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ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 1-
Chuyn : NG DNG CA O HM
Mt s lu chung:
hc sinh c th gii cc bi ton dng ny, yu cu hc sinh nm vng mt s kin thc
c bn sau:
1. Phng trnh f(x) = m c nghim khi v ch khi m thuc tp gi tr ca hm s y = f(x)
2. S nghim phng trnh f(x) = m l s giao im ca th hm s y = f(x) vi ng
thng y = m
3. Xt bt phng trnh f(x) m vi f(x) l hm s lin tc trn [a; b] .
Khi :
[ , ] [ , ]
min ( ) ( ) max ( )
a b a b
f x f x f x
*) f(x) m c nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
max ( )
a b
m f x
*) f(x) m v nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
max ( )
a b
m f x >
*) f(x) m c nghim x [a; b]
[ , ]
min ( )
a b
m f x
4. Xt bt phng trnh f(x) m vi f(x) l hm s lin tc trn [a; b] .
Khi :
[ , ] [ , ]
min ( ) ( ) max ( )
a b a b
f x f x f x
*) f(x) m c nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
min ( )
a b
m f x
*) f(x) m v nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
min ( )
a b
m f x <
*) f(x) m c nghim x [a; b]
[ , ]
max ( )
a b
m f x
A.1)Phng trnh:
Bi ton 1:
Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim :
m(
2 2 4 2 2
1 1 1 2 ) 2 1 1 x x x x x + + = + + (1)
Li Gii
iu kin: 1 x
t t =
2
1 x + -
2
1 x 2
4
1 x = 2 t
2
Ta c : t =
2
1 x + -
2
1 x 0 (du bng t c khi x = 0)
t
2
= 2 2
4
1 x 2 (du bng t c khi x = 1 )
suy ra iu kin ca t l: 0 t 2
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 2-
Phng trnh (1) c chuyn v dng m(t + 2) = 2 - t
2
+ t
2
2
2
+
+ +
t
t t
= m (2)
Khi phng trnh (1) c nghim (2) c nghim tho : 0 t 2
ng thng y = m ct phn th hm s y =
2
2
2
+
+ +
t
t t
trn [0; 2 ]
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
2
2
+
+ +
t
t t
trn [0; 2 ]
Ta c f(t) =
( )
0
2
4
2
2
+
t
t t
, t[0; 2 ] hm s nghch bin trn [0; 2 ]
Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim ( 2) (0) f m f 1 2 m 1
Bi ton 2:
Chng minh rng vi mi m > 0 phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit
x
2
+ 2x 8 = ( 2) m x (1)
Li Gii
iu kin x 2
(1) (x 2)( x
3
+ 6x
2
32 m) = 0
3 2
2
6 32 0
x
x x m
=
Ta cn chng minh phng trnh: x
3
+ 6x
2
32 = m (*) c nghim trong (2; +)
Xt hm s: f(x) = x
3
+ 6x
2
32 vi x > 2
f (x) = 3x
2
+ 12x > 0 , x > 2
Da vo bng bin thin ta c: m > 0 phng trnh (*) c nghim trong khong (2; +)
Vy m > 0 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
Bi ton 3:
Tm m phng trnh sau c t nht 1 nghim thuc [1; 3
3
]
2 2
3 3
log log 1 x x + + - 2m 1 = 0 (1)
Li Gii
iu kin : x > 0
0
+
+
+ 2
f(x)
f '(x)
x
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 3-
t: t =
2
3
log 1 x + vi x[1; 3
3
] 0
3
log 3 x 1
2
3
log x +1 41 t 2
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh: t
2
+ t = 2m + 2 (2)
Phng trnh (1) c t nht 1 nghim thuc [1; 3
3
]
Phng trnh (2) c t nht 1 nghim thuc [1; 2]
ng thng y = 2m + 2 ct phn th y = t
2
+ t vi t [1; 2] ti t nht mt
im
t f(t) = t
2
+ t , t [1; 2]
f (t) = 2t + 1 > 0 , t [1; 2]
Vy phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim thuc [1; 3
3
]
2 2m + 2 5 0 m 1,5
Bi ton 4:
Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim :
(m + 1) tan
4
x 3m(1 + tan
2
x)tan
2
x +
4
4
cos
m
x
= 0 (1)
Li Gii
iu kin: x
2
k
+
(1) m( 2tan
4
x + 5tan
2
x + 4 ) = - tan
4
x
2
2
2
2
2
tan
tan
(2 5 4)
2 5 4
t x
t x
t
m t t
m
t t
=
=
+ +
=
+ +
Xt: f(t) =
2
2
2 5 4
t
t t
+ +
vi t 0
f (t) =
( )
2
2
2
5 8
2 5 4
t t
t t
+ +
0 , t 0
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh c nghim -0,5 < m 0
