Ph hng ngoi (IR) 1. i cng.

Phng php phn tch theo ph hng ngoi l mt trong nhng k thut phn tch rt hiu qu. Mt trong nhng u im quan trng nht ca phng php ph hng ngoi vt hn nhng phng php phn tch cu trc khc (nhiu x tia X, cng hng t in t vv) l phng php ny cung cp thng tin v cu trc phn t nhanh, khng i hi cc phng php tnh ton phc tp. K thut ny da trn hiu ng n gin l: cc hp chp ho hc c kh nng hp th chn lc bc x hng ngoi. Sau khi hp th cc bc x hng ngoi, cc phn t ca cc hp cht ho hc dao ng vi nhu vn tc dao ng v xut hin di ph hp th gi l ph hp th bc x hng ngoi. Cc m ph khc nhau c mt trong ph hng ngoi tng ng vi cc nhm chc c trng v cc lin kt c trong phn t hp cht ho hc. Bi vy ph thng ngoi ca mt hp cht ho hc coi nh "du vn tay", c th cn c vo nhn dng chng. Vng bc x hng ngi l mt vng ph bc x in t rng nm gia vng trng thy v vng vi ba; vng ny c th chia thnh 4 vng nh. - Vng tc dng vi phim nh: t cui vng trng thy n 1,2Micro. - Vng hng ngoi cc gn 1,2 - 2,5Micro (1200 - 2500Micromet). - Vng hng ngoi gn cng gi l vng ph dao ng. - Vng hng ngoi xa cng gi l vng quay, .. 25 n 300,400Micro. Ph ng vi vng nng lng quay nm trong vng hng ngoi xa, o c kh khn nn t dng trong mc ch phn tch. Nh vy phng php phn tch ph hng ngoi ni y l vng ph nm trong khong 2,5 - 25Micro hoc vng c s sng 4000 - 400 cm-1. Vng ny cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin quan trng v cc dao ng ca cc phn t do l cc thng tin v cu trc ca cc phn t. S hp th bc x hng ngoi v ph dao ng a. iu kin hp th bc x hng ngoi. Khng phi bt k phn t no cng c kh nng hp th bc x hng ngoi; mt khc bn thn s hp th cng c tnh cht chn lc. mt phn t c th hp th bc x hng ngoi, phn t phi p ng cc yu cu sau: * di sng chnh xc ca bc x: mt phn t hp th bc x hng ngoi ch khi no tn s dao ng t nhin ca mt phn phn t (tc l cc nguyn t hay cc nhm nguyn t to thnh phn t ) cng l tn s ca bc x ti.

Thc nghim cho thy rng khi cho cc bc x hng ngoi chiu qua mu HCl v phn tch bc x truyn qua bng 1 quang ph k hng ngoi, ngi ta nhn thy rng phn bc x c tn s 8,7.1013s-1 b hp th, trong khi cc tn s khc c truyn qua. Vy tn s 8,7.1013s-1 l tn s c trng cho phn t HCl.

