Bi 5.

ng Hypecbol

51
BI 5. NG HYPECBOL
I. CC DNG HYPECBOL V C IM
Trc
thc
Hnh dng Hypecbol
Phng trnh v cc yu t trong Hypecbol
Ox

2
2
2 2 2
2 2
1;
y
x
c a b
a b
= = +
; Tm sai
c
e
a
= .
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 ; ; 0 F c F c . Tiu c: F
1
F
2
= 2c.
A
1
(a; 0); A
2
(a; 0) Trc thc. A
1
A
2
= 2a.
B
1
(0; b); B
2
(0; b) Trc o. B
1
B
2
= 2b.
Tim cn
b
y x
a
= ; g chun
2
a a
x
c e
= = ,
( )
( )
1
2
e
e
MF x a
MF x a
= +

1 0
1 0
x
x
= >

= <

nu
nu

Oy
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
1;
y
x
c a b
b a
= = +
; Tm sai
c
e
b
= .
( ) ( )
1 2
0 ; ; 0 ; F c F c . Tiu c: F
1
F
2
= 2c.
A
1
(a; 0); A
2
(a; 0) Trc o. A
1
A
2
= 2a.
B
1
(0; b); B
2
(0; b) Trc thc. B
1
B
2
= 2b.
Tim cn
b
y x
a
= ; g chun
2
b b
y
c e
= =
( ) ( ) {
1 2
; MF ey b MF ey b = + = vi 1 =
y =
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
( )
1;
y
x
c a b
a b

= = +
; Tm sai
c
e
a
=
( ) ( )
1 2
; ; ; F c F c + . Tiu c: F
1
F
2
= 2c.
( ) ( )
1 2
; ; ; A a A a + Trc thc. A
1
A
2
= 2a.
( ) ( )
1 2
; ; ; B b B b + Trc o. B
1
B
2
= 2b.
Tim cn ( )
b
y x
a
= ; g chun
2
a
x
c
=

x =
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
( )
1;
y
x
c a b
b a

= = +
; Tm sai
c
e
b
=
( ) ( )
1 2
; ; ; F c F c + . Tiu c: F
1
F
2
= 2c.
( ) ( )
1 2
; ; ; A a A a + Trc o. A
1
A
2
= 2a.
( ) ( )
1 2
; ; ; B b B b + Trc thc. B
1
B
2
= 2b
Tim cn ( )
b
y x
a
= ; g chun
2
b
y
c
=

F1
A1
F2
B2
B1
A2
I x
y
O


F
1
A1
F
2
B
2
B
1
A2
O

x

y

O


F1
A1
F2
B2
B1
A2
I
x
y
F
1
A1
F
2
B
2
B
1
A2
O

x

y

Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

52
II. XC NH PHNG TRNH HYPECBOL THEO CC YU T
Bi 1. VPTCT ca (H) i qua ( ) M 5 2, 2 5 v c tiu im ( ) ( )
1 2
3 5;0 ; 3 5;0 F F
Bi 2. VPTCT ca (H) i qua M(2; 0) c tiu im F
1
(4; 0), F
2
(4; 0)
Bi 3. VPTCT ca (H) i qua O(0; 0) c tiu im F
1
(2; 0), F
2
(0; 3)
Bi 4. VPTCT ca (H) i qua M(5; 3) v c tm sai 2 e =
Bi 5. VPTCT ca hypecbol (H) i qua ( ) ( )
1 2
M 4; 6 ;M 6;1
Bi 6. VPTCT ca hypecbol (H) i qua ( ) M 6; 2 3 bit di trc thc bng 6
Bi 7. VPTCT ca hypecbol (H) i qua ( ) M 3; 3 bit di trc o bng 2
Bi 8. VPTCT ca (H) i qua
4 34 9
M ;
5 5
| |
|
\
v M nhn F
1
F
2
Ox di gc
2

Bi 9. VPTCT ca (H) i qua ( ) M 4 10;9 v M nhn F
1
F
2
Ox di gc vung.
Bi 10. VPTCT ca (H) i qua
4 5
2
M ;
3 3
| |
|
\
v M nhn F
1
F
2
Ox di gc
2
3

