Thuc Tap Phan Cung May Tinh Final Full

Thc tp phn cng my tnh
I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH TRNG I HC BCH KHOA KHOA KHOA HC V K THUT MY TNH
THC TP PHN CNG MY TNH
Thng 8-2008
B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT
Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh
MC LC
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Li ni u ........................................................................................................................... i CHNG 1: HN LINH KIN IN T ................................................................. 1 BI 1: XI CH DY NG .......................................................................................... 1 I. Mc ch bi th nghim....................................................................................... 1 II. Ni dung ................................................................................................................. 1 III. Dng c .................................................................................................................. 1 1. M hn................................................................................................................ 1 2. Ch hn v nha thng........................................................................................ 2 3. Km .................................................................................................................... 4 4. Cc dng c khc: .............................................................................................. 6 IV. Yu cu bi thc hnh .......................................................................................... 6 V. Phng php thc hin ........................................................................................ 6 1. Phng php xi ch trn dy ng...................................................................... 6 2. Phng php hn ni:......................................................................................... 7 VI. Cch nh gi ........................................................................................................ 9 BI 2: HN IN TR, T IN, BN DN, IC ............................................... 10 I. Mc ch bi th nghim..................................................................................... 10 II. Gii thiu linh kin ............................................................................................. 10 1. in tr............................................................................................................. 10 2. T in.............................................................................................................. 11 III. Hn linh kin ....................................................................................................... 13 1. Hn in tr...................................................................................................... 13 2. Hn t in ....................................................................................................... 13 IV. Yu cu bi thc hnh........................................................................................ 14 V. Cch nh gi...................................................................................................... 14 BI 3: HN LINH KIN SMD ................................................................................... 15 I. Mc ch bi th nghim..................................................................................... 15 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................... 15 III. Dng c ................................................................................................................ 15 IV. Yu cu bi thc hnh........................................................................................ 15 V. Phng php thc hin ...................................................................................... 15 1. Gii thiu Cng ngh SMD.............................................................................. 15 2. Cc bc hn mt linh kin SMD n gin..................................................... 16 3. Cc bc hn mt chip SMD ........................................................................... 17 VI. Cch nh gi...................................................................................................... 20 BI 4: HT LINH KIN RA KHI BN MCH .................................................. 22 I. Mc ch bi th nghim..................................................................................... 22 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................... 22 III. Dng c ................................................................................................................ 22 IV. Yu cu bi thc hnh........................................................................................ 22 V. Phng php thc hin ...................................................................................... 22 1. Gii thiu.......................................................................................................... 22
B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh
2. Gii thiu cng dng ca cc dng c thng dng........................................ 22 3. Cc iu lu khi ht linh kin ra khi board mch ....................................... 23 VI. Cch nh gi...................................................................................................... 24 CHNG 2: LM MCH IN ..................................................................................... 25 BI 5: LM MCH IN ................................................................................................ 25 I. Mc ch bi th nghim..................................................................................... 25 II. Yu cu bi thc hnh........................................................................................ 25 III. Ni dung............................................................................................................... 25 1. V s nguyn l........................................................................................... 25 2. V s mch in.............................................................................................. 43 3. In phim ............................................................................................................. 70 4. Lm mch in..................................................................................................... 78 IV. Cch nh gi...................................................................................................... 81 CHNG 3: S DNG THIT B O .................................................................... 82 BI 6: MULTIMETER V OSCILLOSCOPES ...................................................... 82 I. Mc ch bi th nghim..................................................................................... 82 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................... 82 III. Dng c ................................................................................................................ 82 1. ng h Multimeter ......................................................................................... 82 2. My o Oscilloscopes ...................................................................................... 92 IV. Yu cu bi thc hnh........................................................................................ 97 V. Cch nh gi...................................................................................................... 98 CHNG 4: THI CNG MCH N GIN ......................................................... 99 BI 7: THI CNG MCH N GIN .................................................................... 99 I. Mc ch bi th nghim..................................................................................... 99 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................... 99 III. Dng c ................................................................................................................ 99 IV. Yu cu bi thc hnh........................................................................................ 99 V. Cc bc thc hin ............................................................................................. 99 1. V s nguyn l mch to xung clock......................................................... 99 2. V s nguyn l mch m BCD .............................................................. 107 3. V s mch in mch to xung clock.......................................................... 113 4. S mch in m BCD................................................................................ 128 5. In phim v chp quang ................................................................................... 134 6. Ra mch........................................................................................................ 144 7. Khoan chn linh kin...................................................................................... 145 8. Hn mch........................................................................................................ 146 9. Kim th......................................................................................................... 146 VI. Cch nh gi.................................................................................................... 146 CHNG 5: LP RP V CI T MY TNH .............................................. 147 BI 8: LP RP V CI T MY TNH ......................................................... 147 I. Mc ch bi th nghim................................................................................... 147 II. Ni dung............................................................................................................. 147 1. Cu trc ca my tnh c nhn PC ................................................................. 147 2. Cu trc v hot ng ca CPU ..................................................................... 147 3. Trnh t khi ng ca my tnh .................................................................... 148
B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh
4. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh.............................................................. 149 5. Lp rp my tnh............................................................................................. 162 6. Ci t my tnh ............................................................................................. 166 7. Ci t mng................................................................................................... 178 8. Cc s c khi ci t h iu hnh ................................................................. 189 9. Cc thng s k thut quan trng khi chn la PC ......................................... 190 10. Cc s c trong hot ng ca my tnh ........................................................ 194 III. Yu cu bi thc hnh...................................................................................... 195 IV. Cc ch khi thc hnh................................................................................... 195 V. Cch nh gi.................................................................................................... 195 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................... 196
Li ni u
THC TP PHN CNG MY TNH l mn hc nm trong k hoch xy dng chng trnh o to mi ca khoa khoa hc v k thut my tnh. Ti liu THC TP PHN CNG MY TNH c xy dng nhm cung cp cc k nng c bn v thc hnh in t v my tnh cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh k thut my tnh (CE) Ni dung ca ti liu bao gm 5 chng. Mi chng s hng n vic rn luyn tng k nng cho sinh vin v chim 20% im tng kt. Ty vo ni dung m mi chng c th phn b s tit hp l. Mc d rt c gng trong vic son tho song khng th trnh khi nhng sai st, rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca qu c gi ti liu ny c th c hon thin trong ln ti bn ti. Xin chn thnh cm n TS. inh c Anh V v ging vin Phan nh Th Duy c v gp cho ti liu ny. Mi kin ng gp xin gi v a ch: B mn k thut my tnh Khoa khoa hc v k thut my tnh Trng i hc Bch khoa i hc Quc gia TP. HCM, 268 L Thng Kit, Q10, TP. HCM in thoi: 08.8647259 Nhm tc gi B mn K thut my tnh
CHNG 1: HN LINH KIN IN T BI 1: XI CH DY NG

I.
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Mc ch bi th nghim
Lm quen, bit s dng v bo qun mt s dng c ngh cn bn. Nm c k thut xi ch dy ng.
II.
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Ni dung
Gii thiu mt vi dng c ngh Xi ch dy ng v hn dy ng.
III.
Dng c
M hn bao gm: M hn v m hn (xem hnh v) M hn l dng c c s dng nung nng chy ch hn, gip hn cht chn linh kin vi bng mch, hay gia cc linh kin vi nhau. m hn: l ni gi m hn khi khng dng (vn cn nng). V khi ang s dng m hn rt nng v c th gy nguy him cho ngi s dng cng nh cc vt dng xung quanh nu chm phi. Ngoi ra m hn cng l ni gi nha thng thun tin hn cho cng vic hn mch. -
1. M hn
M hn v m hn.
Cch s dng m hn: (Thi gian u c th cho 2 sinh vin cng hn mt board mch, mt ngi gi linh kin ngi cn li hn, sau hon i li vai tr cho nhau) Chm m hn vo nha thng ra sch m hn, gip vic hn mch d dng hn Cho m hn tip xc vi mi hn truyn nhit Cho ch hn vo mi hn, ch hn s chy u khp mi hn. ng thi rt ch hn v m hn ra khi mi hn. Kim tra li mi hn: Mi hn phi chc chn Mi hn t hao ch Mi hn bng p M hn in s dng in tr t nng, khng dng dng m hn t nng theo nguyn l ngn mch th cp bin p. Cng sut ca m hn thng thng l 40W. S dng m hn vi cng xut ln hn th c th pht sinh cc vn sau: Nhit lng qu ln t m hn khi tip xc vi linh kin c th lm hng linh kin. Nhit lng qu ln cng gy tnh trng oxy ha b mt cc dy dn bng ng ngay lc hn, v mi hn lc ny s kh hn hn. Ngoi ra nhit lng ln cng c th lm chy nha thng (dng km khi hn) v bm thnh lp en ti mi hn, lm gim bng v tnh thm m ca mi hn. Nhit lng qu ln i hi ngi s dng phi kho lo truyn nhit tht nhanh v vo ni hn. Nhit lng qu ln cng c th lm gy mi hn. Mt vi im lu khi s dng m hn: Sau khi hn xong phi tt m hn ngay, bo v m hn. Trnh tnh trng gy mi m hn do vn cp ngun cho m hn qu lu m khng dng M hn khi tm thi khng s dng phi t ngay vo m hn, trnh gy nguy him cho cc vt xung quanh cng nh ngi dng. a. Ch hn Ch hn c s dng kt ni mi hn (xem hnh v).
2. Ch hn v nha thng
Ch hn. Ch hn dng trong qu trnh lp rp cc mch in t l loi ch hn d nng chy, nhit nng chy khong 60oC n 80oC. Loi ch hn thng gp trong th trng Vit Nam dng si rut c (cun trong li hnh tr), ng knh si ch hn khong 1mm. Si ch hn ny c bc mt lp nha thng mt ngoi (i vi mt s ch hn ca nc ngoi, th lp nha thng ny thng nm trong li ca si ch hn). Lp nha thng ny dng lm cht ty ngay trong qu trnh nng chy ch ti im cn hn. i vi nhng loi ch hn c bc sn mt lp nha thng th mu sc ca n s bng hn l nhng s ch khng c lp nha thng bn ngoi. b. Nha thng Nha thng c tn gi l chloro-phyll, n l mt loi dip lc t ly t cy thng, thng th nha thng dng rn, c mu vng nht (khi khng cha tp cht).
Nha thng Ta s dng nha thng v c th lp nha thng trn ch hn c th khng dng. Ngoi vic s dng nha thng trong lc hn. Th nha thng cn c pha vi hn hp xng v du la ph ln mch in, nhm mc ch bo v mch in trnh b oxy ha, ng thi gip cho vic hn mch in sau ny c d dng hn. Ngoi ra vic ph mt lp nha thng trn mch in cn tng tnh thm m cho mch in. Cng dng ca nha thng: Ra sch (cht ty) ni cn hn ch d bm cht. Sau khi hn th nha thng s ph trn b mt ca mi hn lm cho mi hn bng p, ng thi n s cch ly mi hn vi mi trng xung quanh (trnh b oxy ha, bo v mi hn khi nhit , m, ) Gim nhit nng chy ca ch hn. c. Cc lu khi s dng ch hn v nha thng Ch hn khi hn nn a vo mi hn, trnh a ch hn vo m hn (m hn c th ht ch hn gy hao ch). Khi s dng nha thng nn vo m hn trnh v vn nha thng.
3. Km
Trong qu trnh lp rp, sa cha thng thng ta phi dng n hai loi km thng dng l: km ct v km m nhn (u nhn). Km ct:
Km ct Cng dng: - Ct chn linh kin trong qu trnh hn mch - Ct cc on dy ch. - Ct dy dn ni mch Lu : - Mi loi km ct ch ct c dy dn c ng knh ti a thch hp. - Nu dng cc loi km ct nh ct cc vt dng c ng knh qu ln c th lm h hng km Km m nhn:
Km m nhn 5
Cng dng: Dng gi cc on dy ng (khi xi ch, v lc ny dy ng rt nng) Dng gi cc chn linh kin khi hn. Dng gi cc on dy Dng bc v dy dn Lu Khng dng km m nhn b cc vt cng v n c th gy hng km (nn dng km kp m bng b hay un cc vt cng) Khng dng km ny nh ba. V iu ny s lm cho km m nhn b cng khi m ra hay ng li, gy kh khn khi s dng. Ngoi cc dng c thng thng c gii thiu trn th trong lc thc hnh, sinh vin cng cn s dng thm mt vi loi dng c khc: Dao: S dng co sch lp oxit bao quanh dy, on chn linh kin hay mi hn. Dao cn s dng gt lp nha bao quanh dy dn. Giy nhm: S dng thay th dao khi cn phi lm sch lp oxit. Nhp gp linh kin: s dng tho hoc lp linh kin trn board mch.
4. Cc dng c khc:
IV.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
Xi ch ton b dy ng. Sau khi xi ch dy ng, ct dy ng lm 2 on v hn ni 2 mu li: (chn 1 trong 3) Hn ni song song Hn ni nh Hn ni vung gc
V.
Phng php thc hin

1. Phng php xi ch trn dy ng
Dng giy nhm hoc dao co sch lp oxit hay lp men bc quanh dy ng (trng hp dy ng c trng men). Dy ng c xem l c co sch khi ng lp ng bng u Sau khi tin hnh co sch lp ng th phi thc hin xi ch ngay nu khng dy ng lu trong khng kh s b oxy ha. Khi s dng m hn c cng sut qu ln c th lm dy ng b oxy ha li. Sau khi co sch lp oxit, tip theo l lm nng m hn. Cp ngun cho m hn v ch mt khon thi gian m hn nng. Lm nng dy dn cn xi: t u m hn bn di dy ng truyn nhit (dy dn v u m hn t vung gc 90o). a ch vo dy ng, t ch hn v m hn khc pha vi dy ng. Ngha l ch mt bn v m hn 1 bn. Khi dy ng nhit, th ch hn s t ng chy ra v bc quanh dy ti im cn xi. 6
Dy ng phi lun tip xc mi m hn v thc hin lin tc theo nguyn tc tin hai bc li mt bc v xoay vng dy ng, mi bc khong 2mm. Ch l cc lp tip gip gia 2 lp ch, phi xi sao cho khng c ch tch t thnh lp dy trnh hao ch. Ch : Khng dng u m hn ko r ch trn dy ng, l do l lp ch ny s khng bm hon ton trn dy ng v ng thi lp ch ny s khng bng m ng sang mu xm do thiu nhit v nha thng. Trnh khng a qu nhiu ch vo mt im xi hoc gia m hn mt im xi qu lu. iu ny s lm cho lng ch im xi qu nhiu v nha thng chy s bm vo im xi lm im xi c mu nu (khng p). Khng t dy ng ln ming nha thng, ri dng u m hn t tip xc ln dy (lm nng c dy v nha thng), sau a ch ln u m hn lm chy ch v bm vo dy. Cch lm ny s trnh c s oxy ha ng thi lm ch d bm ln dy ng hn, nhanh hn tuy nhin do lng nha thng chy ra qu nhiu s bm ln b mt dy v vy sau khi xi s lm cho dy ng khng bng v nha thng chy d bm thnh mt lp en trn b mt dy. Lp ch mng, u, bng
Xi ch
2. Phng php hn ni:

a. Hn ni song song: phng php hn ni ny thng dng hn ghp hai dy dn li vi nhau. Phng php ny c bn rt tt tuy nhin li tn nhiu ch v hi kh thc hin. Khong cch giao nhau ca hai dy c kt ni thng c thay i theo mc ch s dng. Trong bui thc hnh ny ch yu cu di giao nhau ngn nht l 5mm. Khi m di qu ln c th gy kh khn cho ngi hn ng thi mi hn s khng c p.
Hn ni song song. b. Hn ni nh: Phng php ny c s dng khi mun bin mt on dy thnh hnh a gic hoc ni hai dy dn ngn li vi nhau. Tuy nhin mi hn khi thc hin phng php ny s kh thc hin v bn km hn cc phng php khc.
Hn ni nh.
c. Hn ni vung gc: y l phng php hn ni c bn c tng i kh tt v vic hn cng kh n gin. Trong thc hnh th phng php ny thng c s dng nht. Mt mi hn vung gc t yu cu th cn phi to ch bm bn khon khng gian quanh im t hai dy vung gc (xem hnh v).
Hn ni vung gc
VI.
Cch nh gi
Sn phm xi: mt lp ch mng, bng, ph u khp dy ng v t hao ch. Sn phm hn: chc chn, bng, t hao ch. H s im ca bi thc hnh: 5%
BI 2: HN IN TR, T IN, BN DN, IC

I. Mc ch bi th nghim
Gii thiu cc linh kin c bn Gii thiu cch c cc gi tr, ch s cc linh kin c bn Nm vng k thut hn cc linh kin c bn
II.
Gii thiu linh kin

