Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th

99
BIN LUN PHNG TRNH, BPT BNG TH
I. BIN LUN PHNG TRNH BNG TH
1. Bi ton: a) Kho st v v th (C): y = f (x)
b) Bin lun theo m s nghim: F(x, m) = 0
2. Phng php: b) Bin i F(x, m) = 0 v 1 trong 4 dng sau:
Dng 1: (x) = m Dng 2: (x) = g(m)
Dng 3: (x) = ax + g(m) Dng 4: (x) = g(m) (x x
0
) + y
0

3. Cc bi tp mu minh ha
Bi 1. 1) Kho st s bin thin v v th
( )
2
3 3
( ) :
2
x x
C y f x
x
+ +
= =
+

2) Bin lun theo a s nghim ca PT:
( )
2
3 3 2 0 x a x a + + = v so snh cc
nghim vi (3) v (1)
Gii: 1) 1.1. Tp xc nh:
{ }
( ) ( ) D \ 2 , 2 2,
f
= = +
1.2. Chiu bin thin:
a) o hm v cc tr:
( )
2 1
2
2
3
4 3
0
2 1
x x
x x
y
x x x
= =
+ +
= =
+ = =

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
3 3; 1 1 f x f f x f = = = =
b) Tim cn:
( )
1
1
2
f x x
x
= + +
+


( )
2
2 1
3 3
lim lim
2
x x
x x
f x
x

+ +
= =
+
TC: x = 2.
( ) ( )
1
lim 1 lim 0
2 x x
f x x
x
( + = =

+
TCX: y = x + 1.
c) Bng bin thin:







x 3 2 1 +
( )
f x + 0 0 +
( )
f x


3

+



1

+

Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
100

d) Nhn xt: Hm s ng bin trn ( ) ( ) , 3 1, +
Hm s nghch bin trn ( ) ( ) 3, 2 2, 1 ;
Hm s c cc i ( ) 3, 3 v cc tiu (1, 1)
2) PT
( )
2
3 3 2 x x a x + + = +
( )
2
3 3
2
x x
f x a
x
+ +
= =
+

Nghim ca phng trnh cho l honh
giao im ca ng thng y a = vi th
(C): y = f (x). Nhn vo th ta c:
Nu a < 3 th x
1
< 3 < x
2
< 1 Nu a = 3 th x
1
= x
2
= 3 < 1
Nu 3 < a < 1 th phng trnh v nghim.
Nu a = 1 th 3 < 1 = x
1
= x
2
Nu a > 1 th 3 < x
1
< 1 < x
2

Bi 2. a. Kho st v v th
( )
2
( ) :
1
x
C y f x
x
= =

b. Bin lun s nghim ca PT:
( )
4 3 2
2 1 0 z mz m z mz + + + =
c. Bin lun s nghim t(0,) ca PT:
2
cos cos 0 t m t m + =
Gii

( )
1
1
1
f x x
x
= + +

TC: 1
TCX: 1
x
y x
=

= +

( )
( )
( )
2
0 0
2
0
1 2 4
x y
x x
f x
x x y
= =

= =
= =

(T lp BBT)
b.
( )
4 3 2
2 1 0 z mz m z mz + + + =

( )
2
2
1
2 0
m
z mz m
z
z
+ + + =

( ) ( )
2
1 1
0 z m z m
z z
+ + + = . t
1 1
2 x z x z
z z
= + = + ,
( )
2
1 x m x =
( )
2
1
x
f x m
x
= =

vi ( ] [ ) D , 2 2, x = +
c) t ( ) ( ) cos 1,1 0, x t t = . Khi
2
cos cos 0 t m t m + =

( )
2
1
x
f x m
x
= =

vi x (1, 1).
1 2 -1
1
4
x
y
O
O x
y
1
-1
-3
-3 -2
y=a
x
2 1
x
a
1.3. th:

Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
101
Bi 3. a. Kho st v v
2
3
2
x x
y
x
+
=
+

b. Bin lun theo m s nghim:
( )
4 2
1 3 2 0 t m t m + =
Gii
a.
TC: 2
1
1
2
TCX: 1
x
y x
x
y x
=