Bi ton 5:
-0,5
0
f(t)
_
f '(t)
+
0
t
+
5
2
2 1
f(t)
f '(t)
t
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 4-
Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: 9
x
m 3
3
+ 2m + 1 = 0 (1)
Li Gii
(1)
2
3
( 2) 1
x
t
m t t
=
= +
vi t>0
2
3
1
(2)
2
x
t
t
m
t
=
+
=
(v t = 2 khng phi l nghim ca pt)
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
1
2
t
t
+
ta c:
f (t) =
( )
2
2
4 1
2
t t
t
f (t) = 0
2
4 1 t t = 0
2 5
2 5
t
t
= +
t 2 5 0 2 2 5 + +
f(t) 0 - - 0 +
f(t) -0,5 + +
4 2 5 +
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh c nghim khi m < - 0,5 hoc m 4 2 5 +
Bi ton 6:
Tm a phng trnh:
2
3 1
2 1
2 1
x
x
x
Xt hm s : f(x) =
2
3 2
2 1
x x
x
xc nh trn (0,5; +)
Ta c f(x) =
( )
2
3
9 8 2
2 1
x x
x
+
+ + =
( )
2
1
ln 1 ln3
a x
a a a
=
+ + =
(*)
Xt f(a) = ln(
2
1 a a + + ) aln3
f (a) =
2
1
1 a +
- ln3 < 0 , a
Vy f(a) nghch bin trn R v f(0) = 0 nn (*) c nghim duy nht a = 0 .Do phng
trnh (1) c mt nghim x = 1
Bi ton 8:
Gii phng trnh : 4 1 x +
2
4 1 x = 1 (1)
Li Gii
iu kin:
2
4 1 0
4 1 0
x
x
x 0,5
Xt: f(x) = 4 1 x +
2
4 1 x vi x 0,5
f (x) =
2
4 1 x
+
2
4
4 1
x
x
> 0 , x 0,5
f ng bin trn (0,5; +)
Do f lin tc v ng bin trn (0,5; +)
Mt khc : f(0,5) = 1 nn (1) f(x) = f(0,5) x = 0,5
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 6-
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0,5
Cc bi tp tng t
1) nh m phng trnh c nghim thuc tp hp cho trc
a) x
3
3x = m vi 2 x 3
b) x
2
- 6lnx m = 0 vi 1 < x < e
c) 4sin
6
x + cos4x a = 0
2) Bin lun s nghim phng trnh:
a) 3x
4
10x
3
+ 6x
2
= m
b) 2 1 x + 5 x = m
3) Tm iu kin m phng trnh sau c nghim:
1 x + 3 x - ( ) 1 (3 ) x x = m
4) Tm m cc phng trnh sau c ng mt nghim ( d b H 2007)
a)
4 4
13 x x m + + x 1 = 0
b)
2 4
1 x + - x = m
5) Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
2
3
sin x
+ 3 tan
2
x + m(tanx + cotx) = 1
6) Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
4(sin
4
x + cos
4
x) 4(sin
6
x + cos
6
x) sin
2
4x = m
7) Bin lun theo k s nghim x thuc ;
4 4
(
(
ca phng trnh:
4k(sin
6
x + cos
6
x 1) = 3sin6x
8) Tm tt c gi tr m phng trnh c nghim duy nht trn on 0;
2
(
(
:
2cosx .cos2x.cos3x m = 7 cos2x
9) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
a) x +3 = m
2
1 x +
b) x + m = m
2
1 x +
c) 1 x + 4m
2 4
3 2 x x + + (m + 3) 2 x = 0
10) Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:
a)
2 2
4 2 1 4 2 1 x x x x + + + = 2m
b)
4 4 4
4 4 x x m x x m + + + + + = 6
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 7-
11) Tm m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim thc phn bit :
a) ( ) ) 8 ( 1 8 1 x x x x + + + + = m
b) x x x x + + + 6 2 6 2 2 2
4 4
= m
12) Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
a) tan
2
x + cot
2
x +m(tanx + cotx) + 3 = 0
b) ) 4 5 ( 12 x x m x x x + = + +
c) 2x + x x x x 7 2 7
2
+ + + + = m
13) Tm m phng trnh :
sinx + 2 cos
2
x
= m( cosx + 2sin
2
x
) c nghim trong on [0 ;
2
]
A.2) Bt phng trnh:
Bi ton 1:
Tm m bt phng trnh :
m(
2
2 2 x x + + 1) + x(2- x) 0 c nghim thuc [0; 1+ 3 ]
Li Gii
t t =
2
2 2 x x + vi x [0; 1+ 3 ]
t
x
=
2
1
2 2
x
x x
+
,
t
x
= 0 x = 1
Vi x [0; 1+ 3 ] th t [1; 2]
Bt phng trnh tr thnh: m(t + 1) t
2
2
m
2
2
1
t
t
+
m
[1,2]
max ( ) f t vi f(t) =
2
2
1
t
t
+
Ta c f (t) =
( )
2
2
2 2
1
t t
t
+ +
+
> 0 , t[1; 2]
Suy ra f(t) ng bin trn [1,2]
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim x [0; 1+ 3 ] m
[1;2]
ax ( ) M f t = f(2)
m
2
3
Bi ton 2:
Vi gi tr no ca m th bt phng trnh sin
3
x + cos
3
