H v tn : ng Vn Tng Lp Nhm : 50CBTS : 2 Ch : NHNG BIN I THNH PHN HA HC TM S 1/ M U: Vit Nam ngun nguyn liu thy sn rt di do v c quanh nm.

nm. Ngoi ngun c, ta cn c ngun c sn qu chim 20% nh: tm, cua, ln, san h, Thnh phn ha hc ca tm c ngha ln v mt dinh dng, quyt nh gi tr thc phm ca tm. Thnh phn ha hc ca tm nguyn liu quan h mt thit vi thnh phn thc n v nhng bin i v sinh l ca tm. S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca tm s v s bin i ca chng nh hng n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, n vic bo qun ti nguyn liu v qu trnh ch bin 2/ Thnh phn ha hc ca tm s: a/ Thnh phn ha hc c bn: Cc s liu thc nghim v thnh phn ha hc c bn ca tm s c trnh Bng 1 : Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca tm s nguyn liu

Vitamine Nc (%) Protein th (%) Lipit (%) Tro (%) nhmA, B , C (mg% 170 0,045 (165,7 173,4)

75,22 0,55

21,04 0,48

1,83 0,06 (1,62 2,12)

1,91 0,05 (1,91 2,21)

(72,31 77,29) (19,25 23,45)

Nhn xt: So vi mt vi loi tm khc, tm s c hm lng protein th thuc loi cao, tng ng vi tm he trng (Penaeus setiferus), tm he vng (P. aztecus) v cao hn nhiu so vi mt s loi tm khc Chu .

Trong khi hm lng nc tng i thp v hm lng lipit cao hn rt nhiu. b/ Thnh phn mt s cht khong :Kt qu xc nh hm lng mt s cht khong trong tht tm s c trnh by bng 2. Hm lng cc nguyn t(ppm) S TT Nguyn t Tm s c ln 72,1 0,14 5,70 15,50 3686 490 830 0,43 1,6 Tm s c trung bnh 61 0,27 4,85 19,80 3315 450 750 0,52 1,65 Tm s c nh 60 0,74 4,90 13,50 2877 430 950 0,61 1,15 Gi tr trung bnh chung 64,33 0,38 5,15 16,27 3293 456 843,33 0,52 1,47

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nhn xt:

Ca Cd Cu Fe K Mg Na Pb Zn

Kt qu thu c cho thy tm l ngun giu cht khong, trong c tht tm cha rt nhiu nguyn t kim loi vi lng v a lng c gi tr dinh dng. Nhng nguyn t c nhiu trong tm l K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe vi hm lng bin thin t vi nghn n vi chc ppm. Tm cng l ngun qu v Fe, Cu v Ca, tuy hm lng Ca c trong tm ch yu tp trung v. Hm lng Na trong tht tm so vi mt s thy sn khc nhn chung tng i nhiu. Ngoi ra, trong c tht tm s cng c cha c nguyn t c hi nh Cd, Zn v Pb nhng vi lng rt t nn khng nh hng ln.

c/ Cc cht trch ly cha nit phi protein:

Acid amin

proline

arginine

lysine

alanine

glycine

axit glutami c

63,9% 18,5% 14,6% 10,8% 8,7% 8,1% 7,7% 3/ Nhng bin i thnh phn ha hc c trng ca tm s, nh hng ca chng n cht lng nguyn liu v bin php kim sot s nh hng : Ngay sau khi tm cht ,c ch bo v t nhin ca tm ngng hot ng. Hng lot cc bin i xy ra trong tm do hot ng ca enzyme,vi sinh vt v cc phn ng ha hc . S bin i ca cc thnh phn ha hc s nh hng n tnh cht nguyn liu nh mi v,trng thi cu trc,s h hng sau thu hoch. a/Bin i c trng ca tm s l hin tng bin en nh sau : tm s c enzyme polyphenoloxidaza, enzyme ny ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh thay v ca tm, nhng sau khi tm cht n li gy s bin i l gy bin en tm

Monophenol(khng mu)

polyphenoloxydaza + O2
Phc hp melanin (mu nu)

Cc axit amin,cc protein

nh hng ti cht lng nguyn liu :

Hin tng bin en lm gim gi tr cm quan tm, do khng p ng tiu chun ch bin cc sn phm xut khu , tuy nhin vn c th s dng tm loi ny bnh thng.

 Bin php kim sot : Kim sot s bin i ca tm bng cch ngn cn s xy ra phn ng trn c th s dng cc bin php sau : Bo qun tm bng xay hoc vy trong thng cch nhit Hn ch s tip xc vi oxi khng kh

Duy tr nhit bo qun 00C S dng them cc hp cht chng oxi ha ( natrimetabisunfit, vitamin C.)

b/ S bin i sc t ca tm: Qu trnh bin ca tm xy ra khi tm ti gia nhit, tm c bo qun trong mi trng acid hoc khi ngm tm trong ru. C ch ca s bin i xy ra nh sau: Trong v v tht ca tm ti c cha astaxanthin c mu xanh tm, cht ny to phc vi protein. Trong iu kin nht nh astaxanthin b tch ra v b oxi ho thnh astanxin mu gch.

nh hng ti cht lng :

