Chng I.

Cc bi ging trng tm v hm s Trn Phng

62
BI 7. TIM CN V KHONG CCH
A. TIM CN CA NG CONG
I. CC KHI NIM V NH NGHA
1. im chy ra v tn:
M(x, y)
x
y
x
y

2. nh ngha tim cn
Cho ng cong (C): y = f (x) v ng thng (D). Ly M bt k C). Gi H
l hnh ca M ln ng thng (D). Khi ta ni ng thng (D) l tim cn
ca ng cong (C)
( ) M ,
lim 0
x y
MH

=
3. Nhn xt:
ng cong (C): y = f (x) ch c th c tim cn Min xc nh hoc min
gi tr ca hm s y = f (x) phi cha ng cong (C): y = f (x) phi c
nhnh chy ra v tn. Tuy nhin c nhng hm s c nhnh chy ra v tn
nhng vn khng c tim cn.
II. DU HIU NHN BIT TIM CN
Cho ng cong (C): y = f (x). Xt cc du hiu vi cc tim cn tng ng
1. Tim cn ng:
( )
lim
x a
f x x a

= = l tim cn ng
2. Tim cn ngang:
( )
lim
x
f x b y b

= = l tim cn ngang
3. Tim cn xin:
( ) ( )
lim 0
x
f x ax b y ax b

( + = = +

l tim cn xin (a 0)

O x
y
M
1
M
2
M
.
.
.
n
M
.
.
.
H
2
H
1
H
H
n
.
.
.
.
.
.
(D)
(C): y=f(x)
y
x O
H
1
1
M
M
H
2
H
n
H
M
2
n
M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
x
0
0
f(x )
a
b
f(x )
0
0
x
M
n
2
M
M
M
1
1 H
O x
y
H2 Hn H ... ...
...
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
H
H
1
H
2
H
.
.
.
M
n
.
.
.
M
2
M
1
M
y
x O
ax +b
0
x
0
0
f(x )
K
Bi 7. Tim cn v khong cch
63
III. TIM CN CA HM PHN THC: Xt hm s
( )
( )
( )
u x
y f x
v x
= =
1. Tim cn ng: Bc 1: Gii phng trnh
( )
{ }
1 2
0 , , ...,
n
v x x x x x =
Bc 2: Nu
( )
( )
0
0
k
k
u x
v x

th
( )
( )
lim
k
k
x x
u x
x x
v x

= = l 1 tim cn ng.
2. Tim cn ngang: Bc 1: Du hiu nhn bit
( ) ( )
MX:
u x v x

cha
Bc Bc

Bc 2: Xt gii hn
( )
( )
lim
x
u x
b y b
v x

= = l tim cn ngang.
3. Tim cn xin:
Bc 1: Du hiu nhn bit
( ) ( )
MX:
1 u x v x

= +

cha
Bc Bc

Bc 2: Tm tim cn:
Cch 1: Phng php tng qut
Xt gii hn
( )
lim
x
f x
a
x
=

t
;
( )
lim
x
f x ax b

( =


t
. Kt lun: (C) c tim
cn xin l: y = ax + b
Cch 2: Phng php chia a thc (S dng hm phn thc hu t)
Bc 1: Thc hin php chia a thc:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
u x w x
f x ax b
v x v x
= = + + vi
( ) ( )
deg deg w x v x <
Bc 2:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
lim lim 0
x x
w x
f x ax b
v x

( + = =

. Vy (C) c tim cn xin l:
y = ax + b.
IV. CC BI TP MU MINH HA
Bi 1. Tm m
( ) ( )
2
:
x
C y f x
x m
= =

c tim cn.
Gii. Vi m = 0 th
( )
2
0
x
f x x x
x
= = (C) khng c tim cn.
Vi m 0 th
( )
2
lim
x m
x
f x
x m
= =

Tim cn ng x = m. Vy vi m 0
th hm s lun c tim cn.
Bi 2. Tm cc ng tim cn ca (C):
( )
2
1
x
y f x
x mx
= =
+