Sau khi hp th bc sng chnh xc ca bc x hng ngoi (nng lng bc x hng ngoi b tiu tn) phn t dao ng vi bin tng. iu kin ny ch p dng cht ch cho phn t thc hin chuyn ng dao ng iu ho. * Lng cc in. Mt phn t ch hp th bc x hng ngoi khi no s hp th gy nn s bin thin momen lng cc ca chng. Mt phn t c gi l c lng cc in khi cc nguyn t thnh phn ca n c in tch (+) v in tch (-) r rt. Khi phn t lng cc c gi trong mt in trng (nh khi phn t c gi trong 1 dng IR), trng s tc dng cc lc ln cc in tch trong phn t - Cc in tch ngc nhau s chu cc lc theo chiu ngc nhau, iu dn n s tch bit 2 cc tng hoc gim. V in trng ca bc x hng ngoi lm thay i phn cc ca chng 1 cch tun hon, khong cch gia cc nguyn t tch in ca phn t cng thay i 1 cch tun hon. Khi cc nguyn t tch in ny dao ng, chng hp th bc x hng ngoi. Nu vn tc dao ng ca cc nguyn t tch in trong phn t ln, s hp th bc x mnh v s c m ph hp th mnh, ngc li nu vn tc dao ng ca cc nguyn t tch in trong phn t nh, m ph hp th hng ngoi yu. Theo iu kin ny th cc phn t c 2 nguyn t ging nhau s khng xut hin ph dao ng. V d O2, N2 v.v khng xut hin ph hp th hng ngoi. cng l mt iu may mn, nu khng ngi ta phi ui ht khng kh ra khi my quang ph k hng ngoi. Tuy nhin trong khng kh c CO2 v hi nc (H2O) c kh nng hp th tia hng ngoi nhng iu ny c th b tr c bng thit b thch hp. b. Trng thi dao ng ca phn t 2 nguyn t Gi s 2 nguyn t A v B tc dng vi nhau to thnh phn t AB. Gi r l khong cch gia hai nhn ca nguyn t A v B, r l khng phi khng i m nhng iu kin xc nh s dao ng t gi tr nh nht r(min) n gi tr ln nht r(max). T r(min) sang r(max), r qua gi tr cn bng r(e), l gi tr c xc sut ln nht ca r. Ngi ta ni phn t AB thc hin chuyn ng dao ng ni ti.

Khi ko dn AB hoc nn AB th s c s thay i r cn bng ca AB trng thi bnh thng. S chnh lch r gi l (denta)r. Lc s xut hin 1 lc F ko AB v v tr cn bng. F gi l lc hi phc v F t l vi dch chuyn (denta)r. F = - K. (denta)r (K: hng s lc, dyn/cm) Nu (denta)r rt b, chuyn ng dao ng l dao ng iu ho. V mt c hc, c th coi dao ng ca 2 vt th A, B nh 1 khi thu gn c khi lng M dao ng quanh v tr cn bng.

Bi vy dao ng ca nguyn t H c tn s ln hn dao ng ca cc nguyn t c khi lng ln hn.

Ngi ta gi tn s dao ng ny l tn s c bn. Quy tc chn lc nu trn thc ra l: Cc phn t ca cc cht ch hp th bc x hng ngoi gy bc chuyn nng lng ng vi (denta)v = 1 (ch ng vi dao ng iu ho, vi dao ng phi iu ho (denta)v c th l 2, 3). iu kin nhit thng, a s cc phn t dao ng mc v = 0 v khi hp th bc x hng ngoi nhit thng chuyn ln mc v = 1, do tn s bc x hng ngoi bng tn s t nhin ca phn t . Ta c th tnh gn ng s sng, di sng ca vic hp th ca nhm >C=O nh sau (dao ng co gin), vi hng s lc ca lin kt C = O bng 106 dyn/cm, mc= 2.10-23g/nguyn t.

Thc nghim cho thy dao ng lin kt C = O nm trong khong 5,3 - 5,7Micromet, tng ng vi s sng 1500 - 1900 cm-1. The Following User Says Thank You to tuxedomask For This Useful Post: lovewestlife (02-13-2011) #4 03-20-2008, 03:41 PM tuxedomask Super Moderator Tham gia ngy: Mar 2008 Bi gi: 1,288 Thanks: 143

c. Trng thi dao ng ca phn t nhiu nguyn t. i vi phn t nhiu hn 2 nguyn t, trng thi dao ng phc tp hn nhiu. Trong cc phn t ny ngoi cc dao ng ho tr nh phn t 2 nguyn t cn c cc dao ng bin dng hay dao ng un. C th minh ho cc kiu dao ng co gin lin kt v dao ng bin dng ca phn t 3 nguyn t AB2 theo m hnh di y:

Dao ng co gin: trong kiu ny, cc nguyn t chuyn ng theo cc trc lin kt, sao cho di lin kt tng hoc gim tun hon. V kiu dao ng ny tng ng vi chuyn ng mt chiu, c ngha l nu phn t c n nguyn t th s c n - 1 dao ng co gin i vi h thng khng ng vng. Dao ng bin dng: kiu ny c s thay i gc gia cc lin kt vi 1nguyn t chung hoc c s chuyn ng ca mt nhm nguyn t so vi phn cn li ca phn t, ngoi s chuyn ng ca cc nguyn t trong nhm so vi nguyn t kia. Dao ng bin dng cng gi l dao ng un. Hng s lc ca dao ng bin dng ni chung thp hn ca dao ng co gin v dao ng bin dng c tn s thp hn tn s dao ng co gin. Do hng s lc nh, dao ng bin dng nhy cm vi nh hng ca mi trng. Trong mt phn t nhiu nguyn t, mi nguyn t c 3 t do trong 3 phng vung gc vi nhau (to Descarte). Bi vy mt phn t c nhiu nguyn t th s t do gp 3 ln s nguyn t ca n, tc l phn t c n nguyn t th c 3n t do. i vi phn t gm cc nguyn t khng thng hng th c 3 t do lin quan n chuyn ng quay v 3 lin quan n chuyn ng tinh tin, s cn li l 3n - 6 l t do dao ng hay dao ng c bn. V d: H2O l phn t c l phn t c 3 nguyn t khng thng hng nn c (3 x 3) - 6 = 3 dao ng chun.

C 3 dao ng ny u ghi li c trong ph hng ngoi ca nc. CO2 l phn t c 3 nguyn t thng hng nn c (3 x 3) - 5 = 4 dao ng chun, c th biu din theo m hnh sau:

V vy cc dao ng bin dng v2, v3 ca CO2 c gi l b suy gim v xut hin cng mt min (666cm-1) trong ph hng ngoi ca CO2.

Trong cc phn t nhiu nguyn t, s kiu dao ng thc t c th khc so vi s tnh theo l thuyt. L do chnh nh sau: + Nhng "bi m" (bi s ca mt tn s cho) v "t hp m" (t hp ca 2 dao ng khc, c th lm tng s kiu dao ng. + Mt vi hin tng khc c th lm gim s m ph: + Cc dao ng ri vo vng hng ngoi, khng th quan st thy. + Mt vi m ph dao ng yu, nu c cng khng th quan st thy trong ph IR. + Mt vi m ph c cng tn s hoc khc nhau rt t nn chp nhau v xut hin ch mt m ph IR. + Mt vi m ph dao ng c th suy gim v xut hin cng mt ch trong ph IR. + Nu khng c s thay i tnh lng cc ca phn t th s khng xut hin m ph hp th IR.

d. Tng quan gia ph dao ng v cu trc phn t. Nh ni, cc nhm chc, nhm nguyn t v lin kt trong phn t c cc m ph hp th hng ngoi c trng khc nhau. * Trong vng hng ngoi gn (NIR) t 12500cm-1 tri di n khong 4000cm-1 c rt nhiu m ph c lin quan n nguyn t H. Trong s , dao ng co gin (bi) ca O - H gn 7140 cm-1 v N-H gn 6667cm-1, m ph t hp do cc dao ng co gin v dao ng bin dng ca C-H ca nhm ankyl 1548 cm-1 v 3856 cm-1 hp th ca m ph NIR thp hn t 10 n 1000 ln so vi cc m ph vng hng ngoi gia. Vng NIR c th ghi c vi h quang hc thch anh, kt ni vi cc detect nhy vi NIR v ngun bc x mnh hn. * Vng hng ngoi gia. tm c rt nhiu tng quan b ch trong vng hng ngoi gia. Vng ny c chia thnh min "tn s nhm" 4000 - 1300cm-1 v vng "du vn tay" 1300 - 650 cm-1. Trong khong 4000 - 2500cm-1 s hp th c trng cho dao ng co gin ca H vi cc nguyn t khi lng < 19

Phn ch yu trong ph gia 1300 v 650 cm-1, l cc tn s co gin ca lin kt n v tn s cc dao ng un (cc tn s b khung) ca h nhiu nguyn t. l vng "nhn dng" "(vng "du vn tay"). Vng ph ny ht sc a dng , kh cho vic nhn bit ring r cc m ph mt cch chc chn, nhng kt hp cc m ph hp th, gip cho vic nhn bit cc cht.

