Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG
B MN BO V THC VT
ng 3/2, khu 2, Tp. Cn Th.
E-mail: tvhai@ctu.edu.vn, Cell phone: 0913 675 024
GIO TRNH
HA BO V THC VT
Nm 2009
THNG TIN V TC GI
PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
CA GIO TRNH HA BO V THC VT
I.THNG TIN V TC GI
H v tn: TRN VN HAI
Sinh nm: 02-03-1955
C quan cng tc:
B Mn Bo V Thc Vt, Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh Hc ng Dng,
Trng i Hc Cn Th
E-mail: tvhai@ctu.edu.vn
II.PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
-Gio trnh c th s dng cho cc ngnh: Nng hc, Trng trt, Bo v thc
vt, Kinh t nng nghip, K thut nng nghip v S phm ha.
-C th dng cho cc trng: Trung hc k thut, i hc nng nghip, S
phm
-Cc t kha: cn trng, bnh cy, c di, thuc tr dch hi, bo v thc
vt, c cht, th nghim, hu hiu, d lng. hot cht
-Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn ny: cn trng, bnh cy, c di v
ha hc hu c.
- in thnh gio trnh ti th vin i hc Cn Th
MC LC
CHNG M U ...................................................................................................................... 1
I. V TR v VAI TR CA MN HC .................................................................................. 1
1. Dch hi v mc tc hi ................................................................................................. 1
2. Cc bin php bo v thc vt ............................................................................................ 1
3. u im, nhc im v v tr ca ngnh Ha BVTV hin nay ........................................ 2
II. Lch s php trin ngnh Ha BVTV .................................................................................... 3
III. C s mc ch v i tng mn hc ................................................................................. 4
Cu hi n tp ............................................................................................................................. 4
Chng m u
CHNG M U
I. V TR v VAI TR CA MN HC
1. Dch hi v mc tc hi
Dch hi trong nng nghip (pests): l nhng loi sinh vt v vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy
trng v nng sn, lm tht thu nng sut hoc lm gim phm cht nng sn, thc phm. Cc
loi dch hi thng thy l su hi, bnh cy, c di, chut, nhn , tuyn trng...
Tht thu hng nm do cc loi dch hi gy ra chim khong 35% kh nng sn lng
ma mng (khong 75 t la); trong thit hi do su l 13,8% (29,7 t la); do bnh cy l
11,6% (24,8 t la); do c di l 9,5% (20,4 t la) (theo Cramer H. H., 1967). Nu tnh cho
din tch nng nghip ca th gii l 1,5 t hcta, khng k ng c v bi hoang th thit hi
bnh qun l 47- 60 la trn mt hcta. trnh tht thu, hin nay c nhiu bin php c
p dng phng tr cc loi dch hi.
Chng m u
bin php phng tr dch hi k trn, hin nay bin php ha BVTV vn cn chim u th, mc
d ngi ta ch ra nhiu nhc im ca vic dng ha cht c trong phng tr dch hi.
Chng m u
III. C s mc ch v i tng mn hc
C s khoa hc ca bin php Ha hc BVTV l c cht hc nng nghip.
+ c cht hc: (Toxicology) l mn khoa hc chuyn nghin cu cc cht c v tc
ng ca chng n c th sng; cch phng v chng tc dng c hi ca chng.
+ c cht hc nng nghip: l mt ngnh ca c cht hc, chuyn nghin cu cc cht
c dng trong nng nghip nhng cht tr dch hi; tm hiu nhng bin i xy ra trong c
th sinh vt di tc ng ca cc cht c ; tm hiu s pht sinh, pht trin ca nhng bin
i trong c th sinh vt. Nh vy i tng ca c cht hc nng nghip l thuc tr dch
hi v c ch ca s tc ng .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng m u
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Hy cho bit v tr v vai tr ca ngnh Ha Bo V Thc Vt trong nng nghip?
Cu 2: Hy cho bit u v khuyt im ca ngnh Ha Bo V Thc Vt trong nng
nghip?
Chng 1
Chng 1
Chng 1
Chng 1
H s da
1-2
3
>3
Mc c (c tnh)
c tnh mnh
c tnh trung bnh
c tnh yu
*Theo c cp tnh qua ming hay ng rut (biu th bng LD50, th nghim trn chut),
cc loi thuc tr dch hi c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:
Bng phn chia nhm c qua ming theo qui nh ca B Nng Nghip
& PTNT v Cng Ngh Thc Phm, 1995.
Phn nhm
v k hiu
nhm c
I
Rt c
ch en trn
bng mu
II
c cao
Biu tng
nhm c
Th rn
Th lng
u lu xng cho
<50
<200
Ch thp en
50-500
200-2000
ch en trn
bng mu vng
III
Nguy him
ch en trn
bng mu xanh
nc bin
Chng 1
Vch en khng
lin tc
>500
>2000
K= 1-3 :
ln (tch ly r rt)
K= 3-5 :
K> 5 :
: bn vng thp
- DT50 = 1- 6 thng
: bn vng rt cao.
Chng 1
10
Chng 1
t dng khng ha tan sang dng ha tan. Khi n rut gia, qu trnh ng ha cht c xy ra
mnh m. Bng cch thm thu hoc ph hyvch rut gia, cht c t rut chuyn vo huyt
dch. Cng vi huyt dch, cht c vn chuyn i khp c th, xm nhp v tc ng vo cc
trung tm sng quan trng (nh h thn kinh, h men), hoc gi trong cc m (nh m m).
- S bi tit cht c: trong qu trnh tiu ha thng khng phi ton b s lng cht c
u c c th hp thu v ng ha. Mt phn cht c khng kp hoc khng c chuyn
ha thnh trng thi ha tan s b thi ra ngoi bng con ng bi tit qua rut sau v l hu
mn. Nh vy i qua rut vi tc cng nhanh, cht c b bi tit i ra ngoi cng nhiu, v
do cng t tc ng n c th dch hi. Mt s cht nh Asen gy ra s co bp rut gia
khin cho cht c mt phn b tng ra khi c th cn trng.
b. Tc ng tip xc
- Biu b cn trng c cu to ch yu bi 3 lp: biu b trn, biu b ngoi v biu b
trong. Lp biu b trn ngoi cng c dy khong 0,2 - 0,8 cu to t mt hn hp acid
bo, cholesterin v protein. Biu b, ch yu l lp biu b trn l vt chng ngi quan trng
nht trn con ng xm nhp ca nhng cht khng tan trong sp v lipit. Thng biu b
chn v m chn ca cn trng tng i mng nn cht c xm nhp qua nhng ni ny
tng i d dng. mt s cn trng, biu b cn c bao bc bi mt lp sp bn ngoi
(nh rp sp).
- Thng thng ch c nhng cht hu c ha tan c trong lipoit v lipoprotein mi xm
nhp c qua biu b. Sau khi qua c bu b, cht c s lan vo huyt dch v truyn i khp
c v tc ng nh trong trng hp cc cht v c.
- Mt s thuc tr su nht l cc loi du, tinh du c th to thnh mt lp mng bn
vng bao ph c th cn trng lm cn tr qu trnh h hp ca chng, v do cc cht ny c
th git cn trng ngay c khi cha xm nhp c vo c th. V d nh du khong DC Trons
Plus do hng Caltex sn xut, du khong SK do Hn quc sn xut.
c. Tc ng xng hi
Bng dng hi, cht c xm nhp vo c th cn trng qua h thng kh qun. Chng
khuych tn qua vch kh qun v vi kh qun vo huyt dch, lan truyn trong thn v gy ng
c cho cn trng. Khi tip xc vi cc cht c xng hi, cn trng thng phn ng t v
bng cch ng cc l th li. Nh c lng oxy cha trong kh qun, chng c th chu ng
c mt thi gian nht nh. Cho n khi ht lng oxy d tr, chng mi buc phi m cc l
th ra; do tiu dit c dch hi, ta phi gi cho khng kh chung quanh dch hi lun
cha kh c nng gy cht trong mt thi gian tng i di th mi c hiu qu. Chnh v
vy m cht c xng hi ch pht huy tc dng khi c p dng nhng ni c khong khng
gian c nh nh kho, khoang tu, nh knh...
11
Chng 1
12
Chng 1
c. Bin i l hc
Mi loi cht c u c kiu tc ng c trng i vi t bo do cc cht c bn cht
khc nhau s tc ng ln nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca t bo, nhng nhn chung tt c
nhng tc ng ny u dn n s bin i trng thi keo, nht v kh nng nhum mu ca
nguyn sinh cht. S thay i trng thi keo biu hin bng s kt t cc phn t keo trong t
bo to thnh nhng phn t ln hn, km theo l phn tn b gim st v c xy ra s
kh nc khin cho i lc ca cc phn t nc b gim. Cng vi s kt ng nguyn sinh cht,
thng din ra s to thnh nhiu khng bo, chng t s thay i quan h gia cc phn t keo
ca t bo i vi nc. Do s kt t keo, nht ca cht nguyn sinh lc u b gim i;
nhng sau li tng ln, c th l do s gel ca keo nguyn sinh, hoc do s thay i v hnh
dng phn t. Trong t bo bnh thng, cc cht nhum mu nh xanh methylen, trung tnh...
khng nhum mu nguyn sinh cht v nhn m thng kt ng li thnh nhng ht nh hoc
lin kt vi mt vi thnh phn ca t bo (i vi t bo ng vt). Lc t bo b tn thng,
cc cht ny nhm mu u c nguyn sinh cht v nhn. Vi nhng bin i l ha hc ni trn,
t bo khng hon thnh c chc nng sinh l bnh thng ca mnh na v c th cht.
Ngoi biu hin ph hy t bo, c khi ngi ta cn quan st thy nhng biu hin kch
thch ca ha cht c i vi t bo. Naxonop v Alexendrop a ra thuyt bin cht gii
thch hin tng ny. Thuyt ny da trn c s l cc protein nguyn th, thnh phn quan
trng v ph bin nht trong nguyn sinh cht, c tnh khng n nh v rt nhy cm vi tc
ng ca nhiu tc nhn khc nhau. Phn ng thng dn n s bin i cu hnh bnh
thng ca protid. Khi ch c mt lng nh cht c tc ng n t bo th cht c mi ch
tc ng n mt s thnh phn ca nguyn sinh cht v c th thc y cc phn ng trong t
bo xy ra nhanh hn lm tng cng s trao i cht trong t bo. Nhng khi lng cht c
tng ln th s bin cht s xy ra su sc v bao trm ln ton khi nguyn sinh cht, lm cho t
bo b tn thng. Trng thi tn thng ny lc u c tnh thun nghch, ngha l nu tch t
bo ra khi tc ng ca cht c th cht nguyn sinh c th phc hi li trng thi bnh thng.
Trng thi ny gi l trng thi cht hoi gi (paranecrosis). Nu b tn thng mc su sc
hn, s bin cht khng cn mang tnh cht thun nghch na, m chuyn sang trng thi cht
hoi tht (necrosis). Nh vy vi cng mt cht, nu cht c xm nhp vo t bo ch vi mt
lng nh th c th gy kch thch, thng vi lng ln th li gy ng c cho c th.