x m , x (1)
+
_
2 2
1
0
1+ 3 1
0
t
t'
x
x
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 8-
Li Gii
t t = sinx + cosx = 2 cos( )
4
x
, iu kin : 2 t
Bt phng trnh tr thnh: t(1
2
1
2
t
) m, t [- 2 ; 2 ]
3t t
3
2m, t [- 2 ; 2 ]
[ 2, 2]
2 min ( ) m f t
Xt: f(t) = 3t t
3
f (t) = 3 3t
2
f (t) = 0 3 3t
2
= 0 t = 1 v t = -1
2
- 2
1 - 2
+
_
2
-2
0
2 -1
t
t'
x
x
Da vo bng bin thin ta c :
Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim x 2m -2 m - 1
Bi ton 3:
Tm m bt phng trnh mx
4
4x + m 0 , x (1)
Li Gii
(1) m(x
4
+ 1) 4x , x
m
4
4
1
x
x +
, x
Xt : f(x) =
4
4
1
x
x +
Ta c : f (x) =
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4) 2 2
2 2 2
4 4 4
4( 1 4 ) 4(1 3 4(1 3 )(1 3 )
1 1 1
x x x x x
x x x
+ +
= =
+ + +
f (x) = 0
2
1 3x = 0 x =
4
1
3
v x = -
4
1
3
x
4 4
1 1
3 3
+
f(x) - 0 + 0 -
0
4
27
f(x)
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 9-
0
-1
1
1
0
+
_
1
23
7
0
2
1/ 3
f(x)
f '(x)
x
-
4
27 0
Da vo bng bin thin ta c bt phng trnh c nghim x
m Maxf(x) m
4
27
Bi ton 4:
Cho bt phng trnh x
3
-2x
2
+ x 1 + m < 0 (1)
a) nh m bt phng trnh (1) c nghim thuc [0; 2]
b) nh m bt phng trnh (1) tho x [0; 2]
Li Gii
Ta c: (1) -x
3
+ 2x
2
x + 1 > m
Xt: f(x) = -x
3
+ 2x
2
x + 1 , x [0; 2]
f(x) = -3x
2
+ 4x 1
f(x) = 0 x = 1 v x =
1
3
a) (1) c nghim thuc [0; 2]
[0,2]
max ( ) f x > m m < 1
b) (1) c nghim x [0; 2]
[0,2]
min ( ) f x > m m < -1
Bi ton 5:
Tm iu kin p, q bt phng trnh sau c nghim tho x [0; 1]
px + 1
3 2
3 1
3 1
x x x
x
+ + +
+
qx + 1 (1)
Li Gii
x = 0 (1) tho
x (0; 1] ta c (1) p
2
2
1
x x
x
+ +
+
q
t f(x) =
2
2
1
x x
x
+ +
+
vi x thuc (0,1]
f (x) =
( )
3
2
2 1
1
x x
x
+
+
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 10-
f (x) = 0 x = 2 1 y = 2 2 1
(1) c nghim tha x [0; 1] khi v ch khi p
(0,1]
min ( ) f x v q
(0,1]
max ( ) f x
Da vo bng bin thin ta c: p 2 2 1 v q 2
Bi ton 6:
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh sau y nghim ng x > 0
(3m +1)12
x
+ (2 m)6
x
+ 3
x
< 0 (1)
Li Gii
(1) (3m +1)4
x
+ (2 m)2
x
+ 1 < 0
2 2
2 , 0
(3 ) ( 1)
x
t x
t t m t
= >
< +
2
2
2 1
( 1)
(2)
(3 )
x
t
t
m
t t
= >
+
<
Xt: f(t) =
2
2
( 1)
(3 )
t
t t
+
,vi t > 1
f (t) =
2
2 2
7 6 1
(3 )
t t
t t
+
> 0 , t > 1
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy bt phng trnh (1) c nghim x > 0
bt phng trnh (2) c nghim t > 1
m -2
Bi ton 7:
Gii bt phng trnh :
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 x x x x + + + + < 181 4x
Li Gii
iu kin:
2
7 7 0
7 6 0
49 7 42
x
x
x x
+
x
6
7
t: f(x) =
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 x x x x + + + + + 4x vi x
6
7
1
+
+
-
1
3
-2
f(t)
f '(t)
t
2
+
_
2
0
2 2 - 1
2 -1 1 0
f(t)
f '(t)
t
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 11-
f (x) =
2
7 7 98 7
2 7 7 2 7 6
49 7 42
x
x x
x x
+
+ +
+
+
+ 4 > 0 , x
6
7
Vy f(x) ng bin trn (
6
7
; +) v f(6) = 181
Khi x < 6 th f(x) < f(6) f(x) < 181
Vy nghim bt phng trnh l S = [
6
7
; 6)
Bi ton 8:
Gii bt phng trnh:
3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + > 2 3 4 x +
Li Gii
iu kin:
3 2
2 3 6 16 0
4 0
x x x
x
+ + +
( )
2
2 (2 8) 0
4 0
x x x
x
+ +
- 2 x 4
Xt hm s f(x) =
3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + - 4 x vi x thuc [-2,4]
f (x) =
2
3 2
6( 1) 1
2 4
2 2 3 6 16
x x
x
x x x
+ +
+
+ + +
> 0 , x (-2; 4)
Suy ra f ng bin trong khong (-2; 4)
Do nu x > 1 th f(x) > f(1) = 2 3
3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + - 4 x > 2 3
3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + > 4 x + 2 3 .
