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Chuyen e 11:

NG DUNG CUA AO HAM

nh ngha: Cho ham so

y = f (x) xac nh tren khoang (a;b)

TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO Tom tat giao khoa

[f ong bien (tang) tren (a; b) ]


[f nghch
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )

n x , x (a; b ) : x < x f ( x ) < f ( x ) 1 2 1 2 1 2

] ]

n bien (giam) tren (a; b) ] x , x ( a ; b ) : x < x f ( x ) > f ( x ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 y


y (C ) : y = f ( x) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) O

a x1

x2 b

a x1

x2

x
b

1. ieu kien can cua tnh n ieu: nh ly 1: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b)

[f ong bien (tang) tren khoang (a; b)] f ' (x) 0 x (a; b) [f nghch bien (giam) tren khoang (a; b)] f ' ( x) 0 x (a; b) [ [ [ ]
]

2. ieu kien u cua tnh n ieu: nh ly 2: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b) ' f (x) > 0 x (a; b) f ong bien (tang) tren (a; b) ' f (x) < 0 x (a; b) f nghch bien (giam) tren (a; b) ' f (x) = 0 x (a; b) f khong oi tren (a; b)

a +

x f ' ( x) f (x )

f ' ( x) f (x )

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nh ly 3: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b) ' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ang thc ch xay ra tai mot so f hu han iem cua (a; b) ' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ang thc ch xay ra tai mot so f hu han iem cua (a; b)

ong bien (tang) tren (a; b)

nghch bien (giam) tren (a; b)]

Minh hoa nh ly:


x f ' ( x) f (x ) a
+

x0
0

x f ' ( x) f ( x)

x0
0

nh ly 4: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b)

[f ong bien (tang) tren (a; b)] [f nghch bien (giam) tren (a; b)] [f khong oi tren (a; b)]

' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ' f (x) 0 x (a; b) ' f (x) = 0 x (a; b)

3. Phng phap xet chieu bien thien cua ham so: Muon xet chieu bien thien cua ham so y = f (x) ta co the thc hien nh sau: Bc 1: Tm mien xac nh cua ham so : D=? Bc 2: Tnh

f ' ( x)

va xet dau

f ' ( x)

Bc 3: Da vao nh ly ieu kien u e ket luan. BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Khao sat s bien thien cua ham so: 1) y = x 4 x 2 4) y = e x + x
x 7) y = ln x

2) y = 5) y =

x+3 x2 +1 ex
x

3) y = 6) y =

x2 x2 1
1 2 x ln x 2

8) y = x 2 + 4 x 70

9) y = x + 2 x 2

1 Bai 2: Cho ham so y = f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 + (2a + 1) x 3a + 2 (1). Tm a e ham so nghch bien tren R 3 1 Bai 3: Tm m e ham so y = x 3 + ( m 1) x 2 + ( m + 3) x 4 ong bien tren khoang (0;3) 3 2 1 Bai 4: Cho ham so y = f ( x) = x 3 + (m 1) x 2 + (2m 3) x (1) 3 3 a) Vi gia tr nao cua m, ham so (1) ong bien tren R b) Vi gia tr nao cua m, ham so (1) ong bien tren khoang (1;+) m Bai 5: Cho ham so y = f ( x) = x + 2 + (1) x 1 Tm a e ham so (1) ong bien tren moi khoang xac nh cua no 2 2 x + (m + 2) x 3m + 1 Bai 6: Cho ham so y = f ( x) = (1) x 1 Tm a e ham so (1) nghch bien tren moi khoang xac nh cua no 2 x 2 + (1 m) x + m + 1 Bai 7: Cho ham so : y = . nh m e ham so ong bien trong khoang (1; + ) xm Bai 8: Chng minh rang: 2 sin x + tgx > 3 x vi moi x 0; 2 3 x Bai 9: Chng minh rang: tgx > x + vi moi x 0; 2 3 4 Bai 10: Chng minh rang: tgx x vi moi x 0; 4 1 Bai 11: Cho ham so y = x 3 ax 2 + (2a 1) x a + 2 3 Tm a e ham so nghch bien trong khoang (-2;0) Bai 12: Cho ham so y = x 3 mx 2 + x + 1 (1) Tm cac gia tr cua m e ham so (1) nghch bien trong khoang (1;2) x 2 + mx 1 Bai 13: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (- ;1) va (1;+ ). x2 2x + m Bai 14: Cho ham so y = x 2 Xac nh m e ham so nghch bien tren [-1;0]. x 2 + 5x + m2 + 6 Bai 15: Cho ham so y = x +3 Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (1;+ ). x 2 + (2m 3) x + m 1 Bai 16: Cho ham so y = x (m 1) Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (0;+ )