Gii.
( )
2
lim lim 0
1
x x
x
f x
x mx

= =
+
(C) c tim cn ngang y = 0.
Chng I. Cc bi ging trng tm v hm s Trn Phng
64
Xt phng trnh
( )
2
1 g x x mx = + = 0 (1).
Ta c:
2
4
g
m = . Nu 2 2 m < < th 0
g
< g(x) > 0 x
(C) khng c tim cn ng.
Nu 2 m = th (1) c 1 nghim x = 1
( )
1
lim
x
f x

= TC: x = 1
Nu 2 m = th (1) c 1 nghim x = 1
( )
1
lim
x
f x

= + TC: x = 1
Nu 2 2 m m > < th (1) c 2 nghim phn bit
2
1,2
4
0
2
m m
x

=

( ) ( )
1 2
lim ; lim
x x x x
f x f x

= = (C) c 2 tim cn ng
1 2
v x x x x = =
Bi 3. Tm m
( ) ( )
2
2 3
:
x x m
C y f x
x m
+
= =

khng c tim cn ng.

Gii. Hm s khng c tim cn ng
( )
2
2 3 0 u x x x m = + = c nghim x = m

( ) ( )
2
2 3 0 2 1 0 0 1 u m m m m m m m m = + = = = =
Bi 4. Tm tim cn ca
( ) ( )
2
6 2
:
2
mx x
C y f x
x
+
= =
+

Gii.
Xt m = 0 th
6 2
2
x
y
x

=
+
, khi :
2
6 2
lim
2 x
x
x

=
+
Tim cn ng x = 2.
( )
6 2 14
lim lim 6 6
2 2 x x
x
x x

= =
+ +
Tim cn ngang y = 6.
Xt m 0: Ta c:
( )
2
6 2 4 14
6 2
2 2
mx x m
f x mx m
x x
+
= = + +
+ +

Nu
7
4 14 0
2
m m = = th
( )
7
1 2
2
f x x x = nn khng c tim cn
Nu
7
2
m th 4 14 0 m
( )
2
lim
x
f x

= Tim cn ng x = 2.

( ) ( )
4 14
lim 6 2 lim 0
2 x x
m
f x mx m
x

( + = =

+
TCX: 6 2 y mx m = + .
Kt lun:
Nu m = 0 th (C) c TC: x = 2 ; TCN: y = 6.
Nu
7
2
m = th (C) khng c tim cn.
Nu
7
0;
2
m m th (C) c TC: x = 2 ; TCX: 6 2 y mx m = +

Bi 7. Tim cn v khong cch
65
B. KHONG CCH
I. TM TT CNG THC
1. Khong cch gia 2 im
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
M ,
N ,
x y
MN x x y y
x y

= +

2. Khong cch t 1 im n 1 ng thng
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
2 2
M ,
M,
: 0
x y
Ax By C
d
A B Ax By C

+ +

+ + + =

im

Cc trng hp c bit: Nu (): x = a th d(M, ) = |x
0
a|
Nu (): y = b th d(M, ) = |y
0
b|
Tng khong cch t M n Ox, Oy l:
( )
0 0
M d x y = +
3. Khong cch gia ng thng v ng cong
nh ngha: Cho th (C) v ng thng ().
Ly bt k M(C) v N(), khi d(, C) = Min MN
Bi ton: Cho (C): y = (x) v (): Ax + By + C = 0. Tm d(, C)
Phng php: Cch 1: Ly bt k M(x
0
, y
0
)(C) y
0
= (x
0
)
Tnh d(M, ) =
0 0
2 2
Ax By C
A B
+ +
+
. Khi ( ) ( ) , Min M, d C d =
Cch 2: Bc 1: Vit PT tip tuyn (t) ca (C) // () Tip im A(x
0
, y
0
)
Bc 2: ( ) ( ) , , d C d A =
4. Din tch tam gic trong mt phng ta
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2 2
1 1 2 2
Din tch tam gic OAB
1 1
det ,
2 2
O 0, 0 ; A , ; B ,
x y
S OA OB
x y
x y x y

= =
`

)
i

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1
1 1 2 2 3 3
Din tch tam gic ABC
1 1
det ,
2 2
A , ; B , ; C ,
x x y y
S AB AC
x x y y
x y x y x y