13
Chng 1
14
Chng 1
15
C2H 5O
C2H 5O
Chng 1
O
P O
Parathion
LD50: 6-8 mg/ kg
NO 2
CH 3O
CH 3O
S
P O
NO 2
M etyl parathion
LD50: 25-500 mg/ kg
CH 3O
CH 3O
S
P O
NO 2
CH 3
Sumithion
LD50: 242-433 mg/ kg
- Cu trc phn t: Cch sp xp cc nguyn t trong phn t i khi c nh hng rt ln
n tnh c ca hp cht . Cc ng phn khng gian thng c tnh c rt khc nhau.
Trong s cc ng phn ca BHC ch c ng phn gama l c c cao nht, cc ng phn
kia rt t c i vi cn trng.
- Tnh phn cc ca cht c: Cc cht phn cc khng c s phn b din tch ng u
trong phn t v c xu hng d tan trong cc dung mi phn cc, cc cht ny thng xm
nhp vo t bo bng cch chui qua nhng l nh trn mng nguyn sinh, do khi th tch phn
t cng tng th tc xm nhp ca chng cng gim. Cn cht khng phn cc thng c xu
hng d tan trong cc dung mi khng phn cc, do chng thng thm thu qua cc lp
lipoit xm nhp vo t bo. Th tch phn t cht khng phn cc cng ln th tc xm
nhp vo t bo cng ln nu nh s tng kch thc phn t dn n s gim phn cc.
Trong cc hp cht hu c th cc nhm gy phn cc ph bin nht l hydroxyl, cacbonyl v
cc nhm amin. Ngc li, cc nhm metyl, etyl, phenyl t gy phn cc phn t.
- Mc in cng nh hng n tc xm nhp ca cht c vo t bo. Cc cht
phn cc mnh c th phn ly ra thnh cc ion. Cc ion t do, ngay c trong trng kch thc
ca chng nh hn kch thc l trn mng nguyn sinh, cng c khi xm nhp rt km hay
thm ch khng xm nhp c vo t bo. iu ny c gii thch l do s tch in b mt
ca mng nguyn sinh cht v lc ht tnh in gia mng tch in ny vi cc ion t do. Cng
c khi cc ion bm trn mng nguyn sinh cht ph hy mng ny xm nhp vo t bo.
- Kch thc cc ht thuc rn cng nh hng n s xm nhp ca thuc vo c th cn
trng, ht thuc c kch thc qu ln s kh vo ming cn trng. Mt khc, kch thc ht
thuc cng nh th tng din tch b mt ca n cng ln v do chng c ha tan v hp thu
vo c th dch hi cng d dng.
16
Chng 1
17
Chng 1
xuyn xy ra trong qun th dch hi- ngay c khi khng b thuc c tc ng, v c tnh
khng thuc cng ch xut hin mt cch ngu nhin. Cc c th c c c tnh ny s khng
b dit bi thuc c sau khi p dng thuc v do chng s dng lun phn thc n ca nhng
c th khng c c tnh khng thuc b tiu dit, iu ny lm cho mt s cc c th khng
thuc tng ln rt nhanh. Mt s dch hi tng theo cp s nhn, nn lc u mt s thng tng
chm nhng sau tng nhanh mt cch t ngt, gy ra nhng trn dch c sc tn ph rt ln.
Hin nay hin tng dch hi khng thuc kh ph bin v ng lo ngi, nht l i vi su
hi v nhn. nc ta, su t hi bp ci Plutella xylostella nhiu vng trng rau khng rt
mnh thuc nh DDT, Wofatox, Dipterex... Ngoi ra kh nng khng thuc ca rp Myzus
persicae hi rau h ch thp H Ni, ca ry nu Nilaparvata lugens hi la ng Bng
Sng Cu Long cng kh quan trng.
Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu khng thuc ca dch hi: khng chuyn bit v khng cho.
+ Khng chuyn bit (hay tnh chng chu chuyn bit, specific resistance): Dch hi ch
khng thuc thng xuyn c p dng phng tr n ti mt vng nht nh.
+ Khng cho (tnh chng chu bt cho, cross resistance): L hin tng khi mt loi dch
hi hnh thnh tnh khng i vi mt loai thuc ny th ng thi n c kh nng khng
c nhng loi thuc khc m n cha h tip xc. Nhng loi thuc m mt loi dch hi
khng c s hp thnh ph chng chu (resistance spectra) (hay ph khng cho - cross
resistance spectra) ca loi dch hi . Nhng thuc ny c th c nhng c im nh thnh
phn, cu trc v tc ng tng t vi thuc, thm ch i khi khc hn vi thuc m dch hi
quen.
+ Trng hp ngc li, tc l khi dch hi quen vi mt loi thuc no th li tr
nn rt mn cm vi mt loi thuc khc, c gi l hin tng chng chu bt cho m. V d
nh b ry xanh ui en N. cinticeps v b ry nu Laodelphax striatellus khi quen vi
Malathion th tr nn rt mn cm vi DDT v Lindane.
Kh nng chng chu thuc ca cn trng thng do cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Nh cc phn ng t v ca cn trng: nn ma, tiu chy, ng l th...
- Nh cc c trng cu to hnh thi gii phu ca sinh vt, (cu to biu b, lng bn
ngoi biu b...).
- Nh cc phn ng ha hc, phn ng sinh ha phn gii cht c xy ra d dy, huyt
dch, trong t bo.
b. C ch hnh thnh tnh chng chu thuc ca cn trng
Cc loi cn trng c th chng chu c vi thuc c th do:
+ Thay i v cu to hnh thi ca c th. Nhiu tc gi chng minh rng cc loi rui
nh khng DDT c t bn chn dy hn, kh thm thuc hn so vi rui mn cm vi thuc
ny. Otto D. (1976) cng nu ln nhng thay i v cu to ca lipoit, sp v protein trong
cutin, hoc s gia tng kt cng biu b ca cn trng lm gim kh nng xm nhp ca thuc
tr su vo c th cn trng.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
18
Chng 1
19
Chng 1
bo tng ln r rt. Khi nhit tng n im ti thch, hot ng sng (h hp, trao i cht...)
ca cn trng v cc loi dch hi tng ln mnh m, km theo l s tng tc hp thu cc
cht, a n kt qu l tng kh nng ng c ca dch hi. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp,
s tng nhit mi trng lm tng tnh chng chu ca dch hi. S tng nhit trong mt
gii hn nht nh lm tng hot tnh phn gii ca men DDT- aza,lm cho kh nng phn
gii DDT ca cc loi rui nh c cha men ny tng ln. m trong t v trong khng kh
cng nh hng n qu trnh sinh l ca dch hi, t nh hng n mc mn cm thuc
ca chng.
b. Cc yu t ngoi cnh i vi thuc tr dch hi
- Nhit i khi cng nh hng rt ln n tnh c ca thuc tr dch hi; nht l i
vi cc loi thuc c tnh xng hi, khi nhit tng, cc thuc ny bay hi cng mnh, lm
tng nng tc ng v do tng kh nng tr dch hi.
- m khng kh v m t thng c nh hng nhiu n s ha tan v thy phn
ca cht c. m khng kh gip cho bordeaux ha tan thnh dng c th gy tc ng ln
nm bnh. Cc thuc tr c thng ch pht huy tc dng khi t m.
- Lng ma va phi lm tng m t, do lm tng tnh ha tan ca thuc trong t.
Sau khi ma, nu phun thuc bt th thuc s bm dnh trn l tt hn. Tuy nhin, lng ma
qu ln thng lm cho thuc phun trn l b ra tri, thuc phun trn t b cun i theo nc
hoc lng xung nhng lp t su, va khng c tc dng tr dch hi, va gy nhim mi
trng. Do cc keo t c kh nng hp ph cc cht, trong c c cc cht c dng lm
thuc tr dch hi, nn nhng ni t c nhiu st, nhiu cht hu c th kh nng hp ph cht
c cng cao. Nhiu khi thuc dit dch hi tt, cn phi tng liu lng ln cao hn so vi
khi dng trn nhng t ngho cht hu c, thnh phn c gii nh. iu ny c bit quan trng
i vi nhng thuc tr c c tc ng chn lc km, cho nn cn ch khi s dng va t
hiu qu cao va khng nh hng n cy trng. Mt trong nhng tc nhn quan trng phn
hy thuc trong t l cc vi sinh vt sng trong t, nu iu kin t ai cng thun li cho s
pht trin ca nhng vi sinh vt ny th cht c b phn gii cng nhanh chng.pH trn cy
trng v trong t cng nh hng rt ln n tnh c ca thuc, nhng ni c pH t cao, khi
s dng nhng thuc k kim nh Kitazin 10H, chc chn hiu qu ca n s b gim. Mt khc
pH t cng nh hng kh nng phn gii thuc.
20
Chng 1
21
Chng 1
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Phn loi thuc tr dch hi theo phng php thm thu v c tnh tc dng?
Cu 2: Hiu th no v s xm nhp ca cht c vo c th cn trng?
22
Chng 2
Bt keo (colloidal powder): Ging nh thuc BHN nhng kch thc cc phn t rt
nh nn rt lu lng, bm dnh tt m khng cn thm cht bm dnh hay cht n
nh. Cc thuc gc ng v cc thuc gc lu hunh nguyn t thng c c tnh
ny.
Thuc nho (Paste): Ch phm dng nho nh kem, c hm lng v cch dng
nh thuc BHN. Thuc c pha thnh dng huyn ph m c qut ln vt
thng ca cy hoc dng x l ging, cng c khi pha long vi nc s dng
nh BHN (thuc Bordeaux thy c bn di dng ny).
Chng 2
Chng 2
Chng 2
vai thng thng, my bm eo vai, my bm gn trn my cy, trn my bay. C nhiu kiu
phun thuc khc nhau, chng c phn bit ty theo trng thi vt l (rn, lng, kh), theo
ln ca cc phn t thuc (git thuc, ht thuc) v lng dng trn mt hecta. Phun thuc lng
l phng php c dng ph bin nht hin nay.
a. Phun dng lng
Cc dng thuc tr dch hi di dng BHN, ND, DD, c ha vo dung mi (thng l nc)
to thnh cc dung dch phun (nc phun). Thuc phn tn vo nc thnh cc dng huyn ph, nh
tng hay dung dch tht. Dng phun lng thng c a chung hn thuc bt phun kh do thuc
phun u hn, thuc bm dnh trn b mt x l tt hn. Trong cc dng thuc phun lng, thuc dng
huyn ph t xm nhp vo cy, tri hn so vi dng nh du nn t lu b c hn.
Yu cu: hot cht phi bn vng trong nc thuc, khng b phn hy khi pha long. H phn
tn phi tng i bn vng, lu lng t. Nc thuc phi c tnh thm, tnh loang tt v bm dnh bn
lu trn b mt vt phun (Khi ri ln b mt vt phun, trc tin git thuc phi dnh vo b mt vt
phun, tm t c b mt ny ri mi loang ra; khi kh nc, thuc vn cn bm cht trn b mt
vt phun. m bo c yu cu trn, git thuc phi c sc cng b mt nh. C th lm gim sc
cng b mt ca git thuc bng cch thm vo thuc cc cht hot ng b mt. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn
thm vo thuc cht bm dnh gip cho thuc bm cht vo b mt vt phun, to nn mt lp thuc
bo v khi nc bay hi ht. Khi phun thuc, p sut phun phi ln thuc c phun ra u v
ht thuc c ng nng dnh vo b mt x l).
