Lp: 10 NC

Chng 3 Tit 25 + 26
Ngy dy: 14/10/2011
Bi 16

GVHD: c Triu Bch Sn

Ngi son: Trng Vn Cng
Ngy son: 11/10/2011

KHI NIM V LIN KT HA HC

LIN KT ION

I. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc
- V sao cc nguyn t li lin kt vi nhau.
- S to thnh ion, ion n nguyn t, ion a nguyn t.
- nh ngha lin kt ion.
- Khi nim tinh th ion, tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion.
2. K nng
- Vit c cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c th.
- Xc nh ion n nguyn t, ion a nguyn t trong mt phn t cht c th.
II. Chun b
Photo hnh v m hnh mng tinh th natri clorua, chun b mt s m hnh tht (nu
c)
III. Tin trnh ln lp
1. n nh lp
Lp trng bo co s s lp v cc hc sinh vng.
2. Vo bi
Chng ta hc xong chng 2 Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc v nh lut
tun hon th chng ta bit c nhiu v cc nguyn t ha hc v by gi chng
ta s bt u chng 3 Lin kt ha hc. Sau khi kt thc chng ny chng ta s
bit c v sao cc nguyn t d lin kt vi nhau (tr kh him) to phn t hay
tinh th v bit c nhng lin kt gia chng c to thanh nh th no.
3. Ni dung bi ging
Hot ng ca GV
Hot ng ca HS
Ni dung bi hc
I. Khi nim v lin kt ha hc
GV t chc cho hc Hc sinh nghin cu 1. Khi nim v lin kt
sinh t nghin cu SGK SGK v tr li cu Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia
v tr li cu hi:
hi ca GV.
cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay
- Lin kt ha hc l g?
tinh th bn hn.
- Ti sao cc nguyn t
Khi lin kt c to thnh gia
lin kt vi nhau to
cc nguyn t th nng lng s
thnh phn t hay tinh
nh hn khi tn ti cc nguyn t
th?
ring bit nn s bn hn.
2. Quy tc bt t (8 electron)
GV hi: Cc nguyn t HS tr li: Nguyn t Theo quy tc bt t ( 8 electron ) th
nhm no tn ti trong nhm VIIIA
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c
t nhin dng t do v
khuynh hng lin kt vi cc
hot ng ha hc km?
nguyn t khc t c cu
GV hi: Nhng nguyn HS tr li: C cu hnh electron vng bn ca cc kh
t nhm VIIIA c cu hnh 8 electron lp him vi 8 electron (hoc 2 i vi
hnh electron th no? ngoi cng (hoc 2 heli) lp ngoi cng.

T s tn ti ca n nh electron i vi heli)
vy, em c kt lun th l cu hnh vng bn.
no v cu hnh electron
ca n?

GV hi: S electron v
s proton trong 1
nguyn t nh th no
vi nhau? Kt lun.
Nu nguyn t mt hay
thm electron th n s
mang in tch nh th
no?
GV hi: Electron mang
in tch g? Khi mt i
electron th nguyn t
mang in tch g?

C nhiu trng hp quy tc bt t

t ra khng y do phn t l
mt h phc tp.
II. Lin kt ion
1. S hnh thnh ion
a) Ion
HS tr li cu hi ca - Nguyn t trung ha v in .
GV.
- Trong phn ng ha hc, nu
nguyn t mt bt hoc thu thm
electron, n tr thnh phn t mang
in tch dng hoc m.
Nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t
mang in gi l ion.
* Ion dng
t cu hnh electron bn ca
kh him, cc nguyn t kim loi d
nhng 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi
cng cho nguyn t cc nguyn t
khc tr thnh ion mang 1, 2, 3
n v in tch dng gi l
cation.
VD: Na Na+ + 1e
Cation natri
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Al Al3+ + 3e
Tn gi:
Tn cation = cation + tn kim loi

HS tr li: Electron
mang in tch m.
Khi mt electron th
nguyn t mang in
tch dng.
GV hi: Nguyn t ca HS tr li: Cc
cc nguyn t no d nguyn t kim loi.
mt electron?
Trong phn ng ha
hc, t cu hnh
electron bn ca kh
him (c 8 e hoc 2e
ging nh heli) nguyn
t kim loi c khuynh
hng nhng electron
tr thnh ion dng
2
2
6
1
c gi l cation.
13Na : 1s 2s 2p 3s
GV gi hc sinh ln Hc sinh ln bng Na+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6
bng vit cu hnh vit cu hnh electron
electron ca nguyn t ca nguyn t v ion.
Natri v ion Na+.
* Ion m
t cu hnh electron bn ca
GV hi: Khi nhn thm HS tr li: Mang in kh him, cc nguyn t phi kim
electron th nguyn t tch m. Nguyn t nhn 1, 2, 3 electron t nguyn t
mang in tch g? phi kim.
cc nguyn t khc tr thnh ion
Nguyn t ca cc
m gi l anion .
nguyn t no d nhn
VD : F + 1e Felectron?
Anion florua (ion florua)
Cl + 1e Cl-

GV gi hc sinh ln
bng vit cu hnh
electron ca nguyn t
Clo v ion clorua.
GV gii thch cho hc
sinh bit ion n
nguyn t v ion a
nguyn t. GV gi hc
sinh cho v d.

