Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

Bi ging Dao ng c hc

DAO NG TT DN, DAO NG CNG BC

(TI LIU BI GING)

Gio vin: NG VIT HNG

1) Dao ng tt dn

Khi nim: L dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian nng lng dao ng cng gim dn.

Nguyn nhn: Do ma st, lc cn v nht ca mi trng.
2) Dao ng duy tr

Khi nim: L dao ng tt dn, nhng c cung cp nng lng trong mi chu k b sung vo phn nng lng
b mt mt do ma st.

c im: Chu k dao ng ring ca vt khng thay i khi c cung cp nng lng.
3) Dao ng cng bc

Khi nim: L dao ng chu tc dng ca mt ngoi lc cng bc F = Focos(t + ).

c im:
+ Dao ng cng bc l dao ng iu ha (c dng hm sin).
+ Tn s gc ca dao ng cng bc bng tn s gc ca ngoi lc cng bc.
+ Bin ca dao ng cng khng i, t l vi Fo v ph thuc vo tn s gc ca ngoi lc .
4) Hin tng cng hng
L hin tng bin dao ng t cc i khi = o, vi o l tn s gc dao ng ring ca vt.

 Cc bi ton v cng hng c

V d 1: Mt hnh khch dng dy cao su treo mt chic ba l ln trn toa tu, ngay pha trn mt trc bnh xe
ca toa tu. Khi lng ca ba l l m = 16 kg, h s cng ca dy cao su l k = 900 N/m, chiu di mi thanh
ray l s = 12,5 m, ch ni hai thanh ray c mt khe nh. Hi tu chy vi vn tc bao nhiu th ba l dao ng
mnh nht?
Hng dn gii:
m
+ Chu k dao ng ring ca ba l: To = 2
.
k
S
+ Chu k chuyn ng tun hon ca tu: Tth = .
v
+ ba l dao ng mnh nht th xy ra hin tng cng hng.
S k 12,5 900
Khi ta c To = Tth
v =
=
15 ( m/s ) .
2 m
2 16
V d 2: Mt ngi i b vi vn tc v = 3 m/s. Mi bc i di s = 0,6 m.
a) Xc nh chu k v tn s ca hin tng tun hon ca ngi i b.
b) Nu ngi xch mt x nc m nc trong x dao ng vi tn s f = 2 Hz. Ngi i vi vn tc bao
nhiu th nc trong x bn to ra ngoi mnh nht?
Hng dn gii:
a) Chu k ca hin tng tun hon ca ngi i b l thi gian bc i mt bc:
S 0,6
1
Tth = =
= 0,2 ( s ) . Tn s ca hin tng ny l f th =
= 5 ( Hz ) .
v
3
Tth
b) nc trong x bn to ra ngoi mnh nht th chu k dao ng ca bc i phi bng chu k dao ng ca nc
S 1
trong x (hin tng cng hng), tc l: Tth = To =
v = S.f
v fo
T ta c vn tc ca ngi i b v = 1,2 m/s
V d 3: Mt ngi o hai thng nc pha sau xe p v p xe trn con ng lt b tng. C cch S = 3
(m), trn ng li c mt rnh nh. i vi ngi vn tc no l khng c li? V sao? Cho bit chu k dao
ng ring ca nc trong thng l T = 0,9 (s).
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Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

/S: v =

Bi ging Dao ng c hc

10
m/s.
3

 Cc bi ton v dao ng tt dn:

Mt s c im:
+ Khi h dao ng trong mi trng c lc ma st Fms th h s dao ng tt dn.
+ Lc ma st lun lun hng ngc chiu chuyn ng nn sinh cng m lm cho c nng con lc gim dn, chuyn
ho thnh nhit nng.
+ Lc ma st ln dao ng s tt nhanh cn lc ma st nh dao ng tt chm.
+ Nu vt c khi lng m trt trn mt phng vi h s ma st th ln ca lc ma st l Fms = N = mg cos; (
l gc hp bi phng chuyn ng so vi phng ngang).
Mt s cng thc c bn:
4F
4F
+ gim bin sau mt chu k: A =
=
.
k m2
kA 2o m2 A o2
+ Qung ng vt i c cho n khi dng li: S =
=
2F
2F
A
+ S dao ng vt thc hin c n khi dng li: N = o
s ln vt qua VTCB l n = 2N.
A
A
+ Thi gian vt dao ng n khi dng li t = N.T = o .T
A
F 1
+ Tc cc i ca vt trong qu trnh dao ng v max = A1 = ( A o x o ) ; x o = = A
k 2
V d 1. Mt vt c khi lng m = 100 (g) gn vi mt l xo m c ko mt lc F th dn 1 N thm = 1 cm .
u cn li ca l xo gn vo im c nh sao cho vt dao ng dc theo trc Ox song song vi mt phng
ngang Ko vt khi v tr cn bng l xo dn mt on 10 cm ri bung nh cho h dao ng. Chn gc to
O l v tr cn bng, chiu dng ca trc ngc vi chiu ko ra ni trn. Chn gc thi gian l lc vt bt
u dao ng. Ly g = 2 = 10.
1. Nu khng c ma st gia vt v mt phng ngang th vt s dao ng th no? Vit phng trnh dao ng
ca n.
2. Khi h s ma st gia m v mt phng ngang l = 0,1 th vt s dao ng th no?
a) Tm tng chiu di qung ng S m vt i c cho ti lc dng li.
b) Tm thi gian t lc bung tay cho n lc m dng li.
Hng dn gii:
1
N
( ) = 100 N/m .
F
+ cng ca l xo: k =
= 2
( )
10 ( m )
1. Khi khng c ma st gia m v thanh ngang th vt dao ng iu ho.
k
100
2 2
+ Tn s gc: =
=
= 0, 2 ( s ) .
=
= 10 (rad/s), chu k dao ng: T =
m
0,1
10
x = A sin (10t + )
+ Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc:
v = 10A cos (10t + )
A = 10 ( cm )
x o = 10 A sin = 10

+ Ti t = 0 :

10A cos = 0
vo = 0
=

+ Vy phng trnh dao ng l: x = 10sin 10t cm.

2

2. Khi h s ma st = 0,1 th dao ng s tt dn.

a) Gi Smax l tng chiu di qung ng m vt i c cho ti lc dng li, th c nng ban u ca vt phi bng
100. ( 0,1)
1 2
kA 2
Smax =
=
= 5 ( m).
kA = mgSmax
2
2mg 2.0,1.0,1.10
b) Gi A v A l bin dao ng trc v sau mt chu k. gim c nng phi bng cng ca lc ma st thc hin
trong mt chu k:
2

cng ca lc ma st: E = Fms .Smax

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Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

Bi ging Dao ng c hc

1
1
1
A + A 2A )
kA 2 kA 2 = mg4A k ( A + A )( A A ) = mg4A (vi A = A A; A A
2
2
2
4mg 4.0,1.0,1.10

A =
=
= 0,004 ( m ) = 0, 4 (cm).
k
100
A
10
+ S chu k thc hin c t lc dao ng cho n khi dng hn: N =
=
= 25.
A 0, 4

+ Do thi gian t lc bung tay cho n lc dng li: t = N.T = 0, 2.2,5 = 5 ( s ) .

V d 2. Mt l xo nh cng k = 300 N/m, mt u c nh, u kia gn qu cu nh khi lng m = 0,15 kg.
Qu cu c th trt trn dy kim loi cng ngang trng vi trc l xo v xuyn tm qu cu. Ko qu cu ra
khi v tr cn bng 2 cm ri th cho qu cu dao ng. Do ma st qu cu dao ng tt dn chm. Sau 200 dao
ng th qu cu dng li. Ly g = 10 m/s2.
a) gim bin trong mi dao ng tnh bng cng thc no.
b) Tnh h s ma st .
Hng dn gii:
4F 4mg
a) gim bin trong mi chu k dao ng l A =
=
k
k
A
kA o
b) Sau 200 dao ng th vt dng li nn ta c N = 200. p dng cng thc: N = o =
A 4mg
300.0,02
Thay s vi k = 300 N/m v Ao = 2 cm, m = 0,15 kg, g = 10 m/s2 ta c: 200 =

= 0,005
4..0,15.10
V d 3. Mt con lc l xo gm l xo c h s n hi k = 60 N/m v qu cu c khi lng m = 60 (g), dao ng
trong mt cht lng vi bin ban u A = 12 cm. Trong qu trnh dao ng con lc lun chu tc dng ca
mt lc cn c ln khng i FC. Xc nh ln ca lc cn . Bit khong thi gian t lc dao ng cho
n khi dng hn l = 120 (s). Cho 2 = 10.
Hng dn gii:
m
0, 06
+ Chu k dao ng ca con lc: T = 2
= 2
= 0, 2 ( s ) .
k
60
+ gim c nng sau mt chu k bng cng ca lc ma st cn tr trong chu k :
kA 2 kA '2
k
k