=

+
=

( )
2
1
1 0 2
2
y x
x
= + >
+

b.
( )
4 2
1 3 2 0 t m t m + =

( )
4 2 2
3 2 t t m t + = +
4 2
2
3
2
t t
m
t
+
=
+


( )
2
3
2
x x
f x m
x
+
= =
+
vi x = t
2
0
Bi 4. a) Kho st v v th
( )
2
1
( ) :
1
x x
C y f x
x
+ +
= =
+

b) Bin lun s nghim ca PT:
( )
2
1 1 0 x m x m + + =
c) Bin lun s nghim x[0,] ca PT:
( )
2
sin 1 sin 1 0 x a x a + =
Gii
( )
1
1
f x x
x
= +
+

TC: 1
TCX: 1
x
y x
=

= +

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
0
1 0 1
x y
x x
f x
x x y
= =
+
= =
+ = =

x 2 1 0 +
f + 0 0 +
f

3

+
1

+

-2 1 O
y
x
-1
-3/2
x
y
O
-1
1
-2
-3
2
3
1
1
-2
-3
-1
O
y
x
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
102
b)
( )
2
1 1 0 x m x m + + = ( )
2
1
1
x x
f x m
x
+ +
= =
+
.
(C): ( ) y f x = c v t (C): y = f (x) theo qui tc: Gi nguyn phn th (C
a
)
ca (C) ng x 0. Ly (C
a
) i xng vi (C
a
) qua Oy, khi (C) = (C
a
) (C
a
)
c) t [ ] [ ] sin 0,1 0, t x x = . Khi
( )
2
sin 1 sin 1 0 x a x a + =

( )
2
1
1
t t
f t a
t
+ +
= =
+
vi t [0, 1].
Bi 5. a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca
( )
2
2
( ) :
1
x x
C y f x
x
+
= =

b. Tm a phng trnh:
2
2
1
1
x x
ax a
x
+
= +

c nghim
c. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
2
2
2
log
1
x x
m
x
+
=

Gii: a.
( )
( )
2 1
2
2
1 2
2 1
0
1
1 2
x x
x x
f x
x
x x

= =


= =

= = +

( )
( )
1
2
1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
y f
y f

= =

= + = +

( )
2
1
f x x
x
= +

TC: x = 1; TCX: y = x.
b. Nghim ca
2
2
1
1
x x
ax a
x
+
= +

l
honh giao im ca ng thng
(D):
( )
1 1 y a x = + vi (C): y = f (x).
Do (D) lun i qua im c nh
I(1, 1) nn phng trnh trn c
nghim th (D) phi nm trong gc nhn
to bi 2 tim cn: TC: x = 1 (vi h
s gc k = +) v TCX: y = x (vi h
s gc k = 1) a > 1
c. Do ( )
2
2
1
x x
y f x
x
+
= =

l hm
chn nn th
( ) ( ) : C y f x = nhn
Oy lm trc i xng v c v t
(C): y = f (x) theo qui tc:
x
2 1-
y
1+ 2
-2
1
2 1+2
1
O
O
1
1+2 2
1
-2
2 1+
y
x
-1- 2
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
103
Gi nguyn phn th ca (C) ng vi x 0 ri ly i xng phn ny qua Oy.
Nghim ca phng trnh ( )
2
log f x m = (m > 0) l honh giao im ca
ng thng
2
log y m = vi th (C). Nhn vo th ta c:
Nu
2
log 2 m<
1
0
4
m < < th phng trnh c 2 nghim.
Bi 6. a. Kho st v v
( )
4 2
2 3 y f x x x = = + +
b. Bin lun theo m s nghim:
4 2 4 2
2 2 x x m m =
Gii
a.
( ) ( )
3 2
4 4 4 1 0 0; 1 f x x x x x x x = + = = = = Cc tr (0, 3), (1, 4)
( ) ( )
2 2 1
12 4 4 1 3 0
3
f x x x x = + = = = im un
32 1
,
9
3
| |

