Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a).[ Na+] = 0,4/0,4 = 1(M) ; [Ca2+] = 0,1/0,4 = 0,25 (M) ; [Cl-] = (0,4 + 0,2)/0,4 = 1,5 (M)
b). [Fe3+] = 0,38 (M) ; [SO42-] = 0,48 (M) ; [Cl- ] = 0,18 (M)
c). [ Mg2+] = 0,2(M) ; [Al3+] = 0,4 (M) ; [SO42-] = 0,8 (M)
Bi 1.5. a). Ha tan 12,5 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O trong nc thnh 200 ml dung dch . Tnh nng mol
cc ion trong dung dch thu c .
b). Ha tan 8,08 gam Fe(NO3)3 .9H2O trong nc thnh 500 ml dung dch . Tnh nng mol cc ion
trong dung dch thu c .
.
a.) nCuSO4. 5H2O = 12,5/250 = 0,05 (mol)
CuSO4.5H2O Cu2+ + SO42- + 5H2O
0,05
0,05
0,05 (mol)
[ Cu2+] = [SO42-] = 0,05/0,2 = 0,25 (M)
b.) 0,04 (M) ; 0,12 (M)
Bi 1.6. a). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M c cha s mol H+ bng s mol H+ c trong 0,3 lt dung dch
HNO3 0,2M .
b). Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 2M trn vi 180 ml dung dch H2SO4 3M c mt dung dch
c nng mol ca H+ l 4,5M . Cho bit H2SO4 in li hon ton.
.
a). VHCl = 0,12 (lit) b). VHCl = 108 (ml)
-1-
GV: H Vn Qun
a = 0,3 mol .
Bi 2.2. Dung dch A cha Na+ 0,1 mol , Mg2+ 0,05 mol , SO42- 0,04 mol cn li l Cl- . Tnh khi lng mui
trong dung dch .
m = 11,6 gam.
Bi 2.3. Trong mt dung dch c cha a mol Ca2+ , b mol Mg2+ , c mol Cl v d mol NO3a. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, v d
b. Nu a = 0,01 ; c = 0,01 v d = 0,03 th b bng bao nhiu ?
Bi 2.4. Mt dung dch c cha hai loi cation l Fe2+ (0,1 mol) v Al3+ (0,2 mol) cng hai loi anion l Cl- (x
mol) v SO42- (y mol) . Tnh x v y bit rng khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 46,9 gam cht
rn khan .
* CH3COOH
H + CH3COO
+
+
2
* H2S
H + HS ; HS
H + S
+
+
22+
3
* H3PO4
H + H2PO4 ; H2PO4
H + HPO4 ; HPO2
H + PO4
Hirxit lng tnh : Al(OH)3 , Zn(OH)2 ...
Tnh bazo :
3+
* Al(OH)3
Al + 3OH
2+
* Zn(OH)2
Zn + 2OH
Tnh axit :
+
* Al(OH)3
H3O + AlO2
+
2
* Zn(OH)2
2H + ZnO2
2. Xc nh in li .
B1 : p dng CT tnh in li
-2-
GV: H Vn Qun
n
C
so phantu dienli
= dien li = M dien li
so phantu hoa tan nhoa tan CM hoa tan
A+ + B
AB
Ban u : a
in li :
x
Cn bng : a x
0
x
x
0
x
x (M) .
x
a
* = 1 : cht in li mnh
* 0 < < 1 : cht in li yu
* = 0 : cht khng in li
Bi 3.1. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch :
1. Axit mnh H2SeO4 (nc th nht in li mnh)
2. Axit yu ba nc H3PO4 .
3. Hi r xit lng tnh Pb(OH)2 .
4. Na2HPO4 .
5. NaH2PO4
6. Axt mnh HMnO4
7. Bazo mnh RbOH.
Bi 3.2. in li dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M c dung dch c [H+] = 1,32.10-3 M . Tnh in li ca axit
CH3COOH .
iu cn nh : bi ton ny cho nng in li ca cht in li
H+ + CH3COO
CH3COOH
1,32.10-3
1,32.10-3 (M)
in li ca axit CH3COOH
1.32.103
.100 = 1,32%
=
0,1
Bi 3.3. Tnh nng mol cc ion H+ v CH3COO- c trong dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,1M . Bit phng
CH3COO- + H+ v in li = 4%
trnh in li : CH3COOH
in li : =
C = C0 = 0,1.4% = 0,004 M
T phng trnh in li :[CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0,004 M
Bi 3.4. Cho dung dch HClO c nng mol 0,01M, nng ny HClO c in li l = 0,172% .
a). Tnh nng cc ion H+ v ClO- .
b). Tnh nng mol HClO sau in li .