- Vng hng ngoi xa: Vng 667 - 10cm-1 bao gm cc dao ng bin dng ca C, N, O, F vi cc nguyn t khi lng > 19 v cc dao ng bin dng trong h thng mch vng hoc cha no. Vng dao ng tn s thp trong ph hng ngoi rt nhy i vi s thay i cu trc phn t, bi vy m ph vng hng ngoi xa thng cho php d on cc dng ng phn. Ngoi ra, vng ny c bit tt cho vic nghin cu cc c kim v cc hp cht v c c cc nguyn t nng v lin kt yu. Trn y ta thy c s lin quan gia cu trc phn t v s xut hin cc m ph dao ng (ph hp th hng ngoi). Tn s dao ng ca nhm nguyn t no trong phn t t ph thuc cc phn cn li ca phn t c gi l tn s c trng cho nhm . Khi ni tn s c trng ca nhm khng thay i th khng c ngha l lamda max hp th l khng i m ch c ngha l lamda max nm trong mt min ph kh hp. V d lin kt C-H c tn s c trng trong khong 2800 - 2900cm-1 Ta xt mt vi trng hp n gin di y thy r hn tn s c trng ca cc nhm nguyn t. * Trong cc hidrocacbon no, cc lin kt C-C v C-H l ch yu. Tn s dao ng ca mch C-C ri vo min 800 - 1200cm-1 . Nu thay nhm -CH3 cui mch bng mt nguyn t khc (hay nhm nguyn t khc). V d: l X th lin kt C-X s cho tn s c trng nu tn s ca C-X khng ri vo min tn s ca C-C. V d: l X th lin kt C-X s cho tn s c trng nu tn s ca C-X khng ri vo min tn s ca C-C. V d: trong CH3-X m X l Cl, Br, I , SH, H, OH, NH2, F vv.. ta thy. X Tn s lin kt (cm-1) Cl: 712 Br: 594 I: 522 SH: 704 H: 2914 OH: 1032 NH2: 1037 F: 1049 Lin kt C vi X l Cl, Br, I, SH cho tn s c trng, cn C-O, C - N, C - F khng cho tn s c trng v rivo min tn s C - C. Cng nh vy, thc nghim cho thy trong dy CnH2n+1 X, tn s ca lin kt C-X hu nh khng thay i khi n>3. V d tn s lin kt C-Cl ca mt s hp cht di y: C3H7 Cl 726cm-1 C4H9 Cl 722 C5H11Cl 722 C6H13Cl 724 C7H15Cl 725 Cho nn nu thy xut hin cc tn s tng ng, ta c th kt lun mt cch chnh xc l trong phn t c lin kt C-X. Tri li vic pht hin cc lin kt C-N, C-O, C-F theo tn s dao ng khi c lin kt C-C l khng chnh xc. * Khi nghin cu lin kt C = O ta cng thy l khi khng b nh hng ca cc nhm

kc, lin kt ny c tn s khong 1710cm-1, v d trong cc xeton di y, tn s nhm C = 0 ch sai khc nhau rt t. H3C - CO - CH3 1708 cm-1 H3C - CO - C2H5 1712 cm-1 H3C - CO - C4H9 1709 cm-1

m: mch, tb: trung bnh, y: yu, tmp: trong mt phng, nmp: ngoi mt phng. 2. My quang ph hng ngoi My quang ph hng ngoi c chia thnh 2 loi chnh: quang ph k tn sc v khng tn sc.

