value of the line voltage Vab of bus2 for the events previously
described is shown in Fig 6.3. In the absence of the DSTATCOM, the terminal voltage
varies considerably, but such variations are minimized in the presence of the
DSTATCOM.
Furthermore, the reactive and active power injected by the DSTATCOM into the
network is shown in Fig6.4, where the consumption of active and reactive powers by the
DSTATCOM is represented by positive values and the generation by negative values.

30
 Fig 6.4 Active (P) and Reactive (Q) Powers injected by the DSTATCOM
The voltage and current waveforms of the phase A after connecting the DSTATCOM in to
the network are shown in Fig 6.5 and Fig 6.6. Clearly we can observe from the figure that
the voltage sag and swell conditions are compensated with DSTATCOM.

31
 Fig 6.5 Terminal voltage of Bus2 Va in pu with DSTATCOM

Fig 6.6 Current Ia in pu injected by DSTATCOM into the network.

Fig 6.7 Dc capacitor voltage

32
 Fig 6.8 Three phase currents injected by DSTATCOM in to the network.
The 3 phase current injected by the DSTATCOM into the network is shown in Fig 6.8
where as the respective two phase currents i.e. Id and Iq are shown in Fig 6.9 and 6.10
respectively.

33
 Fig 6.9 The Id (Active current) injected by DSTATCOM before converting to 3 phase

Fig 6.10 The Iq (Reactive current) injected by DSTATCOM before converting to 3 phase

6.1.5 Conclusion
Voltage sag and swells has emerged as a major concern in the area of power
quality. The voltage sag and swell problems in a 11 kV distribution system is investigated
in this topic. The analysis and simulation of a DSTATCOM application for the voltage
flicker mitigating are presented and discussed. The three-phase rms value of the line
voltage of bus2 for the events previously described is shown in Fig6.3. In the absence of
the DSTATCOM, the terminal voltage varies considerably, but such variations are
minimized in the presence of the DSTATCOM. The dynamic behavior of the dc voltage is
also shown in Fig 6.7. Furthermore, the reactive and active power injected by the
DSTATCOM into the network is shown in Fig 6.4, where the consumption of active or
reactive power by the DSTATCOM is represented by positive values and the generation
by negative values.

34
 Hence, by the application of DSTATCOM in to the network the voltage sag and
swell conditions are improved and the voltage is recovered to approximately 1pu voltage.

6.2 Test System with Distributed Generation

6.2.1 Introduction
In this section, the model is developed in MATLAB / SIMULINKS. All the
network components were represented by three-phase models. The distribution feeders
were modeled as series RL impedances. The three-phase transformers were simulated
taking into account the core losses (T circuit). The single-line diagram of the test network
is shown in Fig. 6.2.1. Such network comprises a 132 kV, 50 Hz, sub transmission system
with short-circuit level of 1500 MVA, represented by a Thevenin equivalent (Sub), which

feeds a 33 kV distribution system through two 132/33 kV, ∆ / Yg, transformers. This test
system is taken from [16]. An AC generator with capacity of 30 MW is connected at bus

7, which is connected to the network through a 33 / 0.69 kV, ∆ / Yg, transformer. This
machine can represent one generator [16] in a thermal generation plant as well as an
equivalent of various generators in a wind or small hydro generation plant. There is a
three-phase capacitor bank of 10 MVAr (selected as one third of the capacity of
generator) connected at the generator terminal plant. In some cases, such a generator was
simulated as an induction generator and in other one as a synchronous generator.
Moreover, there is a DSTATCOM with a capacity of 5 MVAr connected at bus 5 through

a 33/2- kV ∆ / Yg transformer. AC Generator Models: The dynamic behavior of the

induction generator was represented by a sixth-order three-phase model (available in
SIMULINK) in the d–q rotor reference frame [Appendix B]. In the cases simulated
without a DSTATCOM, a three-phase capacitor bank was connected to the terminals of
the induction generator, which was adjusted to keep the terminal voltage at 1 p.u. during
steady state (usually the capacity of 3 phase capacitor bank is selected as one third of the
capacity of the generator). The mechanical power was considered constant (i.e., the
primer mover and governor effects were neglected). The synchronous generator was
represented by an eighth-order three-phase model (available in SIMULINK) in the d–q
rotor reference frame [Appendix B]. Such a generator was considered equipped with an

35
automatic voltage regulator (AVR) represented by the IEEE –Type 1 model. The
mechanical power was considered constant i.e. the regulator and primary mover
dynamics are neglected.