Vy khong nghim ca bt phng trnh l : (1; 4)
Cc bi tp tng t:
1) Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim: 3
2x+1
(m + 3) 3
x
2(m + 3) < 0
2) Xc nh m sao cho x u l nghim bt phng trnh:
2
2+cos2x
+
2 2
1 cos sin
2 2
x x +
m
3) Xc nh m bt phng trnh sau c nghim
2 2 2
sin cos sin
2 3 .3
x x x
m +
A.3. H phng trnh
1) H phng trnh dng:
(1)
(2)
( ) ( )
( , ) 0
f x f y
g x y
=
Hng dn hc sinh c th tm li gii theo hai hng sau:
Hng 1: (1) f(x) f(y) = 0 (3)
Tm cch a (3) v mt phng trnh tch
Bi ton 1:
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 12-
Gii h :
(1)
3 (2)
1 1
2 1
x y
x y
y x
= +
Li Gii
Ta c: (1) x y (
1 1
x y
) = 0 (x y)
1 xy
xy
+
= 0
1
x y
x
y
=
+ + = +
+ + = +
vi x, y R
Li Gii
H
( )
( )
2
1
2
1
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 3
y
x
x x
y y
+ + =
+ + =
t: a = x 1 , b = y 1 ta c h mi
2
2
1 3
1 3
b
a
a a
b b
+ + =
+ + =
2
2 2
1 3 (1)
1 3 1 3 (2)
b
a b
a a
a a b b
+ + =
+ + + = + + +
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
1 3
t
t t + + = , t R
f (t) =
2
1
1
t
t
+
+
+ 3
t
ln3
=
2
2
1
1
t t
t
+ +
+
+ 3
t
ln3 > 0 , t (v
2
1 t t + + > 0 , t)
do hm s ng bin trn R
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 13-
t (2) ta c f(a) = f(b) nn a = b. Thay vo (1) ta c:
2
1 a a + + = 3
a
ln(
2
1 a a + + ) = aln3
Xt : g(a) = ln(
2
1 a a + + ) aln3 (*)
g(a) =
2
1
1 a +
- ln3 < 0 , a . Vy hm s g(a) nghch bn trn R. Nn phng
trnh (*) c nghim duy nht a =0
Do h c nghim duy nht x = y =1
Bi ton 3:
Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim
1 3
1 3
x y m
y x m
+ + =
+ + =
(I)
Li Gii
iu kin: -1 x , y 3
(I)
1 3 (1)
1 3 1 3 (2)
x y m
x x y y
+ + =
+ = +
Xt hm s f(t) = 1 3 t t +
f(t) =
1 1
2 1 2 3 t t
+
+
> 0 , t (-1; 3)
Vy f ng bin trn (-1; 3). Do f(x) = f(y) x = y
Thay vo (1) ta c: 1 3 x x + + = m (*)
Xt hm s : g(x) = 1 3 x x + +
g (x) =
1 1
2 1 2 3 x x
+
g (x) = 0 x = 1
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh (*) c nghim 2 m 2 2
Do h c nghim khi 2 m 2 2
Bi ton 4:
Chng minh rng m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
2 2
2 2
_
+
0
1 3
-1
g(x)
g '(x)
x
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 14-
2 2
2 2
3 2 0 (1)
3 2 0 (2)
x y y m
y x x m
=
(I)
Li Gii
Nu y 0 th v tri ca phng trnh (1 ) khng tho suy ra y > 0.
Tng t x > 0
(I)
2 2
3 2
( )(3 2 2 ) 0
x y y m
x y xy x y
=
+ + =
2 2
3 2 x y y m
x y
=
3 2
3 2 x y m
x y
=
3 2
3 2
x y
x x m
=
Xt: f(x) = 3x
3
2x
2
c f (x) = 9x
2
4x :
f(x) = 0 x = 0 hoc x =
4
9
x 0 4/9 1
f(x) 0 - 0
f(x) 0
-32/243
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim duy nht x > 0
m > 0. Do h c nghim duy nht khi m > 0
Bi ton 5:
Tm m h sau c nghim:
cos cos
2sin 3cos
x y x y
x y m
=
Li Gii
H
cos cos (1)
( )
2sin 3cos (2)
x x y y
I
x y m
=
Xt f(t) = t cost
f (t) = 1+sint 0 , t
f(t) ng bin trn R.
