You are on page 1of 20

A SEMINAR REPORT ON

THERMOGRAPHY
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING


Submitted by

ANUP KUMAR KHANDELWAL: 0801204013


COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ROLAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SURYA VIHAR, BERHAMPUR. APRIL-2011

THERMOGRAPHY

ROLAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SURYA VIHAR, BERHAMPUR. COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
.

CERTIFICATE
Certified that seminar work entitled thermography is a bonafide work carried out in the sixth semester by Anup kumar khandelwal in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, during the academic year 2010-2011. Who carried out the seminar work under the guidance and no part of this work has been submitted earlier for the award of any degree.

Anup Kumar khandelwal

Miss A. Gayatri Achary


Seminar coordinator

Lecturer in CSE Department Mr. Sanjit Acharya HEAD OF THE COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGG, DEPARTMENT

ROLAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SURYA VIHAR, BERHAMPUR-761008

THERMOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any work would be incomplete without naming the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement made the work a perfect piece. I provide my deep sense of gratitude to our HOD Mr. Sanjit Kumar Acharya for his moral and technical support that he has given me throughout every stage of this report development. Again I avail this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to Miss A.Gayatri Achary and Ch.Supraja the seminar coordinator for her valuable suggestions and advises for this seminar report. I thank my parents, Family members and almighty God for the successful completion of this seminar report.

ANUP KUMAR KHANDELWAL Regd no: - 0801204013

THERMOGRAPHY

TABLE OF CONTENTS:LIST OF FIGURES5 ABSTRACT...6 INTRODUCTION..7 PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHY...9 TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHY.......10 THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.11 TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS..13 APPLICATION OF THERMOGRAPHY..14
MEDICAL IMAGING.14 NIGHT VISION...15 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING...16 CONDITIONAL MONITORING...17

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOGRAPHY18 CONCLUSION..19 REFERENCE.20

THERMOGRAPHY

LIST OF FIGURES :1. IMAGE OF A PERSON IN THERMAL CAMERA8 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM.9 3. THERMAL IMAGING OF A CAMERA MAN ...12 4. TOP VIEW OF BRAIN IN THERMAL CAMERA..14 5. NIGHT VISION CAMERA USED FOR ARMED FORCE..15 6. CONDITION MONITORING17

THERMOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT
Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900014,000 nanometers or 914 m) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects near room temperature, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. In order to perform the role of noncontact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting. Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object being viewed. This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce.

THERMOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:Thermography is the science of actually seeing heat. Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900014,000 nanometers or 914 m) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. It is a method that provides information about heat distribution over any surface. A remote sensing technique is used in this method .It also used to detect air leakage, pathways, and insulation discontinuities. Infrared camera system can detect heat that would normally be invisible to the human eye and represent it as an image. The appearance and operation of a modern thermographic camera is often similar to a camcorder. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always builtin. The CCD and CMOS sensors used for visible light cameras are sensitive only to the nonthermal part of the infrared spectrum called near-infrared (NIR). Thermal imaging cameras use specialized focal plane arrays (FPAs) that respond to longer Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900014,000 nanometers or 914 m) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects near room temperature, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. In order to perform the role of noncontact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting. Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object being viewed. This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce.

THERMOGRAPHY

Thermography is the science of actually seeing heat. Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900014,000 nanometers or 914 m) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. It is a method that provides information about heat distribution over any surface. A remote sensing technique is used in this method .It also used to detect air leakage, pathways, and insulation discontinuities. Infrared camera system can detect heat that would normally be invisible to the human eye and represent it as an image. The appearance and operation of a modern thermographic camera is often similar to a camcorder. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always builtin. The CCD and CMOS sensors used for visible light cameras wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared). The most common types are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe and QWIP FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled microbolometers as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly 160x120 or 320x240 pixels, up to 640x512 for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted due to the military uses for this technology.

