HAM SO MU - HAM SO LOGART

Chuyen e 6:

PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH

CO CHA MU VA LOGART
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO MU

1. Cac nh ngha:

an = a.a...a


(n Z+ , n 1, a R)

n tha so

a = a a
a0 = 1 a 0
1
a n = n
(n Z + , n 1, a R / { 0})
a

m
an

a n

= am
=

1
m
an

( a > 0; m, n N )
=

1
n m

2. Cac tnh chat :

am .an = am+ n
am
a

= am n

(am )n = (an )m = am.n

(a.b)n = an .b n

a
an
( )n = n
b
b

3. Ham so mu:
Dang : y = ax ( a > 0 , a 1 )
Tap xac nh : D = R

T = R + ( ax > 0
Tap gia tr :
Tnh n ieu:
*a>1

x R )

: y = ax ong bien tren R

* 0 < a < 1 : y = ax nghch bien tren R

o th ham so mu :
22

y=ax

y=ax
1

a>1

0<a<1

Minh hoa:
y
3.5

1
y=
2

f(x)=2^x

y=2x

3
2.5

y
3.5

1.5

1.5

f(x)=(1/2)^x

2.5

0.5

0.5

x
-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

-4.5

4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1.5

-2

-2

-2.5

-2.5

-3

-3

-3.5

-3.5

II. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO LOGART

1. nh ngha:

Vi a > 0 , a 1 va N > 0
log a N = M

ieu kien co ngha:

dn

log a N co ngha khi

2. Cac tnh chat :

log a 1 = 0

log a aM = M

alog a N = N
log a (N1 .N 2 ) = log a N1 + log a N 2

log a (

log a a = 1

N1
) = log a N1 log a N 2
N2

23

aM = N

a > 0

a 1
N > 0

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

ac biet : log a N 2 = 2. log a N

log a N = . log a N

3. Cong thc oi c so :

log a N = log a b. log b N

log b N =
* He qua:
log a b =

log a N
log a b

1
log b a

4. Ham so logart:

log

va

ak

N=

1
log a N
k

Dang y = log a x ( a > 0 , a 1 )

Tap xac nh : D = R +
Tap gia tr
T=R
Tnh n ieu:

: y = log a x ong bien tren R +

*a>1

* 0 < a < 1 : y = log a x nghch bien tren R +

o th cua ham so logart:

y=logax
O

a>1

Minh hoa:
y
3.5

0<a<1

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(2)

y=log2x

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

x
0.5

-0.5

-3

y = log 1 x

2
1.5

0.5

-3.5

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/2)

2.5

1.5

-4

y
3.5
3

2.5

-4.5

y=logax

1.5

2.5

3.5

0.5

4.5

x
-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-1

0.5
-0.5
-1

-1.5
-1.5

-2
-2

-2.5
-2.5

-3
-3

-3.5

24

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5. CAC NH LY C BAN:
1. nh ly 1: Vi 0 < a 1 th :

aM = aN

2. nh ly 2: Vi 0 < a <1 th :

aM < aN M > N (nghch bien)

3. nh ly 3: Vi a > 1 th :

aM < aN M < N (ong bien )

M=N

4. nh ly 4: Vi 0 < a 1 va M > 0;N > 0 th : loga M = loga N M = N

5. nh ly 5: Vi 0 < a <1 th :

loga M < loga N M >N (nghch bien)

6. nh ly 6: Vi a > 1 th :

loga M < loga N M < N (ong bien)

III. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG:

1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : aM = aN (ong c so)
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) 9 x + 1 = 27 2 x + 1
2

2) 2x 3x + 2 = 4
2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) 3 2x+ 8 4.3x+ 5 + 27 = 0 2) 6.9 x 13.6 x + 6.4 x = 0
2

3) ( 2 3 ) x + ( 2 + 3 ) x = 4

4) 2 x x 2 2+ x x = 3
5) 3.8 x + 4.12 x 18 x 2.27 x = 0
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) ( 2 + 3 ) x + ( 2 3 ) x = 4
( x 1)
x
x
x
(x=0)
2) 8 + 18 = 2.27
x
x
3 x +1
3) 125 + 50 = 2
(x=0)
x
x
2 x +1
4) 25 + 10 = 2
(x=0)
5) ( 3 + 8 )x + ( 3 8 )x = 6

6) 2.2 2 x 9.14 x + 7.7 2 x = 0

( x = 2 )

6) 27 + 12 = 2.8
(x=0)
IV. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : log a M = log a N (ong c so
x

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :

1
1) log2 = log 1 (x 2 x 1)
x
2
2) log2 [ x(x 1)] = 1

3) log2 x + log2 (x 1) = 1
2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so.
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :

25

1)

6
4
+
=3
log2 2x log2 x 2

2) log 32 x + log 32 x + 1 5 = 0

V. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG:

1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : aM < aN ( , >, )
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) 236x > 1
4x 11

2
1
2)
> 2x + 6x +8
2
2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so.
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) 9x < 2.3x + 3

2) 52x +1 > 5x + 4
VI. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : loga M < loga N ( , >, )
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) log2 (x 2 + x 2) > log2 (x + 3)

2) log 0,5 (4x + 11) < log 0,5 (x 2 + 6x + 8)

3) log 1 (x 2 6x + 5) + 2 log3 (2 x) 0
3

2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so

V du : Giai bat phng trnh sau :
log22 x + log2 x 2 0
VII. HE PHNG TRNH:
V du : Giai cac he phng trnh

x 1 + 2 y = 1
1)
2
3
3log9 (9x ) log3 y = 3
1

log 1 ( y x) log 4 y = 1
2) 4
x 2 + y 2 = 25

2 3 x = 5 y 2 4 y

3) 4 x + 2 x +1
=y
x
2 +2
y x = x + 1
4)
x + 2 y = 10

1 x 2 y

x y
( 3 ) = ( )
6)
3
log 2 ( x y ) + log 2 ( x y ) = 4

3 4x
( x + 1 1)3y =
7)
x
y + log x = 1
3

3 x .2 y = 1152
8)
log 5 ( x + y ) = 2

x 4 y + 3 = 0

9)

log 4 x log2 y = 0

log ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 5
5) 2
2 log 4 x + log 2 y = 4

2 x .4 y = 64
10)
x + y = 3

------------------------------Het--------------------------26