|
\







b.
( ) ( )
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
2 2 2 3 2 3 x x m m x x m m f x f m = + + = + + = (*)
Nhn vo th ta c:
Nu
( )
4 1 f m m = = th (*) c 2 nghim kp x = 1.
Nu
( ) ( ) { } 3 4 2, 2 \ 0, 1 f m m < < th (*) c 4 nghim phn bit.
Nu
( ) { } 3 0, 2 f m m = th (*) c 3 nghim x = 0; 2 x = .
Nu
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 , 2 2, f m m < + th (*) c 2 nghim phn bit.
Bi 7. a) Kho st v v th
( )
3
( ) : 4 3 1 C y f x x x = =
b) Tm m
3
4 3 1 0 x x mx m + = c 4 nghim phn bit.
Gii
( )
2 1
12 3 0
2
f x x x = = =
( )
24 0 0 f x x x = = =
Cc i
( )
1
, 0
2
; cc tiu
( )
1
, 2
2


x 1 0 1 +
f + 0 0 + 0
f


4

3
4




x

1
2

1
2

+
f + 0 0 +

f




0



2

+

3 - 3
O x
y
1 -1
- 2 2
3
4
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
104
im un U(0, 1)
b)
3
4 3 1 0 x x mx m + = ( ) ( )
3
4 3 1 1 f x x x m x = = (*)
th (C): ( ) y f x = c v t th (C): y = f (x) theo qui tc:
- Gi nguyn phn th (C
a
) ca (C) ng vi x 0.
- Ly (C
a
) i xng vi (C
a
) qua Oy, khi (C) = (C
a
) (C
a
)
Nghim ca (*) l honh giao im
ca ng thng ( )
( )
: 1
m
d y m x =
vi th (C): ( ) y f x = .
Ta thy (d
m
) lun i qua im A(1, 0) (C)
v (d
m
) qua B(0, 1) l (AB):
1 y x = c h s gc k
1
= 1.
ng thng ca h (d
m
) tip xc vi (C
a
)
ti im c honh x
0
< 0 l nghim ca phng trnh:
( )
( )
3
2
2
2
4 3 1 1
3 1 4
x x k x
x k
+ =

( ) ( )
3 2
4 3 1 3 1 4 1 x x x x + =

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 4 2 1 3 1 4 1 x x x x x + =

( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 x x x = .
Do x
0
< 0 nn
0
1 3
2
x

=
2
6 3 9 k =
Nhn vo th (C) ta thy: phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit th
( )
( )
: 1
m
d y m x = phi ct th (C): ( ) y f x = ti 4 im phn bit
1 2
k m k < < 1 6 3 9 m < <
Bi 8. Tm m
3
2 1 m x x + + = c 3 nghim phn bit.
Gii
-2
y
x O
1/2 1
-1/2
-1
-1
-1/2 1 1/2
O x
y
-2
-1
A
B
t
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
105
t
2
2 0 2 t x x t = + = , khi PT
3 2
2 1 m t t + =
( )
3
2
2 1 m t t + =
( )
3 2
4 3 1 f t t t t m = + = .
Xt th (C): y = (t). Ta c:
( )
2
4 7
3 8 3 0
3
f t t t t

= + = =
Cc tr:
4 7 7 14 7
3 27
f
| |

= |
\
v
( )
0 1 f = Hnh dng th (C)
Vi mi gi tr t 0 th cho ta 1 nghim
2
2 x t = nn PT cho c 3 nghim
phn bit th (t) = m phi c 3 nghim
phn bit t 0.
Nghim ca (t) = m l honh giao im ca th y = (t) vi y = m.
Nhn vo th ta c (t) = m c 3 nghim phn bit t 0

( )
4 7 7 14 7
0 1
3 27
f m f m
| |

< < |
\

Bi 9. Tm m PT:
2 2 2
sin sin 3 cos 2 0 x x m x + = (*) c nghim.
Gii
( )
2 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 6 1
(*) cos 2 1 cos 6 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2
x x
m x x x m x

+ = + =
3 2
2cos 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 x x m x + + =

t [ ] cos 2 1,1 t x = , khi (*)
( )
3 2
2 1 f t t t mt = + + = .
Ta c:
( )
2 1
6 1 0
6
f t t t = + = =