6.2.2 Test System:

The test system for simulating the DSTATCOM along with AC generators is
shown in Fig 6.2.1. It has, AC generator (G), which includes either of Induction
generator, or synchronous generator.

Fig 6.2.1 Test System with DG and DSTATCOM

The test system consists of a substation, which has the ratings of 132kV and the
short circuit capacity of 1500 MVA. The voltage 132kV is stepped down to 32kV by two

transformers of capacity 100MVA which are connected in ∆ / Yg configuration. All the

transmission line parameters and transformer ratings are shown in Appendix B. The
loads are always connected to the system. The DSTATCOM is connected in parallel to
the bus5 with a transformer 33/2 kV. The capacity of DSTATCOM used is 10MVA. At

bus 5 the system voltage is stepped down to 690v using a ∆ / Yg transformer. At bus6 the
generator is connected. The capacity of generator is 30 MW. The detailed parameters of
the generators are shown in Appendix B.
For the simulation, first the Induction generator is connected and the system is
analyzed and again the synchronous generator is connected and the system is analyzed.

36
Throughout the simulation the loads are connected to the system. The faults applied are
(1) 3 phase to ground fault and single phase fault at bus 4 and fault is cleared by tripping
the branch 2-4 and (2) 3 phase to ground fault at middle of branch 4-5 and fault is cleared
without tripping the branch.

6.3 Simulation with DG

6.3.1 With fault at bus 4 and cleared by tripping line 2-4:
Case (a): DSTATCOM with Induction Generator:
The simulation with induction generator is divided in to two parts: one with a 3-phase
fault and another with a single-phase fault.
1) With Three Phase fault and fault clearance time=0.15s:
A three phase to ground short circuit is applied at bus4 at t=10. 5secs. and eliminated at
t=10.65 by tripping branch 2-4 of the circuit shown in Fig 6.1. The generator terminal
voltage responses for this fault are shown in Fig 6.3.1. It can be verified from the figures
that the two simulations i.e. with DSTATCM and without DSTATCOM are stable since
the voltage is at the acceptable level but with the lower value in without DSTATCOM.

Fig 6.3.1 The Induction Generator terminal voltage

37
 Fig 6.3.2 The rotor speed of Induction Generator

Fig 6.3.3 The reactive power injected by DSTATCOM in to the network

38
The rotor speed responses are exhibited in Fig. 6.3.2 It can be seen that both the cases
present a good damping, confirming the fact that the transients of induction generators
are very fast. Note that the pre and posfault rotor speeds are different from each other due
to the distinct values of the terminal voltage. Fig 6.3.3 shows the Reactive power injected
by DSTATCOM in to the network at the fault moment.

2) With Three Phase fault and fault clearance time=0.20s

This case is equal to the previous one except the fault clearance time =0.20s. The
terminal voltage responses are presented in Fig 6.3.4. It can be observed that only the
case with the DSTATCOM voltage controller is stable. Without the DSTATCOM, the
system becomes unstable due to a lack of reactive power. In the other situations, the
DSTATCOM acts as a variable reactive power source. However, the reactive power
injections are shown in Fig. 6.3.6, where the consumption of reactive power by the
DSTATCOM is represented by positive values and the generation by negative values. In
the voltage-control mode, the DSTATCOM increases the injection of reactive power
during and after the short-circuit interval.

Fig 6.3.4 The terminal voltage response of Induction Generator

39
 Fig 6.3.5 The rotor speed of Induction generator

Fig 6.3.6 Reactive Power Injected by DSTATCOM

40
 It can also be seen from the Fig 6.3.5, without DSTATCOM the rotor speed of the
generator exceeds the stability limit where as without DSTATCOM the system remains
stable.

3) With Single Phase fault and fault clearance time =0.2s

This case was simulated by applying a phase-A-to-ground fault bus 4 at t=10.50 second,
which was cleared at t=10.70s by isolating line 2–4.