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NG DUNG TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO E


CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC GIAI PHNG TRNH - BAT PHNG TRNH - HE BAT PHNG TRNH ******** C s e giai quyet van e nay la dung ao ham e xet tnh n ieu cua ham so va da vao chieu bien thien cua ham so e ket luan ve nghiem cua phng trnh , bat phng trnh, he phng trnh . CAC KIEN THC C BAN ---------I. nh ngha : Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong khoang (a,b). a) f tang ( hay ong bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x1, x2 (a,b) : x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2) b) f giam ( hay nghch bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x1, x2 (a,b) : x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2) II. Cac tnh chat : 1) Tnh chat 1: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang (hoac giam) tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) = f(v) u = v (vi u, v (a,b) )

2) Tnh chat 2: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) < f(v) u < v (vi u, v (a,b) )

3) Tnh chat 3: Gia s ham so y = f(x) giam tren khoang (a,b) ta co : f(u) < f(v) u > v (vi u, v (a,b) ) 4) Tnh chat 4: Neu y = f(x) tang tren (a,b) va y = g(x) la ham hang hoac la mot ham so giam tren (a,b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem thuoc khoang (a,b) *Da vao tnh chat tren ta suy ra : Neu co x0 (a,b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nghiem duy nhat tren (a,b) BAI TAP AP DUNG Bai 1 : Giai cac phng trnh sau : 1)

4x 1 + 4x 2 1 = 1

2) ( 2 3 ) x + ( 2 + 3 ) x = 2 x 3) log 2 (1 + 3 x ) = log 7 x Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh sau: 1) 2 x 1 2 x


2

= ( x 1) 2
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2x + 4x + 5 Bai 3 : Giai cac he : cot gx cot gy = x y 1) vi x, y (0, ) 5x + 8y = 2


2

2) log 3 (

x2 + x +3

) = x 2 + 3x + 2

2 x 2 y = ( y x ).( xy + 2) 2) x 2 + y 2 = 2
Bai 4: Giai cac bat phng trnh sau. 1) 5x + 12x > 13x 2) x (x8 + x2 +16 ) > 6 ( 4 - x2 ) Bai 5 : Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau : vi x > 0 1) ex > 1+x 2) ln (1 + x ) < x vi x > 0 3) sinx < x vi x > 0 1 4) 1 - x2 < cosx vi x 0 2 ------Het-------

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CC TR CUA HAM SO Tom tat giao khoa


I. nh ngha: Cho ham so y=f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;b) va x0(a;b)

f ( x0 ) f (x)

(C ) : y = f ( x)

(x x ) 0 b

O f (x) f ( x0 )

a ( x x0 )

x
b

(C ) : y = f ( x)

x 0

la iem CC AI

cua ham so f

f(x)

< f(x

x V \ x

x 0

la iem CC TIEU

cua ham so f

f(x)

> f(x

x V \ x

II.ieu kien can cua cc tr: nh ly Fermat : Gia s y=f(x) lien tuc tren khoang (a;b) va
f f

co ao ham tai x at cc tr tai x 0

x (a; b) 0

f '( x ) = 0 0

Y ngha hnh hoc cua nh ly: Neu ham so y = f ( x) co ao ham tai iem x0 va at cc tr tai iem o th tiep tuyen cua ng cong (C): y =

f ( x) tai iem M(x0,f(x0)) phai cung phng vi Ox

III. ieu kien u e ham so co cc tr: 1) nh ly 1: Gia s ham so y=f(x) co ao ham tren mot lan can cua iem x0 ( co the tr tai iem x0) Neu khi x i qua x ma 0
Neu ' f ( x )
f