Bi 11. VPTCT ca (H) i qua
4 5
2
M ;
3 3
| |
|
\
v M nhn F
1
F
2
Oy di gc
3

Bi 12. VPTCT ca (H) bit di trc o bng 6 v 2 tim cn vi nhau.
Bi 13. VPTCT ca (H) i qua M(24; 5) v 2 ng tim cn l: 5 12 0 x y =
Bi 14. VPTCT ca (H) i qua M(2; 1) v gc t ca 2 ng tim cn l 120
Bi 15. VPTCT ca (H) i qua M(6; 4) v gc gia 2 ng tim cn l 60.
Bi 16. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca hypecbol (H) c 2 ng tim cn l
3 4 0 x y = v 2 ng chun 5 16 0 x =
Bi 17. VPTCT ca (H) c cng hnh ch nht c s vi elip (E):
2 2
9 16 144 x y + =
Bi 18. VPTCT ca hypecbol (H) c nh A(1; 1) nm trn trc thc v ng trn
ngoi tip hnh ch nht c s ca (H) l (C):
2 2
2 2 7 0 x y x y + =
Bi 5. ng Hypecbol

53
III. MT S BI TP TNG GIAO CA HYPECBOL
Bi 1. Cho (H):
2
2
1
4 9
y
x
= . Gi (d) i qua O v (d): y = kx
a. Tm iu kin ca k (d) v (d) u ct (H).
b. Tnh din tch hnh thoi vi 4 nh l 4 giao im ca (d), (d) v (H).
c. Xc nh k hnh thoi y c din tch nh nht.
Gii
a. Ta c: (d): y = kx v
( )
1
: d y x
k

= . Ta c (d) ct (H) khi v ch khi

2 2 2
1
4 9
x k x
=
( )
2 2
9 4 36 k x = c nghim
2
9 4 0 k >
(d) ct (H) khi v ch khi
2 2
2
1
4
9
x x
k
=
2
2
4
9 36 x
k
| |
=
|
\
c nghim
Yu cu bi ton
2
2
4
9 4 0, 9 0 k
k
> >
2 9 3 4 2
9 4 3 2
k k < < < <
b. Vi
3 2
3 2
k < < th (d): y = kx ct (H) ti 2 im A, C phn bit vi cc ta
l
2 2
2
36
9 4
A C
x x
k
= =

;
2
2 2
2
36
9 4
A C
k
y y
k
= =

v
( )
1
: d y x
k

= ct (H) ti 2 im
B, D phn bit vi
2
2 2
2
36
9 4
B D
k
x x
k
= =

;
2 2
2
36
9 4
B D
y y
k
= =

Ta c AC BD ti trung im O ca mi on nn ABCD l hnh thoi.
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
72 1
1
4 4 . 2
2
9 4 9 4
ABCD AOB A A B B
k
S S OAOB x y x y
k k
+
= = = + + =


c.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 5 1
9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 1
2 2
k k k k k
(
+ = +


144
5
ABCD
S
Du bng xy ra
2 2
9 4 9 4 1 k k k = = . Vy
144
Min
5
ABCD
S = .
Bi 2. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy cho (H):
2 2
9 9 0 x y = .
Tm trn (H) nhng im nhn on ni hai tiu im di gc vung.
Tm trn (H) nhng im nhn on ni hai tiu im di gc 60
Tm trn (H) nhng im c ta nguyn.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

54
Gii
(H):
2
2 2 2
9 9 0 1
9
y
x y x = = . Ta c: a = 1, b = 3 10 c =
M(x
0
, y
0
) (H)
2 2
0 0
9 9 x y = (1) . im M nhn on ni hai tiu im di gc
vung nn M thuc ng trn (C) ng knh
1 2
F F , tc l tm O,
2 2
10
2
F F
R= = .
M(C):
2 2
10 x y + =
2 2
0 0
10 x y + = . Kt hp vi (1)
2 2
0 0
19 81
;
10 10
x y = =
1 2 3 4
190 9 10 190 9 10 190 9 10 190 9 10
, , , , , , ,
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
M M M M
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
\ \ \ \

b. M(x
0
, y
0
) nhn
1 2
F F di gc 60
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 . cos
3
F F MF MF MF MF