Thit b tn sc dng lng knh hoc cch t tng t nh quang ph k tn sc t ngoi - nhn thy (UV-VIS), tr mt iu l trong vng hng ngoi, cn s dng cc ngun bc x v detect khc nhau. Quang ph k khng tn sc c th dng knh lc giao thoa, ngun laser thch hp vv 1. Ngun pht bc x: - Dng trong vng hng ngoi gn (12500cm-1 - 4000cm-1 ): n dy tc W. Tuy nhin dng n ny th mt vng hng ngoi xa v v n lm bng thu tinh. - Dng cho vng hng ngoi trung bnh - 4000 cm-1. n Nernst ch to t hn hp oxit t him v Zr, Th. V nhit thng hn hp ny khng dn in nn phi dng cch t nng trc, gia 1000 - 1800 C, n ny cung cp bc x cc i =7100 cm-1. u im ca n l ph pht x tri ra trong mt vng rng, cng n nh trong thi gian di. Nhc im l nng lng tp trung ch yu vng trng thy v vng hng ngoi gn, hn na km bn v c hc. n globa: lm t ccbua silic (phi= 4mm, L = 50 mm) Khi t nng n 1300 - 1700oC pht bc x mnh ~5200cm-1 n ny c th dng cho vng bc sng di hn. Ngoi ra cn dng mt s ngun bc x khc. 2. H tn sc: i vi quang ph k tn sc. Khi nghin cu trong vng hng ngoi gn c th dng lng knh, cch t thch anh; lng knh hay cch t loi ny ngoi vng t ngoi v trng thy c th s dng cho cc vng bc x n tn 2500cm-1. i vi vng hng ngoi trung bnh: hay vng tinh th NaCl (mui m) cho vng 4000 650cm-1 lng knh KBr dng vng 400cm-1 v lng knh CsI thch hp cho vng 270cm-1. Cc loi vt liu LiF, CaF2 cng hay dng. Ngy nay cch t phng chim vai tr quan trng. u im ca n l c th dng cc vt liu nh Al khng b tc dng ca hi m, trong khi NaCl, KBr rt d b hng v m Ngoi ra cch t c th dng cho mt vng ph rng. Cc thit b quang ph hng ngoi khng tn sc th c th dng b lc "trong sut i vi tia hng ngoi" c lp bc sng cn thit. S quang hc ca loi thi b ny rt n gin v loi thit b ny thng hay dng trong trng hp xc nh lp i lp li mt i tng, thng gp trong vic kim tra trong cng nghip. 3. Cc detect: Tr vng bc x hng ngoi gn c th dng t bo quang in nh my quang ph t ngoi - nhn thy, cn vi nhng vng bc sng di hn ngi ta thng dng cc loi detect khc; c th chia lm 2 loi. detect nhit v detect photon. a, detect nhit: Da trn hiu ng nhit do bc x hng ngoi gy ra, c th phn hi i vi mi tn s. V nng lng bc x hng ngoi thp nn tn hiu detect cng thp nn cn thit c 1 b tin khuych i (preamplifier) lp vo detect. xc nh c cc tn hiu , cc detect nhit cn c thi gian phn hi ngn v nhit c hp th cn c tiu tn nhanh. iu kin th 2 l yu cu kh khn nht, v s truyn nhit khng phi l qu trnh nhanh. Sau y l mt vi kiu detect nhit. * Bolomet(bolometer): thng gm 1 vt dn l kim loi mng. Khi bc x IR p vo vt dn, nhit ca n thay i. V in tr ca vt dn kim loi thay i theo nhit , bin thin in tr c coi l o lng bc x p vo bolomet.