1. in tr
a. Hnh dng in tr in tr bnh thng c hnh dng nh hai hnh di y, gm mt khi hnh tr, trn c cc vch mu.
b. c gi tr in tr Gi tr in tr thng c th hin qua cc vch mu trn thn in tr, mi mu i din cho mt s. en: Nu: : Cam: Vng: Lc: Lam: Tm: Xm: Trng: 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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Trn thn in tr c th c 4 hoc 5 hoc 6 vch mu: c chia lm 3 phn chnh: phn tr s, phn nhn ly tha, phn sai s. Cch c gi tr in tr c 4 vch mu (hnh u tin): Nhn trn thn in tr, tm bn c vch mu nm st ngoi cng nht, vch mu v vch mu th hai, k n c dng xc nh tr s ca mu. V d: nh trn hnh, vch nm ngoi cng nht l vch mu vng pha di trn thn in tr, nh vy vch u tin l mu vng (s 4), vch th hai l mu xanh lc (s 5), vy tr s ca in tr l 45.. - Vch th ba l vch xc nh nhn t ly tha: 10(gi tr ca mu), V d nh trn hnh l mu (s 2), nhn t ly tha l 102 - Gi tr in tr = (tr s) x (nhn t ly tha). V d: nh hnh v trn 4 mu l Vng, Lc, v Hong Kim, gi tr in tr l 45.10^2 = 4500 = 4,5 k (vi 1k = 1000) - Phn cui cng: (khng cn quan tm nhiu) l vch mu nm tch bit vi ba vch mu trc, thng c mu hong kim hoc mu bc, dng xc nh sai s ca gi tr in tr, hong kim l 5%, bc l 10%. Cch c gi tr in tr c 5 vch mu (hnh gia): Tng t nh 4 vch mu, nhng tr s ca in tr c xc nh bng 3 vch mu lin tip. Nhn trn thn in tr, tm bn c vch mu nm st ngoi cng nht, vch mu vi vch mu th hai v vch mu th 3 k n c dng xc nh tr s ca mu. V d: nh trn hnh, vch nm ngoi cng nht l vch mu cam pha di trn thn in tr, nh vy vch u tin l mu cam (s 3), vch th hai l mu xm (s 8), vch th ba l mu en (s 0)..vy tr s ca in tr l 380. - Vch th ba l vch xc nh nhn t ly tha: V d nh trn hnh l mu cam(s 3), nhn t ly tha l 103 - Gi tr in tr = (tr s) x (nhn t ly tha) V d: nh hnh v trn, 5 mu l Cam, Xm, en, Cam v gi tr in tr l 380.103 = 380000 = 380 k (vi 1k = 1000) - Phn cui cng: (khng cn quan tm nhiu) l vch mu nm tch bit vi ba vch mu trc, thng c mu hong kim hoc mu bc, hoc nu dng xc nh sai s ca gi tr in tr, hong kim l 5%, bc l 10%, nu 1%. Cch c in tr c 6 vch mu (hnh cui): (khng cn quan tm nhiu) Dng ny rt him gp, cch c nh in tr c 5 vch mu, tnh cht ca vch th su do nh sn xut qui nh. -
2. T in
a. Hnh dng t in
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Hnh dng t gm
Hnh dng t ha
Hnh dng t xoay. b. Cch c gi tr ghi trn t in Vi t ho: Gi tr in dung ca t ho c ghi trc tip trn thn t. T ho l t c phn cc (-), (+) v lun lun c hnh tr.
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T ho ghi in dung l 185 F / 320 V Vi t giy, t gm: T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k hiu
T gm ghi tr s bng k hiu. Cch c: Ly hai ch s u nhn vi 10(M s th 3). V d t gm bn phi hnh nh trn ghi 474K ngha l: Gi tr = 47 x 10^4 = 470000 p (Ly n v l pic Fara) = 470 n Fara = 0,47 F
III.
Hn linh kin

1. Hn in tr
t in tr vo board mch. Cn t tt c in tr xoay v 1 hng d dng khi mun c gi tr in tr. p st in tr xung mch. t m hn st vo chn linh kin trn mch in. a ch vo chn linh kin, sc nng ca m hn s lm chy ch v khi ch, ta rt m hn v ch ra. Ct ngn chn in tr.
2. Hn t in

Nu l t phn cc, ch t t in cho ng cc. p st t in xung mch. t m hn st vo chn linh kin trn mch in.
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a ch vo chn linh kin, sc nng ca m hn s lm chy ch v khi ch, ta rt m hn v ch ra. Ct ngn chn t in. Hn cc thit b sau vo board mch in tr T in IC
IV.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
-
V.
Cch nh gi
Tiu ch nh gi Mi hn chc chn Bng p, t hao ch H s im ca bi thc hnh: 5%
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BI 3: HN LINH KIN SMD

Lm quen linh kin SMD. Rn luyn k nng v cch hn linh kin SMD.
II.
Ni dung
Gii thiu mt linh kin SMD c bn Gii thiu board mch SMD. Gii thiu k thut hn linh kin SMD Thc hin vic hn linh kin SMD
III.
Dng c
M hn, ch hn, nha thng Board mch SMD, cc linh kin SMD
IV.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
Sinh vin nm c k thut hn linh kin SMD. Sinh vin thc hin hn linh kin SMD ln Board mch: Hn Chip SMD Hn in tr SMD
V.
Phng php thc hin

a. Cng ngh SMD l cng ngh hn linh kin mt mt (dn linh kin), khng cn phi khoan l mch in.
1. Gii thiu Cng ngh SMD (Surface-mount devices):
Board mch SMD
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b. So vi cng ngh hn xuyn l th cng ngh SMD c nhng u v nhc im sau: u im: Khng cn phi khoan l trn board mch Kch thc linh kin nh gn Nhc im: Kh thao tc, v kh hn hn board mch xuyn l
2. Cc bc hn mt linh kin SMD n gin (2 chn):

a. Dng giy nhm nh sch board SMD trc khi hn linh kin (nu board cha c ph mt lp dung dch nha thng hay cha c ph xanh), khng nn tay chm vo mt ng ca board SMD.
Board mch in c lm sch b. Cho mt t ch hn vo mt chn linh kin (ch cho mt chn linh kin). Ch nn cho va khng nn nhiu qu, trng hp nu cho hi nhiu ch th c th dng dy ht ch ht bt ch tha.
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c. t linh kin cn hn vo v tr. Dng m hn nung nng phn ch cho vo t trc hn mt chn linh kin. Ch t linh kin ng trng tm. Sau bc ny th linh kin c c nh.
d. Tip tc cho ch hn vo chn cn li ca linh kin hn chn cn li. C th dng dy ht ch ht bt ch tha chn linh kin hoc chnh sa linh kin (ch nn hn ch chnh sa linh kin, do mch SMD rt nh nn c th lm hng mch)
3. Cc bc hn mt chip SMD
a. Dng giy nhm nh sch board SMD trc khi hn linh kin (nu board cha c ph mt lp dung dch nha thng hay cha c ph xanh), khng nn tay chm vo mt ng ca board SMD.
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Board mch in c lm sch b. t th linh kin cn hn ln board mch kim tra xem v tr v hng t linh kin tht s chnh xc hay cha. Sau hn hai chn pha 2 gc ca linh kin nh v linh kin.
c. Sau khi linh kin c c nh, cho mt t nha thng vo cc chn linh kin. Nha thng s lm cho mi hn bng p, v lm sch cc bi cng nh chng oxy ha sau khi hn.
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d. Bc tip theo l hn tt c cc chn cn li ca linh kin. ng lo ngi nu l b dnh cc chn li vi nhau (vic ny rt thng xuyn xy ra), c tip tc hn cc chn cn li.
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Dy ng ht ch e. S dng dy ng ht ch, nhng vo nha thng sau t dy ng ny vo gia chn linh kin (b dnh chn do nhiu ch) v mi hn. Nung nng ch hn im ny, dy ng s ht bt ch v tr ny v s tch chn linh kin ra (xem hnh).
VI.
Cch nh gi
Sn phm hn: chc chn, cc chn linh kin khng b dnh vi nhau, sn phm bng t hao ch.
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H s im ca bi thc hnh: 5%
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BI 4: HT LINH KIN RA KHI BN MCH

Rn luyn k nng thao tc trn mch Gip sinh vin c kh nng khc phc sa cha cc board mch khi cn thit. Thay th linh kin nhanh khi c s c nh v mch, nh h in tr, t in, ic
II.
Ni dung
Gii thiu mt s dng c thng dng ht linh kin. Gii thiu k thut ht linh kin.
III.
Dng c
M hn, ch hn, nha thng, ht ch Board mch SMD ( hn linh kin), Board mch thng ( hn linh kin)
IV.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
Thao tc thnh tho dng ht ch, cng nh kt hp vi m hn tho cc lnh kin h ra khi mch. Yu cu sinh vin tho linh kin ra khi board mch Tho in tr thng (2 chn) Tho Transitor (3 chn) Tho in tr SMD
V.
Phng php thc hin

Khi lm mch v mt s nguyn nhn nh hn sai linh kin, linh kin b h,. Nu mch khng h qu nhiu th chuyn thay th linh kin l iu tt nhin. Nhng thay th linh kin mi ta phi ly linh kin c ra. V hn ch kh l chc nn ly c chn linh kin c ra khi board mch th ta cn phi c dng c thao tc: dng ht ch M hn. Nha thng. Ch hn.
1. Gii thiu:
2. Gii thiu cng dng ca cc dng c thng dng:

a. M hn: M hn c nhim v lm cho ch hn chn linh kin cn ht t dng rn tr thnh dng lng. b. dng ht ch:
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Ht bt ch trn chn linh kin vic tho linh kin ra khi board mch d dng hn Cy ht ch: khi ch trng thi lng th ta c th d dng ht n vi nhng thao tc nh di y: S dng m hn lm nng ch mi hn Nh nhng a cy ht ch vo mi hn v ht ch ra khi mi hn
Dng c ht ch c. Nha thng: vic ht ch ra khi board mch d dng hn, ta c th thm mt t nha thng d. Ch hn: Trong mt s trng hp do lng ch qu t nn rt kh lm nng chy ton b mi hn m khng lm mt pad, th ta c th thm mt t ch va vic tho linh kin d dng hn 3. Cc iu lu khi ht linh kin ra khi board mch: a. Vic ht ch cng cn phi cn thn v nu khng cn thn c th lm bay pad chn linh kin, v nh th th chng ta s kh m hn linh kin mi vo. u tin ta phi t cy ht ch vo gn ch cn ht ch sau dng m hn lm chy ch ra. Khi ch chy ra th ta ch cn bm nt trn cy ht ch th ch s c ht gn nh ht ch chn linh kin, lc ny ta c th d dng ly linh kin h ra. b.Nhng cng tu vo loi lnh kin m vic thay th linh kin s c kh khc nhau. Linh kin cng nhiu chn th cng kh ly ra khi b h. c. i vi linh kin 2, 3 chn th vic thay th linh kin c th khng cn dng ti ht ch m ch dng m hn, nhng vi nhng linh kin nhiu chn hn th bt buc ta phi dng ht ch ht cn thn tng chn mt sau kt hp vi m hn rt ra t t. Hu ht nhng thao tc ny u cn s kho lo cng nhng kinh nghim khi lm.
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VI.
Cch nh gi
Sn phm ht: Board mch khng b mt pad Linh kin vn cn nguyn vn (tt) L chn linh kin sau khi ly linh kin phi rng gn linh kin mi vo. Board khng b chy en. H s im ca bi thc hnh: 5%
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CHNG 2: LM MCH IN BI 5: LM MCH IN