IMAGE OF A PERSON IN THERMAL CAMERA

THERMOGRAPHY

PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHY :Black body radiation law is the actual principle which works on thermography. A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation. Because of this perfect absorptivity at all wavelengths, a black body is also the best possible emitter of thermal radiation, which it radiates incandescently in a characteristic, continuous spectrum that depends on the body's temperature. At Earth-ambient temperatures this emission is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is not visible. The object appears black, since it does not reflect or emit any visible light. The thermal radiation from a black body is energy converted electrodynamically from the body's pool of internal thermal energy at any temperature greater than absolute zero. It is called blackbody radiation and has a frequency distribution with a characteristic frequency of maximum radiative power that shifts to higher frequencies with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases past a few hundred degrees Celsius, black bodies start to emit visible wavelengths, appearing red, orange, yellow, white, and blue with increasing temperature. When an object is visually white, it is emitting a substantial fraction as ultraviolet radiation.

Blackbody emission provides insight into the thermodynamic equilibrium state of cavity radiation. If each Fourier mode of the absolutely stable equilibrium radiation in a cavity with perfectly reflective walls were considered as a degree of freedom, and if all those degrees of freedom could freely exchange energy, then, according to the equipartition theorem in classical physics, each degree of freedom would have one and the same quantity of energy. This approach led to the paradox known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, that there would be an infinite amount of energy in any continuous field. The study of the laws of black bodies helped to establish the foundations of quantum mechanics.

THERMOGRAPHY

TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHY:Thermography is mainly divided into two types, i.e.:1. Active thermography. 2. Passive thermography.

All objects above the absolute zero temperature (0 K) emit infrared radiation. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an infrared vision device, usually a focal plane array (FPA) infrared camera capable of detecting radiation in the mid (3 to 5 m) and long (7 to 14 m) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance infrared windows. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem. IR film is sensitive to infrared (IR) radiation in the 250C to 500C range, while the range of thermography is approximately -50C to over 2,000C. So, for an IR film to show something, it must be over 250C or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot. Night vision infrared devices image in the near-infrared, just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. Starlight-type night vision devices generally only magnify ambient light. In passive thermography, the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as surveillance of people on a scene and medical diagnosis (specifically thermology). Where as In active thermography, an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings.

10

THERMOGRAPHY

THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS:A thermographic camera is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light. Instead of the 450750 nanometer range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras operate in wavelengths as long as 14,000 nm (14 m).

Working of camera:An infrared camera is a non-contact device that detects infrared energy (heat) and converts it into an electronic signal, which is then processed to produce a thermal image on a video monitor and perform temperature calculations. Heat sensed by an infrared camera can be very precisely quantified, or measured, allowing you to not only monitor thermal performance, but also identify and evaluate the relative severity of heat-related problems.

Infrared energy is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum that encompasses radiation from gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet, a thin region of visible light, infrared, terahertz waves, microwaves, and radio waves. These are all related and differentiated in the length of their wave (wavelength). All objects emit a certain amount of black body radiation as a function of their temperatures. Generally speaking, the higher an object's temperature is, the more infrared radiation as black-body radiation it emits. A special camera can detect this radiation in a way similar to an ordinary camera does visible light. It works even in total darkness because ambient light level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground. Images from infrared cameras tend to have a single color channel because the cameras generally use a sensor that does not distinguish different wavelengths of infrared radiation. Color cameras require a more complex construction to differentiate wavelength and color has less meaning outside of the normal visible spectrum because the differing wavelengths do not map uniformly into the system of color vision used by humans. Sometimes these monochromatic images are displayed in pseudo-color, where changes in color are used rather than changes in intensity to display changes in the signal. This is useful because although humans have much greater dynamic range in intensity detection than color overall, the ability to see fine intensity differences in bright areas is fairly limited. This technique is called density slicing. For use in temperature measurement the brightest (warmest) parts of the image are customarily colored white, intermediate temperatures reds and yellows, and the dimmest (coolest) parts blue. A scale should be shown next to a false color image to relate colors to temperatures. Their resolution is considerably lower than of optical cameras, mostly only 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Thermographic cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often deemed as dual-use and export-restricted.

11

THERMOGRAPHY

In uncooled detectors the temperature differences at the sensor pixels are minute; a 1 C difference at the scene induces just a 0.03 C difference at the sensor. The pixel response time is also fairly slow, at the range of tens of milliseconds.