Vi cc thuc to thnh huyn ph trong nc phun: tc lng ca ht cht rn trong
huyn ph ph thuc vo trng lng ring ca thuc v nht ca mi trng. Trng lng
ring ca thuc c tnh bng khi lng thuc (tnh bng g) trn mt n v th tch (tnh
bng g/m3) thng trng lng ring ca thuc nm trong khong 0.5 - 0,8 kch thc phn t
nh hn 3 l tt. Khi thuc chm kt lng hoc ni ln, thuc phun ra u, t b nght vi
phun, bo m kh nng tr dch hi cao. C th lm tng nht ca thuc bng cch thm vo
ch phm cc cht n nh. Vi dng thuc nh du, kch thc phn t i hi phi nh hn
0,1. Ngi ta thng ngn nga s phn lp gia hot cht v dung mi, s hp nht cc git
nh thnh cc git ln hn v lm cho thuc phn tn u hn trn b mt vt phun bng cch
thm vo ch phm cc cht n nh, cht nh ha.
C nhiu loi bm phun khc nhau c th dng phun thuc lng, tu theo yu cu v tu
theo thit b s dng, kch thc phun c th rt khc nhau. Tu theo kch thc git thuc c phun ra,
c nhiu kiu phun c p dng:
Phng php
Phun nc (1)
ln git
thuc (m)
Cy hng nm
Cy lu nm
>150
>200
>600
(200 - 800)
(600 - 1000)
Phun ma bi (2)
50 - 250
50
200
Phun ma bi mn (3)
25 - 125
3 - 20
3 - 20
(80 - 160)
(1 - 6)
(1 - 6)
<30
3-6
3-6
Phun m (4)
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
(80 - 120)
(< 0,5)
(< 0,5)
Tuy nhin thuc cng c nhng nhc im nh l lng rt lu trong khng kh, rt lu
lng ng, d b gi cun i. c hot tnh vt l cao m khng b gi cun i xa, kch thc
ht thng c yu cu phi nm trong khong 0,5 - 100 .).
Thnh phn ca thuc gm c: hot cht ha tan vo du khong c nhit si tng
i cao nh du xola, du my bin p, du diezen...; c th dng cc dung mi d bay hi nh
CCl4... to thnh nhng git m, c th phun thuc di p sut hng trm atmosphere bng
nhng thit b c tc vng quay hng vn vng/pht; hoc bng cch un ha nhit dung dch
du ca thuc trong ni hi hoc qua nhng ng rut g lm ht thuc c bn ra khi my
di p sut 7 - 8 atmotphe, ha vo khng kh lnh bn ngoi v ngng t thnh m c
phn tn cao (ng knh git thuc nh hn 1). trnh dng p sut qu cao v trnh s
phn hy thuc mt phn do nhit, ngi ta c th phi hp c hai phng php trn bng cch
cho mt dng hi nng i qua dung dch thuc bc u to ra nhng git thuc c kch
thc nh, nhng git thc ny khi n ming vi phun mi c un nng v bay hi, hoc
phi hp c hai cch.
b. Phng php ti t
dit tr nhng dch hi sng trong t hoc vi nhng thuc ni hp c th ha thuc vo nc
n nng bng nng phun v ti vo t. C th ti vo lc trc hoc sau khi ht ny mm,
bng nhng bnh ti hoc bnh phun. Lng nc thuc phi c tnh ton sao cho thuc c th ngm
n su khong 10 - 15 cm. Thuc cng c dng ti vo gc cy vi lng nc khong 50 200 ml/gc.
c. Phun bt kh
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Thuc bo v thc vt hin din dng bt, bt ht, bt th, ht mn pha ch sn sng phun
ln cy hoc ln mt t bng cc my phun bt vi lng ch phm dng cho mi hecta khong 20 - 40
kg. Thuc ht ch yu dng phun hoc rc vo t vi lng ch phm khong 20 - 30 kg/ha.
Yu cu: Bt phun ra phi bao ph u khp b mt x l, khng b gi cun i qu xa,
bm dnh v gi li tt trn b mt x l. Cht lng bt phun ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh vt
l v ha hc ca thuc bt, vo c im b mt vt phun.
* Tc ri ca cc phn t thuc bt c tnh theo cng thc:
V =
2 gr 2
(D a)
Y
h
vt
h: cao.
vt: tc ri t do theo phng thng ng.
T hai cng thc trn ta thy rng khi phun thuc bt c c ht to, t trng ln th tc
ri t do s ln, thuc khng bay ra xa ni phun thuc. Tuy nhin nu c ht qu to, t trng
qu ln th thuc li kh bm gi trn b mt vt phun. V kch thc, nhng ht c hnh cu d
b ri khi mt l cy hn so vi nhng ht hnh a din.
Hin tng bm dnh ca ht thuc ln b mt vt phun cn c gii thch nh sau:
trong qu trnh chuyn ng, cc ht thuc bt c th nhim in do ma st; du v cng
in tch ph thuc vo bn cht thuc v vn tc di chuyn ca ht. Khi ht thuc n gn b
mt vt phun th theo qui tc cm ng in t s xut hin trn b mt vt phun in tch tri du
a n kt qu l ht thuc bm gi cht vo b mt vt phun.
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
tng tnh bm dnh ca thuc, ngi ta thng trn thm cht ho ha, cht bm
dnh... Hoc gn cc hot cht ln nhng cht mang. Kh nng bm dnh v gi li ca thuc
cn ph thuc vo tnh cht b mt vt phun, thuc bt bm dnh v gi li tt hn trn nhng l
nm ngang, c np nhn nheo, c lng hoc trn l m t do sng hay ma; kh bm gi li
trn nhng l thng ng, mt l phng, lng, trn l kh.
* u nhc im ca phng php phun bt so vi phng php phun lng:
+ u dim: n gin, thit b nh nhng, r tin hn v c th s dng trong nhng
iu kin a hnh bt li. Thch hp vi nhng ni khng c sn ngun nc v cn phun trn
din tch ln.
+ Nhc im: Phi dng mt lng thuc nhiu hn so vi phun lng trn mt n v
din tch. Trn mi ha cy trng, lng ch phm thng dng l 30 - 50 kg/ha. Lng thuc
hao ph ln do b cun tri bi ma, gi. Lng d tha ny d lm nhim mi trng.
2.2.2 Rc ht
Thuc tr dch hi dng ht thng dng rc vo t tr cc loi dch hi sng
trong t, cc loi thuc lu dn khi rc vo t c r hp thu v dn truyn ln cc b phn
pha trn mt t dit tr su hi (rp, b phn trng Bemisia trn rau, c chua...) hoc cc loi
nm bnh trong mt thi gian kh di.
Cc thuc ny cn c dng rc ln cy nhm dit tr su c thn, su c ngn
(Nh cc thuc tr su clo hu c, ln hu c thng c dng rc ln non ng tr cc su
n l sng trong loa kn).
Thuc c th c rc u trn ton b din tch x l bng tay hay bng my phun ht,
my bay... hoc c th ch ri theo lung, theo tng gc cy.
Yu cu: Thuc phi c rn chc nht nh, khng b v vn trc khi rc, khng b
phn r qu nhanh khi p dng ln cy hoc ln t. Ht thuc rc vo t phi tan c dn vo
nc t t cung cp cht c tiu dit cn trng, nm bnh, c di. thuc c rn chc,
trong qu trnh ch bin ngi ta thng thm vo cc cht kt dnh. m ca t nh hng
rt ln n ha tan ca thuc vo t, nhng thuc ht c tnh lu dn s khng pht huy
c tc dng trong iu kin kh hn. Nhng thuc c tnh xng hi t chu nh hng ca m
, c nhiu trng hp phi trn lp t mt hn ch s bay hi ca thuc vo khng kh v
gi thuc nng cao trong t, lm tng hiu qu dit dch hi.
Ngoi tc dng bo v cy lu di, thuc ht rc bng my bay hoc my phun thuc ln
t t lm chy l cy, t gy nhim khng kh trong vng rc thuc. Phng php rc thuc ht
tr c ngy cng c s dng rng ri.
Chng 2
2.2.4 Xng hi
Dng nhng thuc c kh nng bay hi lm khng kh xung quanh dch hi b nhim
cht c, nhm u c dch hi qua ng h hp. Phng php xng hi t ra c hiu qu cao
khi c dng tr nhng sinh vt gy hi n nu nhng ni kn o nh k tng, trong cc
kho hng, kho lng thc, khoang tu ch nng sn, trong nh knh, trong t. Phng php ny
c dng tr chut, su hi, nhn, tuyn trng, nm, vi khun... Thuc dng xng hi c
th dng rn, lng c p sut hi ln hoc dng kh nn. Cc thuc ny c th khuych tn
trong khng kh trng thi kh hoc hi, i khi cn dng thng hoa.
* Cc yu t sau y c nh hng n hiu qu s dng thuc xng hi:
+ Khng gian: Phi m bo duy tr khong khng gian dng thuc kn trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh. Phng php xng hi thng ch c thc hin nhng ni kn
o, do thuc c th kh hoc hi c kh nng khuych tn mnh, nn nu khng tin hnh
trong mt khng gian c nh th hi c, kh c b ha long vo khng kh, khng duy tr
c nng thuc tiu dit dch hi.
+ Cc c im vt l, ha hc ca thuc: nhng c im c nh hng mnh m n
hiu qu dng thuc nh: bay hi, t trng hi, tc bay hi, kh nng khuych tn vo
khng kh, kh nng b hp ph bi b mt vt c x l.
+ bay hi: L khi lng ti a ca cht c trong mt n v th tch khng kh
mt nhit v p sut nht nh. n v tnh: g/m3. bay hi ca mt cht t l thun vi
nhit mi trng, t l nghch vi p sut v nhit si ca cht xng hi. D nhin cht
xng hi ch c tc dng khi bay hi ca thuc cao hn nng gy c cho dch hi.
+ Tc bay hi: c xc nh bng khi lng hi bay ln t 1cm2 b mt rn hoc
lng ca cht xng hi trong thi gian mt giy. Tc bay hi t l thun vi nhit xng hi
v t l nghch vi nhit si v p sut. Nhit khng kh v din tch b mt cao lm tng
tc bay hi.
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Chng 2
2.2.5 X l ging
Ging cy trng (ht ging, c, hom...) trc khi gieo trng c th c trn hoc ngm
vi cc loi thuc tr cc mm su, bnh, tuyn trng... Lu tn trong ht c kh nng gy hi
cho ht hoc cy con (thi ht, ho r cy con); c khi thuc cn gip cho cy trng sau ny c
kh nng chng li cc loi dch hi cc giai on sau (cc thuc lu dn). Yu cu i vi
bin php x l ging l thuc phi bm dnh tt, c kh nng kh c cao m khng gy hi
cho s ny mm ca ht ging v s pht trin ca cy con. Ht ging c th c x l bng
cc bin php vt l nh dng nhit, nc nng, nh nng mt tri, hoc bng bin php ha
hc: s dng cc ha cht, hoc kt hp c hai bin php trn. Khi x l ht ging bng ha cht,
tu theo trng thi vt l ca thuc x l, c im sinh hc ca sinh vt gy hi, cu to v c
im ca ht ging, c th chn mt trong ba phng php x l ging sau:
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
2.2.6 Lm b c
B c l mt hn hp gm thuc c v mi. Mi thng l nhng thc n m dch hi
a thch. B c ch yu dng tr chut v i khi cng dng by bm, bt su. t
hiu qu cao, khng nhng thuc phi c tnh c cao i vi cn trng hay cc loi gm nhm
gy hi m mi dng by cng phi tht hp dn, thu ht c dch hi. Mi loi dch hi li
a thch nhng loi mi khc nhau. Tu theo loi dch hi m c th dng cc mi nh cm, ht
ng cc, cc loi bt, cht chua, cht tanh...