Nhn vo th ta thy: (*) c nghim Parabol (P
m
):
2
y mt = ct th
(C): y = (t) ti im c honh t[1, 1] m > 0

t 1

1
6


1
6

1
f + 0 0 +



2



CT

C


0

-1
O x
y
7 4+
3
3
4- 7
7 14
3
-7
-7
3
-14 7
y
x O
2
1
1
-1
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
106
II. BIN LUN BT PHNG TRNH BNG TH
1. Cc bi tp mu minh ha
Bi 1. Tm m BPT:
( ) ( )
2
4 6 2 x x x x m + + ng x[4, 6]
Gii
t
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
0 0
4 6 :
4 6
1 25
y y
y x x C
y x x
x y


= +

= +
+ =

(C) l na ng trn pha trn Ox
vi tm I(1, 0), bn knh R = 5.
( )
2
: 2
m
P y x x m = + l 1 parabol c
nh D(1, m 1) ng thng x = 1.
Ta c:
( ) ( )
2
4 6 2 x x x x m + + x[4, 6]
(C) nm pha di (P
m
) x[4, 6]
nh T(1, 5) ca (C) nm di D(1, m 1) m 1 5 m 6.
Bi 2. Cho BPT:
( )
2
2 1 2 3 x x m x x + + + (*)
a. Tm m BPT (*) c nghim
b. Tm m di min nghim ca (*) bng 2.
Gii
Parabol (P):
2
2 3 y x x = + c nh D(1, 2)
Gi (C
m
):
( )
2 1 y x x m = + +
( )
2
2 1
0
y x x m
y
= + +

(C
m
):
( )
2
2
0
1 2
y
x y m

+ = +

vi m 2.
Ta c (C
m
) l na ng trn pha trn Ox
vi tm I(1, 0), bn knh 2 R m = + v c
nh ( ) T 1, 2 m + .
a. BPT (*) c nghim th nh ( ) T 1, 2 m + phi nm pha trn D(1, 2)
2 2 2 4 2 m m m + +
b. Gi s (C
m
) (P) ti 2 im phn bit A
1
(x
1
, y
0
), A
2
(x
2
, y
0
)
O
y
x 1 -4 6
T
D
m-1
1
x
y
O
2 3
3
A
B
T
D
-1
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
107
Min nghim ca BPT (*) l [ ]
1 2
, x x x
2
x
1
= 2 (1)
V A
1
, A
2
(P) nn ta c x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh
2
0
2 3 0 x x y + =

1 2
2 x x + = , kt hp vi (1)
1 2
0, 2 x x = =
0
3 y =
( )
2
2
1 0
2 1 1 9 10 m x y + = + = + = m = 8.
Bi 3. Tm m BPT:
( ) ( )
2
4 4 2 2 18 x x x x a + + ng x[2, 4]
Gii

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 18
4 4 2 2 18 4 2
4 2 4
x x a
x x x x a x x

+ + + +
t
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
0 0
4 2 :
4 2
1 9
y y
y x x C
y x x
x y


= +

= +
+ =

(C) l na ng trn pha trn
Ox vi tm I(1, 0), bn knh R = 3.
( )
2
18
:
4 2 4
m
x x a
P y

= + l mt
parabol quay b lm xung di v
nhn x = 1 lm trc i xng.
(C) Ox ti A(2, 0) v B(4, 0) i xng qua x = 1. Ta xt parabol (P) thuc
h (P
m
) i qua A, B:
2
18 4 4
0 10
4 2 4
a
a

= + =
( )
2
: 2
4 2
x x
P y

= + +
Nhn vo th suy ra (*) ng x[2, 4] th a 10.
Bi 4. Cho BPT:
( )
2
6 6 2 x x x x m + + (*)
Tm m di min nghim p ca (*) tho mn: 2 p 4.
Gii
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
0 0
6 :
6
3 9
y y
y x x C
y x x
x y