Nn (1) f(x) = f(y) x = y
Thay vo (2) ta c 2sinx 3cosx = m 13 sin( x - ) = m (*)
vy h c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim - 13 m 13
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 15-
Cc bi tp tng t:
1) Gii h phng trnh: 1
ln ln
2 .3 36
x
x y y
x y x y
+
=
2) Tm m h phng trnh
cos cos 1
cos3 cos3
x y
x y m
+ =
+ =
c nghim:
3) Gii h :
2
2
cos 1
2
cos 1
2
y
x
x
y
4) Gii h
3 2
3 2
1 2( )
1 2( )
x x x y
y y y x
+ = +
+ = +
2) H phng trnh c n khng thay i khi hon v vng quanh
Khi gii h ny cn ch :
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi thit x = max (x, y, z) x y, x z
Bi ton 1:
Gii h phng trnh:
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 5 1 4
3 5 1 4
3 5 1 4
x x x y
y y y z
z z z x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Li Gii
Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
- 3t
2
+ 5t + 1
f (t) = 3t
2
6t + 5 > 0 , t. Do f(t) ng bin trn R
H phng trnh c dng
( ) 4
( ) 4
( ) 4
f x y
f y z
f z x
=
V h khng i khi hon v vng quanh i vi x, y,z nn ta c th gi thit
x y, x z
Nu x > y f(x) > f(y) 4y > 4z y > z f(y) > f(z) z > x (mu thun)
Nu x > z f(x) > f(z) y > x (mu thun)
Vy x = y = z
T mt phng trnh trong h ta c: x
3
3x
2
+ x + 1 = 0
(x 1)( x
2
2x 1) = 0
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 16-
1
1 2
x
x
=
Do nghim ca h l:
1
1 2
x y z
x y z
= = =
= = =
(Nhn xt : Xt h c dng:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g y
f y g z
f z g x
=
Nu hm s f(t), g(t) cng ng bin (hoc cng nghch bin) th l lun nh trn ta c x = y
=z)
Bi ton 2:
Gii h :
3 2
3 2
3 2
6 12 8 (1)
6 12 8 (2)
6 12 8 (3)
y x x
z y y
x z z
= +
= +
= +
(I)
Li Gii
(I)
3
3
3
( )
( )
( )
y f x
z f y
x f z
=
T phng trnh (1) ta c y
3
= 6(x
2
2x +
8
6
) = 6(x 1)
2
+
1
3
2 y
3
2
Tng t ta c: x
3
2 , z
3
2
Xt hm s f(t) = 6t
2
12t + 8
f (t) = 12x 12 > 0 , t
3
2
Vy f(t) ng bin trn [
3
2 ; +)
V h khng thay i khi hon v vng quanh i vi x, y,z do c th gi thit x y, x
z
Nu x > y f(x) > f(y) y
3
> z
3
y > z f(y) > f(z) z
3
> x
3
z > x mu thun
Nu x > z f(x) > f(z) y
3
> x
3
y > x mu thun
Suy ra x = y = z
T mt phng trnh trong h ta c: x
3
6x
2
+ 12 x - 8 = 0
(x 2)
3
= 0 x = 2
Vy h c nghim x = y = z = 2
Cc bi tp tng t:
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 17-
1) Gii h :
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3 ln( 1) (1)
3 3 ln( 1) (2)
3 3 ln( 1) (3)
x x x x y
y y y y z
x z z z x
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
2) Gii h:
3 2
3 2
3 2
2 7 8 2
2 7 8 2
2 7 8 2
x x x y
y y y z
x z z x
+ =
+ =
+ =
3) Gii h:
3 2
3 2
3 2
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
4
x x y
y y z
z z x
+ =
+ =
+ =
4) Chng minh a h sau c nghim duy nht :
2 3
2 3
2 3
x y y a
y z z a
z x x a
= + +
= + +
= + +
5) Tm a h:
2
2
2
x y a
y z a
z x a
= +
= +
= +
ch c nghim dng x = y =z
6) Chng minh rng a > 0 h phng trnh:
ln(1 ) ln(1 )
x y
e e x y
y x a
= + +
+ + + =
+ + + =
8) Gii h:
( 1) ln
( 1) ln
( 1) ln
x y y y
y z z z
z x x x
=
9) Gii h:
2 3
2 3
log 1 3sin log (3cos )
log 1 3cos log (3sin )
x y
y x
+ =
+ =
MT S BI TP THAM KHO
Bi 1:Tm m pt sau c nghim:
2 2
1 1 x x x x m + + + =
Gii:
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 18-
Xt hm s
2 2
( ) 1 1 f x x x x x = + + + c tp xc nh l D=R
( ) ( )
+
= = + + = + +
+ + +
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ \
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
'( ) ' 0 (2 1) 1 2 1 1 (1)
2 1 2 1
1 1 3 1 1 3
[( - ) ] [( ) ] 0 thay vao (1)ta thay khong
2 2 4 2 2 4
thoa man. Vay f'(x)=0 vo nghiem, ma f'(0)=1>0, do
x x
f x f x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
= =
+ + + +
< <
2 2
x +
x +
o f'(x)>0 x
2
Ma t khac: Lim ( ) = Lim 1; Lim ( ) 1
1 1
Vay pt a cho co nghiem -1 1
x
R
x
f x f x
x x x x
m
Bi 2:Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a pt:
2
1 cos ax x + = c ng mt nghim 0;
2
x
| |
|
\
Gii:
Ta thy pt c nghim th 0 a
( )
| |
= =
|
\
| |
|
\
| | | |
= <
| |
\ \
2
2 2
2 2
sin
cos 1 sin
2
Khi o pt =a -2 . Xet ham so ( ) vi t 0;
4
2
cos -
.cos sin
ta co '( ) = 0 vi t 0; ( ) ngb tren 0;
4 4
t
x
x t
a f t
t
x
x
t t tgt
t t t
f t f t
t
= +
>
= + > = + =
3 2 2
1nghiem thoa man 2
2 6
1: Neu (1') co ung hai nghiem t= 2 vo nghiem
22 6
2 : (1') co ung mot nghiem 2
Xet ham so ( ) 3 9 vi 2, ta co '( ) 3 6 9 3( 1
t t
a
TH
a
TH t
f t t t t t f t t t t + )( 3) t
Ta c bng bin thin:
Da vo bng bt ta thy pt(1) c ng mt nghim > 2 t khi v ch khi
< + < < < 2 6 22 4 16 a a
Bi 4:Cho hm s = + + + ( )( ) y x x a x b vi a,b l hai s thc dng khc nhau
chotrc.