* C nhiu phng php lm b c:
+ B kh: lm bng cch trn thuc vi mi dng kh. i khi ngi ta thm nhng
cht dnh nh du tho mc, h...
+ B t: mi c tm bng huyn ph hay dung dch thuc.
+ B lng: mi l cht lng c pha thm cht c, thng vo nhng a nh t
b nhng cn trng n thc n lng (rui, bm...).
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Chng 2
Phng php phun thuc bt hay lng ln mnh su: Cho su th nghim vo cc lng
hoc chu nh c np li, t cc lng ny vo thng phun thuc, phun cho thuc bao
ph u khp c lng, chu ln su hi. Sau mt gi, chuyn su sang lng hoc chu
sch, cho su n v ghi nhn s su sng, cht sau tng khong thi gian nht nh.
Phng php ngm: Cho su vo nhng ti vi mng, nhng ngp vo dung dch thuc
trong 2-3 pht ri nht ln, t ln giy lc thm bt thuc, sau chuyn sang hp
nui su c thc n v quan st tnh trng ng c ca su. i chng thay dung dch
thuc bng nc l.
Phng php nh thuc ln c th su: Dng thuc dng lng cho vo ng tim c gn
vi my nh git vi lng ri nh thuc ln mnh lng, ngc hoc vo bng ca tng c
th cn trng. Phng php ny phi x l tng con mt, tn nhiu thi gian. Nu i
tng th thuc l cn trng hay bay nhy, c th t chng vo t lnh mt thi gian
trc khi th thuc.
Chng 2
khng kh trong bnh ra. Sau , ng kho A li v m kho B thuc vo trong bnh. Cui
cng ng kho B li ngn hi c thot ra khi bnh. Nu thuc th rn, c th m nt cao
su cho thuc vo.
Chng 2
Ngoi ra, cn c th xc nh hot tnh dit c bng cch dng mi trng cha: 5g
MgSO4; 5g K2HPO4; 1g Ca3(PO4)2; 0,2 g FeSO4; 5 lt nc ct v 40g thch agar. vo mi
hp a petri 50 ml mi trng trn v 2 - 3 ml nc thuc tr c nh th nghim cc nng
khc nhau v trn u vo mi trng thch. Khi mi trng thch ng li th gieo ht ln
trn. Ch tiu ghi nhn: t l ht mc, t l cy cht, chiu di r, mm, trng lng cy con.
B. CC PHNG PHP XC NH
TR DCH HI TRN NG RUNG
HIU
LC
CA
THUC
2.3.5 B tr th nghim
thu c kt qu chnh xc, khi b tr th nghim kho st thuc tr dch hi cn lu
cc im sau y khi a ra k hoch th nghim:
- Tham kho ti liu: Trc khi lp th nghim, cn c nhng hiu bit chnh xc v:
+ Loi dch hi em th nghim (c im sinh hc, c im gy hi, mc tc
hi...).
+ Loi thuc th nghim (c tnh l hc, ha hc, c ch tc ng...
+ nh hng cc yu t mi trng n hiu qu thuc. Cc phng php s
dng thuc tr dch hi.
- Cc yu t nn phi ng nht (phng hng, k thut canh tc, phn bn, nc, gi
mt dch hi...). Ch s dng mt loi bnh phun, mt cch phun, mt ngi phun thuc, phun
mt thi im nht nh, khng th x l mt nghim thc vo bui sng, khi tri mt, t gi,
v nghim thc kia vo bui tra nng, gi mnh.
- Kch thc l th nghim phi ln v phi c cha nhng hng cy bo v xung
quanh trnh hin tng ly lan ca dch hi v trnh tnh trng thuc ca l ny tc sang l
kia. Thng ngi ta b tr l hnh vung vi din tch khong t 25m2 (5m x 5m) n 100m2
(10m x 10m); nu l th nghim trn nhng cy lu nm (cam, c ph, ch...) th mi l bao gm
ti thiu 5 cy tr ln. S ln lp li mi nghim thc c th t 3-5 tr ln.
- K thut dng thuc phi ng n; thi im dng thuc phi hp l (thuc pht huy
c tc dng cao nht, khng gy hi n cy trng); khi pha long thuc phi ch khng cho
thuc b vn cc, lng ng; phi phun thuc u trn khp b mt x l (2 hai mt l, thn,
cnh...).
- Ghi nhn ch tiu: Ch nn mt ngi ly ch tiu t u n cui tt c cc nghim
thc. i vi bnh hi hay loi su hi t di chuyn c th ly mu trn tng ; i vi nhng
sinh vt qu nh nh nhn c th ngt mt s l v m s lng di kinh hin vi. Vi
nhng loi su bay nhy nhiu nh ry, b xt, th dng phng php vt: va i va vt (10-15
ci) v m s lng trong tng l th nghim trong mi ln ly ch tiu. Vi su b n np trong
thn, tri ta thu thp ngu nhin mt s thn l mi l, em v ch ra v m s lng su.
- Trng hp su hi sng thnh tp on vi s lng qu ln, c th nh gi mt s
su bng cch c chng s lng hoc phn theo cp bc, v d nh:
+ Cp 0: khng c rp trn l.
+ Cp 1: c bit vi im trn l c tp on nh su hi.
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
+ Cp 2: trn mt di l c tp on gy hi kh ln.
+ Cp 3: cc l u c tp on su hi kh ln.
- Nn ly ch tiu trc khi phun thuc v vi ln sau khi phun thuc. m s lng
su trong t, c th dng nhng khung tre kch thc 0,5m x 0,5m t im ly ch tiu ri
bi tm su trong phm vi khung. Hoc c th ly mu t em v cho vo chu nc, khuy u
cho cn trng ni ln trn mt nc v m s lng. Cng c th nh gi hiu lc ca thuc
qua mc thit hi ca l, cy trc v sau khi phun thuc. nh gi hiu lc ca thuc i
vi b xt mui hi ch, hay i vi su c thn la, c th kim tra s bp ch b hi, bng la
b bc cc im iu tra.
- nh gi hiu lc ca thuc tr c, thng da trn 2 ch tiu l s cy c v trng
lng c ti cc im ly ch tiu trong l th nghim. Tu theo mt c, c th tng hay gim
din tch ly ch tiu. Khi c lng bng mt, nu thy c khong 100 - 150 cy c/m2 th din
tch ly ch tiu l mt 1m2, nu mt c khong 150 - 500 cy/m2 th din tch ly ch tiu l
0,5m2, nu mt trn 500 cy/m2 th ch cn ly ch tiu l 0,25m2 mi im. Khi xc nh
din tch ca im, c th lm nhng khung bng tre hoc g mng c kch thc thch hp
mi khi ly ch tiu th t khung ny vo im ly ch tiu v quan st c trong khung. Thng
khung c hnh vung, hoc hnh ch nht. Ngoi vic m s lng c, c th ly ch tiu trng
lng c ti bng cch ct c im ly mu em v ngm trong nc cho c ti u, vy
cho ro nc ri em cn. C th sy c cho n khi kh v em cn trng lng kh. Cc loi
c khc nhau c th ly ch tiu ring hoc chung ty theo yu cu ca tng th nghim. Ch
cc ln ly ch tiu sau khng nn ly ch tiu im c, thng phi cch im c khong
0,5m. Nu trc nghim thuc tr c hu ny mm th trc khi phun thuc phi ly ch tiu trc
khi phun thuc mt ln, sau khi phun thuc cn phi ly ch tiu vi ln khong cch 7 - 10
ngy.
Ngoi cc nghim thc dng thuc v i chng khng dng thuc, i khi ngi ta
thm vo cc nghim thc thuc thng dng v nghim thc lm c bng tay so snh ng
thi c tc dng gip cho vic pht c nh hng ca thuc (kch thch hoc kim hm) ca
thuc i s sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca cy trng. Ngoi nhng ch tiu nghi nhn
nh gi hiu lc ca thuc tr dch hi, cn c nhng ghi nhn thm v nhng tc ng ca
thuc n cy trng, n nhng sinh vt c ch, con ngi; nh hng ca yu t ngoi cnh n
tnh c ca thuc i vi dch hi cy trng v gia sc.
Chng 2
+ Hiu qu kinh t c tnh bng cch so snh chi ph dng thuc (tin thuc, tin cng
phun thuc, tin khu hao thit b...) vi s tng thu nhp do hiu qu tng sn em li. Hiu qu
tng sn cng cao, chi ph dng thuc cng thp (thuc r, my mc tt, c cng sut cao...) th
hiu qu kinh t cng cao.
Hiu qu ny c biu th bng:
Hiu qu bin t (MRR = Marginal Rate of Return)
Mc tng li nhun
MRR (%) = ---------------------------- x 100
Mc tng chi ph
+ Mc tng li nhun: Tng thu l c x l thuc - Tng thu l kim chng.
+ Mc tng chi ph: Tng chi ph l c x l thuc - Tng chi ph l kim chng.
hu hiu ca thuc
thng c tnh theo
C-T
hu hiu (%) = ------------- x 100
Chng 2
b-K
hu hiu (%) = ------------- x 100
100 - K
% b hi C - % b hi NT x l thuc
hu hiu (%) = ---------------------------------------------------------- x 100
% b hi i chng
Khi p dng cng thc Abbott hay cng thc Schneider-Orelli ch cn ly ch tiu mt
ln sau khi x l thuc; v trong ln quan st ny phi quan st c c s su hay c di sng
ln vi s su, c cht, hoc mt s l b hi ln khng b hi. Trong nhng th nghim nu ch
quan st c s c th sng v c th quan st c hai ln: trc v sau khi lm th nghim, c
th p dng mt trong ba cng thc sau y tnh hu hiu ca thuc:
(Ab - Ba )
hu hiu (%) = --------------- x 100
Ab
Ta x Cb
hu hiu (%) = (1 - ---------------- ) x 100
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Tb x Ca
Vi Ta: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc sau khi th nghim.
Tb: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc trc khi th nghim.
Ca: S c th sng nghim thc i chng sau khi th nghim.
Cb: S c th sng nghim thc i chng trc khi th nghim.
m1
n2 - n1
Pck = --------------- x100
n1
Ba cng thc trn a li nhng kt qu tnh ton ging nhau v thc ra l ba dng
khc nhau ca mt cng thc.
Ngoi ra cc cng thc trn, Swingle v Snapp cn a ra mt cng thc p dng trong
nhng th nghim quan st c c s c th sng v s c th cht trc v sau khi th nghim.