=

=
+ =

(C) l na ng trn pha trn
Ox vi tm I(3, 0), bn knh R = 3.
( )
2
: 6 2
m
P y x x m = + + l mt
parabol quay b lm ln trn v
nhn x = 3 lm trc i xng.
A
-2
y
x
O
1 4
B
O
x
y
(P )
1
2
(P )
C
A B
D
1 2
3
4 5 6
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
108
Gi s (C) (P
m
) ti 2 im phn bit M
1
(x
1
, y
0
), M
2
(x
2
, y
0
) vi x
1
< x
2
.
M
1
, M
2
i xng vi nhau qua ng thng x = 3
1 2
2.3 6 x x + = =
Nghim ca BPT (*) l x[ ]
1 2
, x x di min nghim p ca (*) l:
( )
2 1 2
2 3 p x x x = = . 2 p 4 th 1 x
2
3 2 4 x
2
5
Xt cc parabol P
1
, P
2
thuc h (P
m
) ln lt qua ( ) ( ) 4, 2 2 , 5, 5 A B (C) l
( )
2
1
: 6 8 2 2 P y x x = + + v ( )
2
2
: 6 5 5 P y x x = + +
Nhn vo th suy ra (*) c di min nghim p tho mn 2 p 4
th 5 5 2 8 2 2 3 5 6 2 2 m m + + + + +
Bi 5. Tm m BPT:
( )
2
2 2 3 x x m + ng x
Gii
( )
2
2 2 3 x x m +
( )
2
2
3 2
1
2
2 2 2
x x
x m x m x

+
Parabol
2
1
( ) : 2
2 2
x
P y x

= + quay b lm xung di.

th ( ) D :
m
y x m = l hnh v
ch V nh M(m, 0) gm 2 na
ng thng nm pha trn Ox v
to vi Ox cc gc 45 v 135.
Xt nhnh phi ca (D
m
) tip xc vi (C), khi honh tip im l nghim
ca:
2 1 1
2 1
2 2
0
1 2
x m x x x
m
x

= + =

= +

( )
0
D : y x = tip xc (C)
Xt nhnh tri ca (D
m
) tip xc vi (C), khi honh tip im l nghim
ca:
2 1 1
2 3
2 2
4
1 2
x m x x x
m
x

+ = + =

= +

( )
4
D : 4 y x = tip xc (C)
Nhn vo th ta c: BPT ng x nh M(m, 0) ca (D
m
) nm bn tri
nh (0, 0) ca (D
0
) hoc nm bn phi nh (4, 0) ca (D
4
) m 0 hoc m 4.
y
x
O
1
1 2 3 4
3/2
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
109
Bi 6. Gii bin lun BPT:
2
5 4 x x a + <
Gii
( )
( )
[ ]
2
2
2
5 4 khi \ 1, 4
: 5 4
5 4 khi 1, 4
x x x
C y x x
x x x
+

= + =

+

Gi (C
1
) l phn th nm pha trn trc honh ca
2
5 4 y x x = + cn (C
2
) l
phn th i xng qua Ox vi phn th nm pha di Ox ca
2
5 4 y x x = +
Khi (C) = (C
1
) (C
2
). Xt ( ) ( )
2
1
: 5 4 C y a x x a = + =

1 2
5 9 4 5 9 4
;
2 2
a a
x x x x
+ + +
= = = =
Xt ( ) ( )
2
2
: 5 4 0 C y a x x a = + + =

3 4
5 9 4 5 9 4
;
2 2
a a
x x x x
+
= = = =
Nhn vo th ta c:
Nu a 0 th BPT v nghim.
Nu
9
0
4
a < th BPT c nghim x(x
1
, x
3
) (x
4
, x
2
)
Nu
9
4
a > th BPT c nghim x(x
1
, x
2
)
Bi 7. 1) Kho st v v (C):
( )
2
2 1
1
x x
y f x
x
+ +
= =

2) Tm s a nh nht
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 a x x x x + + + ng x[0, 1]
Gii
1)
( )
4
3
1
f x x
x
= + +

TC: 1
TCX: 3
x
y x
=

= +

( )
( )
2
1 0
4
1 0
3 8 1
x y
f x
x y x
= =
= =

= =

x 1 1 3 +
f + 0 0 +
f


0

+
8

+

4 5/2 1
y
x O
4
9/4
-9/4
y=a
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
110
2) t [ ] [ ]
2
0, 2 0,1 t x x x = +
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 a x x x x + + + x[0, 1]
( ) ( )
2
1 1 a t t + t[0, 2]