Fig 6.3.7 The terminal Voltage of induction generator

The terminal voltage responses are shown in Fig.6.3.7. With or Without DSTATCOM the
system is stable, but only with the DSTATCOM, the voltage quickly recovers to
approximately 0.95 p.u. Otherwise, the postfault terminal voltage is equal to 0.85 p.u.
This is due to the fact that the other phases b and c remains excited by the source.

CASE (b): DSTATCOM with Synchronous Generator:

1) With Three Phase fault and fault clearance time=9 cycles:
The same fault as described in above section was simulated (i.e., a three-phase-to-
ground short circuit at bus 4 cleared by tripping line 2–4). Now, the induction generator
was substituted by a synchronous generator. The dynamic behavior of the generator

41
terminal voltage is presented in Fig 6.3.8. It can be seen that the responses for all
situations are very similar. According to Fig. 6.3.9, which presents the rotor speed
responses, the initial damping is slightly worse without the DSTATCOM.

Fig 6.3.8 The Terminal voltage response of Synchronous Generator.

Fig 6.3.9 The rotor speed of Synchronous generator.

42
This is due to the fact that the Synchronous Generator has a separate excitation where as
the Induction Generator does not has the separate excitation. And this excitation takes
care of the required reactive for the generator.

2) With Three Phase fault and fault clearance time =0.20s

The rotor speed responses and the terminal voltage responses are presented in Fig.
6.3.11and in 6.3.10. Moreover, it can be observed that similar damping is obtained from
the cases without and with a DSTATCOM voltage controller. It can be easily observed
that without and with the DSTATCOM, the Synchronous Generator provides the same
results. This is due to the fact that the Synchronous Generator has the Automatic voltage
regulator (AVR). This AVR takes care of the required reactive power for the generator.

Fig 6.3.10 The terminal voltage response of Synchronous Generator.

43
 Fig 6.3.11 The rotor speed of Synchronous generator

3) With Single Phase fault and fault clearance time is equal to 0.20 s

A phase-A-to-ground short-circuit at bus 4 was applied at t=10.5s, which was

cleared at t=10.70s by tripping the line 2–4.The dynamic behavior of the terminal voltage
is shown in Fig. 6.3.12. Note that similar behavior is obtained from both the cases. There
is not any enhancement in the system dynamic performance due to the presence of the
DSTATCOM.

44
 Fig 6.3.12 Terminal Voltage of Synchronous Generator

6.3.2 With Fault in between buses 4-5 and cleared without line tripping:
All simulations presented in this section were obtained using Matlab/Simulink.
The short circuits simulated were applied in between buses 4-5 from t=10.5s to t=10.7s
and cleared without line tripping. The system loads remained connected to the network
during the contingencies analyzed. The objective of this study is to determine the
influence of a DSTATCOM on the short-circuit currents supplied by ac generators during
faults.

A) With Three Phase to ground fault:

The installation of ac generators may elevate the values of the short-circuit
currents, becoming mandatory to update the protection and/or the network devices. Thus,
in this section, the short-circuit currents supplied by the ac generators during faults are
determined by using simulations. The fault and ground resistances were set equal to 0.001

45
ohm. Fig. 6.3.13 and Fig 6.3.14 presents the dynamic behavior of the currents supplied by
both the induction and synchronous generators (stator current) during a three-phase-to
ground short circuit applied at bus 5 at t=10.5s. It can be seen that the current response is
different for each generator.

Fig 6.3.13 Phase A stator currents of Synchronous generator with and without
DSTATCOM

In the case of the induction generator, although initially the magnitude of the
currents is high, they decrease quickly because this machine has no capacity to provide
sustained short-circuit currents unloaded. Consequently, there is no external excitation
source for the generator, and it becomes unable to produce voltage. In the case of
synchronous generators, it can be observed that the usage of the excitation system as a
voltage regulator permits that the generator supplies sustained short-circuit current.
It can be verified from the Fig 6.3.13 and 6.3.14 that the presence of the
DSTATCOM has no influence on the short-circuit currents provided by the ac generators.
Furthermore, comparing Figs.6.3.13 and 6.3.14, it can be noted that even though the

46
initial value of the short-circuit current provided by the synchronous generator is larger
than the current supplied by the induction generator, the latter decays very quickly.