THERMAL IMAGE OF A CAMERA MAN Thermal imaging photography finds many other uses. For example, firefighters use it to see through smoke, find persons, and localize hotspots of fires. With thermal imaging, power line maintenance technicians locate overheating joints and parts, a telltale sign of their failure, to eliminate potential hazards. Where thermal insulation becomes faulty, building construction technicians can see heat leaks to improve the efficiencies of cooling or heating air-conditioning. Thermal imaging cameras are also installed in some luxury cars to aid the driver, the first being the 2000 Cadillac DeVille. Some physiological activities, particularly responses, in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermographic imaging. Cooled infrared cameras can also be found at most major astronomy research telescopes.

12

THERMOGRAPHY

TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS:There are two types of thermographic cameras i.e.:1. Cooled thermographic camera. 2. uncooled thermographic camera.

COOLED THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA:Cooled detectors are typically contained in a vacuum-sealed case or Dewar and cryogenically cooled. The cooling is necessary for the operation of the semiconductor materials used. Typical operating temperatures range from 4 K to just below room temperature, depending on the detector technology. Most modern cooled detectors operate in the 60 K to 100 K range, depending on type and performance level. Without cooling, these sensors (which detect and convert light in much the same way as common digital cameras, but are made of different materials) would be 'blinded' or flooded by their own radiation. The drawbacks of cooled infrared cameras are that they are expensive both to produce and to run. Cooling is power-hungry and time-consuming. The camera may need several minutes to cool down before it can begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are rotary Stirling engine cryocoolers. Although the cooling apparatus is comparatively bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras provide superior image quality compared to uncooled ones. Additionally, the greater sensitivity of cooled cameras also allow the use of higher Fnumber lenses, making high performance long focal length lenses both smaller and cheaper for cooled detectors. An alternative to Stirling engine coolers is to use gases bottled at high pressure, nitrogen being a common choice. The pressurised gas is expanded via a micro-sized orifice and passed over a miniature heat exchanger resulting in regenerative cooling via the JouleThomson effect. For such systems the supply of pressurized gas is a logistical concern for field use.

UNCOOLED THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA:Uncooled thermal cameras use a sensor operating at ambient temperature, or a sensor stabilized at a temperature close to ambient using small temperature control elements. Modern uncooled detectors all use sensors that work by the change of resistance, voltage or current when heated by infrared radiation. These changes are then measured and compared to the values at the operating temperature of the sensor. Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an operating temperature to reduce image noise, but they are not cooled to low temperatures and do not require bulky, expensive cryogenic coolers. This makes infrared cameras smaller and less costly. However, their resolution and image quality tend to be lower than cooled detectors. This is due to difference in their fabrication processes, limited by currently available technology. Uncooled detectors are mostly based on pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials or microbolometer technology. The material are used to form pixels with highly temperature-dependent properties, which are thermally insulated from the environment and read electronically.

13

THERMOGRAPHY

APPLICATION OF THERMOGRPAHY:These are the major fields where thermography is used1. Medical imaging. 2. Night vision. 3. Non destructive testing. 4. Condition monitoring.

MEDICAL IMAGING:Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology). Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are not usually referred to as medical imaging, but rather are a part of pathology. As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology (in the wider sense), nuclear medicine, investigative radiological sciences, endoscopy, (medical) thermography, medical photography and microscopy (e.g. for human pathological investigations). Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), Electrocardiography (EKG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps (i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.

TOP VIEW OF BRAIN IN THERMAL CAMERA

14

THERMOGRAPHY

NIGHT VISION:Night vision is the ability to see in low light conditions. Whether by biological or technological means, night vision is made possible by a combination of two approaches: sufficient spectral range, and sufficient intensity range. Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals, in part because the human eye lacks a tapetum lucidum. Night vision is divided into three technology:1.Image intensification:Image intensification technologies work on the principle of magnifying the amount of received photons from various natural sources such as starlight or moonlight. Examples of such technologies include night glasses and low light cameras. 2.Active illumination:Active illumination technologies work on the principle of coupling imaging intensification technology with an active source of illumination in the near infrared (NIR) or shortwave infrared (SWIR) band. Examples of such technologies include low light cameras. 3.Thermal imaging:Thermal imaging technologies work by detecting the temperature difference between the background and the foreground objects.