( ax - z )
hu hiu (%) = ................... x 100
ax
Vi:
% s c th sng i chng sau khi th nghim
a = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
S cy (cnh, l) b bnh
TLB trn cnh, l (%) = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Tng s cy (cnh, l) quan st
(ai x ni)
CSB (%) = ------------- x 100
AxN
Vi ai: S l b bnh cp i.
A: Tng s l quan st.
ni: Cp bnh (t 0 n N)
N: Cp bnh cao nht.
Cp bnh thng c tnh da vo phn trm l b bnh. V d nh bnh chy l la c
th c nh gi nh sau:
Cp 0: khng c vt bnh.
Cp 1: vt bnh chim di 5% din tch l.
Cp 2: vt bnh chim 5 - 20 % din tch l.
Cp 3: vt bnh chim 20 - 50 % din tch l.
Cp 4: vt bnh chim trn 50 % din tch l.
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Chng 2
biu din trn mt th trong tung biu th phn trm c th cht, honh biu th thi
gian (tnh bng pht) ng vi mi t l cht khc nhau, t tnh ra LT50.
- - - - - o0o - - - - -
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Cho bit cc phng php x l ging bng thuc ha hc?
Cu 2: Cch xc nh hiu qu ca vic dng thuc tr dch hi?
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PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 3
3.1.1 U IM
- Qui trnh sn xut tng i n gin, gi thnh ca ch phm thp, d ch bin hot
cht thnh nhiu dng ch phm khc nhau (BTN, ND, BR, H...). Do d s dng trn nhiu
loi cy trng v nhng iu kin ng rung khc nhau.
- Cc thuc ny thng c ph tc ng rng, hiu lc kh cao, thi gian hiu lc di
thch hp cho vic phng tr ngoi ng, nht l i vi cc loi cy cng nghip. bn ha
hc ln trong nhng iu kin thng thng nn d bo qun tn tr.
3.1.2 NHC IM
- Do bn ha hc ln nn thuc d lu b trong t ai, cy trng, nng sn, thc
phm. Chng lm cho mi trng b nhim trong mt thi gian lu di. Thi gian phn gii
95% hot cht trong iu kin t nhin ca DDT l 10 nm; Lindane l 6,5 nm; Diendrin l 8
nm; Clodan l 3,5 nm. B thuc lu tn khng nhng lm cho phm cht, hnh thc ca nng
sn b xu i m cn gy c cho ngi hay gia sc s dng nng sn , nh BHC thng
li mi kh chu trn nng sn nh khoai ty, rau u...
- C kh nng gy trng c tch ly mnh. Qua s tip xc vi thuc nhiu ln hay qua
chui thc n hm lng thuc trong c th, ch yu trong m m tng ln rt nhiu; n mt
lng no n biu hin cc triu chng ng c rt him ngho nh ung th, qui thai...
- c i vi c v thin ch ln.
- Khi s dng mt loi thuc Clo hu c ti mt a phng trong nhiu nm d gy ra
hin tng cn trng khng thuc. Do nhng nhc im trn, ngy nay nhiu thuc tr su gc
Clo hu c b cm hoc hn ch s dng nhiu nc.
3.1.3 MT S C IM KHC
- Cu to ha hc: Trong phn t ca cc hp cht ny u c cha nguyn t Clo v cc
vng Benzen hay d vng.
- Tnh cht vt l: Thuc k ngh u dng rn, khng tan hoc t tan trong nc, tan
nhiu trong dung mi hu c, v thng c mi hi kh chu.
- Dng ch phm thng gp l ND, BTN, H, bt phun cc hm lng khc nhau.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
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Chng 3
45
Chng 3
3.1.5 BHC
- Tn gi: LINDAFOR 90, lindane, BHC, HCH...
- Tn ha hc: Benzen hexa chlorit.
- Cng thc ha hc: C6H6Cl6
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: BHC nguyn cht dng kt tinh mu trng, gm nhiu ng phn
khng gian, trong c ng phn gammar c kh nng thng hoa nhit cao.
- Tnh cht ha hc: BHC rt bn vng trong iu kin bnh thng, bn vi tc ng ca
nh sng, cht oxy ha, mi trng axit nhng b phn hy trong mi trng kim, nht l trong
cc dung mi ca BHC.
- Tnh c: LD50 = 125mg/kg. Thuc c kh nng tch ly trong c th ngi v ng
vt. Thuc b cm s dng.
Hm lng gammar BHC trong thuc cng cao th thuc cng t lu b trong nng sn,
cng t tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt, t gy hi cho cy trng, tr mt s cy thuc h
bu b v cy thuc l con. Nu thuc c nhiu tp cht, n c th nh hng n hng v ca
thuc l, khoai ty v mt s loi rau, u.
- Cng dng: Vi tc ng tip xc, v c, xng hi, ni hp nh, thuc c ph tc dng
rng v c th s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: x l t, x l ht, phun ln cy, kh
trng kho, x l g. BHC c hiu lc cao i vi cn trng thuc b cnh u (nh mi), b
cnh khng u (nh ry xanh, ry bng vi), b cnh cng, b cnh mng v mt s b khc.
Trc y thuc cn c dng trong y t v th y phng tr hu ht cc loi cn trng ph
hoi cy trng v k sinh trn gia sc nh gh, ve. Sau y l mt s ng dng ca Lindane
90BTN:
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
46
Chng 3
+ X l ht: bo v ht ging u phng, c ci, i mch, bp, thu du, la... khi
b su xm v cc loi cn trng khc trong t tn cng. Dng 50 gram thuc/kg ht.
+ X l t: Dng 0,75 - 2 kg thuc/ha hoc 1g/gc c ph, tiu phng tr mi. Trn
thuc su n 10 - 12 cm.
+ Phun ln cy trng: Dng 300 gram thuc/ha phng tr nhiu loi su hi trn la,
rau u, hoa mu, cy cng nghip, cy rng.
+ X l kho: Phun thuc vi nng 50 - 100g/100 lt nc.
+ X l g: nga mi, c th tin hnh bng nhiu cch: xng khi, phun thuc,
nhng, qut, thm su di chn khng...
Lu : Khng hn hp thuc vi thuc c tnh kim. Thi gian cch ly: 30 ngy. Trnh
dng trong nh hoc trn gia sc. Thuc c th gy c mn tnh. Thuc c hm lng gammar
BHC cao t c cho ngi v gy hi cho cy trng hn. nng cao hiu lc tr dch hi,
ngi ta cn dng mt s loi thuc ha hn hp gia BHC v DDT.
47
Chng 3
exo-
- c im ha hc rt ging Andrin.
- c cp tnh cao hn Andrin, LD50 (chut) = 25 - 30mg/kg.
- Thuc c tc ng tip xc v v c. Khi phun ln cy hiu lc ca thuc c th ko
di n 2 tun. Thuc Diendrin 18,5ND c dng nng 0,1 - 0,5% phun tr su n l,
su c thn, su hi thuc l, bng, ay.
3.1.7.3 ENDRIN
- ENDRIN l mt ng phn khng gian ca Diendrin, c c tnh l, ha hc tng t
Diendrin. Tnh c ca Endrin kh cao, LD50 (chut) = 7- 35mg/kg. Endrin c dng tr su
hi bng, ma, thuc l, ng... vi dng ch phm 19,5% dng nng 0,2 - 0,5%.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc ENDRIN:
48
Chng 3
3.1.7.4 HEPTACLO
- Tn ha hc: 1,4,5,6,7,8,8 - Heptaclo - 3a,4,7,7a - tetrahydro - 4,7- metyleninden.
- Thuc t b kim phn hy hn DDT. Heptaclo c LD50 (chut) vo khong 90mg/kg.
Vi tc ng tip xc, v c, heptaclo c dng tr cc loi su sng trong t hi ng,
bng v cc loi hoa mu khc v c coi l c hiu lc tt hn BHC. Lng thuc c dng
bn vo t l 2 - 3kg ai/ha.
3.1.7.5 THIODAN
- Tn ha hc: 1,2,3,7,7 - hexaclo - bicyclo - (2,2,1) - 2 - hepten - 5,6 - bis -oximetylen
sunfit.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Sn phm cng nghip l nhng tinh th nh, mu hung, d b kim phn hy thnh
nhng cht khng c. Thiodan c mt s u im so vi nhng thuc khc nh:
+ t c i vi ong mt v mt s loi cn trng c ch khc n tht hoc k sinh trn su
hi.
+ Tuy c c cp tnh cao LD50 (chut) l 40-100mg/kg nhng Thiodan khng c tnh
tch ly, trong c th ng vt hot cht nhanh chng b phn hy thnh nhng cht khng c
v c thi ra ngoi. Thiodan l loi thuc tr su tip xc v v c c ph phng tr rt rng.
Thuc dng nh ND, BTN, bt phun thng c dng phun tr su trn la, ng, u ,
bng hay thuc l, c ph vi liu lng 350-700g ai/ha. Thiodan thuc nhm c I, nm trong
danh sch hn ch, nay c chuyn sang danh mc cm s dng ti Vit Nam.
3.2 THUC TR SU GC LN HU C
* Mt s tnh cht chung
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
49
Chng 3
- Tnh cht vt l: Hot cht tinh khit khng mu, nng chy 35 - 360C, d bay hi
nht l khi nhit mi trng cao, t tan trong nc, tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c
(DMHC).
- Tnh cht ha hc: Thy phn yu trong mi trng acid v trung tnh, thy phn mnh
trong mi trng kim. Sn phm cui cng ca s thy phn l H3PO4 v H2S. D b nh sng
v nhit phn hy.
- Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 25-50mg/kg, c cp tnh cao (nhm c I) nhng khng
tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt. An ton i vi cy trng liu lng khuyn co.
Thuc b cm s dng.
- Cng dng v cch dng: thuc c tc ng tip xc, v c, xng hi v thm su, ph
tc dng rng, c kh nng dit trng ch yu phng tr su nhai gm v mt s cn trng
chch ht. MP cn c hiu lc trn mt s loi nhn gy hi cy trng (cam, qut). Tc ng dit
dch hi nhanh, nht l khi nhit mi trng cao. Thi gian c hiu lc tr su iu kin
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
50
Chng 3
- Tnh cht l - ha hc: Rt ging MP. Tuy nhin trong nc v mi trng kim,
sumithion thy phn chm hn so vi MP.
- Tnh c v hot tnh tr su: t c hn i vi ngi v VMN (LD50 (CT, V, C) =
142-1000mg/kg. Mt s ging to, o mn cm vi thuc ny.
- Cng dng v cch dng: cng ging nh MP.
51
Chng 3
- Tnh cht ha hc: Thy phn trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim.
- Cng dng v cch dng: Diazinon 10H c dng bn vo t vi lng 1020kg/ha tr su c thn, su nng hi la, b phn truyn bnh xon l c chua... Diazinon
20-60ND c dng nng 0,05-0,1% tr cc loi su nh MP.
- Tnh cht vt l: DDVP l mt cht lng khng mu, mi tng i d chu, tan tt
trong hu ht cc DMHC nhng t tan trong nc (khong 1% nhit thng), bay hi
cao thch hp cho vic xng hi.
- Tnh cht ha hc: DDVP l cht k m, kim, b thy phn chm trong mi trng axit
v trung tnh, nhanh hn trong mi trng kim. DDVP kt hp vi cc Halogien to thnh
nhng hp cht khc c tnh c i vi dch hi, nh khi kt hp DDVP vi hn hp C12Br2 s
thu c hp cht Dibrom.
