Bi 6.

ng Parabol

59
BI 6. NG PARABOL
I. CC DNG PARABOL V C IM
TX
Trc
thc
Hnh dng Hypecbol Phng trnh v cc yu t trong Parabol
O
(0; 0)
Ox

2
2 y px = ; Tiu im
( )
; 0
2
p
F Ox.
Tm sai e = 1. ng chun ():
2
p
x =
Bn knh qua tiu im: ( )
2
M
p
M P MF x = +
O
(0; 0)
Ox

2
2 y px = ; Tiu im
( )
; 0
2
p
F Ox.
Tm sai e = 1. ng chun ():
2
p
x =
Bn knh qua tiu im: ( )
2
M
p
M P MF x =
O
(0; 0)
Oy

2
2 x py = ; Tiu im
( )
0;
2
p
F Oy.
Tm sai e = 1. ng chun ():
2
p
y =
Bn knh qua tiu im: ( )
2
M
p
M P MF y = +
O
(0; 0)
Oy

2
2 x py = ; Tiu im
( )
0;
2
p
F Oy.
Tm sai e = 1. ng chun ():
2
p
y =
Bn knh qua tiu im: ( )
2
M
p
M P MF y =
S(a; b) y = b

Phng trnh: ( )
( )
2
2 y b p x a = ;
Tiu im ( ; )
2
p
F a b + (y = b) // Ox.
Tm sai e = 1. ng chun ():
2
p
x a =
Bn knh qua tiu im: ( )
2
M
p
MF a x = +
S(a; b) x = a

Phng trnh:
( )
( )
2
2 x a p y b = ;
Tiu im ( ; )
2
p
F a b + (x = a) // Oy.
Tm sai e = 1. ng chun ():
2
p
y b =
Bn knh qua tiu im: ( )
2
M
p
MF b y = +
x

y

X

b

O

F

S

Y

a

F

S

x

y

X

Y

a

b

O

p/2

2
p

F

O

()

x

y

p/2
F

O

()

x

p/2
y

2
p


2
p


F

O

()

x

y

2
p


2
p

F

O
y

()

x

Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

60
II. XC NH CC YU T CA PARABOL
Bi 1. VPT chnh tc ca (P) vi nh l gc ta O v bit:
Tiu im F(4; 0) Tiu im F(0; 2)
ng chun x = 3 ng chun y = 1/2
i qua A(2; 1) v nhn Oy lm trc i xng.
Nhn Ox lm trc X v chn trn y = x on 2 2
Bi 2. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca Parabol (P) nh O bit (P) c:
Trc Ox, khong cch t tiu im n ng chun bng 2.
Trc Oy, tiu im F(0; 1)
Trc Oy v (P) i qua A(1; 1)
Trc Ox v (P) i qua ( ) A 2; 2 2
ng chun l 2x 7 = 0
Bi 3. Trong mt phng Oxy, lp PT ca Parabol (P)
Tiu im F(3; 2), ng chun l trc Ox.
nh S(2; 1), ng chun l trc Oy.
Tiu im
( )
3
F ; 2
2
, ng chun l: y + 1 = 0.
Tiu im O(0; 0), ng chun: 3x 4y 10 = 0.
Bi 4. Trong mt phng Oxy, lp PT ca Parabol (P)
nh S(1; 1), tiu im F(2; 1)
Tiu im F(2; 4), ng chun: y 4 = 0
nh S(1; 2), ng chun Oy.
nh S(1; 2), i qua O; trc cng phng trc ta .
Trc l ng x = 1, nh S ng y + 1 = 0 v (P) chn trn y = x 2 mt
on c di 4 2
Trc Ox, (P) chn Oy mt on 2b v khong cch t nh n gc O bng a.
nh S (D): x 1 = 0, trc cng phng Ox, (P) i qua A(2; 3) v B(5; 3)
Bi 6. ng Parabol