= =
`

)
i

II. CC BI TP MU MINH HA
Bi 1. a. Cho A(3, 0). Tm im M (P):
2
y x = AM nh nht.
b. Chng minh rng khi ng thng AM tip tuyn ca (P) ti M.
Gii
a. Gi ( )
2
M , m m (P)
2 4 2
6 9 AM m m m = + +
Cch 1: t
( )
4 2
6 9 g m m m m = + + . Ta c:
( )
3
4 2 6 0 g m m m = + =
Chng I. Cc bi ging trng tm v hm s Trn Phng
66

( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 3 0 1 m m m m + + = = . Lp BBT suy ra Min g(m) = g(1) = 5
Min 5 AM = xy ra m = 1 M(1, 1)
Cch 2:
( ) ( )
2
2
2 4 2 2
6 9 1 3 1 5 5 AM m m m m m = + + = + +
Min 5 AM = m = 1 M(1, 1)
Cch 3:
2 4 2
1 1 1 1 6 5 AM m m m = + + + + + +
6 4 2
6 . .1.1.1.1 6 5 m m m + 6 6 5 5 m m = +
Min 5 AM = xy ra m = 1 M(1, 1)
b) Tip tuyn ca (P) ti M c h s gc l:
( )
1
2 k y m m = =
ng thng AM c h s gc l:

2
M
2
M
0
3 3
y
m
k
x m

= =


3
1 2
2
.
3
m
k k
m
=

Khi AM min th m = 1
1 2
2.1
. 1
1 3
k k = =

AM tip tuyn ti M ca (P)

Bi 2. Cho (P):
( )
2
2 3 1 y f x x x = = + v (): y = x 5.
Tm im M(P), N() sao cho MN nh nht.
Gii: Ly ( )
2
M , 2 3 1 m m m + (P) v ( ) N , 5 n n ().
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
MN 2 3 1 5 2 2 3 m n m m n m n m n m m
(
= + + + = + + +


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 8 MN 2 2 m n m m m m m
( (
= + + + + +


Du bng xy ra 1, 3 m n = = . Suy ra ( ) ( ) M 1, 0 v N 3, 2
Bnh lun: C th gii bng phng php hnh hc theo cc bc sau y:
V th v nhn xt () v (P) khng ct nhau.
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (t) ca (P) // (), tip xc nhau ti M
Gi N l hnh chiu ca M ln (), chng minh MN l khong cch ngn
nht bng l lun hnh hc.
Bi 3. Tm im M (H):
( )
3 5
2
x
y f x
x

= =

tng khong cch t M n 2

tim cn ca (H) l nh nht.
Gii: y =
( )
3 5 1
3
2 2
x
f x
x x

= = +

TC: x = 2 ; TCN: y = 3.
Ly
( )
1
M , 3
2
m
m
+

(H), khi tng k/c t M n 2 tim cn ca (H) l:

( )
M M
1
M 2 3 2 2
2
d x y m
m
= + = +

; Du bng
( )
( )
M 1, 2
2 1
M 3, 4
m

3
9
1 -1
1
0
O
y
x
A
B
M
H
M
Bi 7. Tim cn v khong cch
67
Bi 4. Tm im M (H):
( )
1
1
x
y f x
x

= =
+
tng khong cch t M n 2
trc ta Ox, Oy l nh nht.
Gii: Ly
( )
1
M ,
1
m
m
m

+
(H), tng k/c t M n Ox, Oy l:
( )
M M
1
M
1
m
d x y m
m

= + = +
+
.
rng vi M(1, 0) th d(M) = 1, do
tm Min d(M) ta ch cn xt khi
1
1 1
0 1
1
1
1 1
1
m
m
m
m
m m
m
<
< <

< <

<
< +

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2
M 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 1 1
m
d m m m
m m m

= + = + + + =
+ + +

Suy ra
( ) ( )
Min M 2 2 1 d = xy ra ( ) 2 1 M 2 1,1 2 m =
Bi 5. Tm trn mi nhnh ca th (C):
( )
4 9
3
x
y f x
x