Gv dng hnh v m t
phn ng chy ca Na
trong kh Clo.
- Nguyn t Natri
nhng 1 electron cho
nguyn t Clo bin
i thnh cation Na+.
- Nguyn t Clo nhn 1
electron ca nguyn t
Natri bin i thnh
anion Cl-.
GV gi hc sinh ln
bng vit phng trnh
phn ng.

Tng t nh trng
hp hnh thnh phn t
NaCl. GV yu cu hc

Anion clorua (ion clorua)

O + 2e O2Anion oxit (ion oxit)
Tn gi: Tn anion c gi theo
tn gc axit (tr O2- gi l anion
oxit).
2
2
6
2
5
17Cl: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Hc sinh ln bng Cl- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
vit cu hnh electron
ca nguyn t v ion.
b) Ion n v ion a nguyn t
- Ion n nguyn t l ion c to
Hc sinh cho cc v nn t 1 nguyn t.
d.
VD: Cation Li+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ v
Hc sinh nhn xt anion F-, S2-
bn cho v d ng - Ion a nguyn t l ion c to
hay sai.
nn t nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi
nhau thnh mt nhm nguyn t
mang in tch dng hay m.
VD: Cation amoni NH4+ , anion
hiroxit OH-, anion sunfat SO42-.
2. S hnh thnh lin kt ion
a) S to thnh lin kt ion ca
phn t 2 nguyn t
Xt s hnh thnh lin kt ion trong
phn t natri clorua.
Do c im cu to nguyn t v
theo quy tc bt t, khi cc nguyn
t Na v Cl tip xc vi nhau s c
s nhng nhn electron:
- Nguyn t Natri nhng 1
electron cho nguyn t Clo bin
i thnh cation Na+.
Hc sinh ln bng - Nguyn t Cl nhn 1 electron ca
vit phn ng ha nguyn t Na bin i thnh
anion Cl-.
hc.
Na + Cl Na+ + Cl2s22p63s1 3s23p5 2s22p6 3s23p6
Hai ion mang in tch ngc du
ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to
nn phn t NaCl
Na+ + Cl- NaCl
b) S to thnh lin kt ion trong
phn t nhiu nguyn t
Tng t nh s hnh thnh phn t
- Vit qu trnh hnh NaCl.
thnh cc ion.
- S hnh thnh phn
Cl + Ca + Cl Cl- + Ca2+ + Cl-

sinh vit qu trnh hnh

thnh cc ion Ca2+ v
Cl-, s hnh thnh phn
t CaCl2 t cc ion Ca2+
v Cl-, s hnh thnh
phn t t cc nguyn
t.
GV nhn mnh: lin kt
ion c hnh thnh
nh lc ht tnh in
gia cc ion mang in
tch tri du.
GV yu cu hc sinh
cho bit lin kt ion l
g?
GV rt ra kt lun, rt
ra nh ngha v lu
lin kt ion c hnh
thnh gia kim loi in
hnh v phi kim in
hnh.

t
CaCl2.

- Hc sinh c khi
nim lin kt ion
trong SGK.

GV ging cho hc sinh HS c khi nim

bit khi nim v tinh trong SGK.
th.

GV a ra m hnh
hoc hnh v tinh th
NaCl m t mng
tinh th ion.

Da vo lc ht tnh
in hy cho bit tnh
cht chung ca hp cht
ion.

Hai ion mang in tch ngc du

ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to
nn phn t NaCl:
Ca2+ + 2Cl- CaCl2
Kt lun: Lin kt ion c hnh
thnh nh lc ht tnh in gia cc
ion mang in tch tri du.

Hc sinh da vo
SGK suy ra tnh cht
chung ca hp cht
ion.

III. Tinh th v mng tinh th ion

1. Khi nim v tinh th
Tinh th c cu to t nhng
nguyn t, hoc ion. Cc ht ny
c sp xp mt cch u n,
tun hon theo mt trt t nht nh
trong khng gian to thnh mng
tinh th. Cc tinh th thng c
hnh dng khng xc nh.
2. Mng tinh th ion
Xt mng tinh th NaCl
Trong mng tinh th cc ion Na+,
Cl- c phn b lun phin u
n trn cc nh ca hnh lp
phng nh. Xung quanh mi ion
Na+ u c 6 ion Cl- v ngc li.
3. Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion
- iu kin thng , cc hp cht
ion thng tn ti dng tinh th.
- Lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
ngc du ln nn tinh th ion c
tnh bn vng bn vng, thng c
nhit si v nhit nng chy
kh cao.
- Tan nhiu trong nc, d phn li
thnh ion.
- Dn in c khi trng thi
nng chy v khi ha tan trong

nc, cn trng thi rn khng

dn in c.
4. Cng c
Bi tp 1, 4 SGK trang 70.
5. Dn d
- Hc bi v lm cc bi tp cn li trong SGK, lm thm bi tp trong sch bi tp.
- c trc bi Lin kt cng ha tr.
6. Rt kinh nghim
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7. Nhn xt ca GVHD
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