1. Gii thiu cc cng ngh lm mch. 2. Gii thiu cc phn mm thng dng c s dng trong quy trnh ch to mch in 3. Gip sinh vin nm c cc kin thc v quy trnh c bn ch to mch in 4. Thi cng mt mch in theo s c sn
II.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
1. Sinh vin phi nm c cc cng ngh lm mch hin ti 2. S dng tt cc phn mm h tr lm mch in a. S dng Capture CIS v s nguyn l b. S dng LayOut v s mch in. 3. Nm c quy trnh v thi cng c mch in theo s c sn. Da trn nhng kin thc bit v cng ngh lm mch hin ti thc hin: a. S dng s mch in c sn, sinh vin phi t to film m bn b. Chp quang, ra mch, ph nha thng.
III.
Ni dung:
a. Gii thiu OrCAD, Capture CIS OrCAD: OrCAD l mt cng c phn mm h tr cho vic thit k mch in t ng c s dng rt thng dng hin nay. OrCAD bao gm nhiu cng c nh hn nh: Capture CIS, LayOut Plus, OrCAD PCB Editor, Capture CIS: Capture CIS l cng c h tr v s nguyn l M Capture CIS: Vo Start All Programs OrCAD 10 Capture CIS Ca s lm vic ca cng c Capture CIS s xut hin (xem hnh)
1. V s nguyn l
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To project (s nguyn l) mi Chn File New Project hoc chn vo biu tng mi, ca s New Project xut hin (xem hnh) to project
Nhp tn Project textbox Name, v nhp ng dn lu tr project hoc nhn Browse chn ni lu tr. Chn Schematic v sau nhn OK Chn ca s SCHEMATIC1: PAGE1 xut hin ca s lm vic (xem hnh).
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b. Cc thao tc cn bn: La chn kch thc trang v Chn Option Schematic Page Properties ca s chnh kch thc bn v hin ra:
Ty thuc bn v ln hay nh, chn kch thc bn v ph hp d dng trong qu trnh in n cng nh qun l. i vi bi thc hnh ny chn kch thc B. Chn tab Grid Reference chnh cc tham s v li canh t linh kin. Cc thao tc cn bn v phm tt Cc thao tc cn thit v mch c trn menu Place hay thanh cng c bn phi. Trn menu Place phm tt ghi l Shift + , thc t ch cn nhn phm tng ng. Thanh cng c c h tr top tip text.
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Cc thao tc cn bn: Place Part (P Place Wire (W ): ly linh kin t th vin linh kin t ln bn v. ): to kt ni n cc chn ca hai linh kin.
Place Bus (B ): t k hiu gm cc dy dn thnh b. V d: t mt Port ca mt vi iu khin c tm ng d liu, thay v phi v tm ng ring r, ch cn v Bus th hin kt ni, t Bus phi v Bus Entry v t nhn cho Bus Entry hon thnh kt ni v in. Place Junction (J ln nhau. ): t/xa im ni gia hai dy dn t cho
Place Bus Entry (E ): t cc u dy ca Bus ni vo chn ca cc linh kin khc. Mi Bus Entry phn bit thng qua nhn ca chng, cc Bus Entry c cng nhn xem nh cng mt dy dn trong bus. Place Net Alias (N ): t nhn cho dy ni (wire). Cc dy c cng nhn s c kt ni vi nhau v in. Place Power (F ): t k hiu in th khc in th tham kho (in th t hay GND). Place Ground (G ): t k hiu in th t.
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Place No Connect (X khng ni dy. t hnh v vo bn v d c cho bn v.
): t k hiu khng kt ni vo cc chn : thm thm m v tnh
Phng to/thu nh: vo View Zoom In (phm I)/Out (phm O). Kt thc mt lnh: Right click End mode/nhn phm Escape. Xoay linh kin: Right click Rotate/nhn phm R Lt ngc linh kin: Right click Mirror Horizontally/Vertically Chn i tng (linh kin, dy dn): tr chut n i tng click, nhn gi phm Ctrl + click chn nhiu i tng, chn khi i tng bng cch gi phm tri chut v hnh ch nht bao quanh khi i tng. Copy: chn i tng (Right click copy)/(Edit copy)/(Ctrl+C) click chut vng trng Paste. Mt cch nhanh hn: chn i tng, trong khi chut nm trn i tng c chn, nhn gi phm Ctrl v di chuyn n ni trng, th ra.
Xa: chn i tng (Edit delete)/(Right click delete)/(nhn phm Delete) Di chuyn i tng: chn i tng, trong khi chut nm trn i tng c chn (chut c hnh bn mi tn), gi chut tri v di chuyn n ni cn chuyn n. Ly, thao tc v t linh kin
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Khi mn hnh ang ca s lm vic, chn Place Part hoc k hiu trn thanh cng c bn tri, hoc nhn phm P. Trn ca s hin ra, chn Add Library mn hnh sau hin ra:
Chn tt c cc th vin (Ctrl + click/click Shift + click), chn Open. G vo tn link kin, thng tin v linh kin hin pha gc phi di. Sau khi tm thy linh kin, chn OK.
Sau khi chn v tr t, nhn chut tri.
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Tng t, t cc linh kin cn li. Nu linh kin c hng khng mong mun, xoay li v hng mong mun. u tin t cc linh kin n gin trc. Cc khi ging nhau chng ta kt ni thnh mt khi hon chnh, sau copy. Khi t cc linh kin tip theo, cc linh kin trong cng mt khi kt ni vi nhau dng chc nng auto connection bng cch r linh kin sao cho cc im mun kt ni hin ln chm . t t (GND), ngun (VCC) t t (GND): Chn Place Ground/nhn phm G ca s xut hin, g GND:
Nhn OK, t k hiu t (GND) ln bn v. Trn hnh v, chn cn li ca SW1 cn c ni t, sau khi nhn OK, r n chn cn li ca SW1 cho n khi du xut hin, th ra, kt ni c t ng thc hin. Di chuyn nu thy khng p.
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t ngun (VCC): chn Place Power/nhn phm G, ca s xut hin, g VCC sau nhn OK:
Trn hnh v, u cn li ca R1 cn ni vo VCC, sau khi nhn OK, t k hiu VCC vo u cn li ca R1.
Kt ni cc linh kin C nhiu cch thc hin kt ni gia hai i tng: t dy ni trc tip, t cng nhn, t im kt ni. Ni dy: Trn bn v, c hai k hiu ni dy l Place Wire v Place Bus. Chn Place Wire (phm W)/Bus (phm B), click vo im bt u, di chuyn n im ch click v kt thc lnh (nhn escape/right click end mode). Trn ng t im u n im kt thc, click ti im mun r chuyn hng dy.
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Khi t bus, bus entry phi dng to cc im vo ra bus. Xoay (phm R) bus entry nu cn. nhanh hn chn Edit Repeat Place
t Nhn: mi dy dn c mt tn phn bit (net name), t nhn l thao tc thay i tn mc nh ca dy, do hai dy c cng tn s ni vi nhau. t nhn gip gim s chng cho ca cc dy dn trong bn v. Chn Place Alias/(phm N), in tn dy dn trong ca s hin ra sau chn OK, click vo y dn cn t tn.
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Khi s dng bus, bt but dng bus entry v net alias to kt ni. Xoay nhn nu cn. Khi to mi mt nhn c ch s cui (vd: IN1), sau khi t nhn ny, ch s s t ng tng ln cho nhn k tip. t im kt ni (Junction): khi hai dy dn cho ln nhau, chng trnh cnh bo s t to kt ni, t junction nu khng mun hai dy ni nhau. Ngc li, khi hai dy cho nhau m cha c ni (du chm hng) t junction ni hai dy li. t k hiu khng ni (No Connection): t k hiu khng kt ni vo cc chn trng ca cc linh kin trn bn v. iu ny c ngha trong qu trnh kim tra bn v.
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c. Chnh sa thng tin linh kin Hiu chnh tn, gi tr ca linh kin Khi linh kin va c t vo bn v, cc linh kin c cc thuc tnh mc nh. xem/hiu chnh cc thuc tnh chn linh kin right click edit properties. Hai thuc tnh cn quan tm l Part name (part reference) v Part value (vd: U3,7447). Trn bn v Part name l duy nht. Mt linh kin c th c nhiu thnh phn chc nng ging nhau (vd: IC 7400 c bn cng NAND), cc thnh phn phn bit nhau thng qua ch ci cui (vd: U3A, U3B, U3C, U3D). Tn U3A vi U2A l hai thnh phn chc nng trn hai IC khc nhau, do dng ht cc cng trn mt IC th tn s l U3A, U3B Double click vo Part reference hay Part Value chnh sa
ngha cc tham s: Name: tn thuc tnh (trn hnh l thuc tnh Part Reference) Value: Gi tr thuc tnh (trn hnh l SW1) khc vi gi tr ca linh kin
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Hiu chnh linh kin Hiu chnh linh kin khi v tr chn ca linh kin khng nh mong mun (vd: chng ta mun chn ngun trn, chn t di, cc chn input mt bn ) Chn linh kin cn chnh (right click edit part)/(edit part) ca s chnh sa xut hin:
Trn hnh v chn s 5 qu st ba. Hiu chnh linh kin thng l thay i v tr chn, thay i tn chn, thay i kiu chn. thay i v tr: click +drag chn cn di chuyn. thay i thuc tnh chn: right click + edit properties
Ngoi ra cn c cc thuc tnh chung ca linh kin, xem/chnh double click vo nn trng ca ca s son tho:
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Ch : i vi chn ngun/t, nu c tn l VCC/GND s t ng kt ni vi ng (net) ngun/t trong mch nu c tn tng ng l VCC/GND.
d. V mt linh kin mi To th vin linh kin ring To th vin vi mc ch tp hp cc linh kin thng dng tin cho cc ln s dng sau hay to cc linh kin mi. Chuyn v mn hnh qun l project: Window *.opj (c du check) hoc nhn vo biu tng cy th bc gn du ? trn tool bar.
Khi mn hnh qun l project, chn File New Library. Trong th mc Library s xut hin file library1.olb. File ny c tn mc nh l library1, i tn, khi save in tn mong mun trong hp thoi Save.
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Right Click vo file th vin (vd: library1.olb) New Part to mi linh kin vo th vin.
V mt linh kin Khi click vo New Part, ca s hin ra:
ngha cc tham s: Name: tn ca linh kin, l thuc tnh value ca linh kin trong bng v. Part Reference Prefix: v d: U cho IC, D cho diode, C cho capacitor, R cho Resistor, L cho Inductor.
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PCB Footprint: kiu chn trn mch in, b trng. Multiple-Part Package: Mt link kin c nhiu thnh phn chc nng, mc nh. Chn OK, ca s v linh kin hin ra:
V linh kin gm hai phn, v chn v v hnh dng/k hiu ca linh kin. Di y l v d v led 7 on, cc linh kin khc thc hin tng t. Trc tin xc nh linh kin c hnh dng t trng l g, c bao nhiu chn, mi chn c tn v loi g. Chn biu tng hnh ch nht/Place Rectangle v ng bao.
- Chn biu tng on thng v hnh t trng l s 8, Escape Right click edit properties chn nt m nht.
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- Chn Place Pin, in thng tin tn v s ca chn. Tn v s theo th t chng ta quy nh (vd: led 7 on c hai hng chn, nh s t 1 n 10 theo chiu ch C ngc nu nhn t mt hin th, k hiu on A, B, C, D, E, F, G theo th t cc on ca hnh s 8 theo chiu kim ng h, on G gia, chn s 5 l du chm, chn 3, 8 l chn chung CA hay CK. Vi th t , chn 1 l on E, chn 2 l D, chn 4 l C, chn 6 l B, chn 7 l A, chn 9 l F, chn 10 l G).
- t cc chn cn li vi thng tin trn hnh. Nh lu li vo library1.obl trc khi tt.
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Sau khi c linh kin, a vo bn v dng lnh Place Part v add th vin va to.
e. To file Netlist To file Netlist l cng on cui trong qu trnh thit k s nguyn l, output l file netlist theo chun ph hp cho cc cng on sau. Trong bi thc tp, output l file netlist cho phn mm Layout. Cc bc thc hin: V ca s qun l project Click vo schemantic page (vd: PAGE1), chn Tool Create Netlist
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Trong ca s hin ra, click tab Layout, chn Run ECO to Layout
Sau khi chn OK nu thit k khng c li th file netlist tng ng c to ra trong mc Outputs.
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2. V s mch in
a. Gii thiu mch in (PCB): Trong cng on layout, u vo l file netlist, u ra l file thit k cho cng on lm mch in. Di y l hnh v tng quan qu trnh thit k mch.
S nguyn l
To file netlist
Gn Foot Print
Chy dy
Sp xp linh kin
Cng vic trong cng on v layout gm c cc cng vic nh: Xy dng th vin foot print, sp xp cc linh kin, chy dy. Bn di l bn v cui cho cng on lm mch in:
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Mch sau khi hn linh kin:
Cc khi nim c s: Lp: Bng thit k c qun l trn nhiu lp. Ngoi cc lp i dy (mch mt lp, hai lp, 4 lp s lp tng ng vi cc lp i dy vd: BOT, TOP, INNER1), lp c kh (v tr v kch thc linh kin trn bn v vd: Global, AST, FAB, DRL), cn c cc lp c bit khc nh lp mt n hn
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(Solder & paste Mask vd: SMT), lp thng tin linh kin (Silkscreen vd: SST), lp kch thc, lp thng bo li. Sau y l cc lp cn quan tm: Lp i dy: l lp cha cc ng ng. Kch thc ca ng ng ph thuc vo
c tnh v in: ng ngun (GND, VCC ) hay ng tn hiu (AD0, IN1 ) ng ngun dy hn ng tn hiu, rng ng ngun > 40 mil, ng tn hiu > 12 mil (ph thuc vo cch lm mch in chp nhn kch thc nh nht l bao nhiu). Kch thc cng ln (nu c th) cng tt. Cc rng buc v khng gian chy dy:
Cc lp c kh quy nh hnh dng ca board, khng gian chim ch ca cc linh kin, v tr, hnh dng v kch thc ca l khoan.
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Lp thng tin linh kin (SST) cha thng tin tham kho cc linh kin, ch dn v chiu cm ca linh kin.
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n v: n v thng dng cho thit k layout l h n v Anh (1 inch = 1000 mil = 2,54 cm). Kch thc ca chn linh kin hay ng bao ngoi thng c sn xut theo h n v Anh. H n v metric c dng o kch thc mch. Tn cc thnh phn chnh trong v layout:
Pad Spacing: S Pad Diameter: D Gap: G Track Width: T
Pad: Phn ng hn chn linh kin. Pad c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh trn, vung, elip km theo thng s quy nh kch thc di, rng. Trong Pad cn c thng s khc l kch thc ca l khoan. Ty theo hnh dng v kch thc ca chn linh kin thc t m pad phi ph hp. o Pad Width >= Drill Diameter (Pin Diameter + 10 mil) + 24 mil. o Pad cho cc linh kin xuyn l (vd: in tr, t in, connector) thng dng trn, ng knh >= 60mil. o Pad cho cc IC hai hng chn (DIP) thng c dng hnh elip vi kch thc 60 mil x 90 mil. o Pad cho cc linh kin dn (SMD) thng c dng hnh ch nht. o Pad cho chn s 1 ca IC thng c dng c bit phn bit, i vi DIP l chn vung, i vi SMD l oval. Track (Trace): phn ng lm dy kt ni cc Pad (ng mch). Via: L mt pad c bit kt ni cc ng mch t lp ny sang lp khc. FootPrint: tp cc Pad c v tr tng ng v tr cc chn ca linh kin, km theo ng bao ngoi (hnh chiu vung gc) v c trng (detail) ca linh kin (thuc lp SST).
b. Gii thiu Layout Plus Layout Plus: Layout Plus l mt cng c ca phn mm ORCAD, cng c ny h tr ngi thit k mch v mch in. M Layout Plus: Vo All Programs OrCAD 10 Layout Plus (xem hnh).
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Ca s lm vic Layout Plus: (xem hnh)
To file .Max (file mch in) t file .MNL (file Netlist) Chn File New, hp thoi Auto CEO xut hin (xem hnh).
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Trong textbox Input Layout TCH or TPL or MAX file chn ng dn ging nh hnh v (chn file _default.tch) Trong textbox Input MNL netlist file: chn ng dn n file netlist (.MNL) Sau khi c c mch in t file netlist th bn thng bo la chn FootPrint cho linh kin xut hin (xem hnh)
c. La chn FootPrint (kiu chn) cho linh kin -
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Chn Link existing footprint to component, ca s la chn Footprint xut hin (xem hnh). La chn th vin chn linh kin trong khung Libraries, la chn chn linh kin trong khung Footprints sau nhn OK. Th vin footprint ca layout plus h tr tng i y , cc th vin thng dng: DIP (footprint cho IC hai hng chn), TM_AXIAL, TM_RAD (footprint cho in tr), TM_CAP_P, TM_CYLND (footprint cho t in hay cc linh kin trn), TM_DIODE (footprint cho diode), JUMPER, BCON (footprint cho jumper v connector).
Tn footprint thng cha thng tin v kch thc linh kin, khon cch gia hai chn, kch thc l khoan. Vd: AX/.300X.100/.028 c ngha l: khong cc hai chn l 0.3 inch, cao ng bao ngoi l 0.1 inch, l khoang c kch thc 0.028 inch. chc chn footprint no l ph hp vi linh kin , cn phi t th linh kin ln bn in footprint .
d. To FootPrint Mi cho linh kin
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Ngoi vic la chn footprint linh kin, ta cng c th to mi footprint bng cch chn la chn Create or modify footprint library
Ca s to mi Footprint xut hin (xem hnh), click vo nt Create New FootPrint, sau nhp tn footprint vo ca s Create New Footprint, tip theo nhn OK. y l ca s qun l th vin footprint, cung cp kh nng to mi th vin, to mi footprint, chnh sa hay xa footprint no trong th vin. Nh cp, mt footprint gm cc pad sp xp theo v tr cc chn ca linh kin tht, ng bao ngoi th hin hnh chiu vung gc (outline) lp Global, AST, hnh c trng ca linh kin (detail) lp SST.
Vo Tool Pin Select Tool hoc nhp vo biu tng chn ch chn linh kin (pin)
la
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Click chut phi v chn new to mi mt chn linh kin, sau nhp chut tri vo v tr mun t chn
Sau khi t xong chn linh kin, chn tip Tool Obstacle new hoc nhn vo biu tng v ng gii hn ca linh kin. Nhp chut phi chn New, nhp tip chut phi chn Properties. Sau la chn cc thng s nh hnh v
Sau dng chut tri v ng vin xung quanh linh kin Nhn chut phi chn End Command kt thc vic v ng vin. 52
Tng t nh trn tip tc v thm mt ng vin khc, vi cc thit lp nh hnh v
La chn kch thc pad cho linh kin bng cch chuyn sang ch chn chn (pin), k tip nhp chut phi vo linh kin chn Properties, sau chn kiu chn thch hp ri nhn OK. Cc chn cn li lm tng t.
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Nhn vo nt Save lu li footprint va mi to ra, la chn th vin ct gi footprint, sau nhn OK
e. Cc thao tc cn bn trong LayOut Plus Cng vic tip theo l sp xp cc linh kin, thit lp cc thng s cho vic chy dy cng nh sa li bn v. Sp xp, thao tc trn linh kin: Cc linh kin c sp xp trn bn v sao cho than thin vi ngi s dng (vd: cc input t tp trung mt bn, cc linh kin hin th b tr cho hp l chn hng cc led t theo hnh tri tim cho mch led chy theo hnh tri tim, cc linh kin cng loi thng t st nhau nh in tr, led ) v lm n gin cho qu trnh chy dy (cc linh kin c nhiu kt ni t k nhau theo chiu t chng cho dy dn). thao tc trn linh kin nhp vo biu tng thao tc trn linh kin. la chn ch
Click chut tri vo linh kin cn thao tc ri di chuyn n v tr thch hp nhn chut tri t linh kin.
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Click chut tri vo linh kin sau click chut phi la chn cc thao tc trn linh kin:
End Command: Kt thc thao tc Properties: thay i cc thuc tnh ca linh kin (footprint, tn, v tr,) Copy: sao chp linh kin Delete: xa linh kin Swap: o Rotate: Xoay Thao tc trn text (thm, xa) Click vo biu tng la chn ch thao tc text Click chut tri vo text la chn, di chuyn n v tr thch hp, sau nhp chut tri t text Click chut tri vo text la chn, nhn chut phi la chn cc thao tc trn text.
End Command: kt thc thao tc Properties: thay i cc thuc tnh ca text (ni dung, kch thc, mu,)
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Copy: sao chp Delete: xa text Rotate: xoay Mirror: o thm mi mt dng text, nhp chut phi chn new, ca s Text Edit xut hin, nhp ni dung cn hin th vo textbox Text String, c th hiu chnh cc thng s khc bng cch nhp gi tr thch hp vo cc khung cn li (xem hnh).
Nhn OK v sau nhp chut tri vo v tr cn t dng text Vo Options System settings hoc nhn Ctrl + G
Thay i n v s dng
Ca s System settings xut hin Vng Display Units: la chn n v s dng Vng Grids: la chn li hin th trn mn hnh layout
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Sau khi thit lp cc thng s thch hp nhn OK lu li nhng thay i. Vo Tool Layer Select From Spreadsheet
La chn lp route (lp c v) -
Ca s la chn lp route: Layer Name: tn lp Layer hotkey: lu cc phm nng dng la chn lp hin th Layer NickName: tn thu gn Layer Type: La chn mc ch s dng lp Routing: lp s c v (lp ny s c v ng mch ln ) Unused: khng s dng Jumper layer: lp ny s c s dng chy cc jumper
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la chn lp nhp p chut tri vo lp (trong ct layer type) hoc nhp chut phi chn Properties
Trong ca s Edit Layer, thay i cc la chn trong vng Layer Type ri nhn OK n nh.
Hiu chnh kch thc ng mch in Vo Tool Net Select From Spreadsheet 58
Ca s Net xut hin Net Name: Tn ng dy Color: mu hin th ng dy Width Min Con Max: kch thc ng dy
thay i kch thc ca tt c cc ng dy s v: nhp p chut tri vo ct Width Min Con Max, ca s Edit Net xut hin, hiu chnh kch thc ng bng cch nhp vo rng ng nh nht (Min), trung bnh (Conn), v ln nht (Max) sau nhn OK.
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thay i kch thc tng ng dy th kch p chut vo hng cha ng sau hiu chnh tng t nh trn.
Hiu chnh chn linh kin (pad) Vo Tool Padstack Select From Spreadsheet, ca s la chn Pad xut hin chn Cancel.
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Ca s iu chnh kch thc pad Padstacks
Chn Window Tile chn ch hin th mi (xem hnh)
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Vo Tool Pin Select Tool chn ch thao tc trn chn. Click chut tri vo chn mun iu chnh pad, th ca s Padstack s bi en vng chn m bn chn, tip nhp chut phi vo vng c bi en bn ca s Padstack v chn Properties, ca s iu chnh Padstack s xut hin. Pad Width: chiu rng ca pad (thng l chiu rng ca hnh ch nht gii hn Pad) Pad Height: chiu cao ca pad
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Nhn OK n nh Bc 1: V ng vin gii hn vng khng gian v mch Chn Tool Obstacle Select Tool hoc nhn vo biu tng Nhp chut phi chn New Nhp chut phi tip chn Properties, ca s Edit Obstacle xut hin, thit lp cc thng s nh hnh v
V mch (Route)
63
V ng gii hn khng gian v mch
Bc 2: V mch Chn Auto Autoroute Board
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Mch s c v sau lnh Autoroute
Bc 3: Kim tra li mch sau khi v Nhp vo biu tng sau khi v trn thanh cng c kim tra li mch
Nu khng c li no th dng thng bo sau s xut hin
Ph ng, ph mass cho mch in Bc 1: v vng khng gian ph ng Vo Tool Obstacle Select Tool hoc nhp vo biu tng Nhp chut phi chn New V ng bao quanh bn mch
65
Bc 2: Thit lp vic v ph ng Chn ng va v (nhp chut tri vo ng va v) Nhp chut phi chn Properties, ca s Edit Obstacle xut hin
Obstacle Name: Tn ng v Obstale type: loi ng v ( ph ng th s dng Copper pour) Width: rng ca ng Clearance: Khong trng gia ng v mch v lp ph ng Net Attachment: Lp ng s c ni vi ng dy no (thng thng l GND) f. Thit lp jumper t ng v thit lp bng tay cho mch in Thit lp jumper t ng Bc 1: Chn lp cn t jumper v thit lp rng cho jumper Vo Tool Layer Select From Spreadsheet
66
Ca s Layers xut hin, nhp chut phi vo lp mun t jumper (thng l lp TOP) chn Properties.
Ca s Edit Layer xut hin, la chn Jumper Layer (trong vng Layer Type). Sau nhn jumper Attributes, ca s Jumper Lengths xut hin Jumper directions: La chn hng t jumper (thng nn chn Herizontal or Vertical) Length: chiu di ca jumper Footprint: kiu chn s c chn cho jumper. Kiu chn ny phi ph hp vi chiu di ca jumper (nn chn kiu chn JumperXXX)
Nhn OK n nh Bc 2: V mch
67
V ng vin gii hn vng khng gian v mch (theo hng dn phn trn Load hai file jumper_h.sf, jumper_v.sf cho qu trnh chy jumper t ng. Vo menu File Load, sau chn ng dn ti hai file , thc hin hai ln load c hai file.
Chn Auto Autoroute Board v mch
Thit lp jumper bng tay Bc 1: La chn lp v jumper Vo Tool Layer Select From Spreadsheet
68
Ca s Layer xut hin, chn lp m bn mun s dng v jumper chn Routing Layer (thng chn lp TOP)
Nhn OK n nh Bc 2: v jumper Nhp vo biu tng thao tc trn dy trn thanh cng c la chn ch
Chn vo dy cha c v (ng dy vng nh) Nhn phm s 2 v ln lp BOT v phm s 1 v ln lp TOP, bng cch ny ta s v c jumper trn lp TOP sao cho cc ng mch khng ct nhau
Sau khi v xong ta c jumper
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3. In phim
a. Cng ngh In phim chp quang v gii thiu film m bn Ty theo cch chuyn phim ln bng ng chng ta to phim m bn hay dng bn, thun hay mirror. Trong thit k bn layout, chng ta quy c hng quan st t mt top. Phim dng bn (ng mch mu en), thun (mt c mc in trn bn phim ging vi mt quan st) c dng trong cch chuyn phim bng phng php i. Phim m bn, thun c dng trong cch chuyn phim bng phng php chp quang. b. Gii thiu cng c GerbTool Gii thiu GerbTool: Gerber tool dng chuyn file PCB ra nh dng khc. Cc file ny thc cht l lu thng tin v cc lp ca board: bottom, top, inner layers, silkscreen, paste mask,... y ta s dng GerbTool to ra film m bn ca board mch. To file GerbTool: Bc 1: Vo Option Post Process Settings, trong ca s Post Process nhp chut phi vo hng .BOT chn Properties (xem hnh)
70
Bc 2: Trong ca s Post Process Settings, chn Keep Drill Holes Open, nhn OK n nh.
Bc 3: Nhp chut phi vo hng .BOT trong ca s Post Process chn Run Batch
Bc 4: Thng bo to file .GDT xut hin nhn OK
M GerbTool Bc 1: Vo All Programs OrCAD Layout Plus Bc 2: Chn Tools GerbTool Open
71
Ca s chn file GerbTool xut hin, ch n file .GDT cn m Nhn Open m, ca s lm vic ca cng c GerbTool nh sau
c. Cc thao tc cn bn trong GerbTool Di chuyn, sao chp mch: Di chuyn Vo Edit Move, trong ca s Move, chn Windows
72
Dng chut tri v vng khng gian mun di chuyn ( chn vng khng gian di chuyn) Nhp chut tri vo vng khng gian va chn di chuyn n v tr mi v nhp chut tri t vng mun di chuyn vo v tr mi Sao Chp Vo Edit Copy, trong ca s Select Filter chn Windows Dng chut tri v vng khng gian mun copy Nhp chut tri vo vng khng gian va chn di chuyn con tr n v tr cn copy, nhp chut tri to ra mt vng copy mi, tip tc nhp chut tri vo cc v tr mun t vng khng gian copy kt thc nhn ESC Cc thao tc khc: Phng to: dng phm I Thu nh: dng phm O Delete: vo Edit Delete, cc thao tc sau tin hnh tng t nh vi vic di chuyn hay copy Undo: nhn Ctrl + Z, ca s Undo xut hin, chn bc cn Undo sau nhn OK
Chn lp hin th 73
La chn cc lp hin th ca s chn lp
La chn mu cho lp cn hin th (to film m bn) to film m bn cho mch u tin ta chn lp cn to film m bn (thng chn lp .BOT) Sau chn mu hin th ca lp l mu trng. Do nn ca cng c GerbTool l nn en nn hnh nh to ra chnh l film m bn ca bn mch
Sau khi to c fim m bn nn sao chp thnh nhiu bn film m bn nhm tit kim c mc in v c c nhiu phim m bn hn.
74
Ch : Phim m bn phi nm trong vng gii hn mu vng. y chnh l vng khng gian lm vic chnh ca GerbTool (cng l kch thc trang giy film m bn) Vo File Export PostScript xut ra file PostScript (.ps) file ny s c chuyn sang file .pdf sau ny
Xut file GerbTool ra cc nh dng khc -
75
Trong ca s Export PostScript Output File: ng dn cn lu file PostScript Scale: h s co dn Media Size: kch thc trang giy Options: La chn cn thit khc
Nhn OK to file PostScript
d. S dng Acrobat Professional Chuyn file film m bn sang file .pdf Bc 1: Vo Start All Programs Adobe Acrobat 7.0 Professional Bc 2: Vo File Create PDF From File
76
Chn file PostScript (*.ps) cn chuyn sang file .pdf Trong ca s Open nhn Open chuyn sang file .pdf
In film m bn Bc 1: Chn File Print hoc nhn Ctrl + P Printer: Thng tin my in Print Range: Ch nh cc trang cn in Page handing: Copies: s bn cn in Page Scaling: h s co dn (thng chn None)
Preview: hin th trang in
77
Bc 2: Nhn OK in film m bn
4. Lm mch in (PCB) a. Gii thiu Lm mch in l cng on cui ca qu trnh lm mch, u vo l file thit k layout, u ra l bn mch cha c linh kin. Quy trnh lm mch in ph thuc vo thit k layout v cng ngh thc hin. Ph thuc vo thit k ch mt lp, hai lp hay nhiu lp. Ph thuc vo cng ngh thc hin ch lm tay hay lm nh my. Trong phm vi bi thc hnh, chng ta s thc hin lm mch in mt lp bng phng php chp quang. Ngoi phng php chp quang, phng php v tay, qut la, hay i cng l cc phng php c th p dng. Cc dng c Film m bn: lm mt n cm quang Board ng c ph lp cm quang (c c tnh b tia cc tm lm kh cng). Dao rc giy: ct mch, lm nt ng mch Bng keo dnh: c nh mch v film Bt lng du: v thm cc ng mch b t Tm knh: lm phng film trn board n chp: ngun tia cc tm ph hy lp cm quang
78
Bt hin hnh: lm ni cc ng mch Dung dch nha thng: ph lp bo v mch Dung dch NaOH: lm bung lp cm quang b kh cng Dung dch FeCl3: n mn phn ng khng b che Bn chi: gim thi gian hin hnh v lm bung lp cm quang Hp ngm mch bng nha: dng trong cng on hin hnh v n mn Khoan tay: khoan mch b. Quy trnh thc hin Ct tm ng va vi phn mch trn phim, lm sch bng bn chi hay bng, t film ln mt cm quang (ch khng sai b mt p ca phim ln mt cm quang l mt in mc). tm knh ln film sao cho tm film phng, c nh bng bng keo
t n chp ln tm knh, bt ngun chiu vo board 4 pht. Phn trng trn phim s cho tia cc tm i qua lm cht cht cm quang. Pha dung dch hin hnh, tho board chp vo dung dch ny, dng bn chi lm bong phn cm quang khng b cht.
Dng bt lng du t cc ch b t, dng dao co cc ch b dnh.
79
Pha dung dch mui st 3 clorua (FeCl3), cho mch sau khi x l vo hp, lt nh hp cho n khi phn ng khng b che n mn ht.
Khi board b n mn ht, ra sch bng vi ni chy.
Pha dung dnh NaOH ra phn cm quang b cht.
80
Ph lp nha thng pha xng bo v mch v lm tng tnh d bm ca ch. Dng khoan tay khoan cc l linh kin, lm sch mch.
IV.
Cch nh gi
1. S nguyn l: Chnh xc, gn p 2. S mch in: ng, nh gn. 3. Mch in: ng, ng mch tt (khng b t on), p 4. H s nh gi: 20%
81
CHNG 3: S DNG THIT B O BI 6: MULTIMETER V OSCILLOSCOPES