= +
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0
. 4 4
c c
F F MF MF MF MF c a x a x a
a a
= + = + +
2 2
0 0
37
40 4 10 1
10
x x = + =
2
0
27
9
10
y =

1 2 3 4
370 9 30 370 9 30 370 9 30 370 9 30
, , , , , , ,
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
M M M M
| | | | | | | |

| | | |
\ \ \ \

c. rng nu im M(x
0
, y
0
) l im c ta nguyn (H) th cc im
(x
0
, y
0
), (x
0
, y
0
), (x
0
, y
0
) (H) cng c ta nguyn.
Vy ta ch cn xt trng hp khi
0 0
, 0 x y .
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9 3 3 9 x y x y x y = + =
( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
5
3 1;3 9 ; 4
3
3 3;3 3
1; 0
x y x y x y
x y x y
x y

= + = = =

= + =

= =

loi

Vy cc im c ta nguyn (H) l M
1
(1; 0), M
2
(1; 0)
Bi 3. Cho (H):
2
2
1
9 4
y
x
= v A(3; 2), B(0; 1). Tm im C(H) sao cho
ABC c din tch nh nht. Tnh gi tr nh nht .
Bi 5. ng Hypecbol

55
Gii
(AB): 1 0 x y = v 3 2 AB AB = =

. Gi C(x
0
, y
0
) (H)
2 2
0 0
1
9 4
x y
= .
Ta c:
( )
( )
0 0 0 0
3 3 1
, 1 1
2 2 2
S AB d C AB x y x y = = .
S dng bt ng thc ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
, , , , , ax by a b x y a b c x y ta c
( )
2 2
0 0 0 0
0 0
3 2 9 4 5
3 2 9 4
x y x y
x y
| |
= = |
\

( )
3
5 1
2
S
Du bng xy ra
0 0
9 4
,
5 5
x y = = hay
9 4
;
5 5
C
| |
|
\

Bi 4. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy cho (H):
2
2
1
16 9
y
x
= . Gi F l mt
tiu im ca (H) ( 0
F
x < ) v I l trung im ca on OF. Vit phng
trnh cc ng thng tip xc vi (H) v i qua I.
Gii
Ta c:
2 2
16, 9 5 a b c = = = F(5; 0)
( )
5
; 0
2
I .
ng thng (d) qua I:
( )
5
0
2
A x By + + =
( )
2 2
0 A B + >
5
0
2
Ax By A + + =
(d) tip xc (H)
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 39
5
39 36 0
2 6
a A b B A A B B A = = =
A 0 (d):
39 39
5 5
0 0 6 39 15 0
6 2 6 2
Ax Ay A x y x y + = + = + =
Bi 5. Cho Hypecbol (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= .
1. Tnh di phn ng tim cn chn bi 2 ng chun.
2. Tm khong cch t tiu im ca (H) ti cc ng tim cn.
3. Chng minh rng: Chn cc ng h t 1 tiu im ti cc ng tim
cn nm trn ng chun ng vi tiu im .
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

56
Gii
1. (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= c 2 tiu im ( ) ( )
1 2
, 0 , , 0 F c F c vi
2 2
c a b = + .
Hai ng chun ca Hypebol (H) tng ng l
2 2
1,2
2 2
:
a a
x
c
a b
= =
+
.
Gi H, K l giao ng tim cn
b
y x
a
= vi
1 2
, khi ta c
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
, 2 2
H H H H
a ab
x y OH x y a KH OH a
a b a b
= = = + = = =
+ +

2. Khong cch t ( )
1
, 0 F c n
b
y x
a
= hay 0 bx ay = l
2 2
0 bc
d b
a b

= =
+

3. Ta c
( ) ( )
1
, ; ,
H H H H
OH x y F H x x y

suy ra
( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
, . 0
H H H H H H
OH F H x x c y x y c x a a F H OH = + = + = =


Bi 6. Cho Hypecbol (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= . Chng minh rng tch cc khong cch
t mt im ty trn (H) n hai ng tim cn l khng i.
Gii
Ly im bt k
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
0 0
0 0
2 2 2 2
, : 1 1
x y y
x
M x y H
a b a b
= = . Vit phng
trnh hai ng tim cn c di dng 0
y
x
a b
= th khong cch t im M
n 2 ng tim cn l