- Tnh c: LD50 (chut cng c)= 80mg/kg. Trnh dng trn cc loi da, bu b c l
mng, dy yu. Thuc rt c nn c xp vo danh mc hn ch s dng.
- Cng dng v cch dng: DDVP tc ng rt nhanh chng trn nhiu loi su nhai gm
v chch ht, c dng rng ri trong BVTV v trong v sinh phng dch. Thuc dit c
nhiu loi su, ry ph hoi rau, ci, cy n tri, ng cc, cy cng nghip... nh ry la, b gai,
rui c qu, su keo, su cn gi, ry mm, b lch... thuc cn dit c c nhn . Liu
dng: 1-2 lt ch phm 50ND/ha, nng 0,1-0,2%, thng pha 600 lt nc cho 1 ha la, 800
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
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Chng 3
lt/ha u; phun ngay khi thy su ry xut hin. Thuc cn c dng xng hi tr rn,
rp, rui, mui, mi, mt trong nh.
Lu : Thuc pha xong nn phun lin, khng lu. Thi gian cch ly 10-15 ngy.
Thng phm Demon 50 EC ch c s dng trn cy lm nghip, cy cng nghip (tr Tr) v
cy n qu trc thi k ra hoa. Khng c s dng ni nui tm, c, nng sn hoc hng
ha d tr.
3.2.6 NALED
- Tn gi khc: Dibrom, Flibol, Bromchlophos.
- Tn ha hc: 1,2-Dibrom-2,2-di cloetyl-di metylphotphat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C4H7Br2Cl2O4P.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
53
Chng 3
- c im: Tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong cc DMHC, d phn hy trong mi trng
kim. Cc dng thng mi chnh: MOCAP 10%G, 72%ND, 6EC.
- Cng dng v cch dng: MOCAP 10H c th ngn chn hon ton s tn cng ca
tuyn trng v cn trng trong t. Mc dng dit tuyn trng trn din tch i tr l 50100kg ai/ha. Theo Quc Vit (1982), MOCAP 10H v FURADAN 3H c hiu qu tng
ng nhau i vi tuyn trng gy bnh tim t sn.
3.2.9 METHIDATHION
- Tn gi khc: Ultracid, Supracide, Suprathion
-Tn ha hc: S-2, 3-Dihydro-5-methoxi-2-oxo-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-3-yl-metyl-O, Odimetylphotphorodithioat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C6H11N2O4PS3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
54
Chng 3
- Tnh cht vt l: Dng tinh khit l nhng tinh th mu trng, dng k ngh l mt cht
d tan trong DMHC, tan kh nhiu trong nc 39g/lt. bay hi khng ng k (0,107mg/m3
200C). Nhit phn s to thnh O,S-Dimethyl-S-(N-methyl carbamidomethyl) dithiophosphat.
- Tnh cht ha hc: kh bn trong mi trng axit, phn hy nhanh trong mi trng
kim, b nhit phn thnh ng phn khc c c cao hn Rogor. Trong gan ng vt v trn
l xanh, Rogor b Oxy ha thnh O-rogor vi c i vi su tng ln ng k, nhng c
i vi VMN tng ln rt nhiu. (O-rogor = O,O- Dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarbamidomethyl)
thiophosphat)
- Tnh c: LD50 (chut cng) = 250-285mg/kg. Trong t bo thc vt thuc b chuyn
ha cui cng to thnh H3PO4.
- Cng dng v cch dng: Tc ng ni hp, tip xc v xng hi, dit c nhng loi
chch ht nha cy, su nhai gm, c nhn v tuyn trng Rotylenchus similis Coll hi chui.
Rogor tr hu hiu rp, b xt, b cnh t, nhn trn bng, ch, cam, u, lc, ng... Nng
thng dng: 0,05-0,075% ch phm 50ND. Dng nng cao hn (0,1-0,15%) thuc dit
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
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Chng 3
- Tnh cht vt l: Phosphamidon tinh khit khng mu, c mi hi kh chu, pha trn
vi nc theo mi t l, ha tan c trong ru, aceton, hydrocarbon, khng tan trong eter, du
ha. Ch phm thng c mu tm ti i vi trn vi phm nhum.
- Tnh cht ha hc: Kh bn trong mi trng axit yu hay trung tnh, phn gii nhanh
trong mi trng kim. C th n mn cc dng c bng kim loi (st, nhm, st l trng thic).
- Tnh c: Rt c i vi ngi v VMN, LD50 (chut) = 7,5-15mg/kg. Tng i t
c i vi c.
- Cng dng v cch dng: tc ng ni hp, tip xc, v c. Thuc c ph tc ng kh
rng tr c nhiu loi cn trng chch ht v nhai gm. Thuc xm nhp vo cy kh nhanh v
tr hu hiu su nch la, ry mm, b xt, b nhy, ry lng trng, b lch, rui tri cy, mng,
su c l, su c thn, cc loi cn trng cnh cng, bm, ngi, su c tri, co co, nhn
... Dng trn nhiu loi cy n qu nh: chanh, chui, ma, bng vi, thuc l, tr, cy trng
cao, hoa, c ci ng, khoai ty. Ni chung thuc tr c nhiu loi su thuc b cnh t, b
cnh thng, b cnh u, b cnh na cng, b cnh cng, b cnh vy, b 2 cnh, b cnh
mng, thuc cng tr c mt s loi nhn . Hiu lc ca thuc c th ko di 10 - 14 ngy.
Vi ch phm 50BHN, nng thng dng i vi cn trng chch ht l 0,04%, vi cn trng
ming nhai l 0,06% tr nhiu loi su hi cy lng thc v cy cng nghip, cy n qu.
Lu : Thuc c th hn hp c vi nhiu loi thuc khc. Cha thuc trong nhng
bnh bng thy tinh hoc bng polyetylen, trong mt.
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Chng 3
- Tnh cht vt l: Thuc dng lng mu nu en, mi hi, tan trong nc, aceton, cn, t
tan trong cc DMHC, du ha.
- Tnh cht ha hc: Thuc d b kim, nh sng phn hy, c th n mn cc kim loi
nh ng, thau.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
hc:
S-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxobenzoxazol-3-yl
methyl-O,O-
57
Chng 3
3.3.1 SEVIN
-
- Tnh cht vt l: sevin nguyn chtt tinh th mu trng, c mi nh, ha tan trong
nc 200C l di 0,1%, nhng ha tan trong nhiu DMHC.
- Tnh cht ha hc: Bn vng di tc ng ca tia t ngoi, ca nhit v oxy khng
kh, phn hy trong mi trng kim.
- Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 560mg/kg. Khng c c tnh tch ly trong c th ng vt.
Sevin c c cao i vi ong, t c i vi c nhng n tiu dit nhng phiu sinh vt sng
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
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Chng 3
3.3.2 MIPCIN
- Tn gi khc: IPMC, Etrofolan, Bayron, PHC, Bayer 39007
- Tn ha hc: 2-isopropyl phenyl-N-metylcarbamate.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: thuc 20ND c dng lng, mu vng, mi hi, khng tan trong nc, t
tan trong cc DMHC, ngoi tr aceton, methanol, ethyl, acetate.
- Tnh cht ha hc: Mipcin d b phn hy bi kim, t bn iu kin ng rung nn
thuc ch c hiu lc trong vi ngy.
- Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 483mg/kg. c i vi c.
- Cng dng v cch dng: Ngoi tc ng tip xc v v c, c bit Mipcin cn c tc
ng ni hp v mt phn xng hi. Khi p dng ln cy, thuc c cy hp thu nhanh. Thuc
dit tr c cc loi b, ry la rt mnh, nhng li t hay khng gy hi n thin ch.
Trn LA: ch yu thuc c dng tr cc loi ry la (ry nu, ry xanh ui en,
ry lng trng)...; tr b xt, b tr, b gai, su nng, cc loi su n l. Vi Mipcin 20ND liu
dng 2-2,5 lt/ha nng 1:300, Mipcin 4H ri 30-50kg/ha. Trn cy n qu, rau, cy cng
nghip nh: xoi, thuc l, ca cao, tr, bng vi... Thuc tr c mt s loi ry, b xt. Dng
mipcin 20ND liu lng 2-2,5 lt/ha, nng 1:300. Cn phun k nhng ni cn trng n np
ngay t lc su cn non.
Lu : thi gian cch ly 5 ngy. Khng hn hp thuc vi nhng thuc c tnh kim.
Trc v sau khi dng mipcin 10 ngy, khng dng thuc tr c Propanil.
3.3.3 BASSA
- Tn gi khc: Osbac, Bassan, BPMC...
- Tn ha hc: 2-Sec-butylphenyl-N-metylcarbamate.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
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Chng 3
- Tnh cht vt l: Thuc dng lng, mi hi, mu vng hoc lt, khng tan trong
nc, tan trong acetone v chloroform.
- Tnh cht ha hc: Thuc d b phn hy trong mi trng kim.
- Tnh c: LD50 (cp tnh, ng rut, chut) = 340-410mg/kg; Thuc t c i vi c.
- Cng dng v cch dng: Thuc c tc dng tip xc, v c, ni hp. Hiu lc ca
thuc ko di trong 3 - 4 ngy. Thuc khng gy hi cho mt s loi thin ch nh: b ra, nhn
nc. Trn LA: ging nh Mipcin, liu dng 1,5-2 lt Bassa 50ND hay 50BHN/ha nng
1:400-600. Nn phun vo lc ry non n r, phun thuc vo lc tri mt v phun k vo gc la
ni ry thng tr n. Trn cc cy trng khc: tr cc loi su c l, c qu, ry xanh hi
bng, su khoang, ry xanh thuc l, liu dng 2-2,5 lt/ha cc ch phm trn, nng 1:500700, phun vo thi k u trng mi n xut hin.
Lu : Khng dng Bassa chung vi nhng thuc c tnh kim. Thi gian cch ly: 5-7
ngy.
3.3.4 FURADAN
- Tn gi khc: Carbofuran
- Tn ha hc: 3,3 - dihydro - 2,2 - dimethyl - 7 - benzofuranyl - N -metyl carbamate.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: thuc dng ht c mu tm hay trng xm, mi nng nh, t tan trong
nc, tan nhiu trong cc DMHC.
- Tnh cht ha hc: thuc d b phn hy nhit cao v trong mi trng kim.
- Tnh c: Thuc rt c i vi ngi v VMN, LD50 (chut) = 11mg/kg, thuc thuc
nhm c I, cm s dng. Thuc an ton i vi cy trng.
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Chng 3
61
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62
Chng 3
3.4.1 CYPERMETHRIN
-
Phn t lng:
416,3
- c tnh: Thuc k thut dng c st ( 60oC chuyn thnh dng dung dch lng),
hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, tng i bn trong mi trng
trung tnh v axit nh, thy phn trong mi trng kim, quang gii yu; khng n mn kim loi;
thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 215mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 1600mg/kg, ADI: 0,05mg/kg, MRL:
sa 0,01 3-4 ngy, ch kh 20mg/kg, PHI: rau n l 7-14 ngy, rau n qu 3-4 ngy, bp ci 14
ngy, rau n c (nu ti gc), hnh 21 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt.