Lm quen, bit s dng cc dng ng h s Nm c k thut o gi tr in tr, hiu in th, Nm c k thut o tn hiu
II.
Ni dung
Gii thiu mt vi thit b o thng dng S dng thnh tho cc dng c o: ng h vn nng, dao ng k, logic probe, Sinh vin thc hnh rn luyn k nng o tn hiu, gi tr linh kin cng nh rn luyn k nng khc phc cc li mch in thng gp.
III.
Dng c
1. ng h Multimeter
Mt multimeter hoc l multitester l my volt/ohm hay c gi l VOM. VOM l thit b dng o in th, cng dng in v in tr. C 2 loi VOM: - My o analog - My o digital
a. ng h analog
82
M t my o analog
Mn hnh hin th
Chn tm o v kiu o(2) iu chnh in tr v tr zero
Vng chn o DC
Vng chn o AC
o cng dng in (mu ) (1)
Ni cm dy m (mu en)(1) Vng chn o in tr
o in th v in tr (mu )(1) Vng chn o cng dng in
83
Nh hnh trn ta thy my o analog c nhng thnh phn chnh sau: i. Ni cm dy vo o: C 2 ch cm dy tng ng vi 2 dy m dng. Thng thng u dng ngi ta s dng dy mu , u m s dng dy mu en d phn bit. Nh trn hnh ta thy c 3 ch cm dy: Ch cm th nht l ch cm dy m, dy ny c nh, mun o in th, in tr, hay cng dng in iu phi dng dy ny. Ch cm th hai l ch c k hiu +, kt hp vi dy ch cm th nht dng o in th, in tr v cng dng in nh (mA). Ch cm th 3 kt hp vi ch cm th nht ta dng o cng dng in (< 20A) Ch : Ch s dng 2 trong 3 ch cm o cng dng in, in th hay in tr. ii. Vng hin th
Thang o in tr (cung s 1)
Thang o in th hoc cng dng in(mA) mt chiu ( )
Thang o in th xoay chiu (cung s 3)
Trong vng hin th ta c nhiu vng khc nhau - Vng o in tr (cung ln nht): gi tr 0 bn phi ngoi cng ca cung trn. Ty theo mnh chn tm o nh th no m cng mt v tr ca kim c th c nhng gi tr khc nhau.
84
Nh hnh trn tu theo ta chn tm o nh th no m in tr s c gi tr khc nhau. Chn tm o x1 th gi tr in tr gn bng 3 ohm Chn tm o l x10 th gi tr in tr gn bng 30 ohm Chn tm o l 1k th gi tr in tr gn bng 3 kohm Chn tm o l 10k th gi tr in tr gn bng 30 kohm . Vng o in th mt chiu v cng dng in mt chiu: (cung trn th 2 t ngoi vo): Gi tr 0 ngoi cng bn tri ca cung trn. Nhn vo hnh ta thy ch c mt cung trn tng ng vi o cc gi tr mt chiu nhng ti 3 cung s t ngoi vo trong l 0-250, 0-50, 0 10. Ty vo vic ta chn thang o gi tr mt chiu c th m ta s dng cung s khc nhau. Nu thanh chn tm o in th l 10 th ta ch ch n cung trn th 2 v cung s c gi tr t 0 -10. Vng o in th xoay chiu: Gi tr 0 ngoi cng bn tri. Ging khi o gi tr mt chiu ta khi o in th xoay chiu ta cng dng 3 cung s ging vi o cc i lng mt chiu 0 250, 0 50, 0 10. Nhng y ta khng s dng cung trn s 2 m dng cung trong s 3 lm chun.
iii.
Thanh chn tm o v kiu o. Nh trn ta thy c 4 vng chnh chn kiu o vi mi kiu c nhiu thang o khc nhau Vng chn o in tr: o in tr ta phi quay thanh o theo chiu hng v vng o in tr nh hnh di. Ty theo loi in tr cn o m ta chn thang o ph hp. i vi o in tr ch c mt cung biu
85
din trn vng hin th. Nn ty vo chn thang o no th ta s c cch tnh ring (v d sau).
Vng chn o in th mt chiu (DC): y ta c 3 thang o tng ng vi 3 thang o gii thiu trn phn hin th l 0 250, 0- 50, 010. Mun o thang o no ta ch cn quay thanh o ti v tr tng ng nh hnh sau.
Vng o in th xoay chiu (AC): Ging nh o DC ta cng c 3 thang o tng ng, khi o in th xoay chiu ta ch cn chn thang o tng ng vng o AC.
86
iv.
Vng o cng dng in nh (mA): Khi o cng dng in ta ch cn quay thanh chn kiu o v vng ny v chn thang o tng ng. iu chnh in tr: phn ny rt quan trng khi mun o in tr chnh xc. Khi chp hai thanh o li vi nhau th kim trn vng hin th phi v tr s 0 (tc l ngoi cng bn phi ca cung o in tr).
Nguyn tc khi dng my o analog: Chn ng kiu o: Khi mun o in th th phi gt thanh chn v pha vng o in th. Ch phn bit in th xoay chiu v in th mt chiu. Chn ng thang o: Khi khng bit gi tr o nh th no th u tin ta phi chn thang o cao nht, trnh trng hp d h my o khi o khng ng tm, khi bit tm o ri th c th chn tm o s dng.
b. ng h s
M t my o digital
87
Mn hnh hin th
Nt on/off
Nt hold
Vng chn o in tr Vng chn o cng dng in (DC) Vng chn o cng dng in(AC)
Chn tm o v kiu o
Vng chn o hiu in th (DC) Vng chn o hiu in th (AC)
o cng dng in ln(4) o cng dng in nh (3) o in th v in tr (mu ) (1)
Ni cm dy m (mu en) (2)
88
Nh trn hnh ta thy nhng thnh phn ca my o digital khng khc g so vi my o analog, ch khc phn hin th c th l vi my o digital th phn hin th n gin hn so vi my analog. Vi my o analog ta phi quan tm ti kiu o no, ri phi xem cung no cho ph hp, vi my o digital ta khng quan tm ti iu na m ch cn quan tm ti kiu o v tm o. Sau ch quan st gi tr hin th trn mn hnh c kt qu mong mun. Tuy vy my o digital s c nhiu chc nng hn, c nhiu thang o hn. Mt nt power: trc khi o cn phi bt nt power th mi c th o c ii. Nt hold: khi o nhng i lng thay i lin tc, nu mun gi mt gi tr no th ta nhn nt hold, hoc khi mun gi mt gi tr no ta u c th s dng nt ny. Nhng khi nt ny c nhn th ta s khng cn tip tc o c na, mun o tip ta phi nhn li nt hold mt ln na. iii. C 4 ch cm dy o (tng ng 1 2 3 4): Dng ch cm 1 2 th ta dng o in th (xoay chiu v mt chiu) v in tr. Dng ch cm 1 3 o cng dng in nh (< 200mA). Dng ch cm 1 4 o cng dng in ln (< 20A). i.
iv.
o in tr: o c in tr ta phi quay thanh chn kiu o v vng o in tr.C nhiu thang o khc nhau do ta cn chn thang o ph hp o in tr. Trong my o ny c nhng thang o nh: 200 ohm, 2kohm, 20k, 200k, 2M, 20M, 200M.
89
v.
o in th mt chiu: o in th mt chiu ta phi quay thanh chn kiu o v vng o in th mt chiu. y cng c nhiu thang o khc nhau t 200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V, 1000V. Ta cng cn phi chn thang o ph hp khi o gi tr cn o c chnh xc hn.
vi.
o in th xoay chiu: o in th xoay chiu ta quay thanh chn kiu o v vng o in th xoay chiu. C 3 thang o o in th xoay chiu l 20V, 200V, 750V.
90
vii.
o cng dng in mt chiu: o c ta cng phi xoay thanh chn kiu o v vng o cng dng in mt chiu sau chn thang o ph hp y ta c nhng thang o nh: 20uA, 20mA, 200mA, 20A
viii.
o cng dng in xoay chiu: Ta ch c 2 thang o y l 20A v 200mA.
91
Ngoi ra cn c o t in, o nhit
2. My o Oscilloscopes
Di y l hnh dng ca mt oscilloscope bao gm: Nt ngun bn trn. Mn hnh LCD bn tri. Cc nt chc nng. Hai u o tn hiu.
Nt ngun
Cc nt chc nng
Mn hnh LCD
92
i vi oscilloscope ny ta c 2 u o tn hiu tng ng vi 2 knh input. Mi u o gm c mt kp dng ni mass, u cn li tham kho ni mass ny o tn hiu hin th ra mn hnh LCD.
u ni vo oscilloscope
u ni vi mass
u o tn hiu
Khi ng OSC v o th: Cm dy ngun v bt nt Power pha trn ca OSC. Ch cho n khi mn hnh hin thng bo qu trnh self test thnh cng v nhn nt SAVE/RECALL mt trc bn tay phi ca OSC. Ch menu Setup ang c chn v nhn nt bn cnh menu Recall Factory. Osc s quay tr li cc thng s ban u ca nh sn xut. Sau ny, bt k khi no khng hiu Osc ang hin th ci g, ta c th lp li cc bc trn thit lp li cc thng s mc nh cho Osc.
93
Cc nt chc nng
Knh 2
Knh 1
o test th: Ni u d ca knh 1 vo probe comp pha trn, t ca knh 1 vo ground ngay pha di. Nhn nt AUTOSET gc pha trn bn phi. Lc ny Osc s t ng chnh chiu ngang, dc, v t ng iu khin trigger v hin th ra mn hnh LCD dng sng vung mu. Nu mun hin th hai knh cng lc, nhn CH 2 MENU cho php hin th knh 2 v nhn AUTOSET li. bc ny, ta ch xem xt knh 1 v cc nt iu chnh cho knh 1, knh 2 cng iu chnh tng t.
94
iu chnh knh 1: iu chnh v tr hin th theo chiu ng: xoay nt Cursor1 bn menu VERTICAL. y ta xoay Cursor 1 sao cho dng sng nm ngay chnh gia mn hnh.
Chnh dng sng theo chiu thng ng (knh 1)
iu chnh bc chia in th (knh 1)
iu chnh v tr hin th theo chiu ngang: xoay nt menu HORIZONTAL iu chnh v tr ca dng sng hin th. y ta xoay cho dng sng nm chnh gia mn hnh.
95
Chnh dng sng theo chiu thng ngang
iu chnh bc chia thi gian.
iu chnh bc chia in th: nt VOLTS/DIV cho php iu chnh bc chia in th. Xoay v bn phi s lm tng nhy (lm gim ln ht gia hai bc chia). iu chnh bc chia thi gian: nt SEC/DIV iu khin bc chia thi gian. Xoay nt v bn phi s lm gim khong thi gian gia hai bc chia.
Xem cc thng s ca dng sng hin th:
Nt Measure Nt run/stop
96
Nhn nt MEASURE mt trc, pha trn. Menu Measure s hin ra bn phi ca mn hnh, lc ny menu Type ang hin hnh v CH1 l ngun, cha c n v no c chn. xem tn s ca dng sng, nhn nt chc nng th hai. xem chu k ca dng sng, nhn nt chc nng th ba, cho n khi Period xut hin. xem in p trung bnh ca dng sng, nhn nt chc nng th t, cho n khi Mean xut hin. xem chnh lch in p gia mc cao v thp ca dng sng, nhn nt th nm cho n khi Pk-Pk xut hin.
Nt chc nng th nht Nt chc nng th hai Nt chc nng th ba
Nt chc nng th t Nt chc nng th nm Thc ra, ta c th xem bt k mt trong nm n v o nu trn bng bt k mt nt chc nng no tr nt chc nng u tin, tuy nhin, nu s dng nh vy, cng mt lc ta ch c th xem c mt thng s m thi. Xem dng sng mt thi im no : i khi ta mun quan st dng sng hin th ti mt thi im no , iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng nt Run/Stops nm gc trn bn phi. -
IV.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
S dng ng h vn nng: Sinh vin phi s dng thnh tho ng h vn nng Sinh vin thc hin vic o gi tr ca in in tr
97
Kim tra tnh trng ca Transitor o ngun in cc chn IC, Led, S dng Oscilloscopes: Sinh vin phi s dng c Oscilloscopes o tn hiu xung clock v c tn s ca clock Sinh vin ghi li cc ch s/gi tr o c vo file nh gi kt qu theo dng sau: Bo co kt qu thc hnh H tn: MSSV: ............................................. ............................................. Tnh trng K hiu Gi tr Ghi ch
Tn linh kin
Tn hiu clock: ................................................
V.
Cch nh gi
o chnh cc gi tr, tnh trng ca tng linh kin cng nh tn hiu. H s im ca bi thc hnh: 20%
98
CHNG 4: THI CNG MCH N GIN BI 7: THI CNG MCH N GIN