Vi tm lu khong 8-12h sau khi nh bt nhit 30-400C, di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt nh: Pseudomonas, lactobacillus, Coryneformes astaxanthin s b tch ra khi tm v b oxi ho lm cho tm b bin . i km qu trnh ny l s phn gii ca protein gy nn qu trnh thi ra. Hin tng bin lm gim gi dinh dng tm, khng p ng tiu chun ch bin cc sn phm xut khu . Bin php kim sot : Sau khi tm s c nh bt ln nhit 30-400C th :

Bo qun tm bng xay hoc vy v duy tr nhit bo qun 00C Khng tm s ngoi nhit 30-400C qu 8 12h

Hn ch tip xc vi oxi khng kh trnh phn ng oxi ha xy ra. c/ S oxi ho lipit v thy phn lipit: Qa trnh thy phn lipit to ra glycerin + axit bo t do c bit l axit butyric. Qu trnh oxi ha lipit sinh ra cc andehyt,axeton. nh hng ti cht lng: S oxi ha v thy phn lipit: S dn n s hnh thnh cc hp cht c mi kh chu,hi thi,lm mt gi tr cm quan cng nh dinh dng ca sn phm Bin php kim sot: d/ Bin i do vi sinh vt: Hot ng ca vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn quan trng nht gy ra s h hng tm. Vi sinh vt c mt tm t 2 ngun : Vi sinh vt c sn trong tm khi cn sng :trn v ,chn ,trong mang,v trong ni tng. Vi sinh vt ly nhim t bn ngoi vo tm trong qu trnh thu hoch ,s ch ,bo qun v ch bin :t khng kh ,t ,nc ,b mt tip xc vi tm v thit b ch bin. Khi bn trong tht tm ,vi khun sinh si pht trin v s dng cc cht trong c tht lm ngun dinh dng cho qu trnh trao i cht ca chng. nh hng ti cht lng:

Hot ng ca enzym lm sinh ra hng lot hp cht bay hi c mi kh chu nh ammoniac, indol,skatol...Ngoi ra ,tm cn bi long u gin t ,mm tht ,bin mu dn n s gim cht lng ca tm Bin php kim sot : Lnh ng nhit -10 C n -20C. nhit di -180C vi sinh vt khng hot ng c. Gi nhit thp: nhm c ch enzyme, v i khun nm men v nm mc Tm ra khi mt nc cn c bo qun nhanh e/ Bin i Protein: Tm s cng l ngun giu protein chim 19,25 23,45%, cc protein ca tm s cha nhiu acid amin khng thay th c gi tr dinh dng cao. Di s tc ng ca cc yu t vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, trong qu trnh thy phn v phn gii protein din ra nhanh v d dng c bit di tc dng ca emzym proteaza to thnh cc acid amin nh hng n cht lng protein: Gim gi tr dinh dng v cm quan v th cn phi c bin php trnh nhng bin i ny Bin php kim sot Bo qun sng n ni tiu th Gi nguyn liu nhit thp . hn ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt ngi ta cn dng: N2 CO2 vi nng cao Ozon ha Bao gi chn khng Protein bin tnh khng thun nghch s c hi. Do cn ng nhanh, bo qun thi gian hp l, nhit kho bo qun phi n nh, thc phm c phi trn gia v gi nc v m bng bao gi Bin i glucid: ch yu l s phn gii glycogen Sau khi tm cht th glycogen trong c th dn dn b phn gii : (C6H10O5)n + (glycogen) nh hng ti cht lng: Hm lng glycogen trong tm thp khong nh hn 0,5% nn sau khi phn gii lm cho c tht ca PH ca c tht gim xung lm cho kh nng ht nc ca c nH2O 2n C3H6O3 ( acid lactic)

tht tm gim l mi trng thun li cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm bin i cht lng ca sn phm Bin php kim sot

g/ Bin i hm lng nc Sau khi r ng, hm lng nc trong tt c cc mu u gim. Thi gian tr ng cng di, hm lng nc gim cng nhiu. iu ny lin quan cht ch ti s gim trng lng ca cc sn phm ng lnh. h/ Bin i hm lng vitamin : D b oxi ha bi cc acid bo cha no ca lipid di tc ng ca yu t mi trng, VTM A bin i v mt hot tnh sinh l ca n v ph thuc vo: Dng t do hay kt hp

Nhit v lng oxi ha

Nng pH mi trng Hm lng oxi nh sng Bin php kim sot : Cn bo qun trong iu kin nhit thp, khng c khng kh. Thng bo qun trong chai l c mu nu. Nhit v lng oxi ha i/ Bin i ca cht khong in hnh Sunfua: Ph bin trong tht cc loi hi sn. nht l tm Tn ti dng hp cht hu c sunfua ha tan. Hm lng nh hng n mu sc sn phm. ng C nhiu trong tm, cua, hu L cht xc tc to thnh hemoglobin Bin php kim sot: Trnh tip xc yu t mi trng. Tm ra khi mt nc cn c bo qun nhanh. C th s dng cc ha cht: tetracycline,

 oromycine. Cn loi b cc tp cht, ra sch sn phm trc khi ch bin v bo qun

3/ Kt lun: Vic bo qun v ch bin nguyn liu thy sn lmt chui cng ngh phc tp. Phi cn nhc la chn nhng bin php thch hpnht lm gim s tn tht v bin i ca ccthnh phn ha hc.