( )
( ]
( )
[ )
1, 2
0,1
f t a t
f t a t

( ]
( )
[ )
( )
1,2
0,1
Min
Max
t
t
f t a
f t a

( )
( )
2 9
0 1
f a
f a
=

1 a 9.
Vy s a nh nht
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 1 a x x x x + + + ng x[0, 1] l a = 1.
Bi 8. 1) Kho st v v (C):
( )
2
3 3
2
x x
y f x
x
+
= =

2) Tm s a ln nht
( )
2
6 12 4 2 x x a x + ng x[4, 5]
Gii
1)
( )
1
1
2
f x x
x
= +

TC: 2
TCX: 1
x
y x
=

( )
( )
2
1 1
1
1 0
3 3 2
x y
f x
x y x
= =
= =

= =

2)
( )
2
6 12 4 2 x x a x + x[4, 5]

( )
2
6 12
4 2
x x
a
x
+

x[4, 5]

2
3 3 3
2 4
x x x
a
x
+
+

x[4, 5]
ng thng (d):
3
4
y x a = +
nm pha di (C) x[4, 5]
Xt
( ) ( )
2
3
2 4
4
f x x = = [ ] 4 4; 5 x =
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) song song vi (d) l:
(D):
( ) ( )
3 3 1
4 4
4 4 2
y x f x = + = + . Nhn hnh v suy ra:
S a ln nht
( )
2
6 12 4 2 x x a x + ng x[4, 5] l
1
2
a =
y
O
-3
8
x
1 -1 3 2
-1
9
3

x 1 2 3 +
f + 0 0 +
f


1

+
3

+

-1
2
3
3
O
x
y
1
(D)
4 5
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
111
III. BIN LUN H PHNG TRNH BNG TH
1. Phng php chung
Biu din cc iu kin bng ngn ng hnh hc v xt tnh tng giao
Nghim ca h l giao im ca cc ng cong biu din cc iu kin
2. Cc bi tp mu minh ha
Bi 9. Tm a h
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 1
4
x y a
x y
+ = +

+ =

c ng 2 nghim.
Gii
Nu a < 1 th h v nghim.
Xt a 1: ( )
( )
2 2
: 2 1
a
C x y a + = + l ng
trn tm O(0, 0) bn knh
( )
2 1 R a = + .
( )
2
4 x y + = x + y = 2.
Nghim ca h cho chnh l to ca cc giao im do ng thng
( )
1
: 2 0 x y + + = v ( )
2
: 2 0 x y + = ct (C
a
).
Do (
1
), (
2
) i xng nhau qua O nn h cho c ng 2 nghim
(
1
), (
2
) tip xc (C
a
) ( ) ( )
( )
1
O, 2 1 2 0 R d a a = + = =
Bi 10. Cho h phng trnh:
2 2
0
0
x ay a
x y x
+ =

+ =

a. Tm a h c 2 nghim phn bit.
b. Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , x y x y l cc nghim ca h.
CMR: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
1 x x y y + . Du bng xy ra khi no?
Gii
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
: 1 0
0
1 1
0
:
2 4
a
x a y
x ay a
x y x
C x y
+ =
+ =



+ =
+ =

(C) l ng trn tm
( )
1
, 0
2
I bn knh
1
2
R =

(
a
) l ng thng quay quanh im A(0, 1) c nh.
a. h c 2 nghim phn bit th (
a
) ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit
( )
1

2
( )
x
O
y
2
2
-2
-2
y
O
x
1
I
1
M
N
2
A
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
112
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
1
1 2 2 1 4
, 1 3 4 0 0
2 3
1
1
a
a
a
d I R a a a
a
a

< < < < < <

+
+

b. Vi
4
0
3
a < < th ng thng (
a
) ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit
( )
1 1
M , x y , ( )
2 2
N , x y 2 MN R =1 (ng knh l dy ln nht)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
1 x x y y + (pcm)
Du bng xy ra MN = 2R (
a
) i qua
( )
1
, 0
2
I
1
2
a =
Bi 11. Tm a h
1 2
3
x y a
x y a