Fig 6.3.14 Phase A stator current of Induction Generator with and without DSTATCOM

Therefore, an induction generator with a DSTATCOM controlled by voltage may

be a good solution for distribution networks. And if synchronous generators are used,
then there is no need to install a separate DSTATCOM.

47
6.4 Case Study of Agasthyamuzhy substation

6.4.1 Introduction
The following figure shows the structural layout of the substation. For the case
study, Agasthyamuzhy substation is selected. The incoming feeder for the substation
consists of 2lines of 110kV from kunnamangalam. These 110kV lines are stepped down
to 33kV using a 16MVA Yg/∆ Transformer. Again these 33kV bus is stepped down to
11kV using 10MVA transformer for supplying to local load centers. The outgoing feeder
form the substation consists of two feeders of 11kV each going to Manassery and
Omassery.

Fig 6.4.1 Structural layout of Agasthyamuzhy Sub-Station

48
 Also shown in the Figure a 6MW Hydel Power generation located at
Chembukadavu village. The distance from Chembukadavu village to Agasthyamuzhy
station is 25kms. This is a Pico Hydel station since it generates only a small amount of
power. This Hydel station is operated only during rainy season since it has plenty of
water in that season. After the rainy season this hydel station is turned off due to lack of
water. A power of 6MW is generated at 11kv at this station and transmitted at 33kV. In
rainy season the power generated is used for local feeders and also it supplies for the grid
if extra power is generated. The generator used for electricity generation is Synchronous
Generator. However the Induction Generator is also taken and simulated for the
comparison purpose.
The single diagram of Fig 6.2.1 is taken and the complete system is replaced by
the data from Agasthyamuzhi substation. A model is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK
with Synchronous Generator and DSTATCOM.A 3phase-fault is applied at near to
Generator and cleared with out line tripping. See Appendix(C) for complete data.
6.4.2 Simulation Results
A three phase to ground fault is applied at t=10.5s in between buses 2-4 and
cleared at t=10.65s without line tripping. Since the hydel power station consists of
Synchronous generators, it will have an exciter system, such that the required reactive
currents are obtained from the excitation system. Hence there is not much any
improvement in the terminal voltage of the generator.
In general, for power generation the Induction generators are also used, mainly in
Wind Generation systems. In this study, the synchronous generator is replaced by the
Induction Generator of the same capacity and the same fault is applied and removed
without line tripping. The terminal voltage of the Induction generator is shown in Fig
6.4.3 below. By observing the Fig 6.4.2 and 6.4.3, the Induction Generators installed with
DSTATCOM, recovers the voltage to 1pu in less time compared to without DSTATCOM.

49
 Fig 6.4.2 The Terminal voltage of the Synchronous Generator

Fig 6.4.3 The terminal Voltage of the Induction Generator

Hence, In Wind generations where the Induction generators are installed, the
DSTATCOM improves the performance of the generator during sag conditions.

50
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Conclusion
Custom power devices like DVR, D-STATCOM, and UPQC can enhance power
quality in the distribution system. Based on the power quality problem at the load or at
the distribution system, there is a choice to choose particular custom power device with
specific compensation. Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) can
compensate the voltage sag and swells conditions. A simple control technique called as
Voltage Regulation Technique is simulated for DSTATCOM control and the same is
applied to the radial distribution system. The Simulation results shows that the
DSTATCOM can compensate the voltage sag and swell conditions caused due to sudden
switching of loads.
The DSTATCOM voltage controller can significantly improve the voltage
stability performance of induction generators without increasing the short-circuit currents
provided by them. A DSTATCOM voltage controller does not introduce significant
improvements in the transient stability of synchronous generators. In fact, the AVR
system of these machines can provide voltage control. In a distribution system suffering
from short-circuit level and stability constraints, the installation of an induction generator
combined with a DSTATCOM voltage controller may be a good choice for distributed
generation expansion since the fault currents are minimized in the case of Induction
generators. Hence, in the cases of Wind Generations where the Induction Generators are
majorly used, it is a good choice to install a DSTATCOM since it can provide the
required reactive support for the system
7.2 Scope for future work
In this thesis work, it is shown that the DSTATCOM can mitigate the
voltage sag and swell conditions. The work can be extended to reduce the source voltage
and source current harmonics supplied due to the non-linear loads. This thesis can also be
extended for multilevel inverters to reduce the harmonic current at the supply side due to