= =

cc im M
1
, M
2

di M
1
M
2
l nh nht.
Gii:
( )
4 9 3
4
3 3
x
y f x
x x

= = = +

TC: x = 3 ; TCN: y = 4
Gi
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
M , nhnh tri (C)
M , nhnh (C)
x y
x y

ca
phi ca
. Do
1 2
3 x x < < nn t
1
2
3 ; 0
3 ; 0
x
x
= >

= + >

1 2
3 3
4 ; 4 y y = = +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 1
M M x x y y = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
3 3 3 6
1 2 24
(
| | | |
= + + + = + + =
( | |

\ \

1 2
Min M M 2 6 = 3 = = ( ) ( )
1 2
M 3 3, 4 3 ; M 3 3, 4 3 + +
Bi 6. Cho th (C):
( )
2
5 15
3
x x
y f x
x
+ +
= =
+
. Tm M(C) khong cch t
M n Ox gp 2 ln khong cch t M n Oy
Gii: Khong cch t M(x, y) n Ox gp 2 ln khong cch t M(x, y) n Oy
2 2 y x y x = = . Xt 2 kh nng sau:

2
2 2
2
9 9
2 3 2 0 3 11 15 0
3 3
y x y x
y x
y x x x x
x x
= =
=



= + + + + = + + =


+ +
x
y
O
x
-1
1 -1
1
M
H
K
Chng I. Cc bi ging trng tm v hm s Trn Phng
68

2
1 61 2 2
2
2
9 9
2 2 0 15 0
3 3 1 61
y x y x
y x
x
y x x x x
x x y

= =
= =



= + + = + =

+ + =

Bi 7. Tm im M (C):
( )
2
6
3
x x
y f x
x
+
= =

khong cch t M n 2
trc ta Ox, Oy l nh nht.
Gii: Ly
( )
( ) M , m f m (C)
( ) ( )
2
6 6
M 4
3 3
m m
d m f m m m m
m m
+
= + = + = + + +


Do M
0
(2, 0) th d(M
0
) = 2 nn tm Min d(M) ta ch cn xt khi 2 m .
Xt 2 kh nng sau:
Nu 2 m 0 th
( ) ( )
( )
6 6
M 4 4
3 3
d g m m m
m m
= = + + + = +



( )
( )
2
6
0
3
g m
m

= <

( ) ( ) ( )
Min M Min 0 2 d g m g = = =
Nu 0 m 2 th
( ) ( )
( )
6 6
M 4 2 4
3 3
d h m m m m
m m
= = + + + = + +



( )
( )
2
6
2 0 3 3
3
h m m
m
= = =

Nhn bng bin thin suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Min M Min 0 2 2 d h m h h = = = =
0 2 m m = = M(0, 2), M(2, 0)
Bi 8. Tm M (C):
2
2 2
1
x x
y
x
+
=

khong cch t M n giao 2 ng

tim cn ca (C) l nh nht.
Gii:
( )
1
3
1
y f x x
x
= = + +

TC: x = 1 ; TCX: y = x + 3 I(1, 4)

Ly M(a + 1, b)(C) vi a 0
1
4 b a
a
= + + ;
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 4 IM a b = + +

( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 IM a a a a
a
a a
= + + = + + + = +

( )
Min 2 1 2 IM = + xy ra
2 2
2
4
1 1 1
2 2
2 2
a a a
a

= = = =
4 4
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
M 1 , 4 2 M 1 , 4 2
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
hoc

x 0 3 3 2
f + 0
f
2

10 4 3

2

Bi 7. Tim cn v khong cch
69
Bi 9. Tm M (C):
2
3 3
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+
tng khong cch t M n 2 ng
tim cn ca (C) l nh nht.
Gii:
( )
2
3 3 1
1
2 2
x x
y f x x
x x
+ +
= = = + +
+ +
TC: x + 2 = 0 ; TCX: x y + 1 = 0
Ly M(x
0
, y
0
)(C), khi tng khong cch t M n 2 tim cn ca (C) l:
( )
0 0
4
0 0 0
0 0
1
1 1
M 2 2 2 2 8
2 2 2 2 2
x y
d x x x
x x
+
= + + = + + + =
+ +