Gip sinh vin nm vng quy trnh t u n cui ca cc cng on lm mch in. Nm vng cc k nng lm mch: thit k mch in, v s mch in, lm mch, hn linh kin, kim tra mch,
II.
Ni dung
Sinh vin phi thc hin t u n cui (thnh sn phm) mch to xung clock s dng IC HC555 v mch m BCD (m h s 10).
III.
Dng c
Board mch in, giy in phim, Cc linh kin: IC HC555, t, in tr, n led, bin tr, Cc dng c khc: m hn, ch hn, nha thng, km,
IV.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
Yu cu sinh vin phi v c mch in Lm mch in (Theo cng ngh chp quang) Hn chnh xc linh kin, mi hn phi chc chn v bng p Mch phi chy tt.
V.
Cc bc thc hin
S dng phn mm OrCad 10 v s nguyn l. Thc hin tun t theo cc bc sau. a. Bc 1: M ca s lm vic M Capture CIS bng cch: vo Start All Programs OrCAD 10 Capture CIS Ca s Capture CIS s xut hin (xem hnh)
1. V s nguyn l mch to xung clock
99
Chn File New Project hoc chn vo biu tng project mi, ca s New Project xut hin (xem hnh)
to
Nhp tn Project textbox Name, v nhp ng dn lu tr project hoc nhn Browse chn ni lu tr. Chn Schematic v sau nhn OK Chn ca s SCHEMATIC1: PAGE1 xut hin ca s lm vic (xem hnh).
100
b. Bc 2: Ly linh kin Nhp vo biu tng hin (xem hnh) hoc nhn phm P, ca s chn linh kin xut
Click vo nt Add Library thm cc th vin cha linh kin cn chn, sau chn cc th vin cn thm vo (xem hnh). C th chn nhiu th vin thm vo cng mt lc bng cch gi phm ctrl ri chn cc th vin cn thm vo, sau nhn Open
101
Sau khi thm th vin linh kin ta s thy ca s linh kin mi (xem hnh). Nhp tn linh kin NE555 (IC to xung) vo textbox Part, sau nhn OK ly linh kin .
Sau khi c c linh kin mong mun th tin hnh t linh kin, dng lnh Rotate hoc g phm R quay linh kin. Dng lnh Mirror lt linh kin nu mun.
102
Dng chut di chuyn linh kin n v tr cn t, sau click tri chut t linh kin. Nu mun t thm linh kin ny th di chuyn n v tr mi v click chut tri t tip kt thc t linh kin click vo nt Select trn thanh cng c hoc nhp phi chut v chn End Mode. Tip tc ly linh kin khc, ta tin hnh tng t nh trn. Tn cc linh kin mi ln lt l: Resistor (in tr), Resistor var (bin tr), Capacitor (t in c cc), Led (n), PNP ECB (transistor), header 3 (header cp ngun). Ly ngun v t bng cch: click vo Place Power c Ca s Place Power xut hin (xem hnh) trn thanh cng
Chn cc kiu ngun trong Symbol (VCC_CIRCLE) ri nhn OK, di chuyn con tr n v tr mun t, click chut tri t chut. C th dng lnh Rotate xoay linh kin.
103
to im ni t, click vo nt Place Ground
trn thanh cng c.
Ca s Place Power xut hin, thc hin cc thao tc ging vi vic t ngun, la chn Ground thch hp (GND_POWER) Ca s lm vic sau khi chn linh kin (xem hnh)
c. Bc 3: Ni dy v t im ni Click chut vo Place wire (biu tng ) hay nhn phm W Di chuyn con tr n v tr cn t dy, click chut tri di chuyn n v tr mi, nu mun ng gp khc th c click chut tri lin tc nhng im to ng gp khc, kt thc vic v dy th click phi chut chn End wire hoc click vo nt Select trn thanh cng c. im ni dng kt ni ti cc im giao nhau (cc im giao nhau khng c im ni c hiu l khng ct nhau) to im ni, click vo Place Junction (biu tng cng c. ) trn thanh
Di chuyn con tr n v tr cn t im ni ri click chut tri, di chuyn n v tr khc t im ni. kt thc vic v im ni th nhp vo nt Select trn thanh cng c hoc nhp chut phi ri chn End Mode. Sau khi ni dy v t im ni l hon tt c s mch nguyn l (xem hnh)
104
d. Bc 4: Thay i tn v gi tr ca cc linh kin Mi linh kin c ti thiu hai thnh phn cn nh ngha: Tn v s th t linh kin (Part Reference: v d C1, R1, U1, U2,) Gi tr v m s linh kin (Value: v d 200K, 10uF,.) Thay i tn v gi tr linh kin a con tr n v tr tn linh kin cn thay i, click p chut tri v ca s Display Properties s xut hin (xem hnh).
t tn v s th t linh kin, g vo Value tn v s th t cn t, sau nhp OK

105
t gi tr v m s linh kin, di chuyn con tr n v tr gi tr linh kin cn thay i, click p chut tri v ca s Display Properties s xut hin, g gi tr cn t vo Vaule sau nhn OK.
di chuyn tn v gi tr ca linh kin, a con tr n ngay v tr ca tn hay gi tr ca linh kin ri ko tn hay gi tr n v tr mong mun. e. Bc 5: t tn bn v t tn bn v, click p chut tri vo ch <Title> khung Title
Ca s Display Properties s xut hin, g tn bn v vo Value, sau nhn OK.
t tn ngi v, click p vo ch <Doc> khung Document Number, v ca s Display Properties s xut hin, g tn ngi v vo Value, sau nhn OK.
106
Yu cu: o Sinh vin c th lm theo hng dn hoc t lm nhng phi v ng s nguyn l ca mch dao ng o Lu file va v li. o Tip tc chuyn s nguyn l sang s mch in.
2. V s nguyn l mch m BCD (mode 9):

a. Cc bc tin hnh tng t nh v mch to xung clock b. Tn cc linh kin ln lt l:
74HC163 (IC m) 74LS47 (IC gii m led 7 on) 74LS00 (IC Cng NAND) Header 3 (header cp ngun v clock) Led7.4 (Led 7 on) (sinh vin phi t v linh kin ny).
c. S mch nguyn l:
c. Hng dn cch t nhn v v linh kin mi (led 7 on)

t nhn: V mt on dy: Nhp vo biu tng Place Wire ( ) hoc nhn phm W, Sau a con tr n chn linh kin cn t nhn, v mt on dy
107
Nhn phm N hoc click vo biu tng Place Net alias (
Ca s t nhn xut hin (xem hnh), nhp tn nhn sau nhn Enter hoc nhp vo nt OK.
Tip tc a chut n on dy va v trn, click chut tri vo pha trn on dy.
Nhn phm ESC hoc nhp chut phi chn End Mode kt thc vic t nhn V linh kin mi: Chn file .dsn trn nh hnh v
Vo File New Library
108
Th mc Library (th vin) mi xut hin, chn vo th vin mi to ra, nhp chut phi v chn New Part
Ca s New Part Properties xut hin, nhp tn linh kin vo textbox Name sau nhn OK
Ca s to linh kin mi xut hin (xem hnh)
109
Cc thao tc c bn to mt linh kin mi Nhp vo biu tng Nt c biu tng bit. Nt c biu tng La chn biu tng La chn biu tng La chn biu tng Biu tng Biu tng Biu tng Biu tng Nhp vo biu tng la chn ch select trn thanh cng c thm nhng k hiu c thm chn cho linh kin thm mt dy chn cho linh kin v ng thng v ng gp khc
v hnh ch nht v hnh trn hay elip v cung vit ch v hnh ch nht bao quanh linh kin
Ln lt click vo biu tng thm chn vo cho linh kin. Sau khi click vo biu tng ny th ca s Place Pin xut hin. Nhp tn chn vo Name, v s th t ca chn vo Number, sau nhn OK, ri tm v tr thch hp trn linh kin v click chut tri t chn.
110
C th chnh kiu chn bng cch la chn (thay i) loi chn linh kin trong la chn Shape. Nhp p chut vo ch Value trn linh kin thay i tn linh kin. Ca s Display Properties xut hin. Nhp tn mi ca linh kin vo Value, sau nhn OK
Hnh v hon tt linh kin mi.
111
Tt ca s lm vic ca cng c to mi mt linh kin, mt thng bo sau xut hin, nhn Yes
Nhp tn th vin cha linh kin mi va mi to sau nhn Save.
112
Hon tt vic to linh kin mi.
d. Yu cu:
Sinh vin phi v ng s nguyn l Lu li file. Chuyn s nguyn l sang s mch in
3. V s mch in mch to xung clock: Cc bc thc hin

a. Bc 1: To tp tin NetList Sau khi v xong s nguyn l, chn ca s cha file project (xem hnh v) .obj.
Nhp vo nt Create Netlist (biu tng Tool Create netlist.
) trn thanh cng c hoc vo
Ca s Create Netlist s xut hin, chn tab Layout (xem hnh)
113
Chn Run ECO to Layout, sau nhn OK. Vo Start All programs OrCAD 10 Layout Plus m Orcad Layout, ca s Orcad Layout xut hin (xem hnh).
b. Bc 2: To file .Max t file Netlist (.MNL)
Tip theo, vo File New hoc nhn vo biu tng trn thanh cng c to mi file .Max, ca s to mi xut hin (xem hnh).
114
Trong mc Input Layout TCH or TPL or MAX file chn Browse, ca s input Layout MAX file xut hin (xem hnh), chn default.tch sau nhn Open.
115
Trong mc Input MNL file chn nt Browse, trong ca s Input Layout MAX File (xem hnh), tm n file .MNL (file Netlist) va mi to ra bc 2, ri nhn Open.
Cui cng Nhn nt Apply ECO hon tt vic to file .MAX (file layout) Sau khi to xong file .MAX, ca s yu cu chn FootPrint cho linh kin xut hin (xem hnh).
c. Bc 3: Chn FootPrint cho linh kin
Nhp vo nt Link existing footprint to component chn chn linh kin cho R3 (RESISTOR, theo nh hnh trn), ca s chn FootPrint s xut hin (xem hnh).
116
Trong vng Libraries chn th vin JUMPER, trong textbox Footprints nhp vo JUMPER300, sau nhn OK. Tip tc chn cho linh kin khc, tin hnh tng t vi vic chn footprint cho in tr. Tn FootPrint ca cc linh kin cn li l: Led (led n): th vin JUMPER, tn FootPrint l JUMPER100 NE555 (IC 555): th DIP.100/8/W.300/L.450 vin DIP100T, tn FootPrint l
CAPACITOR (t in): th vin JUMPER, tn FootPrint l JUMPER200 HEADER_3: th vin SIP, tn FootPrint l SIP/TM/L.300/3 RESISTOR_VAR (bin tr): th vin SIP, tn FootPrint l SIP/TM/L.300/3 PNP_ECB (transistor): th vin TO, tn FootPrint l TO92/100 Sau khi chn FootPrint cho cc linh kin th mch layout lc ny nh hnh v:
117
d. Bc 4: Sp xp linh kin v iu chnh ln Pad cho mch in Chn vo biu tng vo ch kim tra, v nhp vo biu tng di chuyn linh kin Di chuyn linh kin bng cch dng chut tri ko linh kin n v tr mi sau th ra Sinh vin sp xp linh kin sao cho mch in sau ny cng nh cng tt, di y l mt v d v cch sp xp (cha phi l nh nht, ch tham kho, sinh vin phi sp xp linh kin sao cho mch ti u hn).
118
K tip l thit lp ln cho chn linh kin, nhp vo biu tng trn thanh cng c chn chn cn chnh kch thc, sau click vo chn cn chnh Tip theo nhp vo biu tng trn thanh cng c, mt menu xut hin (xem hnh) chn tip Padstacks.
Ca s Padstacks xut hin (xem hnh), nhp chut phi vo vng b bi en, chn Properties, ca s Edit Padstack xut hin (xem hnh), nhp gi tr mi vo sau nhn OK.
119
Tt ca s Padstacks, sau tip tc chn kch thc cho cc chn khc. Cc kch thc tng ng: Chn IC NE555: 75 mils Chn linh kin LED, RESISTOR, PNP_ECB: 75 mils Chn linh kin RESISTOR_VAR, HEADER_3: 80 mils
Sau khi iu chnh xong chn linh kin ta thu c s mch in nh hnh v.
120
Ch : Cc kiu chn cng loi th ch cn iu chnh 1 ln, chng trnh s t ng cp nht cc chn cn li. V d khi iu chnh chn cho RESISTOR ch cn iu chnh 1 chn v cc RESISTOR khc t ng cp nht li gi tr mi. Ch vi cc linh kin nh NE555 th do chn u tin c kiu chn l vung nn khi iu chnh cc chn trn th gi tr ca chn vung vn khng c cp nht, chnh v vy i vi cc linh kin loi ny phi iu chnh c chn trn ln chn vung. Sinh vin c th dng mt thng t kim tra kch thc chn ca cc linh kin cn cha c iu chnh iu chnh hp l trnh b xt
e. Bc 5: iu chnh kch thc ng dy cho mch in Vo Tool Net Select From Spreadsheet (Xem hnh)
121
Thng bo chn tn ng xut hin, chn Cancel
Ca s Nets xut hin xem hnh, click p vo width Min con Max
Ca s Edit Net
122
Nhp kch thc ng v vo cc text box (40 mils), nhn OK, v sau tt ca s Nets Vo Tool Layer Select From Spreadsheet (xem hnh)
f. Bc 6: Chn lp cn v cho mch in
Ca s Layers xut hin, trong ct Layer Type, hng u tin (tc lp TOP) click chut phi chn Properties.
123
Ca s Edit Layer xut hin chn Unused Routing tt lp TOP (khng v mch in trn lp ny).
Tin hnh tng t tt tt c cc lp cn li tr lp BOTTOM. Chn biu tng trn thanh cng c, v mt ng vin bao quanh mch in (xem hnh).
g. Bc 7: V mch
Vo Auto Autoroute Board (Xem hnh)
124
Sau khi v xong mch in nh sau
Nu khng mun v li th vo Auto Unroute Board Ch : Thay i ng bao xung quanh ri route mch li sao cho n nh nht c th. Chn biu tng v ng vin trn thanh cng c, sau click vo ng vin bao quanh mch, tip tc nhn chut phi chn Properties
h. Bc 8: Ph ng cho mch in
125
Ca s Edit Obstacle xut hin (xem hnh). Trong la chn Obstacle Type chn Copper pour. Trong text box Width chn 20 mils, trong text box Clearance nhp vo 20 mils. Text box Net Attachment chn GND, sau nhn OK. Tip nhp chut phi v chn End Command (xem hnh)
126
Kt qu ta thu c mch in hon chnh nh sau
127
i. Yu cu: o Sinh vin phi v c mch in o Mch phi ti u v ng o B tr linh kin hp l o Lu file va v li o Yu cu cn b hng dn kim tra, chm im v chnh sa mch in trc khi in phim
4. S mch in m BCD
a. Cc bc tin hnh tng t nh v mch in to xung clock b. Hng dn: Cc bc to tp tin Netlist, tp tin .MAX (layout), la chn kch thc ng dy, chn lp v mch tin hnh hon ton tng t. Bc 3: Chn FootPrint cho linh kin, tn FootPrint c s dng cho cc linh kin ln lt l: 74HC163: tn th vin DIP100, tn FootPrint DIP.100/16/W.300/L.875 74LS47: tn th vin DIP100, tn FootPrint DIP.100/16/W.300/L.875 74LS00: tn th vin DIP100, tn FootPrint DIP.100/14/W.300/L.750 RESISTOR: tn th vin JUMPER, tn FootPrint JUMPER300 HEADER 3: tn th vin SIP, tn FootPrint SIP/TM/L.300/3. LED 7.4: phi t to FootPrint cho linh kin ny (10 chn), cc bc thc hin to mt FootPrint mi:
o Click vo biu tng

xut hin (xem hnh).
trn thanh cng c, ca s Library Manager
128
o Vo Options System Settings iu chnh kch thc ca li

vic to FootPrint c thun tin, ca s System Settings xut hin, thit lp cc thng s nh hnh v, sau nhn OK.
129
o Nhn vo nt Create New FootPrint, ca s Create New FootPrint

xut hin, g tn FootPrint mi vo. Sau nhn OK.
o Nhn vo biu tng
trn thanh cng c chn chn linh kin, sau nhp chut phi chn new ( to mi 1 chn linh kin), click chut tri vo v tr mun t chn.
o Tng t ln lt to 10 chn cho linh kin b tr nh hnh v. Ch

khong cch gia cc chn, 2 chn k nhau cch nhau 2 n v (theo li 1/2 inch), 2 dy chn cch nhau 12 n v ( = 6 inch)
o Chn biu tng
trn thanh cng c v ng vin bao quanh linh kin. Sau khi v xong nhp chut phi chn Properties, ca s Edit Obstacle xut hin, chn cc thng s Obstacle Type v Obstacle Layer nh hnh v, sau nhn OK.
130
o Nhn Save, ca s Save Footprint As xut hin, la chn tn th vin

lu gi footprint va mi v sau nhn OK
Mch in sau khi chn xong FootPrint (xem hnh)
131
Bc 4: Chn kch thc cho Pad, kch thc Pad ca cc FootPrint ln lt l. 74HC163, 74LS47, 74LS00, LED 7.4, RESISTOR: 75 mils HEADER 3: 80 mils Mch in sau khi chnh kch thc Pad (xem hnh).
132
Bc 5: V mch, mch in cui cng thu c
133
c. Yu cu: Sinh vin phi v ng s mch in. La chn FootPrint, chnh kch thc Pad, ng v mch, phi ng. Lu li file.
5. In phim v chp quang