Ngi ta lp bolomet thnh 1 nhnh ca cu wheastone, khi khng c tia IR p vo bolomet cu cn bng. Khi tia IR p vo bolomet, do s thay i in tr, cu mt cn bng, to nn mt dng in chy qua in k; cng dng cho ta bit cng bc x p vo detect. Thi gian phn hi 4 msec. * Cp nhit in: gm 2 u, mi u hn 2 dy lm t cc vt liu c h s nhit cao. Nu hai u hn ny c tip xc vi cc nhit khc nhau, mt in th nh s xut hin gia hai u ni. Trong php o hng ngoi, mt u ni ny (c gi l u lnh) c gi nhit khng i v khng tip xc vi bc x IR, cn u kia (gi l u nng) tip xc vi tia IR,di tc dng ca IR nhit ca u ni ny tng. S chnh lch nhit gia 2 u ni to ra mt th hiu, ph thuc vo lng bc x IR p vo u nng. Thi gian phn hi ca cp nhit in khong 60 msec. Ngoi ra cn dng cc thermistor, ch to t cc hn hp oxit kim loi nng chy nh oxit mangan, Co, Ni vv s vn hnh ca thermistor cng tng t nh bolomet. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng cn dng mt s detet nhit khc Cc detect nhit c th dng c trong mt vng ph rng, bao gm c vng trng thy ln vng hng ngoi v vn hnh nhit phng. Nhc im ch yu ca cc detect nhit l thi gian phn hi chm v nhy thp so vi mt s detect khc. b, detect photon: l loi detect mi, nhy hn, da trn s tng tc gia photon ti v mt loi bn dn. V d khi bc x IR chiu vo nhng cht bn dn nh sunfua ch, telurua ch, dn in ca n tng ln v to ra dng ln hn. Thi gian phn hi - 0,5 msec. Detect photon c nhy cao v thi gian phn hi nhanh nhng c nhiu nhc im trong thc hnh. nhit phng, cc detect ny ch lm vic c trong mt vng ph hp, thng gii hn trong vng hng ngoi gn. Mun m rng vng lm vic phi lm lnh su (v d gi trong nit lng). 4. Cuvt ng mu v cch chun b mu phn tch. * Cuvt: Chun b mu v a mu vo phn tch bng ph hng ngoi l vn u phc tp. Vt liu lm cuvt phi "trong sut" v tr vng hng ngoi, trong khi thu tinh, thch anh ni chung khng thch hp cho vic phn tch bng ph hng ngoi. Vt liu c dng rng ri l cc halogenua kim loi kim, nht l NaCl, l vt liu "trong sut" cho n tn s sng 625cm-1. Mt cuvt lm bng cc halogenua kim loi kim d b hi m tc dng v b m, cn phi thng xuyn nh bng li. Vt liu AgCl c th dng cho cc mu m hoc dung dch nc nhng li l vt liu mm, d b bin dng, b en khi phi ra nh sng trng thy. Teflon ch c m hp th ca C-C v C-F. i vi nhng tn s ng vi s sng < 600cm-1, c th dng polietylen. Di y l mt s vt liu cho tia hng ngoi i qua.