' ( x ) oi dau t

+ sang

khi x i qua x

ma 0 oi dau t sang +
a
+

f at CC

AI

tai x

at CC TIEU

tai x

Bang tom tat:


x f ' ( x) f ( x) x0
0 CD b

x f ' ( x) f ( x)

x0
0

CT

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2) nh ly 2: Gia s ham so y=f(x) co ao ham lien tuc ti cap hai tai x0 va f'(x0)=0, f''(x0)0
Neu
Neu

f '' ( x ) < 0 0
f '' ( x 0 ) > 0

f
f

at CC AI
at CC TIEU

tai x

tai x

Bai 1: Tm cc tr cua cac ham so: 1)

BAI TAP REN LUYEN 2)

y = x 4 x
2 y = ex + x

4) 7)

5) 8)

y = x+3 x 2 +1 x y=e x

3)

y=

x2 x 2 1

6)

y= x ln x

y = x2 + 4 x

y = 1 x 2 ln x 2 9) y = x + 2 x 2

y = x3 + 2(m 1) x 2 + (m 2 4m + 1) x 2(m 2 + 1) . Tm m e y at 1 + 1 = 1 (x + x ) cc ai, cc tieu tai hai iem x1, x2 thoa man ieu kien x x 2 1 2 1 2 x 2 + mx 2 . Xac nh m e ham so co cc ai, cc tieu Bai 3: Cho ham so y = mx 1 vi hoanh o thoa man x + x = 4 x x 1 2 1 2 x 2 + mx + 1 at cc ai tai x = 2 Bai 4: Tm m e ham so y = x+m
Bai 2: Cho ham so Bai 5: Gia s ham so

f ( x) =

u ( x) v( x )

at cc tr tai x0. Chng minh rang neu

v'(x ) 0 0

th

u'(x ) 0 f (x ) = 0 v'(x ) 0

Ap dung : Tm gia tr cc tr cua ham so: Bai 6: Cho ham so

2 y = x + 3x + 5 x+2 f ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d . Chia f(x) cho f'(x), ta c: f ( x) = f ' ( x).( Ax + B) + x +


f ( x ) = x + 0 0 y = x 3 3x 2 3x + 2
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Gia s f(x) at cc tr tai x0 Chng minh rang : Ap dung : Tm gia tr cc tr cua ham so:

Bai 7: Goi (Cm) la o th ham so

Tm m e ham so (1) co cc tr va khoang cach t iem cc tieu cua (Cm) en tiem can xien cua (Cm) bang Bai 8: Goi (Cm) la o th ham so

y = mx + 1 x

(1)

Chng minh rang vi m bat ky, o th (Cm) luon luon co iem cc ai, iem cc tieu va khoang cach gia hai iem o bang 20 x 2 + mx + 1 Bai 9: Cho ham so y = . Tm m sao cho ham so at cc ai tai x = -1 x+m 1 Bai 10: Cho ham so y = x 3 mx 2 + ( 2m 1) x m + 2 3 Tm m sao cho ham so co hai cc tr co hoanh o dng x2 + x + m Bai 11: Cho ham so y = (1) x +1 Xac nh m sao cho ham so (1) co hai gia tr cc tr trai dau nhau. Bai 12: Cho ham so y = x 3 3mx 2 + (m 2 + 2m 3) x + 4 (1) Tm m e o th ham so (1) co iem cc ai va cc tieu ve hai pha cua truc tung Bai 13: Cho ham so : y = ( x m )3 3 x Xac nh m e ham so at cc tieu tai iem co hoanh o x = 0. Bai 14: Cho ham so : y = mx 4 + (m 2 9) x 2 + 10 Tm m e ham so co ba iem cc tr. Bai 15: Cho ham so : y = x 3 + 3mx 2 + 3(1 m 2 ) x + m 3 m 2 Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem cc tr cua o th ham so . x 2 + mx Bai 16: Cho ham so y = 1 x Tm m e ham so co cc ai ,cc tieu . Vi gia tr nao cua m th khoang cach gia hai iem cc tr cua o th ham so bang 10. x 2 + mx 2 Bai 17: Cho ham so y = mx 1 Xac nh m e ham so co cc ai , cc tieu vi hoang o thoa man x1 + x2 = 4 x1.x2