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Chng 3
3.4.3 DELTAMETHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Decis, Decamethrin, K-Obiol, K-Othrin.
- Tn ha hc: (S) - - Cyano - 3 - phenoxibenzyl (1R, 3R) - 3 - (2,2 - dibromovinyl) 2,2 - dimetylxiclopropancacnoxylat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C22H19Br2NO3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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Chng 3
- c tnh: Thuc k thut (>98% Deltamethrin) dng bt, khng tan trong nc, tan
nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh axeton (500g/l), benzen (450g/l), dioxan (250g/l); bn vng
trong mi trng axit hn mi trng kim, tng i bn di tc ng ca khng kh, nhng
di tc ng ca nh nng mt tri hoc tia t ngoi b phn hu, khng n mn kim loi. LD50
per os: 128,5-5000mg/kg (tu thuc vo dung mi), LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg, ADI:
0,01mg/kg, MRL: chui, nho, cam 0,05mg/kg, rau, ng cc 0,1mg/kg, khoai ty 0,2mg/kg, ch
en 10mg/kg; PHI: rau n l 14 ngy, cy lm thuc 28 ngy, rau nu ti thuc 21-28 ngy.
Thuc c i vi ong mt.
S dng: Deltamethrin tc dng v c v tip xc, tr c nhiu loi cn trng v
nhn hi rau mu, cy cng nghip (Decis); tr c nhiu loi su mt hi nng sn bo
qun (K-Obiol) v nhiu loi cn trng y t (K-Othrine), tr c ve, bt, chy, rn hi vt nui.
Deltamethrin c ch bin thnh dng sa 2,5% (Decis 2,5EC ); dng bt thm nc, dng ht,
dng hn hp vi Heptenophos (25g Deltamethrin + 400g Heptenophos/lt ch phm), hn hp
vi DDVP t l 16% DDVP + 2% Decis c tc dng tng hiu. Thuc Decis 2,5EC cha 25g
Deltamethrin/ lt ch phm, dng 8-10g a.i/ha tr su t, su xanh, su khoang, rp, nhn hi
rau, pha nc nng 0,025-0,03% ch phm phun tr b xt hi cy n qu, su v ba, nhn
hi cam, chanh, tr ba ba hi rau mung, su c qu, u , rp bng hi ma. Deltamethrin
d gy tnh khng i vi cn trng chch ht nh ry nu hi la.
3.4.4 CYHALOTHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Karate, PP 321.
- Tn ha hc: ( RS ) - - Cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl ( Z ) - (1RS,3RS)-(2-clo-3,3,3triflopropenyl)-2,2-dimetylxiclopropalcacboxylat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C23H19ClF3NO3
- Phn t lng: 449,9.
- c tnh: Thuc k thut (90%) th du nu, khng tan trong nc, tan trong
axeton v nhiu dung mi hu c; thy phn mnh PH > 9. LD50 per os: 56-79mg/kg, LD50
dermal: 632-696mg/kg, ADI: 0.02mg/kg, MRL: rau 0,03mg/kg, qu 0,02mg/kg, cc sn phm
khc 0,01mg/kg, PHI: 4-11 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt.
S dng: Cyhalothrin c tc dng tip xc, v c, c dng tr su cho rau, mu, cy
cng nghip, tr k sinh trng cho vt nui (ve, bt, rui, mui, chy, rn). Thuc c ch bin
thnh dng sa 2,5% (Karate 2,5EC), 20% (Grenada 20EC). Karate 2,5EC cha 25g a.i/lt ch
phm c dng 5-10g a.i/ha tr su t, su xanh, su khoang, rp, nhn hi rau, su v ba
hi cam. Thuc c pha nc nng 0,05-0,07% phun tr nhn , b xt mui, ry
xanh hi ch.
3.4.5 FENPROPATHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Danitol, Rody.
- Tn ha hc: (ES)-- Cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl -2,2, 3-3-tetrametyl xiclo propanm cacboxylat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C22H23NO3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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Chng 3
3.4.6 FENVALERAT
- Tn gi khc: Sumicidin, Pydrin.
- Tn ha hc: (RS)--Cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl (RS)-2-(4-clophenyl)-3-metylbu - tyrat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C25H22ClNO3.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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Chng 3
3.4.7 PERMETHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Ambush, Peran.
- Tn ha hc: 3-Phenoxibenzyl (1RS, 3RS, 1RS, 3RS)-3-(2,2-diclovinyl)-2,2dimetylxiclopropancacboxylat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C21H20Cl2O3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng:
391,3
- c tnh: Thuc k thut th lng v c chiu hng kt tinh nhit trong phng,
hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh hexan (1kg/kg), xilen
(1kg/kg); bn trong mi trng axit, thy phn trong mi trng kim; khng n mn nhm;
thuc nhm c III, (i vi ch phm dng bt), nhm c II (ch phm Ambush dng sa),
LD50 per os: 430-4000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 4000mg/kg, ADI: 0,05mg/kg, PHI: bp ci 7 ngy,
c chua, da chut 4 ngy, khoai ty, cy n qu 14 ngy, ng 28 ngy, cy c du 56 ngy.
Thuc c i vi ong mt.
S dng: Thuc k thut tc dng tip xc v v c, tr c trng ca cn trng, c
ph tc ng rt rng, c dng tr su hi bng (100-150g a.i/ha), su hi cy n qu (2550g a.i/ha), su hi nho, thuc l (50-200g a.i/ha), su hi rau (40-70g a.i/ha), tr rui, mui, k
sinh trng gia sc (200mg a.i/m2 tng), tr gin (100mg a.i/m2, hiu lc ko di 120 ngy) v
kh trng kho tng. Permethrin c gia cng thnh nhiu dng ch phm khc nhau nh
Ambush 10EC, 25EC, Ambush bt thm nc (400-500g a.i/kg), dng ULV (50-100g/lt), dng
phun bt (2,5-10g/kg), dng hn hp vi Dimethoat, vi thiram... Thng phm Copex Tobaccoguard dng ULV gm 5% Permethrin v 95% cht ph tr dng phun tr mt hi thuc l kh
bo qun trong kho (200ml/1000 m3 kho).
67
Chng 3
68
Chng 3
Tn gi khc: Applaud
Tn ha hc: 2-tert-Bytylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahidro-2H-1,3,5thiadiazin-4-one
Cng thc ha hc: C16H23N3OS
Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
69
Chng 3
Loi thuc Applaud + Mipcin 25WP cha 5% Applaud v 20% Mipcin c dng vi
lng 250-500g a.i/ha, tr ry nu v b xt hi la, ry xanh hi lc, ry xanh v b xt mui
hi ch, ry bng trng hi c ph. Thuc Applaud tc ng n su hi chm. Thuc khng dit
c ry trng thnh (nu khng hn hp c vi Mipcin) v sau 3-7 ngy tc dng dit ry
non ca thuc mi th hin r v hiu lc ca thuc ko di t 21-25 ngy.
3.5.3.2 Applaud-Mipc: (hn hp applaud + mipcin)
-
3.5.3.3 Telubenzuron
- Tn gi khc: Nomolt
- Hot cht: 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,4-diflurophenyl)3-2(2,6-diflurobenzoyl)urea.
- c tnh: Tng di an ton cho ngi, gia sc, t lm nhim mi trng, LD50
(chut) >500mg/kg. Ch yu tc ng tip xc ln cn trng. Thuc c ch s hnh thnh Kitin
trong qu trnh lt xc, lm cn trng b cn cht.
- Cng dng v cch dng: Ph dit rng, hiu lc cao trn su non B cnh phn
(Lepidoptera), B cnh cng (Coleoptera). Thuc c tc dng tt i vi di c ph trn rau,
qu. Thng c s dng trn cc loi cy: cam, bng vi, c chua, rau, u, hoa, king. Liu
lng dng: 0,05-0,06% ch phm 5SC (0,4-0,5 lt/ha). Phun vo lc sng sm hoc chiu ti.
3.5.3.4 Chlorfluazuron
- Tn gi khc: Atabron.
- Tn ha hc:
diflobenzoyl)rue.
1[3,5-Diclo-4-(3-clo-5-triflometyl-2-pyridyloxi)-phenyl]-3-(2,6-
70
Chng 3
sa 50g a.i/lt (Atabron 5EC). tr su xanh, su khoang, su hng hi bng dng 50-250g
a.i/ha; tr b u di hi bng (Anthonomus) dng 50-150g a.i/ha; tr su c thn ng
dng 25-100g a.i/ha; tr su khoang hi rau pha Atabron 5 EC vi nc nng 0,05-0,1%
ri phun t u ln l rau.
3.5.3.5 Diflubenzuron
- Tn gi khc: Dimilin.
- Tn ha hc: 1-(4-Clophenyl)-3(2,6-diflobenzoyl)ure.
- Cng thc ha hc: C14H9ClF2N2O2
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
-triflo-p-tolyloxi)-2-flophenyl]-3-(2,6-diflo-
71
Chng 3
72
Chng 3
Shachongdan v Shachong Shuang c gia cng thnh dng bt tan trong nc 90-98%,
dng dung dch 18-25%, dng 0,7-0,75kg a.i/ha tr su n l, chch ht, c nn, c l rau,
qu, ch, ma, tr su c thn la. Hai loi thuc ny l sn phm ca Trung Quc v cha c
ng k s dng nc ngoi.
3.5.3.9 Thiocyclam
- Tn gi khc: Evisect
- Tn ha hc: 5-Dimetylamino-1,2,3-trithiane hidrogenoxalat
- Cng thc ha hc: C7H13NO4S3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
73
Chng 3
74
Chng 3
Tn gi khc: Rufast.
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th khng mu, mi, rt t tan trong nc (<
0,02ppm, 25oC), ha tan trong aceton, dimetylfomamid v clorofom. Thuc thuc nhm c
IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg, ADI: 0,02, MRL: rau, qu 0,1-0,2,
nho 0,5mg/kg, PHI: rau 3 ngy, nho 14-21 ngy, cy n qu 7-14 ngy.
S dng: Acrinathrin l loi thuc tr nhn thuc nhm Pyrethroit. Thuc c dng tip
xc, v c v hiu lc khi im rt nhanh. Thuc tr c nhn trng thnh v u trng.
Acrinathrin c gia cng dng sa, huyn ph m c, bt thm nc... Thuc sa Rufast
150g/l dng 0,25-0,5l/ha tr nhn hi cam, chanh, bi, nho, bng v rau.
3.6.2 AMITRAZ
- Tn gi khc: Mitac, Triatox, Acarac.
- Tn ha hc: N, N [(Metylimino) dimetyllidyne] di - 2,4 - xylidine.
- Cng thc ha hc: C19H21N3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng:
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
293,4
75
Chng 3
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong
nhiu dung mi hu c; khng bn trong dung dch chua, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc
nhm c III, LD50 per os: 800mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >1600mg/kg; ADI: 0,003mg/kg; MRL:
0,1mg/kg; PHI: 3 tun. Thuc c i vi c v ong mt.