Tm li, tu bc sng ta cn quan tm m chn vt liu cuvt thch hp. * Ly mu: c th dng ph hng ngoi phn tch cc cht rn, lng, kh, nhng mi loi c cch chun b mu ring. - Mu kh: khi phn tch tch mu kh, hp th tia hng ngoi nh nn chiu di nh sng i qua cht phn tch thng l 10cm. Khi cn o ph xc nh cc thnh phn c hm lng vt, di l qu nh, ngi ta phi dng cuvt c ng nh sng i qua thay i, c th tng di ng i ca nh sng ln nhiu ln bng cch dng h thng gng phn chiu nhiu ln. Cng c th tng nhy bng cch tng p sut mu kh trong cuvt, v d n 10atm, nhng bin php ny c th gy nn nhng rc ri khi phn tch nh lng. Khi phn tch trong vng hng ngoi m c xut hin s hp th tia IR ca hi nc v CO2 th trong php o cn dng s b tr (cuvet kp) - Cc cht lng v dung dch. Cc mu l cht lng nhit phng th thng ly dng nguyn mu hoc dung dch. Nng mu v di ng nh sng i qua mu c chn sao cho truyn quang T nm trong khong 15 - 70%. i vi cht lng nguyn thng dng lp mng, b dy - 0,001 - 0,05 mm. i vi dung dch, thng chn nng - 10% v b dy lp dung dch 0,1mm. iu cn lu l khng phi tt c cc cht u c kh nng ho tan trong dung mi, khng hp th IR vng cn nghin cu n mt nng cn thit thch hp. Trong trng hp c th, nu mun ghi ph hng ngoi vng 4000-1333cm-1, ngi ta tin hnh o vi dung dch 10% trong dung mi CCl4, dng cuvt 0,1mm v nu ghi ph trong vng 1333 - 650cm -1 th o vi dung dch 10% trong CS2. Cuvt ng dung dch ghi ph c cu to vi 2 "ca s", c bt v phn cch bng cc vng m mng bng teflon, ng hoc ch (k thut ch to kh phc tp, khng cp y). di ng nh sng i qua cuvt c ghi chnh xc. i vi cc cht lng khng ho tan c trong dung mi thch hp, ngi ta to ra cc mng mng cht lng ghi ph hng ngoi: cho 1 giot cht lng nguyn vo gia 2 bn "ca s" khng hp th tia IR, sau p vo nhau, lp vo gi thch hp v a vo my o. - Cc mu cht rn: + i vi cc loi polime, nha, cc cht rn v nh hnh, mu c ho tan vo mt dung mi d bay hi thch hp, sau lnmt phin NaCl (mui m), lm bay hi dung mi bng cch un nng nh, ta s c mt lp cht rn mng lng li trn phin

, sau a vo my o. + Nghin mu bt hoc cht rn mn ri trn vi du khong, hexaclorobutadien, pefluorokerosen, m clorfuorocacbon vv Hn hp ny c pht ln phin cu vt v p vo nhau. Chiu dy ca mu c chnh sao cho m hp th mnh nht c truyn quang - 60 - 80%. * p vin: Mu c nghin mn (1-100Microgam) trn vi bt KBr ri p hn hp ny vi p sut - 4200 - 7000kg/cm2. Thng ngi ta to ra cc vin ng knh - 1cm, dy - 1 - 2mm. Cng c th dng cc halogenua kim loi kim khc, c bit nh CsI, CsBr dng o trong cc vng bc sng di hn. K thut ny c th dng trong phn tch nh lng v c th to ra cc mu chun c nng khc nhau. Mu khng c m v c hi m, khi ghi ph s cut hin m ph ca lin kt 0 - H 3450cm-1 . Cng cn ch rng khi p c th gy nn s phn tch hoc bin dng mu iu kin nhit v p sut nn. ng dng ca pp ph dao ng 1. Nhn bit cc cht - Trc khi ghi ph hng ngoi, ni chung ta c th c nhiu thng tin v hp cht hoc hn hp cn nghin cu, nh: trng thi vt l, dng bn ngoi, tan, im nng chy, im chy, c bit l lch s ca mu. Nu c th th cn bit chc mu l cht nguyn cht hay hn hp. Sau khi ghi ph hng ngi, nu cht nghin cu l hp cht hu c th trc tin nghin cu vng dao ng co gin ca H xc nh xem mu thuc loi hp cht vng thm hay mch thng hoc c hai. Sau nghin cu cc vng tn s nhm xc nh c hay khng c cc nhm chc. Trong nhiu trng hp vic c ph (gii ph) v tm cc tn s c trng khng nhn bit mt cch ton din v cht nghin cu, nhng c l l c th suy on c kiu hoc loi hp cht. Cng cn trnh khuynh hng c gng gii v gn cho mi m ph quan st thy, nht l nhng m ph va v yu trong vng ph phc tp. Mi khi pht hin mt loi cht, ngi ta so snh ph ca cht nghin cu vi ph ca cht nguyn cht tng ng c th nhn nh ng. Hin nay ngi ta cng b mt s tuyn tp ph hng ngoi ca cc cht v cc tn s nhm c trng. 2 - Xc nh tinh khit. Ph hng ngoi c dng xc nh tinh khit ca cc cht Khi thch hp cht khng tinh khit th thng r nt ca m ph ring bit b gim, s xut hin thm cc m ph s lm "nho" ph. Khi tp cht c s hp th mnh IR m thnh phn chnh khng hp th hoc hp th yu th vic xc nh rt thun li. V d c th nhn ra mt lng nh xeton trong hidrocacbon v hidrocacbon thc t khng hp th vng ph - 1720cm-1 l s sng c trng cho nhm C = O Phng php ny thng c dng kim tra sn xut rt nhiu loi ho cht quy m cng nghip. 3. Suy on v tnh i xng ca phn t. V d xt xem phn t NO2 l phn t gm cc nguyn t thng hng hay c cu to un vng. Thc t cho thy ph hp th IR ca NO2 c 3 m 750, 1323, 1616cm-1 (khng ging nh CO2 ch c 2 m ph, nn phn t NO2 phi c cu to un vng.