Qu trnh in phim v chp quang ca mch to xung v mch m BCD l hon ton ging nhau, v vy y ch trnh by qu trnh to film m bn v chp quang cho mch to xung.
a. In phim: Sau khi hon tt vic v mch in th chuyn sang giai on in phim.
Cc bc tin hnh Bc 1: Vo Options Post Process Setting.
134
Ca s Post Process xut hin, click chut tri vo hng *.BOT (xem hnh) sau nhn chut phi v chn Properties.
Ca s Post Process Setting xut hin, thit lp cc thng s nh hnh v, sau nhn OK.
135
Tip tc nhp chut phi vo hng *.BOT sau chn Run Batch (xem hnh).
Cc thng bo to file .GDT xut hin, nhn OK Bc 2: Vo Start All programs OrCAD 10 Layout Plus Ca s OrCAD Layout xut hin, chn Tools GerbTool Open
136
Chn n file .GTD va mi to ra bc trn, nhn Open m.
Ca s lm vic ca GerbTool xut hin.
137
Vo Edit Move ca s xut hin chn Windows (xem hnh)
138
Dng chut tri v mt hnh ch nht bao quanh mch in chn ht khi mch in, sau ko khi mch in c chn vo bn trong vng ch nht mu vng, click tri chut t mch in vo vng ch nht mu vng.
B ht tt c cc lp khng phi l lp BOTTOM (.BOT), xem hnh
Mch in mi
139
Click chut tri vo biu tng chn mu cho chn, v ng dy, chn tt c u l mu trng.
Mch in sau khi c chuyn thnh m bn
Vo File Export PostScript to file PostScript (dng *.ps)
140
Ca s Export PostScript xut hin, chn ch Fill, v Gray Scale, sau nhn OK
Bc 3: To file .pdf cha nh m bn ca mch bn in t file postscript (.ps) Vo Start All Programs Adobe Acrobat 7.0 Professional m Acrobat Proffeesional Vo File Create PDF From File to file .pdf
141
Chn file .ps va mi to ra bc trn.
Nhn Open m file, thu c file .pdf cha film m bn ca mch in.
Bc 4: In phim
142
S dng giy kin in Nhn Ctrl + P, hoc vo File Print
Trong ca s Print, box Name chn tn my in ph hp (ty thuc vo my), trong box Page Scaling chn la chn None. Sau nhn OK in film m bn
143
b. Chp quang
Sau khi c c phim m bn, th cng vic tip theo l chp quang v tin hnh ra mch. Chi tit qu trnh chp quang c gii thiu trong Chng 2 Lm mch in
6. Ra mch
Chun b: S dng board mch ng c chp quang trn Dung dch ra mch in Sau khi hon tt giai on chp quang. nh sng s lm cht mc ti nhng v tr c ng mch v chn linh kin (do dng film m bn). nhng ni cn li th lp cm quang khng c chiu nh sng s d dng b ha cht ra sch kt qu l nhng ni c chiu sng s khng b ha cht n mn. Khi nhng mch in trong thuc ty, mun phn ng ha hc xy ra nhanh, cn thc hin cc thao tc sau tng tc phn ng: p mt ng hng xung pha y chu cha thuc ty. Lc tm mch trong chu thuc.
Cc bc tin hnh:
144
Nn t chu thuc ty ni c nh sng mt tri tng cng tc phn ng nh hiu ng quang. Nu thuc ty c nung nng khong 50oC th thi gian ty s nhanh hn khi thuc ty c nhit thp (bng nhit mi trng). Sau khi ty xong cc phn ng khng cn thit, nn ngm mch vo trong nc v dng giy nhm nhuyn ch sch cc ng mc. Cng vic s chm dt khi cc ng mch c nh bng v sng. Mch ra tt, khng b t
Yu cu:
7. Khoan chn linh kin a. Chun b

Khoan Li khoan cc loi 1mm, 0,8 mm, 0,5mm Mch in c ra mch
b. Cc bc tin hnh
a mch in vo khoan. Ch n kch thc ca li khoan. i vi chn linh kin IC th li khoan l 1mm, vi cc l khoan ca chn in tr th nn dng li khoan 0,8 mm, cc jumper th dng li khoan 0,5 mm. Li khoan qu ln s lm hng Pad dn n h mch, cn li khoan qu nh s gy kh khn trong vic rp linh kin vo mch in. Ch cch khoan: t mch in ng v tr (khng b lch tm) Li khoan phi thng gc (nu khng s gy gy li khoan, ng thi l khoan s dng li khoan khng thng gc th sau ny rp linh kin rt kh khn). Mt vi trng hp, ta c th dng my dp bm l thay v khoan. Tuy nhin, l dp khng trn v khi dp d lm m lp bakelite, tuy nhin vi cch ny th tc thi cng nhanh hn, v d thao tc hn phng php khoan. Sau khi khoan mch in xong dng giy nhm nh s li mt ln na lm sch lp oxy ha ln cui. Tip nhng mch in vo dung dch nha thng pha vi xng v du la Sau khi nhng xong mch, ro v phi kh lp sn ph ri mi hn linh kin.
c. Yu cu
145
o L khoan ng kch thc, ng tm, p
8. Hn mch a. Chun b
Linh kin, Mch in M hn, ch hn, nha thng. Km, v cc dng c khc
b. Cc bc tin hnh
Ch cn thn v tr v chiu ca cc linh kin. Yu cu cc linh kin phi quay cng mt hng. Vic hn sai v tr c th lm hng c mch in Lp linh kin vo mch: ch th t hn cc linh kin ln lt l: cc jumper, in tr, led, IC, bin tr, (theo nguyn tc linh kin c kch thc nh hn trc, vic hn linh kin c d dng) Ch khng lp tt c cc linh kin vo ri mi hn, tt hn ht l nn lp v hn tng linh kin mt.
c. Yu cu:
Hn ng linh kin Mi hn chc chn, p
9. Kim th a. Chun b
Mch in hn xong linh kin My o VOM,
b. Cc bc tin hnh
Kim tra hiu in th ca ngun v t o xung clock ca mch tao xung Ni 2 mch to xung kim tra tnh ng n.
c. Yu cu:
Mch chy tt
VI.
Cch nh gi
nh gi s mch in. nh gi mi hn v v tr linh kin v tnh thm m ca mch in nh gi mch: Chy tt hay khng H s im ca bi thc hnh: 20%
146
CHNG 5: LP RP V CI T MY TNH BI 8: LP RP V CI T MY TNH

Gii thiu cu trc v cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh c nhn. Gii thiu cch lp rp v ci t mt my tnh c nhn thng thng. Gii thiu cc s c thng gp v cch khc phc.
II.
Ni dung
1. Cu trc ca my tnh c nhn PC
My tnh theo m hnh Von Newman gm 3 thnh phn: IO: Cc thit b nhp xut. CPU: n v x l trung tm. Memory: B nh. Khi hot ng, my tnh thc thi cc lnh theo th t t trn xung. Tp hp cc lnh ny gi l chng trnh. CPU s nhn lnh t cc thit b nhp (Input devices), thc thi chng trnh c lu trong b nh, xut kt qu ra thit b xut (Ouput devices) v lu kt qu xung b nh. IO, CPU v Memory c kt ni vi nhau thng qua BUS. Bus c 3 loi l Bus a ch (address bus) bus iu khin (control bus) v bus d liu (Data bus).
2. Cu trc v hot ng ca CPU
147
Hnh v trn minh ha cc thnh phn ca mt CPU, bao gm: IR (Instruction Register): Thanh ghi lnh, cha lnh sp c thc thi PC (Program Counter): B m chng trnh, cha a ch ca lnh sp c thc thi. Instruction decode and Control unit: Khi gii m lnh v iu khin. ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit): Khi tnh ton s hc v lun l. Registers: Cc thanh ghi. Khi khi ng, CPU s thc thi cc lnh c lu trong b nh. Trnh t thc thi cc lnh din ra nh sau: u tin CPU xut a ch ca lnh tip theo trong thanh ghi PC ra bus a ch. Sau tn hiu iu khin c s c xut ra bus iu khin. Ni dung ca lnh c lu trong b nh s c a ra bus d liu v c gi trong thanh ghi lnh IR. Lnh trong thanh ghi IR cn c gi l Opcode. Khi gii m lnh s phn tch cu lnh trong thanh ghi IR, sau xut tn hiu iu khin b ALU tnh ton. Trong qu trnh tnh ton, CPU c th truy xut d liu t b nh ngoi hoc trong cc thanh ghi. Sau khi ALU tnh ton xong, kt qu s c lu li trong b nh. Thanh ghi PC s t ng tng ln 1 n v, n cha a ch ca cu lnh tip theo. Trnh t trn s c lp i lp li nhiu ln.
3. Trnh t khi ng ca my tnh
148
Nh trnh by trn, hot ng ca my tnh l s thc hin tun t cc lnh t trn xung. Khi bt cng tc ngun, my tnh s thc hin cc lnh c np trong ROM. ROM ny nm trn maiboard v chng trnh ny ch c np 1 ln bi nh sn xut v khng th xa c (v ROM l b nh ch c, Read Only Memory). Chng trnh trong ROM gm 3 phn nh sau: BIOS: Basic Input and Output System, chng trnh ny s thng bo cho CPU cch thc giao tip vi cc thnh phn c bn nh Ram, CD, a mm. Chng trnh ny c thc hin u tin khi bt cng tc. POST: Power On Self Test, l chng trnh t kim tra. Chng trnh ny c thc thi sau chng trnh BIOS, lc ny my tnh s kim tra tt c cc thit b xem mi th sn sng hay cha. Setup: L chng trnh thc hin sau chng trnh POST, cu hnh cc thng s cho PC. Mun thay i cc thng s ny thng thng ta phi nhn phm Del. Cc thng s ny c lu trong 1 vng RAM c bit, gi l vng nh CMOS. Do vng nh Ram s mt d liu khi tt in, nn trn mainboard s c pin nui, v gi l pin CMOS. Pin ny ngoi vic nui vng Ram CMOS, n cn cp ngun cho b timer thi gian thc lu gia ngy, thng v gi hin ti. Sau , da vo cc thng s khi ng, CPU s tm n vng nh ca h iu hnh. Lc ny h iu hnh mi c thc thi v sau mi ti nhng ng dng cho ngi dng. ROM cp trn thng thng c gi l ROM BIOS, nhng thc cht, BIOS ch l 1 trong 3 chng trnh c np cho ROM ny.
4. Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
1: Mn hnh 2: Mainboard 3: CPU socket 4: Khe cm cng 5: RAM 6: Card m rng 7: B ngun 8: a CD 9: a cng 10: Bn phm 11: Chut
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a. Cc thit b nhp (Input devices) Bn phm (Keyboard) L thit b nhp chun. Bn phm bao gm cc phm k t (character key), cc phm chc nng (function key) v cc phm iu khin (control key). Bn phm c cm vo my tnh thng qua cng PS2 hoc USB.
Chut (Mouse) Mouse gip ngi dng thao tc linh hot khi tng tc vi giao din trn my tnh.
Bn cnh 2 thit b kh thng dng nh trn, cn c cc thit b nhp khc nh Joystick, Microphone hay my Scanner
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b. Cc thit b xut (output devices) Mn hnh (monitor): L thit b xut c bn, hin th kt qu t my tnh cho ngi s dng. Mn hnh c nhiu loi nh mn hnh CRT, mn hnh LCD, Cng ngh mn hnh bng n in t CRT, ngy xa s dng rt nhiu, im yu ca n l rt to, chim din tch ln trn bn lm vic, v rt hao in, v tia bc x n pht ra gy hi cho mt, nu lm vic trong thi gian di bn s thy nhc mi. Vi cng ngh mi, kch thc nh gn, sng bc x thp, mn hnh LCD dn thay th mn hnh CRT truyn thng v tr thnh sn phm chnh trong danh mc mn hnh, c bit l dng 17" v 19" mn hnh rng, vi phn gii cao, mn sc nt.
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My in (printer): Dng in n.
Bn cnh cn c cc thit b xut nh Loa (Speaker), My chiu (Projector)
c. Cc thit b lu tr (storage devices) Thit b lu tr dng lu tr d liu lu di. Cc thit b lu tr thng dng nh a cng, a mm, a CD, USB. a cng: L thit b lu tr chnh ca my tnh. a cng c dung lng kh ln, t 40G n 250G (cng v sau cng ln hn na). a cng c phn loi da trn u cm vi mainboard, gm c cng IDE v SATA.
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a cng c 1 hoc nhiu a t (platter) ty vo dung lng nhiu hay t. Tu theo hng sn xut m cc a ny c s dng mt hoc c hai mt trn v di. C bao nhiu mt a t th c by nhiu u c. Chng hn nh c 2 a t, mi a t s dng 2 mt th c 2x2 = 4 u c. Khi c nhiu a t, chng c gn ng trc v quay cng tc khi hot ng. Trn mt mt lm vic ca a t chia ra nhiu vng trn ng tm thnh cc track. Trn track chia thnh nhng phn nh bng cc on hng tm thnh cc sector. Cc sector l phn nh cui cng c chia ra cha d liu. Theo chun thng thng th mt sector cha dung lng 512 byte. Khi u c/ghi u tin lm vic ti mt track no th tp hp ton b cc track trn cc b mt a cn li m cc u c cn li ang lm vic ti gi l cylinder.
S hot ng ca a cng cn thc hin ng thi hai chuyn ng: Chuyn ng quay ca cc a v chuyn ng ca cc u c. S quay ca cc a t c thc hin nh cc ng c gn cng trc (vi tc rt ln: t 3600 rpm cho n
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15.000 rpm) chng thng c quay n nh ti mt tc nht nh theo mi loi a cng. Khi a cng quay u, cn di chuyn u c s di chuyn n cc v tr trn cc b mt cha ph vt liu t theo phng bn knh ca a. Chuyn ng ny kt hp vi chuyn ng quay ca a c th lm u c/ghi ti bt k v tr no trn b mt a. Ti cc v tr cn c ghi, u c/ghi c cc b cm bin vi in trng c d liu (v tng ng: pht ra mt in trng xoay hng cc ht t khi ghi d liu). D liu c ghi/c ng thi trn mi a. Vic thc hin phn b d liu trn cc a c thc hin nh cc mch iu khin trn bo mch ca a cng. a mm
Cc a mm lu tr d liu thng qua nguyn l lu tr t trn b. a mm c cu to mt phn ging nh cc a cng, nhng mi chi tit bn trong n c yu cu thp hn so vi a cng. Tt c cc cch lm vic vi a mm u ch qua mt khe hp. ng c (spindle motor) ca a mm lm vic vi tc 300 rpm hoc 360 rpm - kh chm vi cc loi a cn li, iu ny cng gii thch ti sao tc truy cp a mm li chm hn nhiu. a CD v a CD: a CD s dng cng ngh quang hc c v ghi d liu. Chng dng tia lazer chiu vo b mt a CD nhn li cc phn x nh sng (hoc khng) tng ng vi cc dng tn hiu nh phn (0 v 1). C nhiu loi a CD, trong CD ROM l a CD ch c (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)
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USB: Hin ang l thit b lu tr kh thng dng do tnh di ng cao v gi thnh r ca n.
B nh trong USB s dng cng ngh FlashRom kt hp vi chun giao tip USB ca my tnh truyn nhn d liu. d. B x l Mainboard: Board mch ch, gi vai tr kt ni tt c cc thit b ca my tnh Mainboard iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b nh nhng chipset.
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Cc thit b kt ni vi bo mch ch