61
Bi 5. Lp phng trnh ca Parabol (P) c:
Tiu im l O, ng chun: x y 2 = 0
nh S(2; 1), tiu im F(3; 2)
nh S(1; 3), ng chun (D): x 2y = 0
nh O, trc Oy, tiu im F, dy AB = 1 Oy ti I l trung im OF.
Bi 6. Trong mt phng Oxy cho (P):
2
4 y x =
Tm M(P) c bn knh qua tiu im MF = 10; y
M
> 0
Tm thm N(P) sao cho OMN vung ti O.
Tm A, B (P) sao cho OAB u.
Bi 7. Trong mt phng Oxy cho Parabol (P): ( )
2
2 0 y px p = >
Tnh di dy MN Ox ti tiu im F.
Tm 2 im A, B (P) sao cho OAB u.
Bi 8. VPT cc cnh ca mt tam gic ni tip Parabol (P):
2
8 y x = , bit 1
nh l gc ta O v trc tm ca tam gic l tiu im ca (P)
Bi 9. Cho (P):
2
4 x y v (D): 2 4 0 x y + =
Tm ta giao im A, B ca
( ) ( )
P D
Tm M trn cung AB ca (P) sao cho tng din tch hai phn hnh phng gii
hn bi (P) v hai dy MA, MB l nh nht.
Bi 10. Tm im M(P):
2
64 y x = sao cho khong cch t M n (D):
4 3 86 0 x y + + = nh nht.
Bi 11. Cho (P):
2
y x = v (D): y = mx (m 0)
ng (D) ct (P) ti M O. ng (D) (D) ct (P) ti N O.
Chng minh rng: ng thng MN lun i qua 1 im c nh m.
Bi 12. Cho (D): 0 Ax By C + + = vi
2 2
0 A B + > v (P): ( )
2
2 0 y px p = > .
Bin lun theo A, B, C, p s giao im ca (D) vi (P).
Bi 13. Cho (P):
2
y x = v A(1; 1), B(3; 9).
Tm M(P) sao cho din tch ABM t Max.
Bi 14. Trong mt phng Oxy cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh AB nm trn (d):
x y 8 = 0 cn 2 nh C, D (P):
2
y x = . Tnh cnh hnh vung ABCD.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

62
III. TIP TUYN V CC BI TON NH TNH CA PARABOL
III.1. Tip tuyn ti 1 im thuc Parabol
1. M(x
0
, y
0
) (P
1
):
2
2 y px = (t): ( )
0 0
yy p x x = +
2. M(x
0
, y
0
) (P
2
):
2
2 y px = (t): ( )
0 0
yy p x x = +
3. M(x
0
, y
0
) (P
3
):
2
2 x py = (t): ( )
0 0
xx p y y = +
4. M(x
0
, y
0
) (P
4
):
2
2 x py = (t): ( )
0 0
xx p y y = +
III.2. K cn v ( ): 0 Ax By C + + = tip xc (P)
1. () tip xc (P
1
):
2
2 y px =
2
2 . pB AC =
2. () tip xc (P
2
):
2
2 y px =
2
2 . pB AC =
3. () tip xc (P
3
):
2
2 x py =
2
2 . pA BC =
4. () tip xc (P
4
):
2
2 x py =
2
2 . pA BC =
Bi 1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (P):
2
4 0 y x + = ti cc giao im ca
(P) vi (C):
2 2
5 2 4 0 x y x y + + + =
Bi 2. Vit PT tip tuyn ca (P):
2
8 y x = // (D): 2x y = 0
Bi 3. Vit PT tip tuyn ca (P):
2
2 0 x y + = vi h s gc k = 2.
Bi 4. Vit PT tip tuyn ca (P):
2
36 x y = i qua im A(9; 2)
Bi 5. Vit PT tip tuyn chung ca (P):
2
12 y x = v elip (E):
2
2
1
8 6
y
x
+ =
Bi 6. Vit PT tip tuyn chung ca (P):
2
4 y x = v (C):
2 2
2 3 0 x y x + =
Bi 7. Cho (P): ( )
2
2 0 0 y px p + = > . CMR: m t ,
2
p
A m
| |
|
\
lun k c
2 tip tuyn vung gc nhau. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua 2
tip im v chng minh n i qua mt im c nh.
Bi 8. Cho (P):
2
4 y x = . Vit PT cc tip tuyn ca (P) k t im A (1; 2).
Chng minh rng 2 tip tuyn ny vung gc vi nhau.