.
a). [H+] = [ClO-] = 1,72.10-5 (M) .
b). [HClO] = 9,9828.10-3 (M) .
Bi 3.5. Ha tan 3 gam CH3COOH v nc c 250 ml dung dch, bit in li = 0,12 . Tnh nng
mol ca cc phn t v ion trong dung dch .
.
[CH3COOH] = 0,176 (M) ; [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 0,024 (M) .
Bi 3.5. Mt lt dung dch CH3COOH 0,01 M c cha tng s 6,28.1021 ion v phn t CH3COOH . Tnh
in li ca axit ny .
iu cn nh :
- S phn t N = n . 6,02.1023
- cho lng ban u v lng cn li, nn s dng pp ba dng :
Ban u
in li
Khi cn bng
H+ + CH3COO
CH3COOH
Ban u:
0,01
in li:
x
x
x
Khi cn bng
0,01 x
x
x mol
-3-
GV: H Vn Qun
6,28.1021
= 1,043.102 x = 0,043.10-2 mol
Theo : 0,01 x + x + x =
23
6,02.10
0,043.102
= 4,3.102 = 4,3%
in li : =
0,01
Bi 3.6. Trong 100 ml dung dch axit nitr nhit nht nh c 5,64.1021 phn t HNO2 v 3,6.1020 ion
NO2-.
a. Tnh in li ca axit nitr trong dung dch nhit .
b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch ni trn .
H+ + NO2
HNO2
Ban u
n0
in li
3,6.1020
3,6.1020
21
Khi cn bng
5,64.10
3,6.1020
S phn t ha tan trong dung dch l : n0 = 3,6.1020 + 5,64.1021 = 6.1021
3,6.1020
=
= 0,06 = 6%
6.1021
6.1021
= 0,1( M ) .
b. Nng dung dch l:
6,02.1023.0,1
Bi 3.7. Tnh nng mol ca cc ion H+ v CH3COO- trong 2 lit dung dch c cha 24 gam CH3COOH ha
tan . Bit in li ca axit l = 1,2%
C0 = 0,2 M
C = 1,2% x 0,2 = 0,0024 M
T phng trnh in li : [ CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0,0024 M
Bi 3.8. Dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,6% c khi lng ring xp x 1 g/ml . in li ca axit = 1% . Tnh
nng mol ca ion H+ trong 1 lt dung dch .
H+ + CH3COOCH3COOH
0,05
0
0
-3
-3
6.10
6.10
6.10-3
-3
-3
0,05 6.10
6.10
6.10-3 (mol).
[CH3COOH] = 0,176 (M) ; [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 0,024 (M).
Bi ton 4. XC NH HNG S IN LI
B1 : Xc nh hng s in li ca axit.
H + + A HA
ka =
[ H + ].[ A ]
[ HA]
GV: H Vn Qun
OH- + B+ .
BOH
[OH ].[B ]
kb =
[BOH ]
- [OH-], [B+], [BOH] trng thi cn bng .
- kb : cng ln th tnh bazo cng mnh.
Bi 4.1. C mt dung dch axit CH3COOH (cht in li yu) . Nu ha tan vo dung dch mt t tinh th
CH3COONa (Cht in li mnh), th nng H+ c thay i khng , nu c th thay i th no ? Gii
thch .
iu cn nh.
- S phn li ca cht in li yu l mt qu trnh thun nghch dn n cn bng ng (cn bng in
li) Cn bng in li cng c hng s cn bng K v tun theo nguyn l L Sa t li .
- in li ch ph thuc vo nhit khi in li .
CH3COO- + H+
.
CH3COOH
[ H + ][CH 3COO ]
[CH 3COOH ]
Khi ha tan cht in li CH3COONa vo dung dch th nng CH3COO- tng ln do s phn li :
CH3COONa Na+ + CH3COOV Ka khng i [H+] gim xung
H+ + CH3COO- . in li ca
Bi 4.2. Cn bng sau tn ti trong dung dch : CH3COOH
CH3COOH bin i nh th no ?
a. Khi nh vo vi git dung dch HCl
b. Khi pha long dung dch
c. Khi nh vo vi git dung dch NaOH
d. Nh vo dung dch vi git dung dch CH3COONa
H + + CH 3COO
.