( )
4
Min M 8 d = xy ra
4
0 0
4 4
0
8
1 1 1
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
x x
x
+ = = = =
+

4 4
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
M 2 , 1 2 M 2 , 1 2
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ \
hoc
Bi 10. Tm trn mi nhnh ca (C):
( )
2
2 5
1
x x
y f x
x
+
= =

cc im M
1
, M
2

di M
1
M
2
l nh nht.
Gii:
( )
4
1
1
f x x
x
= +

TC: x = 1 ; TCX: y = x + 1
Gi
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
M , nhnh tri (C)
M , nhnh (C)
x y
x y

ca
phi ca
. Do
1 2
1 x x < < nn t
1
2
1 ; 0
1 ; 0
x
x
= >

= + >

1 2
4 4
; y y = + =

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 1
M M x x y y = +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
2
8 4 4 4 4
1 1 2 1
(
( | | | |
= + + = + + + = + + +
| | (
(

\ \


( )
( ) ( )
1 2
2
2 8
8 4 4
2 4 2 8 32 2 1 M M 4 2 1 2
| |
(
+ = + = + +
|
(

\

(


Suy ra
( )
1 2
Min M M 4 2 1 2 = + xy ra ( )
2
4
0 v 8 8 = > = = =
( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2
M 1 8, 8 2. 2 ; M 1 8, 8 2. 2 + +
Bi 11. Cho (C

):
( )
2
3 cos 4 sin 7
1
x x
y f x
x
+ +
= =

(cos 0).
Tm khong cch t O(0, 0) n tim cn xin ca (C

) l ln nht.
Gii:
( )
2
3 cos 4 sin 7 4sin 3cos 7
3 cos 4sin 3cos
1 1
x x
f x x
x x
+ + + +
= = + + +


Chng I. Cc bi ging trng tm v hm s Trn Phng
70
TCX (): 3 cos 4sin 3cos y x = + + 3 cos 4sin 3cos 0 x y + + =
( )
2 2 2
4 10.sin 3. 10 cos 4sin 3cos
O,
9cos 1 10 sin 10cos
d
+ +
= =
+ +

( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
BCS
2 2
4 10 3 sin 10cos
13
10
10 sin 10cos
(
+ +

=
+
( )
13
Min O,
10
d =
Du bng xy ra
( )
4 10
sin 40 40
tg arctg
3 3 3
10 cos
k k

= = = +

Bi 12. Cho th (C):
( )
2
2 1
1
x x
y f x
x
+
= =

. Tm ( )
1 1
M , x y (C) vi
1
1 x >
khong cch t M n giao ca 2 tim cn l nh nht.
Gii:
( )
2
2 1 2
2 1
1 1
x x
f x x
x x
+
= = + +


TC: x = 1 ; TCX: y = 2x + 1 I(1, 3)
Ly M(1 + a, b)(C) vi a > 0
2
3 2 b a
a
= + + .
Khong cch t M n I(1, 3) l:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 3 IM a b = + +

( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 4 4
2 5 8 2 5 8 4 2 5 IM a a a a
a
a a
= + + = + + + = +
Suy ra Min 2 2 5 IM = + xy ra
2 2
2
4
4 2 2
5 2 5
5 20
a a a
a
= = = =

4
4 4
20
2 4
M 1 , 3
2
20 20
| |
+ + +
|
\

Bi 13. ( thi TSH khi A nm 2005)
Tm m hm s
1
y mx
x
= + c cc tr v khong cch t im cc
tiu ca (C
m
) n tim cn xin ca (C
m
) bng
1
2
.
Gii. Hm s c cc tr
2
1
0 y m
x
= = c 2 nghim phn bit 0 m > .
Khi th c im cc tiu l
1
; 2 M m
m
| |
|
\
v khong cch n tim cn
xin y mx = hay 0 mx y = l
( )
2
2 2
2
1
, 2 1 0 1
2
1 1
m m m
d M d m m m
m m

= = = + = =
+ +