+ + + =

+ =

c nghim.
Gii
Nu a < 0 th h v nghim. Xt a 0:
t
1 0
2 0
u x
v y

= +

= +

. H
( )
2 2
, 0
3 1
u v
u v a
u v a

+ =

+ = +

( ) ( )
2 2
: 3 1 C u v a + = + l h cc ng trn tm O(0, 0) bn knh
( )
3 1 R a = +
( )
: d u v a + = l h cc ng thng // vi nhau to vi Ou

gc 135
Xt ng thng
( )
1
( ) : 3 1 d u v a + = + i qua A(R, 0); B(0, R) (C)
v ng thng
( )
2
( ) : 6 1 d u v a + = + tip xc vi (C) ti M
Nhn vo th h c nghim th (d) ct (C) ti im c ta dng
(d) nm gia (d
1
) v (d
2
)
( ) ( )
3 1 6 1 a a a + +

2
2
3 3 0
3 21
3 15
2
6 6 0
a a
a
a a

+
+

Bi 12. Tm m h
2 2
1 1 1 x y
x y m
+ + =

+ =

c 4 nghim phn bit.

3a+3
v
O
u
3a+3
6a+6
6a+6
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
113
Gii
( )
: 1 1 1 L x y + + =
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
1 0 1, 2 , 1, 0
3 0 1, 2 , 2, 1
1 0 0,1 , 2, 1
1 0 0,1 , 1, 0
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
+ =

+ + =

+ + =

vi
vi
vi
vi

(L) c hnh biu din l 4 cnh ca hnh vung
ABCD vi A(1, 0); B(2, 1); C(1, 2); D(0, 1)

( )
2 2
: C x y m + = l ng trn tm O(0, 0) bn
knh R m = .
Xt ng trn tm O tip xc vi BC c bn knh l: ( )
1
3
, ( )
2
R d O BC = =
ng trn tm O i qua 2 im B, C c bn knh l:
2
5 R OC = = .
Nhn vo th ta c: H c 4 nghim phn bit (L) ct (C) ti 4 im.

1 2
3 9
5 5
2
2
R R R m m < < < < < <
Bi 13. Cho
2 2
1 v 6 a b c d + = + = . CMR:
2 2
2 2 18 6 2 c d ac bd + (1)
Gii
Trn mt phng ta ly M(a, b) v N(c, d)
( ) ( )
2 2
2
MN c a d b = +
v M nm trn ng trn
( )
2 2
: 1 C x y + = ; N nm trn (): 6 x y + =
Khi (1)
2
MN 19 6 2 MN 3 2 1
Gi khong cch t O n () l: ( ) O, d
Ta c: ( ) OM MN ON O, d +
( )
2 2
0 0 6
1 MN O, 3 2
1 1
d
+
+ = =
+

MN 3 2 1 (pcm)
Du bng xy ra M on ON v ON ()
1
2
a b = = ; 3 c d = =
x
O
y
D
A
B
C
O
y
6
6
M
N
1 x
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
114
IV. BIN LUN H BT PHNG TRNH BNG TH
Bi 1. Cho h bt phng trnh:
2
2
2 0
4 6 0
x x a
x x a
+ +

a. Tm a h c nghim. b. Tm a h c nghim duy nht.
Gii
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 0
4
4 6 0
6
a f x x x
x x a
x x
a g x x x a
=
+ +

(P
1
): y = f (x) l 1 parabol quay b lm
xung di v c nh l (1, 1)
(P
2
): y = g(x) l 1 parabol quay b lm ln trn v ct (P
1
) ti
8
0;
7
x x

= =
a. H cho c nghim ng thng y = a i qua min gch cho to bi
(P
1
) v (P
2
) 0 a 1.
b. H cho c nghim duy nht ng thng y = a ct min gch cho ti
mt im duy nht a = 0 hoc a = 1.
Bi 2. Tm m BPT:
( )
2
1
2
log 2 3 x x m + > (1) c nghim
v mi nghim u TX ca
( )
3
1
log 1 . log 2
x x
y x x
+
= + (2)
Gii
TX ca (2) l nghim ca h:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3
1
0 1 0 1
2
log 1 2 1 1
x
x x
x
x x x
+
< <