CH3COOH
k=
[H + ]
[CH 3COO ]
=
in li : =
[CH 3COOH ] [CH 3COOH ]
a. Khi nh HCl vo lng H+ tng ln cn bng dch chuyn sang phi lng CH3COOH tng
ln gim
b. Khi pha long dung dch CH3COOH in li nhiu tng
c. Khi nh vo dd NaOH cn bng dch chuyn sang phi, (v H+ + OH-) tng
d. CH3COO- tng ln cn bng dch chuyn chiu nghch (lm gim nng CH3COO- )
gim.
Bi 4.3. Tnh nng mol ion H+ ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M , bit hng s phn li ca axit
Ka = 1,75.10-5 .
H+ + CH3COO.
CH3COOH
B :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
Cb :
0,1 x
x
x (M)
[H + ][CH 3COO ]
x2
5
1,75.10 =
Hng s in li ca axit : ka =
[CH 3COOH ]
0,1 x
V : x << 0,1 0,1 x = 0,1
Do : x2 = 1,75.10-5.0,1 x = 1,32.10-3
Vy : [H+] = 1,32.10-3 (M).
Bi 4.4. Tnh nng mol ca ion OH- c trong dung dch NH3 0,1M , bit hng s phn li bazo kb = 1,8.10-5
-5-
GV: H Vn Qun
NH4+ + OH- .
NH3 + H2O
0,1
0
0
x
x
x
0,1 x
x
x (M).
[NH 4+ ].[OH ]
x2
5
k
=
1,8.10
=
Hng s in li ca bazo : b
[NH 3 ]
0,1 x
V x << 0,1 0,1 x = 0,1
Do : x2 = 1,8.10-5.0,1 x = 1,34.10-3
Vy [OH-] = 1,34.10-3 (M).
Bi 4.5. Trong 2 lt dung dch axit flohiric c cha 4 gam HF nguyn cht . in li ca axit ny l 8% .
Hy tnh hng s phn li ca axit flohiric .
.
nHF = 4/20 = 0,2 (mol) ; [HF] = 0,2/2 = 0,1 (M)
H+ + FHF
B :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB : 0,1 x
x
x (M) .
Theo : 0,08 = x/0,1 x = 8.10-3 (M)
Hng s in li ca axit HF l :
[H + ].[F ]
(8.103 ) 2
ka =
=
= 6,96.104
3
[HF ]
0,1 8.10
Bi 4.6. Axit propanoic (C2H5COOH) l mt axit hu c, mui ca axit ny c dng bo qun thc
phm lu b mc . Hng s in li ca axit l Ka = 1,3.10-5 . Hy tnh nng ion H+ trong dung dch
C2H5COOH 0,1M .
.
[H+] = 1,1.10-3 (M) .
Bi 4.7. Tnh nng H+ ca cc dung dch sau :
a. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M . Bit Ka = 1,75.10-5 .
b. Dung dch NH3 0,1M . Bit Kb = 6,3.10-5 .
c. Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M . Bit hng s bazo Kb ca CH3COO- l 5,71.10-10 .
.
B :
li :
CB :
+
14
iu cn nh : [OH ].[H ] = 10
H+ + CH3COO.
a). CH3COOH
B :
0,1
0
0
Li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x (M).
x2 = 1,75.10-5.0,1 x = 4,18.10-6
Vy : [H+] = 4,18.10-6 (M) .
B :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x
2
-5
x = 0,1.6,3.10 x = 7,94.10-6 = [OH-]
Ta c : [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [H+] = 1,26.10-9 (M).
c). CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
0,1
0,1 (M).
B :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x
-6-
GV: H Vn Qun
B
Li
CB
GV: H Vn Qun
H+ + CH3COO- .
CH3COOH
0,2
0
0,1
x
x
x
0,2 x
x
x + 0,1 .
[H + ].[CH 3COO ]
Ka =
[CH 3COOH ]
1,75.10-5 (0,2 x) = x.(x + 0,1)
V : x << 0,2 0,2 x = 0,2 x = 3,5.10-5 pH = 4,46 .
GV: H Vn Qun
H+ + CH3COOCH3COOH
B
a
0
0
L
10-3
10-3
10-3
CB
a 10-3
10-3
10-3 (M).