Bi 6. ng Parabol

63
IV. MT S BI TP MU MINH HA
Bi 1. Cho (P):
2
2 y px = v M (P).
ng () i qua M ct Ox ti A,
ct tip tuyn ti nh B v ct
(P) ti M, N. CMR:
2
. BA BM BN =
Gii
K MH v NK vung gc Oy
BN BA BM
OA MH NK
= =
2
2
.
.
BM BN BA
MH NK
OA
= (1)
t ; ;
M N A
x m x n m x a = = =
2 2
2 , 2
M N
y pm y pn = = . Do AM ~ AN m n
suy ra
M N
m a n a
y y

=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
0
2 2
m a n a
m n mn a
pm pn

= = .
Do m n
2
mn a =
2
. MH NK OA = (2). Suy ra
2
. BA BM BN =
Bi 2. Cho (P): ( )
2
2 0 y px p = > c ; 0
2
p
F
| |
|
\
v ng chun ():
2
p
x = .
Tip tuyn (D) ca (P) ti M ct Ox, Oy ti N, I.
a. CMR: I l trung im MN; FI (D) v im i xng ca F qua (D) thuc ()
b. Gi
( ) ( )
K D . ng thng qua F v Ox ct (D) ti L. CMR: FK = FL
Gii
K MG () MG = NF.
Theo nh l Pascal th

FMN FNM =
FM FN = MFNG l hnh thoi.
M G, F cch u Oy 1 khong
2
p

nn tm hnh thoi I Oy
Ta c LF Ox

IFL IGK = IFL = IGK FL = GK
m K(D) chnh l trung trc ca GF nn GK = FK FK = FL
A

O
x

y

B

M

N

n

m

H

K

F

O

x

y

B
M

N

p/2

I

K

p/2

G

L

()
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

64
Bi 3. Cho (P) c tiu im F. T im I v 2 tip tuyn IM, IN n (P)
a. CMR:
2
. FI FM FN = v
2
2
IM FM
FN
IN
=
b. Mt tip tuyn (d) tu ca (P) tip
xc (P) ti T v ct IM, IN ti Q, Q
CMR:
. FQ FQ
FT

khng ph thuc v tr ca (d)

Gii
Chn h Oxy sao cho (D):
2
2 y px = (p > 0)
Theo nh l Pascal

M
KMH KMF KMH KML MH ML x = = = =
M
2
M
p
MF x MH OF MF MH OF = + = + = FL OF =
FKO KFL =

90 KFL KFO MKF OKF KMF = = = .
Tng t ta c:

v FJ IN FNJ FJO =
a.

FKI FJI 90 = = IKFJ ni tip

FKJ FIJ = ,

KIF KJF =


FMI FIN, FIM FNI = = FIM ~ FNI
2
2
2
. v
FI FM IM IM FI FM FM
FI FM FN
FN FI IN FN FI FN
IN
= = = = =
b. Coi d v d
1
l 2 tip tuyn xut pht t Q, Q

2 2
. v . FQ FM FT FQ FN FT = =

2 2 2 2 2
.
. . . . .
FQ FQ
FQ FQ FM FN FT FI FT FQ FQ FI FT FI
FT

= = = =
Bi 4. Cho parabol (P): ( )
2
2 0 y px p = > . Gi s chm ng thng
( )
lun
i qua tiu im F v lun ct (P) ti hai im phn bit M, N. CMR: Tch cc
khong cch t M, N n trc honh Ox khng ph thuc vo v tr ca ()
Gii
Xt () i qua ; 0
2
p
F
| |
|
\
v ct (P) ti hai im phn bit M, N theo 2 kh nng:
F

x

y

M

I
K

H

L

N

J

Bi 6. ng Parabol

65
i
( )
:
2
p
x = ;
( )
( ) P ti M ; , N ;
2 2
p p
p p
| | | |
| |
\ \
( ) ( )
2
; . ; d M Ox d N Ox p =
i
( )
:
2
p
y k x
| |
= |
\
, 0 k . Ta ca M
1 1
( , ) x y ,
2 2
N( , ) x y l nghim ca h:
2
2
2
y px
kp
y kx