2 2
0 0
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
.
1 1
1 1 1 1
x y x y x y
a b a b a b a b
d d
a b a b
a b
a b a b a b
+
= = = =
+ +
+
+ +

Bi 7. Vit phng trnh (d) i qua M(0; 2) v ct (H):
2
2
1
4 1
y
x
= ti A, B
phn bit sao cho M l trung im AB.
Bi 5. ng Hypecbol

57
IV. CC BI TON TIP TUYN HYPECBOL
Bi 1. Cho (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= . CMR: a. Tip tuyn ca (H) ti M(x
0
, y
0
)(H) c
phng trnh:
0 0
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
=
b. iu kin cn v (): 0 Ax By C + + = tip xc (H) l
2 2 2 2 2
a A b B C =
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) trong cc trng hp:
Bi 2. (H):
2 2
4 20 x y = v h s gc tip tuyn
3
4
k =
Bi 3. (H):
2 2
5 4 0 x y = v tip tuyn // (D): 3x + 2y 1 = 0.
Bi 4. (H):
2 2
4 5 20 0 x y + = v tip tuyn (D): 3x + 2y 1 = 0.
Bi 5. (H):
2 2
4 4 x y = + v tip tuyn to vi (D): x 2y + = 0 gc 45
Bi 6. (H):
2 2
2 4 x y = v tip tuyn i qua A(2; 3)
Bi 7. (H):
2 2
2 4 x y = v tip tuyn cch tm i xng ca (H) 1 khong 3
Bi 8. (H):
2 2
25 16 400 0 x y + = v tip tuyn i qua A(4; 1)
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca cc ng cong sau:
Bi 9. ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2
: 1 v : 1
4 3 4 3
y y
x x
H H = =
Bi 10.
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
: 1 v : 1
4 7 3
y
x x
H E y = + =
Bi 11.
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
: 1 v : 1
2 7
y
x
H C x y = + =
Bi 12. ( )
2
2
1
: 1
9 4
y
x
H = v ( )
2
2
2
: 1
6 1
y
x
H =
Bi 13.
( )
2
2
: 1
8 27
y
x
H = v
( )
2
2
: 1
4 9
y
x
E + =
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

58
Bi 14.
( )
2
2
: 1
16 4
y
x
H = v
( ) ( )
2
2
: 2 4 C x y + + =
Bi 15. Vit phng trnh (H) bit (H) c trc trng vi cc trc ta v tip
xc vi cc ng thng: ( ) ( )
1 2
: 5 6 16 0; :13 10 48 0 x y x y = =
Bi 16. Cho (): 0 Ax By C + + = tip xc (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
=
a. F
1
, F
2
l tiu im, k F
1
H
1
(), F
2
H
2
(). CMR:
2
1 1 2 2
F H F H b =
b. Chng minh rng: H ng thng (D):
2
cos sin 4cos 1 0 x t y t t + + =
lun tip xc vi (H) c nh.
Bi 17. Cho (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= ; A
1
, A
2
l nh, 1 tip tuyn () bt k ct 2 tip
tuyn ti nh A
1
, A
2
ln lt ti cc im M, N.
a. CMR: .
M N
y y const = b. Tm im
1 2
I A N A N
Bi 18. Cho (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= . Tip tuyn tip im ti M (H) ct 2 tim cn
ti P, Q. Chng minh rng: a. M l trung im PQ.
b. OPQ c din tch khng i khi M di ng trn (H).
Bi 19. Cho (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= . CMR: Tip tuyn tip im ti M bt k (H) l
phn gic trong ca

1 2
F MF
Bi 20. Cho (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= . Tnh din tch hnh ch nht c 4 nh (H) v
c 2 cnh // Oy i qua 2 tiu im.
Bi 21. Cho (H):
2
2
2 2
1
y
x
a b
= . Ly
( )
0 0
, M x y thuc nhnh bn phi ca (H) v
khng trng vi nh ca (H). ng thng qua M song song vi trc
tung ct trc honh ti P v ct mt ng tim cn ti Q. Gi E v E
l giao im ca ng trn tm O bn knh a vi ng tim .
Chng minh rng QE = MF
2
, QE = MF
1