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Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha Thy Ngc

Phng php t chn lng cht

PHNG PHP T CHN LNG CHT TI LIU BI GING


I. C S V C IM CA PHNG PHP - Phng php ny c c trng l ch p dng cho cc bi ton m s liu c gi thit v yu cu u c cho di dng s liu tng i (t l, t khi, hiu sut, C%, ). * S liu tng i l nhng s liu biu din t l gia cc thnh phn ang xt. - Mt iu kin quan trng ca Phng php T chn lng cht l ch p dng cho hn hp ng nht. l hn hp m s pha trn, phn tn trong hn hp l hon ton u nhau (ng nht) trong mi phn ca n. Do , thnh phn v t l lng cht (t l khi lng, s mol, th tch, ... ) gia cc thnh phn trong hn hp l mt hng s khng i, khng ph thuc vo lng cht ca hn hp. - Trong Phng php T chn lng cht, gi tr ca s liu a thm l ty nn cn kho lo chn gi tr ny sao cho thun li cho vic tnh ton, x l s liu sau ny (gi tr c th l mu s ca phn thc, hoc bi s ca KLPT cht tan trong dung dch tnh bng C%, hoc c th suy ngc gi tr t chn ny, ...), thng l cho s mol l s trn. II. PHN LOI V PHNG PHP GII Ty thuc vo cch chn i lng m ta c cc dng bi di y: Dng 1: Chn gi tr lng cht ng vi 1 mol cht tham gia/to thnh trong phn ng hoc 1 mol cht trong hn hp. VD1: Cho hn hp A gm CO2 v SO2 c t l 1:4 v khi lng. T khi hi ca A so vi metan l: A.

55 4 55 15

B.

55 8

C.

55 16

D.

55 15

p s: D.

Hng dn gii: T l khi lng CO2 v SO2 khng ph thuc vo khi lng ca hn hp A (hn hp A l ng nht), do ta c th p dng phng php t chn lng cht. Khng lm mt tnh tng qut ca bi ton, ta gi s c 1 mol CO2 (ng vi 44 gam) trong hn hp A

mSO2 = 44 4 = 176g

mhh = 44 + 176 = 220g

T c c p n. VD2: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi M bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 9,8%, thu c dung dch mui sunfat c nng 14,18%. Kim loi M l: A. Al B. Cu C. Fe D. Zn p s: C. Fe Hng dn gii: Nhn dng: Bi ton khng c s liu tuyt i (gam, lt, mol, ) m ch cho s liu tng i (C%). Khng lm mt tnh tng qut ca bi ton, ta gi s c 1 mol mui cacbonat tham gia phn ng. T d dng c p n ng l C. Fe VD3: t chy hon ton hp cht A (cha cc nguyn t C, H, O, N) thu c hn hp B gm CO2, hi H2O v N2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 13,75. Cho B qua bnh I ng P2O5 d v bnh II ng KOH rn d th thy t l tng khi lng ca bnh II so vi bnh I l 1,3968. S mol O2 cn dng bng mt na tng s mol CO2 v H2O. Bit M A < M anilin . Cng thc phn t ca A l: A. C2H7O2N B. C3H7O2N C. C3H7O2N2 D. C2H5O2N p s: A. C2H7O2N. Hng dn gii: Gi CTPT ca A l CxHyOzNt. Nhn dng: V cc gi tr cho trong bi u biu th t l cc cht nn c th p dng t chn lng cht. Gi s lng kh CO2 sinh ra trong B l 1 mol. * y ta chn 1 mol CO2 ch khng chn 1 mol H2O v nu lm ngc li th gi tr s mol cc cht cn li s rt l. T c p n ng l A. C2H7O2N Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -

Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha Thy Ngc

Phng php t chn lng cht

Dng 2: Chn gi tr lng cht ca hn hp tng ng vi t l ca cc cht trong hn hp. VD1: Hn hp B gm H2S, N2, H2 c t l nH2S : nN2 : nH2 = 3 : 2 : 5 . T khi hi ca B so vi H2 l: A. 8,4 B. 8,1 C. 11,6 D. 10,7 p s: A. 8,4 Hng dn gii: Gi s hn hp B c 10 mol, trong c: 3 mol H2S, 2 mol N2 v 5 mol H2. p n ng l A. 8,4 VD2: Phng tia la in qua O2 thu c hn hp kh O2, O3 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 16,5. Hiu sut phn ng ozn ha l: A. 7,09% B. 9,09% C. 11,09% D. 13,09% p s: B. 9,09% Hng dn gii: Nhn dng: Bi ton ch cho s liu tng i (t khi) v yu cu tnh cng l mt gi tr t l (hiu sut). Cch 1: Chn lng cht ca hn hp tng ng vi t l mol ca cc cht trong hn hp p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp kh thu c sau phn ng, ta c:

O2 (M = 32) 16,5 x 2 = 33 O3 (M = 48)

15 1

Nh vy, nu gi s hn hp sn phm c 16 mol kh th s mol O2 v O3 tng ng l 15 mol v 1 mol. Cch 2: Chn 1 mol cht ban u Gi s ban u c 1 mol kh O2. Gi s mol kh O2 b ozn ha l a (mol). VD3:Nung m gam hn hp X gm FeS v FeS2 trong mt bnh kn cha khng kh (gm 20% th tch O2 v 80% th tch N2) n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt cht rn duy nht v hn hp kh Y c thnh phn th tch: 84,8% N2, 14% SO2, cn li l O2. Phn trm khi lng ca FeS trong hn hp X l A. 26,83%. B. 59,46%. C. 19,64%. D. 42,31%. (Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi A 2011) p n C. Hng dn gii: Nhn dng: bi cho tt c mi s liu dng tng i v cng ch hi mt gi tr tng i chc chn phi s dng phng php T chn lng cht v trong trng hp bi cho t l th ta nn chn s liu theo ng t l. Gi s c 100 mol hn hp kh Y s mol N2, SO2 v O2 d ln lt l 84,8 mol, 14 mol v 1,2 mol

n O2 u =

84,8 = 21,2 mol 5

n O2 u = 20 mol .

T cng c kt qu 19,64%. Dng 3: Chn khi lng dung dch biu din bng C%. Thng thng, bi s cho trc gi tr C% v ta phi chn mdd, khi c 2 cch chn: Nu C% khng chia ht cho Mcht tan chn mdd l mt gi tr chia ht cho Mcht tan (l bi s ca Mcht tan) Nu C% chia ht cho Mcht tan chn mdd l mt gi tr bt k (thng chn 100 gam) VD: Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm Fe v Mg bng mt lng va dung dch HCl 20% thu c dung dch Y. Nng ca FeCl2 trong dung dch Y l 15,76%. Nng phn trm ca MgCl2 trong dung dch Y l: A. 24,24% B. 28,21% C. 11,79% D. 15,76% (Trch thi tuyn sinh C khi A 2007) p s: C. 11,79% Hng dn gii: Cch 1: Chn khi lng dung dch l bi s ca Mcht tan Nng ca dung dch HCl cho l 20%, khng chia ht cho 36,5. Do , ta phi gi s khi lng dung dch HCl 20% dng l 365 gam. Khi , n HCl =

365 0,2 = 2 mol 36,5

n M = n H2 = 1 mol

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Mg trong hn hp ban u. T c p n ng l C. 11,79%. Cch 2: Chn 1 mol cht trong hn hp ban u. Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -

Kha hc LTH m bo mn Ha Thy Ngc

Phng php t chn lng cht

Gi s khi lng ca Fe ban u l 56 gam (ng vi 1 mol), tng t nh trn, ta d dng suy ra cc kt qu cn li. Gio vin: V Khc Ngc Ngun: Hocmai.vn

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

- Trang | 3 -

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