-5
-3
-3 2
1,74.10 (a 10 ) = (10 ) a = 0,0585 (M) .
S mol CH3COOH ban u : n1 = 0,0585.5 = 0,2925 (mol) .
Khi pha long s mol cht tan khng i : mdd = 0,2925.60.100/40 = 43,875 (g)
V = mdd/D = 41,8 (ml).
b). in li ca dung dch c pH = 3 .
= 10-3/0,0585 = 1,7% .
c).
pH = 3 [H+] = 10-3 (M) nH+ = 10-3.1 = 10-3 (mol) .
HCl H+ + Cl0,1
0,1 (mol) .
nH+ = 0,1 + 10-3 = 0,101 (mol) [H+] = 0,101 (M) pH =
H+ + CH3COO- .
CH3COOH
10-3
0
0
Bi ton 7. AXIT , BAZO V CHT LNG TNH THEO HAI THUYT.
Thuyt A r ni ut (thuyt in
Thuyt Bron stt (thuyt
li)
proton)
+
Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra H .
Axit l cht nhng proton H+ .
HCl H+ + Cl- .
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- .
.
-9-
GV: H Vn Qun
NH4+ + OH- .
NH3 + H2O
H + CH3COO Ka =
CH3COOH
[CH 3COOH]
Theo Bron stt :
[ H 3O + ].[CH 3COO ]
+
CH3COOH + H2O
H
O
+
CH
COO
K
=
3
a
3
[CH 3COOH ]
Hai biu thc ny ging nhau, ch khc nhau cch vit H+ v H3O+ .
[NH 4+ ].[OH ]
+
NH4 + OH Kb =
b). NH3 + H2O
.
[NH 3 ]
[H 3O + ].[NH 3 ]
H3O + NH3 Ka =
NH4 + H2O
[NH 4+ ]
+
[H + ].[NH 3 ]
H + NH3 Ka =
Hoc : NH4
[NH 4+ ]
Bi 7.2. Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no nc ng vai tr l mt axit, phn ng no nc
ng vai tr l mt bazo (theo Bron stt).
1. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl2. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 .
NH4+ + OH- .
3. NH3 + H2O
NH3 + H+ .
NH4+ + H2O
SO42- + H3O+ .
HSO4- + H2O
HCO3- + OH- .
CO32- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH- .
CH3COO- + H2O
CO32- + H3O+ .
- Tnh axit : HCO3- + H2O
- 10 -
GV: H Vn Qun
H3O + HTe .
H2Te + H2O
(2)
C2H5NH3+ + OH- .
C2H5NH2 + H2O
(3)
HS- + OH- .
.
Na2S Na+ + S2- ; S2- + H2O
NH3 + H3O+ .
NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl- ; NH4+ + H2O
GV: H Vn Qun
200 ml dung dch dung dch Ba(OH)2 thu c 6,99 gam kt ta v thot ra 2,24 lt kh (ktc) .
a). Tnh nng mol cc ion trong dung dch Y .
b). Tnh nng mol ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 dng .
.
a). [NH4+] = 1 M ; [Cl-] = 0,4M ; [SO42-] = 0,6M .
b). [Ba(OH)2] = 0,25M .
Bi 8.7. Dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l mol 3:1 . Bit 100 ml dung dch A trung ha va 50 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,5M .
a). Tnh nng mol mi axit .
b). Tnh khi mui thu c sau phn ng .
c). Hi 200 ml dung dch A trung ha va bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp NaOH 0,2M v
Ba(OH)2 0,1M .
.
a). 0,05 M ; 0,15M b). 125 ml
c). 4,3125 gam .
Bi 8.8. Ha tan 1,65 gam (NH4)2SO4 v 2,61 gam K2SO4 trong nc thu c 250 ml dung dch A . l
cc cht in li mnh .
a). Tnh nng mol cc cht trong dung dch A .
b). Ly 50 ml dung dch A tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M, lc, ra kt ta to thnh , thu
c m1 gam kt ta v 120 ml dung dch A1 . Tnh m1 v nng mol cc ion thu c trong dung
dch A1 .
.
a). [NH4+] = 0,1M ; [K+] = 0,12M ; [SO42-] = 0,11M .
b). m1 = 1,2815 gam v [K+] = 0,05M ; [OH-] = 0,042M ; [Ba2+] = 0,0375M.