= FC .4A ( A A ')( A + A ') = FC .4A ( A )( 2.A ) FC .4A

2
2
2
2
4FC
+ Suy ra gim bin sau mt chu k: A =
.
k
A
kA
+ S dao ng thc hin c: N =
=
.
A 4FC
kAT
+ Thi gian k t lc dao ng cho n khi dng hn: = N.T =
.
4FC
kAT 60.0,12.0, 2
+ Suy ra, ln lc cn: FC =
=
= 0,003 ( N ) .
4
4.120
V d 4. Mt vt khi lng m = 200 (g) ni vi mt l xo c cng k = 80 N/m. u cn li ca l xo gn c
nh, sao cho vt c th dao ng trn mt phng nm ngang. Ko vt ra khi v tr cn bng mt on 10 cm
ri bung tay khng vn tc ban u. Chn trc to Ox trng vi phng chuyn ng, gc to O l v tr
cn bng, v chiu dng ca trc ngc vi chiu ko ra ni trn. Chn gc thi gian l lc bung tay. Ly gia
tc trng trng g = 10.
1. Nu b qua ma st gia vt v mt phng nm ngang. Vit phng trnh dao ng.
2. Khi h s ma st gia m v mt phng nm ngang l = 0,1 th dao ng s tt dn.
a) Tm tng chiu di qung ng m vt i c cho ti lc dng li.
b) Tnh gim bin dao ng sau mt chu k. Tm thi gian t lc vt bt u dao ng cho n lc dng
li.
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Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

Bi ging Dao ng c hc

...............................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
/s:

1. x = 10sin 20t cm
2

2. a) S = 2 m.

b) A = 1 ( cm ) ; t = ( s ) .

V d 5. Mt vt khi lng m = 1 kg ni vi mt l xo c cng k = 100 N/m. u cn li ca l xo gn c

nh, sao cho vt c th dao ng dc theo trc Ox trn mt phng nghing so vi mt phng nm ngang mt
gc = 600. H s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing l = 0,01. T v tr cn bng truyn cho vt vn tc
ban u vo = 50 cm/s th vt dao ng tt dn. Xc nh khong thi gian t lc bt u dao ng cho n khi
dng hn.
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/s: = 5 (s).
V d 6. Mt vt khi lng m = 100 (g) gn vi mt l xo c cng 100 N/m, dao ng trn mt phng ngang
vi bin ban u 10cm. Ly gia tc trng trng g = 10m/s2, 2 = 10. Bit h s ma st gia vt v mt phng
ngang l = 0,1. Vt dao ng tt dn vi chu k khng i.
a) Tm tng chiu di qung ng S m vt i c cho ti lc dng li.
b) Tm thi gian t lc dao ng cho n lc dng li.
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V d 7. Mt con lc n c chiu di = 0,5 ( m ) , qu cu nh c khi lng m = 100 (g). Cho n dao ng ti

ni c gia tc trng trng g = 9,8 m/s2 vi bin gc o = 0,14 rad. Trong qu trnh dao ng, con lc lun
chu tc dng ca lc ma st nh c ln khng i FC = 0,002 N th n s dao ng tt dn. Dao ng tt dn
c cng chu k nh khi khng c lc cn. Hy chng t sau mi chu k bin gim mt lng nht nh. Tnh
khong thi gian t lc bt u dao ng cho n khi dng hn.
Hng dn gii:

0,5
+ Chu k dao ng ca con lc n: T = 2
= 2.3,1416.
1, 42 ( s ) .
g
9,8
4F
4.0,002
+ Sau mi chu k bin gc gim mt lng khng i: = C =
0,0082 ( rad ) .
mg 0,1.9,8

+ S dao ng thc hin c: N = o

0,14
+ Khong thi gian t lc bt u dao ng cho n khi dng hn l = N.T = o .T =
.1,42 24,24 ( s ) .

0,0082
V d 8. Mt con lc n c chiu di = 0, 248 ( m ) , qu cu nh c khi lng m = 100 (g). Cho n dao ng ti
ni c gia tc trng trng g = 9,8 m/s2 vi bin gc o = 0,7 rad trong mi trng di tc dng ca lc cn
(c ln khng i) th n s dao ng tt dn c cng chu k nh khi khng c lc cn. Xc nh ln ca
lc cn. Bit con lc n ch dao ng c = 100 (s) th ngng hn.
Hng dn gii:
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Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

Bi ging Dao ng c hc

0, 248
= 2.3,1416.
1 (s).
g
9,8
4F
+ Sau mi chu k bin gc gim mt lng khng i: = C .
mg

mg
+ S dao ng thc hin c: N = o = o

4FC

+ Chu k dao ng ca con lc n: T = 2

+ Mt khc, s dao ng thc hin c t lc dao ng cho n khi dng hn theo bi ra N =

+ Suy ra, ln ca lc cn: FC =

100 ( s )
=
= 100.
T
1 (s)

mg
0,1.9,8
o =
.0,07 = 0,1715.103 ( N ) .
4N
4.100

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