Bi 1.

Cc bi ton v cng thc t hp, chnh hp

237
CHNG III. T HP, XC SUT V S PHC
BI 1. CC BI TON V CNG THC T HP, CHNH HP
I. DNG 1: CHNG MINH NG THC
k
n
C BNG O HM
1. Cc bi tp mu minh ha:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
1 2 n n 1
n n n
C + 2C + ... + n.C = n2
Gii
Xt: (1 + x)
n
=
o 1 2 2 3 3 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
C C x C x C x ... C x C x

+ + + + + +
Ly o hm c 2 v ta c: ( )
n 1
1 2 3 2 n n 1
n n n n
n 1 x C 2C x 3C x nC x

+ = + + + +
Th x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c:
1 2 n n 1
n n n
C 2C ... n.C n2

+ + + =
Bi 2. Chng minh rng:


2 3 n n 2
n n n
2.1.C + 3.2.C + ... + n(n 1)C = n(n 1)2
Gii
Xt:
( )
1
n
x + =
o 1 2 2 3 3 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
C C x C x C x ... C x C x

+ + + + + +
Ly o hm c 2 v ta c: ( )
n 1
1 2 3 2 n n 1
n n n n
n 1 x C 2C x 3C x nC x

+ = + + + +
Li ly o hm ta c: ( ) ( )
n 2
2 3 n n 2
n n n
n n 1 1 x 2C 3.2.C .x n(n 1)C .x

+ = + + +
Th x = 1 vo ng thc trn ta c:
2 3 n n 2
n n n
2.1.C 3.2.C ... n(n 1)C n(n 1)2

+ + + =
Bi 3. ( thi TSH khi A 2005): Gii phng trnh:
( )

1 2 2 3 3 4 2n 2n+1
2n+1 2n+1 2n+1 2n+1 2n+1
C 2.2C + 3.2 C 4.2 C + ... + 2n + 1 2 C = 2005
Gii
Xt
( )
2 1
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 ... ...
n
k k n n
n n n n n
x C C x C x C x C x
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+ = + + + + + +
Ly o hm c 2 v ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2 ... ... 2 1
n
k k n n
n n n n
n x C C x kC x n C x
+
+ + + +
+ + = + + + + + +
Thay x = 2 vo ng thc ta c:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2.2 ... 2 ... 2 2 1
k n
k n
n n n n
n C C kC n C

+
+ + + +
+ = + + + + +
Phng trnh cho 2n + 1 = 2005 n = 1002
Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

238
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )

k
2 3 k 2 k 2n-1 2n+1
2n+1 2n+1 2n+1 2n+1
2C 3.2C + ... + 1 k k 1 2 C + ... 2n 2n+ 1 2 C = 110
Gii
Xt
( ) ( )
2 1
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 ... 1 ...
n k
k k n n
n n n n n
x C C x C x C x C x
+
+ +
+ + + + +
= + + +
Ly o hm c 2 v ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2 ... 1 ... 2 1
n k
k k n n
n n n n
n x C C x kC x n C x
+
+ + + +
+ = + + + +
Li ly o hm c 2 v ta c:
( ) ( )
2 1
2 2 1 1
n
n n x

+ =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 3 ... 1 1 ... 2 2 1
k
k k n n
n n n n
C C x k k C x n n C x
+
+ + + +
= + + + +
Thay x = 2 vo ng thc ta c:
( )
2 2 1 n n + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 3.2 ... 1 1 2 ... 2 2 1 2
k
k k n n
n n n n
C C k k C n n C
+
+ + + +
= + + + +
Phng trnh cho
( )
2
2 2 1 110 2 55 0 5 n n n n n + = + = =
2. Cc bi tp dnh cho bn c t gii:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
0 1 2
3 5 ... (2 1) ( 1)2
n n
n n n n
C C C n C n + + + + + = +
Bi 2. Chng minh rng:
1 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2.2 3.2 ... . .3
n n n n n
n n n n
C C C n C n

+ + + + =
Bi 3. Chng minh rng:
1 2 3 4 1
2 3 4 ... ( 1) . 0
n n
n n n n n
C C C C n C