51
loads. This thesis is done for only single generators and can be extended to multi-
connected generators with multi level inverters for DSTATCOM.
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development” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Science direct, Nov-
2004, pp: 539- 558.
[20]International Energy Agency (IEA). Distributed Generation in Liberalised Electricity
Markets. OECD/IEA, Paris, France, 2002.

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[21]Ahmed M. Azmy and Istvan Erlich, “Impact of distributed generation on the stability
of electrical power system”, IEEE Power Engineering Society, vol 2, June – 2005,pp:
1056-1063
[22]Proceedings of AICTE summer school on “Power Quality Issues and Remedial
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[23]Sim Power Systems User’s Guide, Trans Energy Technologies Inc., 2002.
[24]http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/
[25]http://tdworld.com/mag/power_custom_power_choices/.

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 APPENDIX
Appendix - A (Data of Distribution System)
Source Details:
Voltage ph-ph (rms) : 11kV
Frequency : 50 Hz
Short Circuit MVA : 12.5
Source Resistance : 0.968Ω
Source Inductance : 0.03H
Distribution Line data:
Length of Line : 1 km.
Positive and Zero Sequence Resistance (in ohms/km):
R1 : 0.1903 R0 : 0.4359
Positive and Zero- Sequence Inductance (in H/km):
L1: 1.249mH L0 : 5.9mH
Loads Data:
Load1 : 0.5 MW and 0.2 MVAr
Load2 : 0.1 MW and 0.05 MVAr
Coupling Transformer: (Yg / ∆)
Rated Power : 100 KVA
Rated Voltage : 11kV / 2kV
Resistance : 0.01 pu
Inductance : 0.02pu
DSTATCOM details:
Power Device used : IGBT
DC side Capacitor : 2000 µF
Inverter DC Voltage : 3000V
Switching Frequency : 3000Hz
Appendix – B (Data of Distributed Generation)
Source Details:

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 Voltage ph-ph (rms) : 132kV
Frequency : 50 Hz
Short Circuit MVA : 1500MVA
Source Resistance : 0
Source Inductance : 0.0369H
Source Transformer details:
Rated Power : 100MVA
Rated Voltage : 132 / 33kV
R1, R2 : 0.005pu
L1, L2 : 0.02pu

Feeder Details:
Table A Feeder Details
Resistance in Inductance in
Branch
Ohms Henry
2 -4 2.34 9.9e-3

2 -3 0.486 5.54e-3

3 -4 2.6 12e-3

4 -5 1.3 6e-3

Load Details:
Table B Load Details
Load at P (MW) Q (MW)
branch
2 58 12

3 6 2

4 24 5

5 12 3

Generators Data:
A) Induction Generator:
Power : 30MVA

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 Voltage (rms) : 0.69kV
Stator Resistance : 0.01pu
Stator Inductance : 0.1pu
Rotor Resistance : 0.014pu
Rotor Inductance : 0.098pu
Inertia constant : 1.5s
Mutual Inductance: 3.5 pu
B) Synchronous Generator:
Power : 30MVA
Voltage (rms) : 0.69kV
Stator Resistance : 0.0014pu
Reactances :
Xd=1.4pu, Xd1=0.231pu, Xd11=0.118

Xq= 1.372pu, Xq1=0.8, Xq11=0.118, Xl=0.05pu

Inertia constant : 1.5s
Appendix C (Case study data)
Substation details
Voltage incoming = 110kV(2lines from kunnamangalam)
Transformer ratings:
HV = 110kV
LV = 33kV
MVA = 16MVA
Out going feeders = 11kV lines (2 nos)
1) Manassery
2) Omassery
Hydel Power from Chembukadavau
Power generated = 6MW at 11kV
Distance from chembukadavu to Agasthuamuzhi = 25kms.

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