Cmr vi mi s thc ( ) 0;1 s tn ti duy nht s thc
| |
+
> =
|
\
1
0 : ( )
2
s s
s
a b
f (HSG QG-
A06)
Gii: Trc ht ta c BT :
+ +
( )
2 2
s s
s
a b a b
c th cm bng hm s hoc bng BT
Bcnuli
p dng BT Csi v (1) ta c :
1
( )
2 2
s s
s
a b a b
ab
+ +
< < (*) (do a b )
Mt khc ta c:
2 2 ( )( )
'( )
2 ( )( )
x a b x a x b
f x
x a x b
+ + + +
=
+ +
ta d dng cm c f(x) >0 mi x>0
suy ra f(x) ng bin vi x>0 nn
0
( ) ( ) ( )
2 x
x
a b
Lim f x ab f x Lim f x
+
+
+
= = (**)
V f(x) lin tc khi x>0 nn t (*) v (**) ta c iu phi cm
Bi 5:Gii pt:
2 2
3 (2 9 3) (4 2)( 1 1) 0 x x x x x + + + + + + + = (Olympic 30-4 BSCL 2000)
f(t)
f(t)
x
-2 2 1 -3
0
0
+ -
2
22
27
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 20-
Gii: Ta thy pt ch c nghim trong
1
( ;0)
2
( )
2 2 2 2
3 (2 ( 3 ) 3) (2 1)(2 (2 1) 3) (2 3) (2 3) (1) pt x x x x u u v v + + = + + + + + + = + +
Vi u=-3x, v=2x+1; u,v>0. Xt hm s
4 2
( ) 2 3 f t t t t = + + vi t>0
Ta c
3
4 2
2 3
'( ) 2 0 0 ( ) ( )
3
t t
f t t f u f v u v
t t
+
= + > > = =
+
(1) u=v -3x=2x+1
1
5
x = l nghim duy nht ca pt
Bi 6: Gii pt:
| |
+
|
\
2
osx=2 vi - ;
2 2
tg x
e c x
Gii: Xt hm s :
| |
= +
|
\
2
( ) osx vi - ;
2 2
tg x
f x e c x , ta c
| |
|
= =
|
\
2
2
tg 3
2 3
1 2e os
'( ) 2 . sin sin
cos os
x
tg x
c x
f x tgx e x x
x c x
V > >
2
3
2 2 os 0
tg x
e c x
Nn du ca f(x) chnh l du ca sinx. T y ta c = ( ) (0) 2 f x f
Vy pt cho c nghim duy nht x=0
Bi 7: Gii pt: + = + 2003 2005 4006 2
x x
x
Gii: Xt hm s : = + ( ) 2003 2005 4006 2
x x
f x x
Ta c: = + '( ) 2003 ln2003 2005 ln2005 4006
x x
f x
= + > =
2 2
''( ) 2003 ln 2003 2005 ln 2005 0 "( ) 0 vo nghiem
f'(x)=0 co nhieu nhat la mot nghiem f(x)=0 co nhieu nhat la hai nghiem
x x
f x x f x
M ta thy f(1)=f(0)=0 nn pt cho c hai nghim x=0 v x=1
Bi 8: Gii pt: = + + +
3
3 1 log (1 2 )
x
x x (TH&TT)
Gii: k: x>-1/2
+ = + + + + = + + +
3 3 3
3 1 2 log (1 2 ) 3 log 3 1 2 log (1 2 )
x x x
pt x x x x x (1)
Xt hm s: = +
3
( ) log f t t t ta c f(t) l hm ng bin nn
= + = + = (1) (3 ) (1 2 ) 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 (2)
x x x
f f x x x
Xt hm s: = = = >
2
( ) 3 2 1 '( ) 3 ln3 2 "( ) 3 ln 3 0
x x x
f x x f x f x
= ( ) 0 f x c nhiu nht l hai nghim, m f(0)=f(1)=0 nn pt cho c hai nghim
x=0 v x=1
Bi 9: Gii h pt:
>
sinx-siny=3x-3y (1)
x+y= (2)
5
, 0 (3) x y
Gii: T (2) v (3) ta c :
, (0; )
5
x y (1) sinx-3x=siny-3y. Xt hm s f(t)=sint-3t
vi
(0; )
5
t ta c f(t) l hm nghch bin nn f(x)=f(y) x=y thay vo (2) ta c
= =
10
x y
l nghim ca h