Ngun my tnh: Khng th thiu trong h thng, ngun my tnh cung cp nng lng cho h thng v cc thit b ngoi vi hot ng. CPU: Thng c gn vo bo mch ch thng qua cc cm (socket) ring bit tu theo tng loi CPU. RAM: Rt quan trng trong h thng my tnh, RAM c cm trn bo mch ch thng qua cc khe cm ring cho tng th loi. Card ha: S dng tng tc ho my tnh, mt s bo mch ch c th khng s dng n bo mch ho bi chng c tch hp sn trn bo mch ch. Card m thanh: M rng cc tnh nng m thanh trn my tnh, mt s bo mch ch c tch hp sn bo mch m thanh. cng: Khng th thiu trong h thng my tnh c nhn. Mt s my tnh tun theo chun PC nhng s dng trong cng nghip c th khng s dng n cng truyn thng, chng c s dng cc loi flash. CD, DVD: Cc a quang. a mm: Hin nay cc my tnh c nhn thng khng cn thit n chng, tuy nhin trong mt s h thng c a mm vn tn ti thng dng sao lu. Mn hnh my tnh: Phc v giao tip gia my tnh vi ngi s dng. Bn phm my tnh: S dng nhp d liu v lm vic vi my tnh.
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Chut (my tnh): Phc v iu khin v lm vic vi my tnh. Card mng: S dng kt ni vi mng. Bo mch mng c th c tch hp sn trn bo mch ch hoc c cm vo cc khe PCI hoc ISA (vi cc h thng my tnh c trc kia). Modem: S dng kt ni vi Internet hoc mt my tnh t xa. Loa my tnh: Xut m thanh ra loa my tnh; Thit b ny kt ni trc tip vi cc bo mch ch c tch hp bo mch m thanh trn n. Trong trng hp khc n kt ni thng qua giao tip USB hoc bo mch m thanh ri. Webcam: S dng cho tn ngu trc tuyn, hi hp trc tuyn... My in: Dng trch xut vn bn, hnh nh ra giy. My qut: S dng s ho cc bc nh hoc vn bn.
CPU: y l b phn trung tm ca my tnh, ni x l cc tnh ton phc tp vi tc cao. Trong nhng nm gn y, tc pht trin ca CPU kh nhanh, nhiu loi CPU xut hin trn th trng vi tc x l ngy cng cao. Di y l hnh nh 1 vi CPU Pentium 4 quen thuc. CPU P4 socket 478: Dng CPU ny kh thng dng vo khong nhng nm 2003 2005. Hin ti khng cn xut hin nhiu trn th trng. Tc x l ca dng CPU ny khong 3G Hz.
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CPU P4 socket 775: Dng CPU xut hin sau P4 socket 478 vi tc x l cao hn.. Khi hot ng CPU loi ny ta nhiu nhit hn nn b phn tn nhit ca n cng to hn so vi P4 socket 478.
Vi cng ngh tch hp ngy cng cao, Intel cho ra i dng CPU Dual Core, Core2 Dual vi kh nng x l song song ngy cng mnh hn. Chipset: uc gn trn board mch chnh (mainboard) gi vai tr iu khin cc lung d liu. Chipset cu bc vn chuyn d liu ti DRAM, VGA v cc thit b IDE, SATA. Chip set cu nam vn chuyn d liu ti cc khe m rng PCI, card m thanh (Sound card), card mng, card SISI. Chipset cu bc v cu nam uc ni vi nhau bng 1 bus tc cao. Bus ny s quyt nh tc bus ca mainboard. Trn cc dng Intel mainboard 865 tc bus t 400MHz, trn cc dng 945 hay 965 tc bus c nng ln 533MHz.
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B nh: ROM: c tch hp sn trn mainboard, n cha chng trnh POST (Power On Self Test) kim tra cc thit b khi khi ng. Chng trnh trong ROM uc np lc sn xut v khng th xa. ROM ny cn c gi l ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System).
RAM: Chng trnh s c np t b nh ngoi vo RAM, sau mi c np vo b nh Cache. V vy tc v dung lng ca RAM c nh hng nhiu n tc my tnh. Theo cng ngh ch to, ram c chia thnh 2 loi l SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM (Dynamic RAM) hay cn gi l ram tnh v ram ng. RAM tnh c ch to theo cng ngh ECL (CMOS v BiCMOS). Mi bit nh gm c cc cng logic vi 6 transistor. Thng tin trong SRAM khi c in s khng b mt.
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RAM ng dng k thut MOS. Mi bit nh gm mt transistor v mt t in. Vic ghi nh d liu da vo vic duy tr in tch np vo t in. Vic lu gi thng tin trong bit nh ch l tm thi v t in s phng ht in tch np v nh vy phi lm ti b nh sau khong thi gian 2s. Vic lm ti c thc hin vi tt c cc nh trong b nh. Cng vic ny c thc hin t ng bi mt vi mch b nh.
Do tn thi gian lm ti li b nh nn DRAM chm nhng li r tin hn so vi SRAM. B nh cache ca my tnh l SRAM cn cc thanh RAM cm trn mainboard l DRAM.
Cc loi DRAM
1. SDRAM (Vit tt t Synchronous Dynamic RAM) c gi l DRAM ng b. SDRAM gm 3 phn loi: SDR, DDR, v DDR2. o SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate SDRAM), thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "SDR". C 168 chn. c dng trong cc my vi tnh c, bus speed chy cng vn tc vi clock speed ca memory chip, nay li thi. o DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM), thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "DDR". C 184 chn. DDR SDRAM l ci tin ca b nh SDR vi tc truyn ti gp i SDR nh vo vic truyn ti hai ln trong mt chu k b nh. c thay th bi DDR2. o DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM), Thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "DDR2". L th h th hai ca DDR vi 240 chn, li th ln nht ca n so vi DDR l c bus speed cao gp i clock speed. 2. RDRAM (Vit tt t Rambus Dynamic RAM), thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "Rambus". y l mt loi DRAM c thit k k thut hon ton mi so vi k thut SDRAM. RDRAM hot ng ng b theo mt h thng lp v truyn d liu theo mt hng. Mt knh b nh RDRAM c th h tr n 32 chip DRAM. Mi chip c ghp ni tun t trn mt module gi l RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module) nhng vic truyn d liu c thc hin gia
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cc mch iu khin v tng chip ring bit ch khng truyn gia cc chip vi nhau. Bus b nh RDRAM l ng dn lin tc i qua cc chip v module trn bus, mi module c cc chn vo v ra trn cc u i din. Do , nu cc khe cm khng cha RIMM s phi gn mt module lin tc m bo ng truyn c ni lin. Tc Rambus t t 400-800MHz Rambus tuy khng nhanh hn SDRAM l bao nhng li t hn rt nhiu nn c rt t ngi dng. RDRAM phi cm thnh cp v nhng khe trng phi cm nhng thanh RAM gi (cn gi l C-RIMM) cho .
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5. Lp rp my tnh
t Mainboard ln mt phng cch in. Ta c th dng ming soft trong hp mainboard lt pha di.
Lp CPU vo mainboard
Lp b phn tn nhit cho CPU
Lp RAM
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K tip, ta chun b Case lp mainboard vo. Gn b ngun v Back panel vo case Lp maiboard vo case Thit lp cng master hoc slave
Lp cp d liu v dy ngun cho cng
Lp cng vo case Tng t nh cng, ta lp CD vo case Trong my tnh, c cc lai card nh sound (nhp vo v cho ra d liu dng m thanh), video/graphics (nhp v xut d liu dng hnh nh), network (dnh cho vic ni mng LAN/Internet...). Hin nay nhiu mainboard tch hp sn cc loi card ny di dng chip. Nu mun nng cp chng v sau ny, ngi dng c th chn mua card ri. Ty theo chn ca card thuc dng no, bn cm vo khe tng ng.
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C 3 loi slot thng dng hin nay l AGP, PCI, ISA v PCI Express x16. AGP c mu nu, PCI mu trng v di hn AGP mt cht, cn ISA l slot en v di.
Nu mun nng cp card ha, bn chn loi card ph hp, chng hn nh loi card AGP v gn vo kheo AGP
Ngoi ra cn c 1 s card thng dng khc nh card mng, card usb,Tuy nhin cc loi mainboard mi hin nay u tch hp VGA, Sound, Lan v USB trn board. 164
Cm ngun cho my tnh v mn hnh
Cm dy tn hin cho mn hnh vo cng ca card ha v sit 2 c 2 bn
Gn bn phm v chut vo mainboard. Thng thng u v cm c mu gip ngi dng d phn bit chng.
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6. Ci t my tnh
a. Ci t h iu hnh Nguyn tc ci h iu hnh l phn vng a, format v cui cng l ci t. Bn c th s dng cc phn mm chia a nh Partition Magic Pro 8.0 ri sau dng a t h iu hnh ci t. y xin gii thiu tng bc chia a v ci t bng a Windows XP. u tin b a CD vo CD, khi ng my tnh v cho n boot t a CD ny. Bn nhn 1 phm bt k boot t a Windows XP.
Chng trnh s t ng kim tra cu hnh ca my tnh. Bn khng cn phi can thip g c
Sau khi kim tra xong cu hnh, my tnh s copy 1 s driver. Qu trnh ny din ra t ng, bn cng khng cn phi can thip.
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Sau khi copy xong, mn hnh sau s hin ln
Bn nhn Enter bt u ci t. Mn hnh v license sau y s hin ln
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Bn nhn F8 ng , mn hnh sau s hin ln v bn bt u chia a
Bn lm theo ch dn trn mn hnh, c 3 hng dn: Ci t Windons vo a c chn, nhn Enter To mi 1 partition, nhn C. Xa partition ang chn, nhn D. Khi mi lp rp my, my ca bn ch c 1 a duy nht. Bn nhn C chia nh ny ra, sau theo hng dn ca chng trnh, bn nhp dung lng v tr li mn hnh trn. Cho n khi bn nhn Enter vo a bn mun ci t h iu hnh th mn hnh di y s hin ln:
Bc ny bn chn nh dng cho a ci t h iu hnh. Dung lng ca cng hin nay l kh ln nn bn chn NTFS s hiu qu hn FAT32. C 2 kiu format tng ng vi mi nh dng l Quick Format v Normal Format, bn nn chn format kiu bnh thng. Sau khi chn kiu format, chng trnh s chy t ng, mn hnh sau s hin ln:
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Format xong, my tnh s copy 1 s file vo cng, v my tnh s khi ng li. Khi khi ng li, mn hnh u tin s xut hin li, hi bn c mun boot t CD hay khng. Lc ny bn khng cn phi boot t CD na, bn c cho my tnh chy t ng v khng cn thao tc g. My tnh s t ng ci Win trong khong 20-30 pht
Khi ti bc Install Windows, s ti phn thit lp cc thng s cho h iu hnh, mn hnh sau y s hin ln, yu cu bn chn ngn ng. Bn nn ch mc nh v chn Next:
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in 1 s thng tin khc, v chn Next
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Tip theo l nhp CD_Key, bn nhp vo 25 k t ghi trn a CD v bm Next. Lu l cc k t u l in hoa.
t tn cho my tnh ca bn v thit lp mt khu nu bn thy cn thit:
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Thit lp gi hin hnh, Vit Nam l GMT+7
Cc mn hnh tip theo, bn c theo ch mc nh ca Windows v chn Next:
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Bc tip theo l chnh phn gii cho mn hnh, bn chn OK, phn gii ny bn c th chnh li sau khi ci t Windows xong
Khi ci t xong, my tnh s khi ng li ln th 3, khi khi ng Windows ln u tin sau khi ci t, mn hnh sau y s hin ln, bn chn Next tip tc
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Tip theo l ch t ng Update ca Windows, cc a trn th trng a s l bn Crack, bn nn tt ch ny bng cch chn Not right now, nhn Next tip tc:
Mn hnh sau y s hin ln, bn nhp thng tin cc user nu cn thit v nhn Next. Bn cng c th khng nhp g mn hnh ny v nhn Next tip tc:
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Mn hnh sau hin ln, thng bo l hon tt vic ci t h iu hnh. By gi bn c th ci t driver cho cc thit b v cc ng dng ca bn.
b. Ci t driver cho cc thit b
u tin l ci t driver cho cc thit b onboard. Khi mua mainboard, s c 1 a CD i km, bn b a CD ny vo, chng trnh ci t driver s t ng chy. Trong qu trnh ci t, my tnh s t ng Restart nhiu ln. Cc driver onboard thng dng hin nay l mn hnh, sound v lan. Nu bn c cc thit b phn cng gn ri khc, cng s c 1 a CD i km. Khi b a ny vo n cng s t ng ci t. Tuy nhin bn cng c th ci t bng tay theo hng dn di y
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Chn tab Hardware v chn Device Manager
Thit b no cha c driver s hin ln mu vng, bn click chut phi vo v chn Update Driver. Mt ca s khc hin ln v bn chn Not this time ri bm Next
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Chn ch ci t t ng v bm Next
H iu hnh s tm kim driver trong a CD
Khi tm thy driver bn bm Next v ch cho n khi ci t xong. Thng thng bn phi restart li my mi khi ci t driver cho 1 thit b. c. Ci t ng dng Ty theo nhu cu ca ngi dng, m bn s ci nhng ng dng khc nhau. Vic ci 1 ng dng cng ging nh ci t driver. Khi b a CD vo my, chng trnh ci s t ng ci t. Bn cng c th double click vo file setup ca ng dng, thng thng l file setup.exe. Bn theo di nhng hng dn trn mn hnh hon tt vic ci t. Bn cnh , trong a CD thng s c file hng dn, nh Readme.txt, bn nn c cc file ny trc khi tin hnh ci t.
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7. Ci t mng
a. Ci t v cu hnh modem ADSL Thng dng trn th trng c 1 s loi modem nh SpeedStream, ZOOM ADSL, Cch ci t ca cc modem ny tng t nhau, di y ti xin ly v d v cch ci t modem Speedtouch 530. C hai cch gn modem SpeedTouch 530: Cch th nht: Gn qua cng USB vo my tnh ca bn
Cch th hai: Gn qua cng RJ45 vo Hub/Switch
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Ci t kt ni cho Modem Speedtouch 530

Bc 1: Cm dy cable USB t modem SpeedTouch 530 vo my tnh (hoc cm dy cable mng u RJ45 t modem vo Hub/Switch), cm dy ngun v bt ngun modem SpeedTouch 530 ln sau kim tra n tn hiu ngun. Bc 2: Cm u dy ADSL vo cng RJ11 ca modem SpeedTouch 530 v kim tra n tn hiu DSL/Wan. Bc 3: t a CD-Rom km theo vo a CD-Rom, mc nhin s chy tp tin autorun, mt trnh n xut hin. Nu my tnh ca bn khng autorun CD-Rom, bn vo My Computer v nhp p vo biu tng a CD-Rom v chy tp tin menu.exe s xut hin mt trnh n, k n bn nhp vo menu SpeedTouch Setup.
Bc 4: Ca s Welcome to the SpeedTouch Setup Wizard xut hin nhp vo nt Next tip tc.
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Bc 5: ca s Software License Agreement for SpeedTouch Setup Wizard hin ln nhp vo nt Yes ng .
Bc 6: Ca s SpeedTouch Detection xut hin, qu trnh ci t s kim tra v tm kim modem. Nu bn ci t driver modem SpeedTouch 530, qu trnh ci t s tip tc sang bc 7. Nu bn cha ci driver modem, my tnh s yu cu bn ch ng dn driver modem SpeedTouch 530 ci t driver.
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Bc 7: Sau khi tm ra Modem SpeedTouch 530, ca s Detected Device xut hin thng bo v Modem SpeedTouch 530. Nu bn c nhiu modem ADSL gn trong mng LAN qu trnh ci t s yu cu bn chn mt trong nhng modem tm c. Tip bn nhp vo nt Next tip tc ci t.
Bc 8: Ca s Service Provider xut hin. Ti Provider, chn Advanced; ti Service, chn Routed PPP DHCP - NAT, sau nhp vo nt Next.
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Bc 9: Lc ny s hin ln mt mn hnh v mt danh sch VPI/VCI, mc nhin l 8/35. bn cn thay i thng s ny sang 0/35. Ch : Nu bn s dng ADSL ti cc tnh th VPI: 0 v VCI: 32. Bn nhn vo nt Next tip tc.
Bc 10: Mn hnh PPP Service xut hin. Ti PPP type chn pppoe, ti Encapsulation chn llc, ti User Name v Password nhp User Name v Password ca nh cung cp dch v ADSL cp cho bn. tip tc ci t bn hy nhp vo nt Next.
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Bc 11: Mn hnh SpeedTouch security xut hin yu cu bn nhp User Name v Password cho Modem SpeedTouch 530. y l ti khon do t t vo cu hnh modem. Bn nn t User Name v Password cho ring bn. tip tc ci t nhp vo nt Next.
Bc 12: Mn hnh Start configurating hin ln cho bn xem cu hnh ca Modem v my tnh, bn nhp vo nt Next tip tc ci t.
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Bc 13: Ch cho qu trnh ci t ghi li cu hnh vo modem SpeedTouch 530 v sau nhp vo nt Next.
Bc 14: Bn nhp vo nt Finish hon tt qu trnh ci t, sn sng kt ni vo Internet.
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Kim tra v sa li cu hnh Modem SpeedTouch 530

M trnh duyt web v g a ch: http://10.0.0.138. Nhp vo menu Basic v chn System Info, ti Diagnostic nu phn Test v Result hin ln du (v) th bo hiu Modem tt, nu mt trong 3 phn Test cho ra Result (x) th bn nn kim tra li. Test System test self Result V X V Din gii Modem kim tra thit b tt Modem kim tra thit b, b li C ni vi mng LAN hoc cng USB kim tra tt Cha gn vo cng USB hoc mng LAN hoc cng USB/LAN, b li. cm line ADSL v sn sng kt ni Internet Line ADSL b li hoc bn cha cm line ADSL hoc bn cha ng k ADSL.
Lan (Ethernet or USB)
X V DSL X
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Xem tnh trng kt ni v thay i Username, Password

Kch chut vo Basic v chn menu Connect, bn s thy User v Password. Bn bn trn thy Link l connected v State l up (Xem hnh 5.17), iu ny c ngha l bn ang kt ni vi Internet. Nu bn mun thay i User Name v Password kt ni Internet, bn nhp vo nt Disconnect. Lc ny ti State s l down v nt Disconnect s l Connect. Bn nhp User Name v Password mi, sau nhp vo nt Connect v quan st State nu hin ln up th User Name v Password mi c hiu lc cn nu l down th bn thc hin li hoc gi nh cung cp dch v yu cu h tr. Sau khi thao tc xong bn ng qun nhp vo nt Save ALL gc tri ca mn hnh cu hnh Router lu li cu hnh mi cho Router.
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Thay i Password cho Modem

