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Alas there is still more complication. For self-inductance the volt-ampere relation is described with specific
voltage and current polarities (to obtain a positive inductance coefficient). A similar specification must be
given for the mutual inductance. Thus, in the figure above, if I1 is positive it must be made clear whether V2
is positive or negative. There is no implicit means of determining this from the circuit diagram; the circuit
diagram shows topology but the proper polarity for the mutual induction is a function of the geometry (i.e.
orientation) of the inductors. Accordingly a convention is needed to convey information determined from
the actual circuit. A commonly used convention that we describe is the 'dot' convention.
First select one coil, say coil #1, and place a dot (or a triangle or a square, or whatever) on one end or the
other to distinguish one end. Then from an actual measurement or equivalent (by someone, sometime)
determine the polarity of the voltage drop induced in coil #2 by a current in coil #1 flowing into the dot.
Indicate this polarity by placing a dot on the + end of the other coil. This convention then means a current
flowing into the dot on one coil (either one) produces a voltage drop from the dotted to the undotted end of
the other coil. (Or, if you prefer to be contrary, a current flowing into the undotted end of one coil
produces a voltage drop from the undotted to the dotted end of the other coil.)
For linear circuits it can be shown that L12 = L21, and commonly the letter M (for 'mutual') is used for the
common value. Also L11 and L22 often are simplified to L1 and L2.
Suppose a current I flows into L1 and so through both inductors (source not
shown); calculate the terminal voltage drop and from this the equivalent
inductance. The voltage drop across L1 is produced by two terms; there is the self-induced voltage L1dI/dt,
and there is the contribution of the current flowing through L2; this is –MdI/dt. The minus sign applies
because the current flows into the dotted end of L2, and so produces a voltage drop from the dotted to the
undotted end. Similarly there are two terms for the voltage drop across L2. The self-induced voltage is
L2dI/dt, and the coupled voltage is –MdI/dt. Hence terminal voltage = (L1+L 2-2M) dI/dt, and the
equivalent inductance is L1+L 2-2M.
13.4 Keep in mind that this illustration involves a straightforward process of writing loop equations, using
the appropriate constant of proportionality for the volt-
ampere relation of each element. Be careful with the
mutual inductance. Two things to note about the mutual
inductance term: a) the current in each coil produces a
voltage drop across the other; don't account for the current
in L1 (for example) producing a voltage drop across L3,
and then forget that the current in L3 produces a voltage
drop across L1, and b) remember the polarity convention;
a current into (out of) a 'dot' on one coil produces a
voltage drop from (to) the 'dotted' to (from) the 'undotted'
end of the other coil
13.17 Calculate I1 and I2. (Note that j1 and j2 are reactances and not inductances.