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 21-
Bi 10: Gii h:
=
+ = +
(1)
1 1 8 (2)
tgx tgy y x
y x y
Gii: k:
1
8
y
x y
(*)
(1) tgx x tgy y + = + x y = (do hm s ( ) f t tgt t = + l hm ng bin)
Thay vo (2) ta c: + = + + = + + 1 1 8 1 8 1 y y y y y y
+ = + + + + + = +
= + =
+ = + =
2 2
1 8 2 8 1 8 4 4 8
8 8
3 3 3 8 4 8 8
9 48 64 16 128 9 64 64 0
y y y y y y y y
y y
y y y
y y y y y
Vy 8 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h cho
Bi tp:
1. Tm m pt sau c nghim duy nht thuc
[0; ]
4
+ + =
3 2
(4 6 )sin 3(2 1)sin 2( 2)sin cos (4 3)cos 0 m x m x m x x m x
2.Tm m s nghim ca pt:
2 2 4 2
15 2(6 1) 3 2 0 x m x m m + + = khng nhiu hn s
nghim ca pt:
2 3 6 8
(3 1) 12 2 6 (3 9) 2 0, 25
x m m
m x x + + = 3. Tm tt c cc gi tr a
bpt:
2
ln(1 ) x x ax + nghim ng 0 x
4. a)Cmr nu a >0 l s sao cho bpt: 1
x
a x + ng vi mi 0 x th a e
b) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a : 1
x
a x x +
Bi 11:Gii h:
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
x x x x y
y y y y z
z z z z x
Gii:Ta gi s (x,y,z) l n
o
ca h. Xt hm s = + + +
3 2
( ) 3 3 ln( 1) f t t t t t
ta c:
= + + >
+
2
2
2 1
'( ) 3 3 0
2 1
t
f t t
t t
nn f(t) l hm ng bin
Ta gi s: x=Max{x,y,z} th = = = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y f x f y z z f y f z x
Vy ta c x=y=z. V pt + + + =
3 2
2 3 ln( 1) 0 x x x x c nghim duy nht x=1 nn h
cho c nghim l x=y=z=1
Bi 12:Gii h:
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
3
2
3
2
3
2 6 log (6 )
2 6 log (6 )
2 6 log (6 )
x x y x
y y z y
z z x z
(HSG QG Bng A nm 2006)
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 22-
Gii: H
+
=
= =
+
=
3
2
3
2
3
2
log (6 )
2 6
( ) ( )
log (6 ) ( ) ( )
2 6
( ) ( )
log (6 )
2 6
x
y
x x
f y g x
y
z f z g y
y y
f x g z
z
x
z z
Trong
3
2
( ) log (6 ) ; ( )
2 6
t
f t t g t
t t
= =
+
vi ( ;6) t
Ta c f(t) l hm nghch bin,
( )
3
2
6
'( ) 0 ( ;6)
2 6
t
g t t
t t
= >
+
g(t) l hm b
Nn ta c nu (x,y,z) l nghim ca h th x=y=z thay vo h ta c:
3
2
log (6 )
2 6
x
x
x x
=
+
pt ny c nghim duy nht x=3
Vy nghim ca h cho l x=y=z=3
Bi tp:
+ + + = + +
+ =
+
= +
+ + =
2
3 3 2 2 3 3
10 10
2 2
cosx osx
1. 2 1 2 1 2 ;
81
2. 81sin os
256
3. (x-1)(x+2)=(x 2) ;
4. 3 2 osx;
5. (1 )(2 4 ) 3.4
x x
c
x x
x x x x
x c x
e xe
c
x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3 2
3 2
3 2
x 3 2 5
6. 3 2 5 (HSG QG 2006)
3 2 5
x x y
y y y z
z z z x
7. Tm a h sau y c nghim duy nht
2 3 2
1 2 2 2
2 3 2
2 3 3 3
2 3 2
1 1 1
4 ax
4 ax
............................