Kch chut vo Basic v chn menu System Password (Xem hnh 5.18). Bn nhp Password mi v nhp mt ln na xc nhn sau nhn nt Apply. K n bn nhp vo nt Save ALL ghi li cu hnh.
Cch ci t cc modem khc cng tng t nh trn, bn c th tham kho ti trang web http://unix.webproxy.vnn.vn/hoidapvnn/config_modem_adsl.php#_Toc112214454 b. Cch bm dy mng RJ45 Trong mng LAN thng thng ngi ta s dng cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable) hoc cp xon khng bc UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair). Loi cp ng trc hin li thi do tc thp (10 Mbps) v hin nay rt t ni cn s dng. Cp xon UTP li c chia ra lm nhiu tiu ch (CAT - Category) khc nhau, nhng ph bin nht trong mng LAN l 2 loi CAT-5 v CAT-6 (100Mbps v 1000Mbps).
CAT-5 gm c 4 cp dy = 8 dy vi cc mu xanh dng, trng - xanh dng, da cam, trng - da cam, xanh l cy, trng - xanh l cy, nu, trng - nu. C 2 dy c mu ging nhau c xon thnh 1 cp v 4 cp ny li c xon vi nhau v xon vi 1 si dy nylon chu lc ko, bn ngoi c bc bng v nha. Cp UTP i vi u ni RJ-45 (RJ - Registered Jack), RJ-45 bng nha cng trong sut c 8 chn bng ng, khi a u dy vo ri dng km bm dy bm th 8 chn ny s ghim vo 8 si dy CAT-5.
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C 2 chun bm dy c s dng l T568A v T568B. Hnh v sau m t th t cc dy c sp xp khi ta nga u RJ-45 (pha c cc chn tip xc) v nhn t tri qua phi.
Thng thng, khi bm dy ni t PC vo HUB ta c th bm c 2 u dy vi cng 1 chun: cng l T568A hoc cng T568B. Lc ny ta c dy cp thng (Straight Through).
Khi bm dy ni t PC n PC (trng hp ch c 2 my tnh) hoc t HUB/SWITCH vo HUB/SWITCH (dy link trong trng hp mun ni 2 HUB/SWITCH li vi nhau) ta bm 1 u dy theo chun T568A cn u kia theo chun T568B. y gi l dy cp cho (Cross Over)
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Nh cc bn thy ch c 4 dy trong s 8 si dy c s dng l 1, 2, 3, 6 tng ng vi 4 dy tn hiu TX+, TX- (TX - Transmit), RX+, RX- (RX - Receive) ca card mng (NIC - Network Interface Card).
8. Cc s c khi ci t h iu hnh
a. Li khng chp c file Li ny thng c thng bo kiu nh l The file isapnp.sys is corrupted. Press any key to continue. Khi gp li ny nguyn nhn ln nht l a CD ca bn b li file ny. Bn nn ly ra lao chi a CD hoc thay bng 1 a CD khc chp li file ny, khng nn chn Ignore, v nh vy h iu hnh s khng n nh. Nguyn nhn cng c th n t ngi bn a CD, chng trnh chp v a CD b li t trc. Nguyn nhn th 2 l CD ca bn c khng tt, bn nn thay CD nu nh ca bn c. Nguyn nhn th 3, l HDD b li. b. Li mn hnh xanh Li ny xut hin do li v vng nh, c th l RAM hoc HDD h cng c th gy ra li ny. Bn c th kim tra li RAM nh phn 8.2 v cui cng l HDD. c. Li do khng load c driver Sau khi kim tra cu hnh my, s ti bc load driver cho thit b, nu a ci t h iu hnh ca bn c, n c th thiu driver cho 1 s thit b sau ny, chng hn nh cng SATAII, bn nn chn mua a CD phin bn mi nht. Tuy nhin li ny t khi xy ra.
189
9. Cc thng s k thut quan trng khi chn la PC

a. Mainboard Mainboard l b phn quan trng nht ca my tnh. Vic la chn mainboard c nh hng ln n sc mnh ca my tnh. V tt c cc thit b khc ca my tnh u kt ni vi mainboard, nn thng s k thut ca chng phi tng thch vi mainboard. Cc thng s v mainboard bao gm thng tin v CPU, b nh, audio, video, lan,cc slot m rng v cc khe cm ngoi vi khc. V d v thng tin ca mainboard Intel BOXDG31PR Thng tin v CPU
Processor

Support for an 130HIntel Core2 Quad processor (95 W TDP) in an LGA775 socket with an 1066 MHz system bus Support for an 131HIntel Core2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with an 1333, 1066 or 800 MHz system bus Support for an 132HIntel Pentium Dual-Core processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus Support for an 133HIntel Celeron 400 sequence processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 MHz system bus
Mainboard ny h tr 4 loi CPU CPU Core 2 Quad (cn gi l Quad core) vi bus 1066MHz, socket loi 775. CPU Core 2 Duo vi 3 loi bus l 1333MHz, 1066MHz v 800MHz, socket 775. CPU Dual Core, bus 800MHz, socket 775. CPU dng Celeron 400 socket 775, bus 800MHz. Tc ca my tnh ph thuc ln vo s tng thch gia CPU v Mainboard. Tc ca CPU v tc bus ca Mainboard cng cao th tc my tnh cng nhanh. Thng thng vi cu hnh CPU Core2 Duo bus 1066MHz l 1 cu hnh tt i vi mainboard loi ny. Dng CPU hin c ngi dng a chung l Core Dual v Core 2 Duo. Dng CPU Solo core hin ti t thy trn th trng. Dng Quad Core l dng mi nht, mnh nht trong cc dng CPU nhng gi thnh ca n kh cao. Khi chn main ta nn chn main no c h tr CPU Core2 Duo v Dual Core. Thng tin v b nh
190
Memory

Two 240-pin 134HDDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets Support for DDR2 800 MHz or DDR2 667 MHz DIMMs Support for up to 4 GB of system memory
Mainboard ny c 2 khe cm ram DDR2, thch hp cho Ram bus 800MHz v 667MHz v dung lng RAM ti a l 4GB. i vi dng khe Ram Dual Inline, my tnh s hot ng hiu qu hn vi 2 thanh Ram cng bus, cng dung lng v cng nh sn xut. DDR2 hin ang l loi RAM ph bin, so vi DDR c cng dung lng v tc bus n r hn. Hin ti trn th trng c loi RAM mi l DDR3. d nng cp sau ny, ta nn chn nhng main c h tr DDR2 tr ln. Thng tin v Audio, VGA v LAN
Audio 135HIntel High Definition Audio subsystem with 6-channel (5.1) audio subsystem using the Realtek* ALC888 audio codec. Video Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 3100 onboard graphics subsystem I/O control Legacy I/O controller for diskette drive, serial header, and PS/2* ports LAN support Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Realtek* RTL8111-GR Gigabit Ethernet Controller Peripheral interfaces
Sound, VGA v Lan u c tnh hp sn trn board. Hu ht cc board trn th trng u tch hp sn b VGA/Sound/Lan onboard. Tuy nhin ngi dng vn c th nng cp cc thnh phn ny bng cc loi card m rng. i vi board v d trn, Sound 5.1 s dng b gii m (codec) Realtek, VGA dng chip Intel VGA 3100 v LAN c iu khin bi Ethernet Controller RTL8111-GR. Thng tin v cc khe cm

Eight 136HUSB 2.0 ports Four 137HSerial ATA IDE interfaces One Parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA66/100/133 support One serial port header One diskette drive interface PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports
191
Thng tin quan trng l cc khe cm dnh cho HDD. Board ny c 4 khe SATA (Serial ATA) c th dnh cho cc cng loi SATA. Mainboard ny ch c 1 khe ATA IDE (cn gi l khe IDE) dnh cho cng loi IDE. Trn th trng hin nay, cc cng loi SATA chim a s so vi cng IDE. V vy, khe IDE trn mainboard s c dnh cho CD, cng s cm vo cc khe SATA. Mainboard c 8 port USB, 1 cng COM v port PS/2 cho bn phm v chut. Mainboard ny cn c khe cm h tr cho a mm FDD. Thng tin v cc card m rng
Expansion capabilities

Two PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connectors One 138HPCI Express* x1 bus add-in card connectors One PCI Express x16 bus add-in card connectors
Mainboard ny c 2 slot PCI, 1 slot PCI Express x1 v 1 slot PCI Express x16 v khng c slot AGP. V vy ngi dng mun nng cp, thng thng l card ha, th phi chn loi card PCI Express. Ngi dng lm nhiu v lnh vc ha v game th y l thng tin quan trng d nng cp card ha sau ny. b. CPU Sau khi chn xong mainboard, tip theo ta s chn CPU. Da vo cu hnh ca mainboard h tr, ta s chn CPU tng thch vi mainboard. Thng s k thut quan trng ca CPU l tc x l, tc bus v dung lng ca b nh Cache. Chng hn ta chn CPU INTEL Core2 Duo - E4700 socket 775 Tc x l CPU Speed: 2.60 GHz. Tc bus Bus Speed: 800 MHz. Ta phi chn tc bus ca CPU m mainboard h tr, cn tc ca CPU cng cao th my tnh hot ng cng nhanh. Bn cnh , dung lng ca b nh cache cng nh hng kh ln n tc cng nh hiu sut hot ng ca CPU. i vi CPU E4700 th thng tin v Cache l: L2 Cache Size: 2 MB. L2 Cache Speed: 2.6GHz. CPU l c 2 level Cache, L1 v L2. y nh sn xut ch ghi dung lng ca L2 Cache l 2MB. a s cc CPU hin ti u l CPU 2 level cache. Dung lng ca b nh cache trong CPU c th ln ti 4MB nhng gi thnh ca CPU loi ny cng s rt cao. Thng thng ta chn b nh cache 2 level vi tng dung lng 1M 2M l va. c. B nh RAM Khi chn b nh cho main, ta cn lu xem main h tr loi b nh no, SDRAM, DDR, DDR2 hay DDR3. Loi Ram ph bin v gi thnh hp l hin nay 192
l DDR2. Hu ht cc main u c h tr cho Ram loi DDR2. Tip theo ta chn bus ca RAM tng thch vi bus m main h tr cho Ram. Nh v d trn, Mainboard Intel BOXDG31PR h tr DDR2 bus 667MHz hoc 800MHz. Tip theo l chn dung lng cho b nh Ram. Nu xi h iu hnh Windows XP ta nn chn dung lng khong 256MB tr ln, v khi khi ng XP cn 128MB Ram. i vi h iu hnh Windows Vista ta nn chn dung lng 1G tr ln. H iu hnh Vista c giao din kh bt mt v ha, nn khi hot ng cn ti 512MB Ram. Vi dung lng t hn, my tnh vn hot ng bnh thng nhng vi tc chm hn nhiu. Cui cng l chn mua bao nhiu thanh RAM. i vi cc kin trc CPU v mainboard hin nay l h tr mnh cho x l song song nn ta thng chn s lng RAM l 1, 2 hoc 4 thanh RAM v cc thanh RAM ny phi ging nhau v dung lng, tc bus, cng 1 dng v cng 1 hiu. Ty vo s khe cm RAM trn mainboard v kh nng nng cp trong tng lai m ta chn s lng RAM cho thch hp. Vi main Intel BOXDG31PR ch c 2 khe RAM th ta nn chn 1 thanh RAM tin cho nng cp sau ny. Chng hn nh s ci h iu hnh Windows XP, ta chn RAM 256MB bus 667MHz ca KingMax hoc Kington, l 2 nhn hiu kh ni ting v RAM. d. a cng HDD Khi chn cng, cn lu v khe cm cng m mainboard h tr. HDD thng dng trn th trng hiu ny l HDD Sata. Dung lng ca HDD ty thuc vo ngi s dng, thng thng l 80G 250G. Cc nhn hin cng c ngi dng a chung c SEAGATE, SAMSUNG v WESTERN. e. Monitor i vi monitor, c 3 thng s k thut quan trng l phn gii, tng phn v thi gian p ng. ngha cc thng s nh sau: phn gii: l s im nh (pixel) trn mn hnh, thng c ghi di dng di x rng, chng hn nh 1024x768 s c 1024 pixel theo chiu di v 768 pixel theo chiu rng. Mn hnh c phn gii cng cao, kch thc tnh theo inch ca mn hnh s cng ln. Mn hnh 15inch thng c phn gii 1024x768 cn mn hnh 17inch l 1280x1024. tng phn: tng phn cng cao th hnh nh nhn s cng r, thng s ny thng c ghi di dng nh 400:1. Thi gian p ng: L thi gian gia 2 ln qut mn hnh. Thi gian ny cng nh th hnh nh cng sc nt v t nhin. Mn hnh CRT do khng tt cho mt, chim khng gian v tn in nn hin ti khng cn ph bin bng cc loi mn hnh LCD. Mn hnh LCD vi khe cm DVI h tr kh tt cho cc ng dng ha vi phn gii cao v thi gian p ng thp (khong 5ms). f. Case v b ngun Cc b phn quan trng ca my tnh s c c nh trong case. Bn cnh , nhim v kh quan trng ca case l tn nhit cho my tnh. Nn chn case vi kch 193
thc va phi, khng nn chn case qu nh. t case ni thong c th tn nhit tt cho CPU. Ngun cho cc mainboard hin ti u l ngun ATX. Ta nn chn ngun c cng sut khong 450MW tr ln my tnh hot ng n nh. Cc main hin ti a s l c 24 chn cm ngun nn ta cng cn lu thng tin ny chn ngun cho thch hp. Bn cnh cu lu xem b ngun c sn u cm ngun cho cng SATA hay cha, nu bn chn mua cng loi SATA.
10. Cc s c trong hot ng ca my tnh

a. Bt ngun, CPU chy nhng khng thy mn hnh hin ln c th t sa cha my tnh ti nh, bn nht thit phi lm cho mn hnh hin thng tin ln. Khi b ri vo trng hp ny, m mainboard pht ln tip bp lin tc l do lng Ram. Bn nn kim tra li Ram. Nu khng c ting bip do lng ram, bn kim tra li dy ngun cho mn hnh, kim tra cng tc mn hnh bt ln hay cha. Mn hnh no cng c 1 n nh bo hiu l c ngun. n ny sng bo hiu l c ngun. Tip theo bn kim tra dy tn hin cho mn hnh, gn cht hay cha. Khi bn rt dy tn hiu mn hnh ra khi case, s c thng bo hin ln mn hnh l No signal input, cm dy tn hiu ny vo case m khng thy thng bo ny tc l bn cm ng dy tn hiu mn hnh. Nu n y mn hnh vn khng hin ln, th kh nng ln nht nm card mn hnh VGA. a s cc mainboard u c card onboard, nn nu bn ang s dng card ri th hy chuyn qua card onboard kim tra. Card onboard trn mainboard thng rt kh h. Nu card onboard hot ng tt th bn cn cm li card ri. Khi chuyn sang cm bng card onboard m mn hnh vn cha c tn hiu, bn nn kim tra li Ram. Ram ca bn c cm vo slot, nhng c th do bm bi, hoc chn tip xc ca Ram khng tt cng gy ra tnh trng ny. Th thut ngi ta thng dng l ly gm ty chn ca Ram cho sch ri gn li. b. ang hot ng, my tnh xut hin mn hnh xanh Mn hnh xanh xut hin thng bo li vng nh Ram. C 2 nguyn nhn c th dn n tnh trng ny. Mt l Ram ca bn b li (Dump memory). Nu my ca bn dng hn 1 thanh Ram, hy tho tng thanh ra. Thng thng thanh bn mi mua l nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng ny. Khi Ram hot ng n thng rt n nh. Bn cng c th tho ht Ram v ch gn li 1 thanh trn mainboard, kim tra xem thanh Ram no b li v ti tim bn hng bo hnh hoc i li Ram khc. Nguyn nhn th 2 l do xung t gia Ram v Mainboard, bus khc nhau, nhn hiu khc nhau u c th dn n tnh trng ny. Khi nng cp Ram bn nn tm mua thanh Ram y ht nh thanh Ram ang c trong my ca bn. i vi cc dng my c s dng SDRAM, th ch cn ging bus l c. Nu bn chn mua thanh Ram khc bus th chn Ram c 2 mt chp. Ram 2 mt chp s t kn hn. c. My tnh t ng restart Nguyn nhn chnh dn ti tnh trng ny nhiu kh nng l do CPU qu nng, n t ng restart. Bn nn case ni thong mt v kim tra li qut ca ngun v 194
qut ca CPU cn hot ng hay khng. Phi m bo l qut ca ngun v CPU u hot ng, nu 1 trong 2 khng hot ng my tnh s restart lin tc, v lng nhit ta ra khi my tnh hot ng l kh ln. Bn cnh cn c th do virus gy ra, khi khi ng li bn chy ch Safe Mode (nhn F8) dit virus ny. d. Ci t gia chng th ng my Li ny xut hin l do 1 thit b trong my ca bn h hoc trng thi chp chn. Gp li ny bn nn tho nhng thit b khng cn thit khi ci h iu hnh nh card mng, a mm, v ch gi li CD, a cng v Ram khi ci t.
III.
Yu cu bi thc hnh
Thit b ngoi vi CPU Memory Mother Board
1. Sinh vin tin hnh nhn dng linh kin my tnh:
2. Lp rp cc b phn ri ca mt my tnh c mt my tnh hon thin 3. Sinh vin thc hnh ci t Ci t my tnh Ci t driver cho my tnh Ci t cc phn mm thng dng Ci t mng Nhn dng cp mng thng v cho
IV.
Cc ch khi thc hnh
1. Thc hin chm ri, cn thn trnh lm hng thit b 2. Tin hnh tun t tng bc theo ng s hng dn ca cn b ging dy
V.
Cch nh gi
Nhn dng ng thit b Lp rp ng, khng lm hng hay mt linh kin Ci t tt h iu hnh v cc phn mm lin quan H s im ca bi thc hnh: 20%
195
TI LIU THAM KHO _Ti liu T chc v cu trc my tnh TS. Phm Tng Hi _Hng dn Thc tp in t A Ng Tn Nhn _Th nghim Thit k h thng s - Phan nh Mi, on Minh Vng _Trang web: http://www.wikipedia.org _Trang web: http://www.cadence.com/orcad _Trang web: http://www.hocnghe.com.vn/dientucoban
196

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Thc tp phn cng my tnh

THC TP PHN CNG MY TNH

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

CHNG 1: HN LINH KIN IN T BI 1: XI CH DY NG

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

Phng php thc hin

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

2. Phng php hn ni:

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

BI 2: HN IN TR, T IN, BN DN, IC

Gii thiu linh kin

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT

Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh

Thc tp phn cng my tnh

BI 3: HN LINH KIN SMD

Phng php thc hin

1. Gii thiu Cng ngh SMD (Surface-mount devices):

Board mch SMD

B mn KTMT - Khoa hc & KTMT