NIGHT VISION CAMERAS USED FOR ARMED FORCE

15

THERMOGRAPHY

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:Nondestructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage. The terms Nondestructive examination (NDE), Nondestructive inspection (NDI), and Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) are also commonly used to describe this technology. Because NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected, it is a highly-valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. Common NDT methods include ultrasonic, magnetic-particle, liquid penetrant, radiographic, remote visual inspection (RVI), eddy-current testing, and low coherence interferometry .NDT is a commonly-used tool in forensic engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, systems engineering, aeronautical engineering, medicine, and art. NDT methods may rely upon use of electromagnetic radiation, sound, and inherent properties of materials to examine samples. This includes some kinds of microscopy to examine external surfaces in detail, although sample preparation techniques for metallography, optical microscopy and electron microscopy are generally destructive as the surfaces must be made smooth through polishing or the sample must be electron transparent in thickness. The inside of a sample can be examined with penetrating electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays or 3D X-rays for volumetric inspection. Sound waves are utilized in the case of ultrasonic testing. Contrast between a defect and the bulk of the sample may be enhanced for visual examination by the unaided eye by using liquids to penetrate fatigue cracks. One method (liquid penetrant testing) involves using dyes, fluorescent or non-fluorescing, in fluids for non-magnetic materials, usually metals. Another commonly used method for magnetic materials involves using a liquid suspension of fine iron particles applied to a part while it is in an externally applied magnetic field (magnetic-particle testing). Thermoelectric effect (or use of the Seebeck effect) uses thermal properties of an alloy to quickly and easily characterize many alloys. The chemical test, or chemical spot test method, utilizes application of sensitive chemicals that can indicate the presence of individual alloying elements.

16

THERMOGRAPHY

CONDITION MONITORING:Condition monitoring is the process of monitoring a parameter of condition in machinery, such that a significant change is indicative of a developing failure. It is a major component of predictive maintenance. The use of conditional monitoring allows maintenance to be scheduled, or other actions to be taken to avoid the consequences of failure, before the failure occurs. Nevertheless, a deviation from a reference value (e.g. temperature or vibration behavior) must occur to identify impeding damages. Predictive Maintenance does not predict failure. Machines with defects are more at risk of failure than defect free machines. Once a defect has been identified, the failure process has already commenced and CM systems can only measure the deterioration of the condition. Intervention in the early stages of deterioration is usually much more cost effective than allowing the machinery to fail. Condition monitoring has a unique benefit in that the actual load, and subsequent heat dissipation that represents normal service can be seen and conditions that would shorten normal lifespan can be addressed before repeated failures occur. Serviceable machinery include rotating equipment and stationary plant such as boilers and heat exchangers. Electrical maintenance-camera can see the difference in the heat of defected & normal components. Buildings-monitors the heat loss & air leakage. Furnace & boilers-finds incipient defects in power plant equipments. Tanks & vessels-inspects for tank leaks & to verify tank level.

17

THERMOGRAPHY

ADVANTAGES OF THERMOGRAPHY:1. Non-destructive test method. 2. Capable of catching moving targets in real time. 3. Find defects in shafts and other metal parts. 4. Measurement in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other methods. 5. Condition monitoring. 6. Help to compare temperatures over a large area .

DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOGRAPHY:1. Training and staying proficient in IR scanning is time consuming. 2. Images is hard to interpret accurately even with experience. 3. Quality cameras have a high price range. 4. Cameras have worse accuracy.

18

THERMOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION:Thermography enables us to see and measure heat. It is a method that utilizes a thermal image to detect, display and record thermal patterns and temperatures across the surface of an object. It is the future in water damage and mold claims adjudication for the insurance industry. By using thermography, we can find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts can be used to detect objects in dark areas and can help us un our day to day life.

19

THERMOGRAPHY

REFERENCES:The references that helped me in collecting the information for completing this seminar report are as follows:1.www.google.com 2.www.wikipedia.com 3.www.iranalyser.com

20

You might also like