2
2 2
2
2 0
y
x
p
ky py kp

2
2
1 2
kp
y y p
k

= =
Ta c ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
, , . . d M Ox d N Ox y y y y p p = = = = .
Bi 5. Cho parabol (P)
2
2 y px = . Gi s trn (P) ly im A c nh v hai
im B, C di ng c tung ln lt l a, b, c sao cho AB AC. CMR:
ng thng ni B, C lun i qua mt im c nh.
Gii
Cc im A, B, C ln lt c ta l
2 2 2
; , ; , ;
2 2 2
a b c
A a B b C c
p p p
| | | | | |
| | |
\ \ \
.
2 2
; // ; 1
2 2
b a b a
AB b a u
p p
| |
+ | |
=
| |
\ \

;
2 2
; // ; 1
2 2
c a c a
AC c a v
p p
| |
+ | |
=
| |
\ \

.
Do AB AC nn . 0 AB AC =


( ) ( )
2
1 0
4
b a c a
p
+ +
+ =
2
4p
c a
a b

=
+
(1).
ng thng ni B, C c phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
2px c b c y b c c = + + (2)
Thay (1) vo (2) ta c:
2 2
4 4
2 0
p p
px b a y b a
a b a b
| | | |
+ = | |
+ + \ \


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 4 4 0 p a b x b a p y ba a b p b
(
+ + =

(3)
Gi s h (3) lun i qua im nh ( ) , I x y vi mi b. Khi :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 4 0, b y a b px p a pax a y p y b + + + + + =

2 2
2
2 2
0
2 4 0
2
2
2 4 0
y a
y a
px p a
a
x p
p
pax a y p y
+ =
=

= =

= +

+ + =

im c nh
2
2 ;
2
a
U p a
p
| |
+
|
\

Bi 6. Gi s hai parabol
2
y ax b = + ;
( )
2
0 x cy d ac = + ct nhau ti 4 im
phn bit. Chng minh rng: Cc giao im ny nm trn mt ng trn.
Gii
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

66
Gi s
2
y ax b = + ;
( )
2
0 x cy d ac = + ct nhau ti
( )
( ) ; 1, 4
k k k
M x y k = .
Ta c
2
2
k k
k k
y ax b
x cy d

= +

= +

( )
( )
2
2
1
2
k
k
k
k
y
b
x
a a
x
d
y
c c

= +

= +

. Cng cc v ca (1), (2) vi nhau:

2 2 2 2
0
k k k k
k k k k
y x x y
b d b d
x y x y
a c a c c a a c
+ = + + + + + + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2
k k
b d
x y
c a a c
c a
+ = + . Do hai parabol ct nhau ti
bn im phn bit nn
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
b d
a c
c a
+ > . T
( )
( ) ; 1, 4
k k k
M x y k =
nm trn ng trn tm
( )
1 1
;
2 2
I
c a
v bn knh
2 2
1 1
2 2
b d
R
a c
c a
= + .
Bi 7. Vit PT cc cnh tam gic ni tip trn parabol (P):
2
8 y x = bit mt
nh l tm O v trc tm l tiu im ca (P)
HD: Trc tm F(2; 0), V OF AB A, B i xng nhau qua Ox.
Gi A(x, y); B(x; y) OA FB

( ) ( ) 10; 4 5 , 10; 4 5 A B
Bi 8. Cho (P): ( )
2
2 0 y px p = > ; (D) i qua tiu im F ca (P) ct (P) ti M,
N. t ( ) [ ] O , FM 0; 2 x = . a. Tnh FM, FN theo p, .
b. CMR:
1 1
const
FM FN
+ = c. CMR: FM.FN nh nht khi (D) Ox.
HD: a. ;
1 cos 1 cos
p p
FM FN = =
+

Bi 9. Cho (P): ( )
2
2 0 y px p = > . Ly M(P) O. Gi N, K l hnh chiu ca
M ln Ox, Oy. CMR: ng thng i qua K v OM lun i qua mt
im c nh. ng thng i qua K v NK lun i qua 1 im c
nh. ng thng NK lun tip xc vi mt parabol c nh.
Bi 10. Cho (P):
( )
2
4 0 y ax a = > tiu im F. Gi M (P). Tip tuyn (d) ca
(P) ti M ct Oy ti N. ng thng () qua M (d); K l hnh chiu
ca F ln (). CMR: FN MN v
2
FN
const
FM
= v K Parabol c nh.