4. Phn tch nh lng. Kh nng ng dng ph hng ngoi nh l mt ngnh ca phn tch nh lng ph thuc trang thit b v trnh ca cc phng th nghim. Ngy nay, s ra i ca cc my quang ph hng ngoi hin i, s tng t l tn hiu/nhiu lm cho vic phn tch nh lng cng thm chnh xc v do m rng c phm vi phn tch nh lng. V nguyn tc, vic phn tch nh ng theo phng php ph hng ngoi da vo nh lut c bn ca Lambert - Beer A=lg(Io/I)=abc A: hp th tia IR Io: Cng bc x trc khi qua mu, I: cng bc x sau khi qua mu. a: H s hp th, b: b dy ca mu. c: Nng cht nghin cu. Thc t, ngi ta ch xc nh nng ca mt trong cc nhm chc ca hp cht cn phn tch. V d, c th xc nh nng ca hexanol theo hp th ca lin kit O-H. V thc nghim, c 2 cch xc nh hp th A. a, Phng php ng chun. V d xc nh mt cht dng dung dch. Chn s sng thch hp, cho dung dch cn o vo cuvt. Ch s o trn my t l vi I. Li cho dung mi nguyn cht vo Cuvet. Ln ny ch s o c t l vi Io. Theo h thc trn, xc nh c A tng ng vi nng C. nhng my hin i, gi tr A c tnh v ghi trc tip. T cc nng khc nhau bit, o cc gi tr A tng ng, v th A - C. Sau vi nng cn xc nh, cng o A nh trn ri theo th chun m tm C. b, Phng php ng nn. C khi gi tr A cho trc tip trn my. Nu hn hp c nhiu thnh phn c cc m ph xen ph nhau th tm nng ca tng thnh phn phi gii h phng trnh nhiu n (tng t nh phng php ph in t). Kt qu thu c theo phng php ph hng ngoi b nhng hn ch sau: - Cuvt ng mu thng lm bng NaCl, KBr rt mm, d b bin dng, do b dy ca mu (gi tr b) c th thay i t mu ny sang mu khc. Cuvt cng c th b tc ng ho hc ca dung mi. Do dn n sai s trong php o. Sai s ca php o cng cn do nhng nguyn nhn khc. - Do hiu ng tp hp ca cc phn t cht ho tan c th dn n s thay i tn s hp th, hnh dng, cng hp th. - Do my quang ph hng ngoi khng phn gii cn thit nn khng kh nng o c nhng m ph c tn s rt hp. Mc d phng php ph dao ng l mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu nht xc nh cc cht v nh tnh cng nh nh lng, c ng dng rng ri trong nghin cu khoa hc cng nh trong kim tra cng nghip, phng php ny cng c nhng hn ch nht nh: - Bng phng php ph hng ngoi khng cho bit phn t lng (tr trng hp c bit). - Ni chung ph hng ngoi khng cung cp thng tin v cc v tr tng i ca cc nhm chc khc nhau trn mt phn t.

- Ch ring ph hng ngoi th i khi cha th bit l cht nguyn cht hay cht hn hp v c trng hp 2 cht c ph hng ngoi ging nhau.