+ + + =
Bi 4. Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1
4 1 4 2 4 ... 1 2.2 .. .2
n
n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
n C n C n C C C C n C

+ + = + + +
Bi 5. Chng minh rng: ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) [ ]
2 2 2
1 2
2
2 1 !
2
1 !
n
n n n
n
C C n C
n

+ ++ =

n 2
Bi 6. Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 3
2 3
2 1
1
1 1 1
n
n n n
n
C C n C
n n n

+ + + =

n 2
Bi 7. Chng minh rng: ( )
1
1
1
tg 1 tg
n
n
k k
n
k
kC x n x

=
= +

n 2
Bi 8. Chng minh rng:
( )
1 2 2 2 3 2 2
2 3 ... 1 2
n n
n n n n
C C C n C n n

+ + + + = +
Bi 9. Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2 1
1 2 ... 1 0
n
n n n
n n n n
nC n C n C C

+ + =
Bi 10. CMR:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0 1 1 2 1 1
1 2 1 2 .2 ... 1 2 ... 2
n n n k
k k n n
n n n n
C C kC nC n


+ + + + =
Bi 1. Cc bi ton v cng thc t hp, chnh hp

239
II. DNG 2: CHNG MINH NG THC
k
n
C BNG TCH PHN
1. Cc bi tp mu minh ha:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:

n+1
1 2 n
n n n
2 1 1 1 1
1 + C + C + ... + C =
2 3 n + 1 n + 1

Gii
Xt (1 + x)
n
=
o 1 2 2 3 3 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
C C x C x C x ... C x C x

+ + + + + +
Ta c: ( )
( )
n 1
1
n 1
1
n
0
0
1 x
2 1
1 x dx
n 1 n 1
+
+
+

+ = =
+ +

Mt khc:
( )
1
o 1 2 2 3 3 n 1 n 1 n n
n n n n n n
0
C C x C x C x ... C x C x dx

+ + + + + + =

Bi 2. Chng minh rng:

n+1
1 2 n
n n n
( 1) 1 1 n
C C + ... + C =
2 3 n + 1 n + 1

Gii
Ta c : (1 x)
n
=
0 1 2 2 n n n
n n n n
C C x C x ... ( 1) C x + + +

2 2
n 1
n 0 1 n n n 1 2 n
n n n n n n
0 0
( 1) 1 1
(1 x) dx C C x ... ( 1) C x dx C C ... C
2 3 n 1
+

(
= + + = + +

+


Mt khc
1
2
n 1
n
0 0
(1 x) 1
(1 x) dx
n 1 n 1
=

= =
+ +

(pcm)
Bi 3. Chng minh rng:
( )

n+1
0 1 2 n
n n n n
1 1 1 1 2 1
C + C + C + + C =
3 6 3 3n + 3 3 n + 1

Gii
Xt P(x) =
( ) ( )
n
2 3 2 0 1 3 2 6 n 3n
n n n n
x 1 x x C C x C x C x + = + + + +
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
n n
2 3 3 3
0 0 0
1
P(x) dx x 1 x dx 1 x d 1 x
3
= + = + +

( )
( )
n 1
3 n 1
1 1 x 2 1
3 n 1 3 n 1
+
+
+
= =
+ +

Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

240
Mt khc:
( )
1 1
0 2 1 5 n 3n 2
n n n
0 0
P(x) dx C x C x C x dx
+
= + + +

=
=
1
0 3 1 6 n 3n 3
n n n
0
C x C x C x
3 6 3n 3
+
(

+ + +
(
+
(


0 1 2 n
n n n n
1 1 1 1
C C C C
3 6 3 3n 3
= + + + +
+

Vy
( )
n 1
0 1 2 n
n n n n
1 1 1 1 2 1
C C C C
3 6 3 3n 3 3 n 1
+

+ + + + =
+ +

2. Cc bi tp dnh cho bn c t gii:
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
n
1 2 n n
n n
C 1 1 1
1 C C ... ( 1)
2 3 n 1 n 1
+ + =
+ +