+ + +



( )
2
1
2
log 2 3 x x m + >
2
0 2 8 x x m < + <

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
2 :
2 8 :
m x x f x y P
m x x g x y P
> + = =

< + + = =

ng thng y = m i qua min gch cho to bi (P
1
) v (P
2
) m 9.
Mi nghim ca (1) u TX ca (2) Mi nghim x ca (1) u < 2
Hnh chiu ca on thng giao gia y = m vi min gch cho ln Ox l
tp con ca khong (, 2). T th duy ra 8 m 9.
y
O
x -1
-2 2 4
1
-2/3
9
-2
2 1 x
8
O
y
4
Bin lun phng trnh, bt phng trnh bng th
115
Bi 3. Tm m h
2
4 2
2 4 0
6 8 18 0
x x m
x x x m
+

(*) c nghim.
Gii
H
2
4 2
2 4 0
6 8 18 0
x x m
x x x m
+

( )
( )
2
4 2
2 4
6 8 18
m f x x x
m g x x x x
= + +

= +

(P): y = f (x) l 1 parabol quay b lm xung di v c nh l D(1, 5)
Xt (C): y = g(x).
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
4 12 8 4 1 2 g x x x x x = = +




Xt (C) (P):
( ) ( )
g x f x =
( ) ( )
3 2
1 4 14 0 x x x x + =
( )
3 2
1 4 14 0 x h x x x x = = + =
Do
( ) ( )
2 6; 3 10 h h = = nn (C) (P) ti x
1
= 1 v x
2
(2, 3)
Nhn vo th ta c h (*) c nghim ng thng y = m i qua min
gch cho to bi (P) v (C) 6 m 5.
Bi 4. Tm a ( ) 2 1 2 x y x y a + + + = (*)
c nghim.
Gii
(*) ( ) ( ) 2 1 2 x y a x y + = +

( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 2
x y
x y a x y
+

( + = +



( )
( )
2 2
2 0
1 2 1
x y
x y a
+

+ = +

( ) ( )
( )
2 2
: 1 2 1 C x y a + = + l ng trn tm I(1, 2) bn knh 1 R a = +

x 1 2 +
f 0 0 +
f
+

6

+

y
O x 1
2 5 1+ 1- 5
-6
5
I
2
2
1 x O
y
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng
116
Nghim ca (*) l giao ca ng trn (C) vi min gch cho nm pha di
ng thng (): x + y 2 = 0.
(*) c nghim th
( )
( )
2 2
1 2 2 1 1
, 1 1
2 2
1 1
d I R a a a
+
+ +
+

Bi 5. Tm m h
( )
2 2
log 1 (1)
2 (2)
x y
x y
x y m
+
+

+ =

c nghim.
Gii
(1)
2 2
2 2
1
0
1
x y x y
x y
x y x y
+ + >

+ >

+ + <

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
1
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
+ <
+ >
+ >

( )
2 2
1
: 1 C x y + = l ng trn tm O(0, 0) bn knh
1
1 R =
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1 1
:
2 2 2
C x y + = l ng trn tm
( )
1 1
,
2 2
I bn knh
2
1
2
R =
(d): x + y = 0 ct (C
1
) ti
1 1 1 1
, ; ,
2 2 2 2
A B
| | | |
| |
\ \
. Nghim ca (1) l min
gch cho (hnh v) trong khng ly bin ca (C
1
) nhng ly bin ca (C
2
).
Xt ng thng thuc h (
m
): x + 2y = m i qua A l (
1
):
1
2
2
x y

+ =
ng thng thuc h (
m
) tip xc vi (C
2
)
( )
2
,
m
d I R =
2 2
1
1
2 1
2
1 2
m +
=
+

10 3 10
3
2 2 2
m m

= =
ng thng (
2
):
3 10
2
2
x y
+
+ =
nm pha trn v tip xc vi (C
2
).
(*) c nghim th (
m
) ct min gch cho
(
m
) nm gia (
1
) v (
2
)
3 10
1
2
2
m
+

<

O
x
y
I
1
1 1/2
1/2
A
(D )
1
2
(D )