4 ax
n
x x x
x x x
x x x
= +
= +
= +
8. Tm m cc pt sau c nghim:
6 6
2 2
2 2
) 12 ( 5 4 ); b) 3+x 6 (3 )(6 )
cos sin
) cot ( cotgx)+3=0; d) . 2
os sin
a x x x m x x x x x m
x x
c tg x g x m tgx m tg x
c x x
+ + = + + + =
+
+ + + =
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 23-
Bi 13: Cho 4 s thc a,b,c,d tho mn: a
2
+b
2
=1; c-d=3. Cmr:
9 6 2
4
F ac bd cd
+
= +
Gii: ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) 2 6 9 3 ( ) F a b c d cd d d d d f d + + = + + =
Ta c
2
2
3 9
1 2( )
2 2
'( ) (2 3)
2 6 9
d
f d d
d d
+ +
= +
+ +
v
2
2
3 9
1 2( )
2 2
0
2 6 9
d
d d
+ +
<
+ +
nn
3 9 6 2
( ) ( )
2 4
f d f
+
= ta c pcm
Bi 14: Cho 0 1. x y z < < : 3 2 4 x y z + + .Tm gtln
2 2 2
3 2 F x y z = + + (TH&TT)
Gii: T gt ta c:
4 2
3
y z
x
thay vo F ta c
2 2 2
1 2 1 1
( ) (4 4 ( 2) 10 16 16) ( ) (9 12 20) ( )
3 2 3 3
y
F f y z z y y y f y y g y
= + + + = + = Ta
xt
2
1
3
y (v y<2/3 th Max khng xy ra), khi
2
( ) ( ) 16
3
g y g =
16
3
F du = c khi
2 1
;
3 3
z y x = = = Vy
16
3
Max F =
Bi 15: Cho 0 x y z .CMR:
x z y x y z
z y x y z x
+ + + +
Gii: Xt hm s : ( )
x z y x y z
f x
z y x y z x
| |
= + + + +
|
\
Vi k cho 0 x y z
Ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0
y z
f x y z
z y yz
x x x
= = f(x) l hm ng bin
( ) ( ) 0 f x f y = pcm
Bi 16:Cho a>b>c>0. CMR:
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
a b b c c a a b b c c a + + > + +
Gii: Xt hm s:
( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
( ) f a a b b c c a a b b c c a = + + + +
Ta c :
2 2 3 3 2 2
'( ) 3 2 2 3 f a a b ac ab a c = + . Tip tc ly o hm:
2 2 3 3 2 2
"( ) 6 6 2 2 2( )[3 ( ) - ] 0 f a ab ac c b b c a b c b c bc = + = + > do a>b>c>0
'( ) f a l hm b
4 3 2 2
'( ) '( ) 2 3 0 f a f b b bc b c = + > (ta c th cm c nh Csi)
Nh vy do f'(a) >0 nn f(a) ng bin hay l f(a)>f(b)=0 nh vy ta c pcm
Bi 17:Cho , , x y z o > Cmr:
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x + + + + + + + + + +
Gii: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: x y z . Xt hm s
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x = + + + + + + + +
Ta c :
3 2 3 3 2
'( ) 4 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) "( ) 12 6 ( ) 2 f x x x y z xyz yz x y z y z f x x x y z yz = + + + + + + = + +
"( ) 0 f x > (do x y z )
2 3 2
'( ) '( ) ( ) 0 f x f y z y z z y z = = nn f(x) l hm b
4 3 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 0 f x f y z z y y z z z y = + = pcm
Bi 18: Cho n,k l cc s nguyn dng 7; 2 n k n < . Cmr: 2
n k
k n > (HSG QG bng B
96-97)
Gii : Bt ln ln ln 2 ln ln ln 2 n k k n n k k n > +
Xt hm s ( ) ln ln ln 2 f x n x x n = vi [2; -1] x n '( ) ln '( ) 0
ln
n n
f x n f x x
x n
= = =
THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 24-
2
2 7
ln
n
n
e n n
n
> > . Xt hm s
2
( ) '( ) 2 "( ) 2 0
x x x
g x e x g x e x g x e = = = >
7 7
'( ) '(7) 14 0 ( ) (7) 49 0 g x g e g x g e > = > > = >
Vy ( ) { (2), ( -1)} f x Min f f n . Ta cm { (2), ( -1)} 0 Min f f n
*
1 2
(2) 0 2
n
f n
+ + +
+ + + +
Gii:t
b
a
= v
c
x
a
= K : 1 x . Khi bt cn cm tr thnh
2
2
2 2 2 4 1 2 ( 1)
1 (2 2 )
1 1 1 1
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
Xt hm s
2
1 2 ( 1)
( ) 1 (2 2 )
1
x x x
f x x x
x
+ +
= + + + +
+ +
vi 1 x
Ta c:
2 2
2(2 1) 1 2x+1 2
'( ) 2 1 2 ( 1)[ ] 0
1 +1
( ) ( )
x
f x x
x x
+
= + =
+
+ +
do 1 x
Nh vy hm f(x) l ng bin do
2
1
( ) ( ) 3 3 f x f
= +
Nhng
3
2 2 2
1 1 1
'( ) 2 3 3 3 . . 3 0 f
= + = + + =
( ) ( ) (1) 0 f x f f = pcm
Bi 20: cho a,b,c>0. Cmr:
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
Gii: t , , 1
b c a
x y z xyz
a b c
= = = = v bt cho
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 2 x y z
+ +
+ + +
Gi s 1 1 z xy nn ta c:
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
z
x y xy z
+ =
+ + + +
2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
z t
f t
x y z z t z t
+ + + = + =
+ + + + + + +
vi 1 t z =
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2(1 ) 3
'( ) 0 ( ) (1) 1
2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
t t
f t f t f t
t t t
= =
+ + +
pcm
Nhn xt:T bi ton trn ta d dng gii quyt c bi ton sau:
Cho a,b,c>0. Cmr:
3 3 3
3
( ) ( ) ( )
8
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
(chn i tuyn thi IMO 2005)
Bi tp p dng:
1.