Bi 2. Chng minh rng:
n
0 1 2 n
n n n n
( 1) 1 1 1 1
C C C ... C
2 4 6 n 2 2(n 1)

+ + =
+ +

Bi 3. Chng minh rng:
n n
0 2 1 3 2 n 1 n
n n n n
( 1) 1 ( 1) 1 1
2C 2 C 2 C ... 2 C
2 3 n 1 n 1
+
+
+ + =
+ +

Bi 4. Chng minh rng:
n 1
0 2 1 3 2 n 1 n
n n n n
3 1 1 1 1
2C 2 C 2 C ... 2 C
2 3 n 1 n 1
+
+

+ + + + =
+ +

Bi 5. Chng minh rng:
( )
( )
( )
0 1 2 3 2 !!
1 1 1 1
... 1
3 5 7 2 1 2 1 !!
n
n
n n n n n
n
C C C C C
n n
+ + + =
+ +

Bi 6. Chng minh rng:
( )
n 1
n n n 1
k k k 1
n n
k 0 k 0
1 e 1 2 1
C C e
n 1 k 1 n 1 k 1
+
+
+
= =
+
+ = +
+ + + +


Bi 7. Chng minh rng:
( )
0 1 2 1 1 1 1
...
2 3 1 1
n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n n

+ + =
+ +

Bi 8. Chng minh rng:
( )
1 2 3
3 7 ... 2 1 3 2
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C + + + + =
Bi 9. Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
k k n n 2n 2 n 1
n n
k 1 n 1
k 0 k 0
C C 2 3
k 1 k 1 2 n 1 2
+ +
+ +
= =

=
+ + +


Bi 10. t S
n
=
1 1 1
1
2 3 n
+ + + + . Chng minh rng:
( )
( )
n 1
n 1
1 2 n 1
n n n 1 n n 2 n 1
1
S C S C S 1 C S
n

+ + =
Bi 11. Chng minh: ( )
n 1
1 2 3 n
n n n n
1 1 1 1 1 1
C C C 1 C 1
1 2 3 n 2 n

+ + = + + +
Bi 1. Cc bi ton v cng thc t hp, chnh hp

241
III. DNG 3: CHNG MINH NG THC
k
n
C BNG NH NGHA
1
1
k k
n n
n
C C
k

= ( k n < ) ;
( )
1
1
m m
n m n m
nC m C
+
+ +
= + ;
m k k m k
n m n n k
C C C C

= (k m n) ;
( )
2 3
1
1 2 1 1
1
2 3 ... ...
2
p n
n n n n
n
p n
n n n n
C C C C
n n
C p n
C C C C

+
+ + + + + + = ;
( ) ( )
1
1
1 2 3
1
0
2 3 ... 1 1
n
n k
n k
n n n n n
k
C C C nC n C

=
+ + =

;
1 1
2 2 2 2
1
2
n n n
n n n
C C C
+
+
+ = ;
0 1 2
1 2 3 1 1
2 3 4 2 2 2
1
... ...
2
k n
n n n n n
k n
n n n n k n
C C C C C
C C C C C
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + = ;
1 1 1
2
2
m m m m
n n n n
C C C C
+ +
+
+ + = ;
IV. DNG 4: CHNG MINH BNG CNG THC
1
1 1
;


= + =
k n k k k k
n n n n n
C C C C C
1
1 2 1 1
...
k k k k k k
n n n k k n
C C C C C C
+
+ +
+ + + + + = ;
1 2 3
3
3 3
k k k k k
n n n n n
C C C C C

+
+ + + =
1 2 3 2 3
2 3
2 5 4
k k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + = + ;
1
0
m
k m
n k n m
k
C C
+ + +
=
=

1 2 3 4
4
4 6 4
k k k k k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C

+
+ + + + =
V. DNG 5: CHNG MINH BNG KHAI TRIN NEWTON
0 1
... 2
n n
n n n
C C C + + + = ;
1 3 2 1 0 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
... ... 2
n n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C