1 2 x 2 + (m + 1) x + m + 1 y= x +1

(1)

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1. nh ngha:

Cho ham so

y = f (x) xac nh tren D

GTLN VA GTNN CUA HAM SO Tom tat giao khoa

So M c goi la GTLN cua ham so neu: f ( x) M x D Ton tai x 0 D sao cho f(x 0 ) = M Ky hieu: M = Max y So m c goi la GTNN cua ham so neu: f ( x) m x D Ton tai x 0 D sao cho f(x 0 ) = m Ky hieu: m = min y y xD Minh hoa:

xD

M f (x) x0 O (C ) : y = f ( x)

x0 x

2. Cac phng phap tm GTLN & GTNN cua ham so a) Phng phap 1: S dung bat ang thc V du 1: Tm GTLN va nho nhat cua ham so : V du 2: Tm GTNN cua ham so :

y = f (x) tren D

2 vi x > 0 x y = x2 + 4 x y = x+ x2 + 3 y= x2 + x + 2

b) Phng phap 2: S dung ieu kien co nghiem cua pt hoac he phng trnh V du: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

b) Phng phap 2: S dung ao ham, lap BBT cua ham so f tren D roi suy ra ket qua V du 1: Tm GTLN cua ham so : V du 2: Tm GTNN cua ham so :

y = 4 x3 3 x 4 2 y = x 2 + vi x > 0 x
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V du 3: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 4: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 5: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 6: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 7: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : V du 8: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

y = x2 + 4 x

y = sin 2x - x
y= sinx 2 + cosx

tren ; 2 2

tren

[0; ]

y = x + 2 x2 1 y = sin x cos2 x + 2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

1 y = 2(1 + sin 2 x.cos 4 x) (cos 4 x cos 8x) 2


y = x 4 3x 3 2 x 2 + 9 x
vi

x [2;2]

Bai 2: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

y = sin 2x x
Bai 3: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

tren ; 2 2

y = x 2.e x

tren [3;2]

Bai 4: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : Bai 5: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: Bai 6: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: Bai 7: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: Bai 8: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

y = 5cosx cos5x

tren

[ ; ] 4 4

x2 + 3 y= x2 + x + 2
y = x + 12 3x 2 y = ( x + 2) 4 x 2
vi

y = (3 x) x 2 + 1

x [0;2]

Bai 9: Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so : Bai 10: Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so

2cos2 x + cos x + 1 y= cos x + 1

Bai 11: Tm

y = 2sin x 4 sin3 x tren oan 0; 3 1 3 GTNN cua ham so : y = 2 x 2 x 3 tren oan ;3 2


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Bai 12: Cho phng trnh

x 2 + (2a 6) x + a 13 = 0 vi

a 1 . Tm a e nghiem ln

cua phng trnh at gia tr ln nhat. Bai 13: Cho ham so

y=

Xac nh cac gia tr cua m e ham so co cc tr. Tm m e tch cac gia tr cc ai va cc tieu at gia tr nho nhat Bai 14: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :

x 2 (m + 1) x m 2 + 4m 2 x 1

(1)

f ( x) = cos 2 2 x + 2(sin x + cos x) 2 3sin 2 x


Bai 15: Tm gia tr ln nhat va be nhat cua ham so sau :

y = 4cos2 x + 3 3 sin x + 7sin2 x sin x + 1 Bai 16: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : y = sin 2 x + sin x + 1
Bai 17: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:

y = 2(1+ sin2 x cos4 x ) 1 (cos4 x cos8x) 2 Bai 18: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: y = 2(sin3 x + cos3 x ) + 8sin x.cos x 1 (1 sin x) 4 + sin 4 x 17 x R Bai 19: Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau : 8
--------------------------------Het----------------------------------

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