Bi 8.9. Thm t 400 gam dung dch H2SO4 49% v nc v iu chnh lng nc thu c ng 2 lt
dung dch A . Coi H2SO4 in li ha ton c hai nc .
1). Tnh nng mol H+ trong dung dch A .
2). Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 1,8M cn thm vo 0,5 lit dung dch A thu c :
a). dung dch c pH = 1 .
b). dung dch c pH = 13 .
Bi 8.10. Hy tnh m v x khi :
a). Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 c
nng x M thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12 . Hy tnh m v x .
b). Trn 300 ml dung dch c cha NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,025M vi 200 ml dung dch H2SO4
x(M) , thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH =2 . Hy tnh m v x .
BI TP TNG HP
BI 15: Tnh nng mol ca cc dung dch thu c khi:
a. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaCl 2M vi 200 ml dung dch CaCl2 0,5M
b. Trn 400 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,2 M vi 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0,3M
c. Trn 200 ml dung dch cha 12 gam MgSO4 v 300 ml dung dch cha 34,2 gam Al2(SO4)3
a. 89 ml ; b. 120 ml
BI 17: Cho dung dch HNO2 0,1 M c hng s in li K = 0,0005 .
a. Hy tnh nng cc ion H+ , NO2b. Tnh in li ca dung dch ny
x2
0,1 x
GV: H Vn Qun
(x < 0,1)
x = 6,82.10-3 M
b. in li
x
6.10 19
= 0,1M
6,02 .10 23.0,001
BI 24: Cho V lt CH3COOH c 4.103 cation H+ ,4.103 CH3COO- v 2.106 phn t axit . Tnh in li ca
axit ny
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COOBan u : n0
in li :
4.103
4.103
6
Cn bng : 2.10
n0 = 4.103 + 2.106 = 2,004.106
4.10 3
=
= 0,1996%
2,004 .10 6
BI 25: 10 ml dung dch axit HCOOH 0,3M c cha tng s ht l n0 (phn t v ion) Nu bit in li ca
axit l = 2% th n c gi tr bng bao nhiu ?
HCOOH H+ + HCOOBan u:
3.10-3.6,02.1023 = 1,806.1021
in li :
0,02 x 1,806.1021 = 3,612.1019
n = 1,806.1021 + 3,612.1019 = 18,42.1020
- 13 -
GV: H Vn Qun
BI TP P DNG
BI 1: Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch :
1. Axit H2SeO4 (nc th nht in li mnh)
2. Axit yu ba nc : H3PO4
3. Hidroxit lng tnh : Pb(OH)2
4. Na2HPO4 5. NaH2PO4 6. Axit mnh HMnO4 7. Bazo mnh : RbOH. 8 [Ag(NH3)2]2SO4
BI 2: Cho cc phn t v ion sau :
S2- , NH4+ , H2PO4- , HI , C6H5O- , NH3 , PO43- , CH3COO- , [Fe(H2O)]3+ , HSO4- , HS- , HSO3Theo thuyt Bron stet phn t v ion no l axit, bazo hay lng tnh ? Minh ha bng phn ng ca
chng trong nc .
Axit : HI, NH4+ , [Fe(H2O)]3+ HSO4* HI + H2O H3O+ + I* NH4+ + H2O H3O+ + NH3
* [Fe(H2O)]3+ + H2O H3O+ + Fe(OH)2+
* HSO4- + H2O H3O+ + SO42 Bazo : NH3 , S2- , CH3COO- , C6H5O* NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH* S2- + H2O HS- + OH* CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH* C6H5O- + H2O C6H5OH + OH Lng tnh : HS- , HSO3- , H2PO4* HS- + H2O H3O+ + S2* HS- + H2O H2S + OH* HSO3- + H2O H3O+ + SO32* HSO3- + H2O SO2 + H2O + OH* H2PO4- + H2O H3O+ + HPO42* H2PO4- + H2O H3PO4 + OHBI 3: Trong cc cht di y, phn ng no H2O ng vai tr l mt axit, phn ng no H2O ng vai
tr l mt bazo theo Bron stet
1. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl2. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
3. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH4. CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O
(1) Bazo ; (2) Axit
VN 2: HNG S PHN LI AXIT V BAZO
1. Hng s phn li axit :
HA H+ + AKa =
[ H +].[ A]
[ HA ]
GV: H Vn Qun
- 15 -