+ + + = + + + =
0 1 1 1
3 3 ... 3 4
n n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + + = ;
0 1 2 2 3 3
6 6 6 ... 6 7
n n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + + + =
( )
0 1 2 3
... 1 0
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + = ;
0 1 1 2 2 3 1 1
2 2 .2 2 .3 ... 2 . .3
n n n
n n n n
C C C nC n

+ + + + =
0 2 2 1 3 2 1
... ... ... ...
k k
n n n n n n
C C C C C C
+
+ + + + = + + + +
0 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
10 10 10 ... 10 10 81
n n n n n
n n n n n n
C C C C C C

+ + + =
( ) ( )
0 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 ... 1 2 ... 1 1
k n
n n n n k k n
n n n n n
C C C C C

+ + + + =
( )
0 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 2
4 4 4 ... 1 2 2 .. 2
n
n n n n n n
n n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C C

+ + = + + + +
0 2 1 3 2 1
1
2 2 2 2
3 1
...
1 2 3 1 1
n n
n
n n n n
C C C C
n n
+
+

+ + + + =
+ +

( )
0 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 ... 3 2 2 1
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + + = +
( )
0 2 2 4 4 2000 2000 2000 2001
2001 2001 2001 2001
3 3 ... 3 2 2 1 C C C C + + + + =
Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

242
VI. DNG 6: CHNG MINH NG THC BNG CCH NG NHT H S THEO 2
CCH KHAI TRIN
0 1 1 1 1 0
. . ... . .
k k k k k
n m n m n m n m m n
C C C C C C C C C

+
+ + + + =
0 1 1
2
. . ... .
k k n k n n k
n n n n n n n
C C C C C C C
+ +
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 1
2
...
n n
n n n n
C C C C + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... 0
n
n n n n
C C C C
+
+ + + +
+ =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
... 1
n
n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + =
VII. DNG 7: PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH, BPT CHA ; ;
k k
n n n
A C P
1. Gii cc phng trnh sau y:
3 2
2
20
n n
C C = ;
4
3 4
1
24
23
n
n
n n
A
A C

+
=

;
3
5
5
720
n
n n
P
A P
+

= ;
1 3
1
72 72
n n
A A
+
= ;
1 2 3 2
6 6 9 14
n n n
C C C n n + + = ; ( )
2 2
72 6 2
n n n n
P A A P + = + ;
5 6 7
5 2 14
n n n
C C C
= ;
4 3 2
1 1 2
5
0
4
n n n
C C A

= ;
1 1
1 1 1
: : 5: 5: 3
m m m
n n n
C C C
+
+ + +
= ;
3 2
14
n
n n
A C n

+ = ;
3 3
8 6
5
n
n n
C A
+
+ +
= ;
1
2 2 2
35 132
n n
n n
C C

= ;
4 5 6
1 1 1
n n n
C C C
= ;
( )
2 4 4 2
1 1
4 1
n n
n n n
n C xC x C


+ = + ;
1 1
2 2 1
3 2
n n
n n
C C

+
= ;
3 2 1
14
n
n n n
A C C

+ =
2. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau y:
( )
4
4 42
2 !
n
n
A
P n
+

+
;
( )
4
4 143
4 2 !
n
n
A
P n
+

+
;
2
1
2
1
2
n
n
n
n
A
P
C

;
3
3
1
195
0
4
n
n n
A
P P
+
+
> ;
4
4
2
143
0
4
n
n n
A
P P
+
+
> ;
2 2 3
2
6 1
10
2
n n n
A A C
x
+ ;
11
13 13
n m
C C

;
4 3 2
1 1 2
5
0
4
n n n
C C A

= ;
1 1
1
12 162
n n
C C

+
+ ;
1 3
1
72 72
n n
A A
+
;
2 2
1
2 3 30
n n
C A
+
+ < ;
3 1
1 1
100
n
n n
C C

+ +
+
3. Gii cc h phng trnh sau y:
2 5 90
5 2 80
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C

+ =

;
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
3
1 1
2 3
2 1
x y x y
x y x y
x y
x y
C C A C
C A

+ =

= +

;
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
3
2
3 2
1 1
6
1
4
3 2 1
x y
x y
x y
x y
y
y
x
x
C A
C A
C
x C
y y

= + +