S dng: L loi thuc tr nhn hi thc vt, c tc dng tip xc v v c, tr c
nhiu loi nhn mi pha pht trin ca chng. Ngoi ra thuc cn tr c nhiu loi su nh
b phn trng hi thuc l, rp sp, b xt, rp l; tr c trng su xanh, su khoang, su hng
hi bng. Thuc t c i vi k sinh c ch. Thuc c dng tr nhn v su hi cam,
chanh, bi, bng; tr ve, bt cho vt nui. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng sa 20%, bt thm
nc 50%.
3.6.3 BINAPACRYL
- Tn gi khc: Acricid, Morocid(e) ...
- Tn ha hc: 2 - sec - Butyl - 4,6 - dinitrophenyl 3 - metylbut - 2 - enoate.
- Cng thc ha hc: C15H18N2O6
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
3.6.4 PROPARGITE
- Tn gi khc: Comite 73EC, Uniroyal DO14, Fenpropar.
- Tn ha hc: 2-[4-(1,1-Dimetyl) phenoxi] xiclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
76
Chng 3
- Phn t lng:
350
- c tnh: Thuc k thut th du lng mu nu sng, hi mi kh sunfua, tan trong
nhiu dung mi hu c nh aceton, benzen, etanol, metanol, heptan, hu nh khng tan trong
nc. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 4029mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 2940mg/kg, LC50 (qua
ng h hp): 0,05ppm, c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt.
S dng: L loi thuc tr nhn hi thc vt c ph tc dng rng, tr c nhiu pha
trng thnh, trng u trng. Ngoi tip xc thuc c c tc dng xng hi, thi gian tc dng
ko di. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng sa, bt thm nc, dng t 300-500g a.i/ha.
77
Chng 3
cy cnh, nho. Nng s dng l 20-50g a.i/100 lt nc; thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per
os: 2631mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): >2000mg/kg, ADI: 0,03mg/kg.
- Fenson (Murvesco, CPBS, PCPBS): 4 - Clophenylbenzenesulfonat. Thuc c hiu lc
i vi tt cc pha pht trin ca nhn, thng c dng hn hp vi cc thuc tr nhn khc;
thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 1560-1740mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg.
- Flubenzimin (Croptotex): N - [3 - Phenyl - 4,5 bis [(triflometyl) imino] - 2 thiazolidinyllidene] - benzenamine. L loi thuc tr nhn v mt s nm bnh. Flubenzimin c
th tr c hu ht cc loi nhn hi thc vt v tr c bnh hi m l ch, m l c ph,
bnh m l cam, chanh, bi. Nng s dng 50g a.i/100 lt nc; thuc nhm c IV, LD50
per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: > 5000mg/kg.
- Formetanat (Carzol, Formetanat hidroclorit): 3 - Dimetyllaminometylen aminophenylmetylcacbamat. L loi thuc tr nhn v rui, b xt, b tr. Dng tr nhn
hi rau, cy n qu liu lng l 420g a.i/ha hoc nng 19-20g/100 lt nc; thuc nhm
c I, LD50 per os: 20mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 560mg/kg.
- Hexythiazox (Acariflor, Cesar, Zeldox, Savey): Trans - 5 - (4 - Clophenyl) - Nxiclohexyl - 4 - metyl - 2 - oxothiazolidine - 3 - cacboxamid. Thuc c hiu lc cao i vi nhiu
loi nhn hi thc vt, c tc dng dit trng, u trng v nhn trng thnh. Nng s dng
25-50g/100 lt nc; thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg.
- Tetrasul (Animert): 4 - Clophenyl 2, 4, 5 - triclophenyl - sulphit. Thuc c hiu lc i
vi nhiu loi nhn hi thc vt, tr c tt c cc pha pht trin; thng c dng tr nhn
cho da chut, nho (36g a.i/100 lt nc); thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 6810-12600mg/kg,
LD50 dermal: 10800mg/kg.
78
Chng 3
- c tnh: l loi bt mu xm, khng tan trong nc v ru etylic, tan trong benzen.
Trong mi trng m nht l trong mi trng axit, phosphua km phn gii hnh thnh kh c
Hydro phosphua (PH3). Tng phm cha 80-90% phosphua km. LD50 qua ming = 45,7
mg/kg, thuc nhm c I, rt c i vi c v vt nui. Cha c thuc gii c. Fokeba tc
ng ln thn kinh chut, lm cho chut ry ra v cht trong vng 2-9 ngy. Chut n cha
liu gy cht s trnh b, khng n li b . Chun b b: Cm, c, cua, thc n tha (20 phn)
trn vi thuc (1phn), t b ni chut hay qua li vo chiu ti sau khi nht ht gia sc li.
Hm sau thu nht xc chut, khng cho ch mo n phi xc chut v em chn xa nh. Bo
qun thuc xa tr em. Fokeba l thuc b hn ch s dng ti Vit Nam.
- S dng: Thuc gy c cp tnh, chut n phi b s cht ngay. Thc n lm b phi
kh ro, t ni ch chut hay i li, trnh xa tr em. S dng phosphua km phi tht thn
trng, theo ng qui trnh v an ton lao ng.
79
Chng 3
gi khng s dng gi li dng hm sau. Khng dng tay bc thuc v chut s pht hin
hi ngi m khng n.
Trong iu kin nhit bnh thng t 30-360C trong bng rm, thuc gi hiu lc
trong 21 ngy, di 300C c 28 ngy, t 4 n 160C gi c trong 6 thng.
Vi khun Salmonella cn c ng k lm thuc tr chut vi mt s ch phm thng
mi khc nh:
- B dit chut sinh hc (Vin Bo V Thc Vt): gm vi khun Salmonella I7F-4 +
Warfarin 0.05%. Cht b l thc nu chn. Trong 1g sn phm chc 2 t vi khun. Cho mt con
chut n 1-2g b, chut cht sau khi n b 5-10 ngy, chut n thuc b cht c th lm cho
nhng con khc trong by khng n b cng b nhim bnh cht (truyn bnh ngang). Thuc
khng gy tnh ngn b nn khng cn lm mi nh. S dng thuc sau khi sn xut 1-2 ngy,
lu hn phi bo qun trong t lnh.
Thuc an ton vi gi sc, gia cm. Mt con g
nng 350g cho n 50g b (100 t vi khun), ch 4 kg n 400g (800 t vi khun) khng b cht.
- Miroca 109 t bo/gam (ml) (Vin KHKT Nng Nghip Vit Nam) gm Salmonella
isatchenko 109 t bo/gam + Coumarin 0.04%.
B. THUC TR BNH CY
3.8 PHN LOI THEO KIU TC NG
3.8.1 Cc loi thuc ch c tc dng bo v cy
Cc thuc ny ch c tc dng phng nga bnh; khi s dng, thuc c phun u ln
cc b phn cn c bo v khi cy cha bnh hay chm bnh. Cc thuc bo v c th tip
xc hay lu tn.
+ Cc thuc tip xc: Cc thuc ny c th tn cng (c ch hoc tiu dit) nm bnh
ang trng thi ngh trc khi chng xm nhp vo cy k ch.
+ Cc thuc lu tn: Nhng thuc ny c ri u ln cc b phn cn c bo v ca
cy mai phc nm bnh. Khi nm bnh bm vo cy th thuc s c ch hoc tiu dit
chng.
3.8.2 Cc cht ty tr: Cc thuc ny tiu dit nm bnh ngay vng xm nhim ngay khi
chng xm nhp vo t bo cy (thuc gc thy ngn, lu hunh-vi...).
3.8.3 Cc cht ha tr liu (Therapeutant): l nhng cht c kh nng:
+ Lm gim bnh bng cch lm mt tc dng ca cht c do nm tit ra.
+ Lm cho cy tr nn khng bnh
+ Tc ng lu dn (Systemic fungicide): thuc xm nhp vo h thng cy trng v c
dn truyn n cc b phn khc hoc ton b cy trng tiu dit nm bnh.
80
Chng 3
81
Chng 3
82
Chng 3
- Cng dng v cch dng: phng tr c nhiu loi nm bnh hi trn l cy trng nh
cc bnh m en, m nu, gh, b hng trn cam, qut, chanh...; bnh r st, thn th trn c
ph; bnh phng l, chm xm l tr; bnh m l, m mt cua hi thuc l, bnh gic ban
bng; bnh m nu, sng mai c chua; bnh m l, bnh r trn u...liu lng thng dng:
5-7 lt Oxychlorua ng 30HP/ha, nng 1:100:150.
Ch : khng dng chung vi nhng thuc c tnh acid hoc kim. Trc khi s dng
nn lc u chai. Thuc t hiu lc i vi bnh phn trng bu b, u, bng...
c. HYDROXID NG
- Dng ch phm: Champion 77 WP, Kocide 61 DF, Funguran 50 WP
- Cng thc: Cu(OH)2
-Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, mu xanh l cy, tan t trong nc v dung mi
hu c. Phn ng trung tnh.
Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1000 mg/kg, c vi mt, t c vi c v ong.
Thi gian cch ly 7 ngy.
- Cng dng: Phng tr bnh mc sng c chua, khoai ty; bnh sng mai, mc xm,
phn trng cho nho; bnh so v lot cam qut, bnh g st v m l c ph; bnh phng
l ch; bnh m rong, m ng tin cy n qu; cc bnh do vi khun rau mu... .
Nng 0,2-0,3% phun ln l hoc ti r.
83
Chng 3
(32,06)x
- c tnh: dng tinh th hoc khng nh hnh, mu vng xm, tan trong cacbon
disunfua (CS2), t tan trong cc dung mi khc, phn ng vi st v mt s kim loi. Lu hunh
bc hi mnh nhit cao, khi t nng th bay hi v ngui th thng hoa; thuc nhm dc
IV, rt t c i vi ngi v vt nui; MRL: i vi rau, qu 25-50mg/kg; PHI: rau n qu 3
ngy, da chut, cy ly du, hnh, ti 4 ngy, rau n l 7 ngy, nho 10 ngy, cy lm thuc 14
ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt v c.
S dng: Lu hunh nguyn cht c gia cng thnh nhiu dng. Lu hunh phun bt
cha 99,8% lu hunh, c mn 3-4 micron, dng vi lng 15-27kg/ha tr bnh phn
trng cho rau, la m, mch, ng. Thuc c trn vi vi theo t l 1:1 hoc 1 (vi): 3 (lu
hunh) rc cho cy hoc x l t tr bnh gh khoai ty, bnh mui en hnh, bnh
Strepmocyces v Synchytrichum. liu s dng 10-12kg/ha, lu hunh tr c nhn , nhn
trng hi cam, qut. Lu hunh keo c mn 0,01-0,1micron, cha 50-80% lu hunh ( dng
bt nho hay bt thm nc) c dng pha nc nng 0,4-0,8% phun tr bnh phn
trng cho cy trng. Lu hunh bt thm nc c mn >1 micron, cha 65-90% lu hunh
nguyn t, dng pha nc nng 0,2-0,75% v lu hunh huyn ph, cha 30% lu hunh,
dng pha nc nng 1,5-2% phun tr bnh cho cy.
b. Lu hunh vi: CaS2
- c pha ch bng cch un nu hn hp gm: lu hunh, vi sng v nc theo t l:
2,3 : 1: 10.
- Cch nu: sau khi ti vi, cho lu hunh vo, khuy u v un si trong mt gi, sau
h nhit xung, un la nh cho n khi dung dch c mu mn chn, t t trng 32
Baum (d=1,283) tr ln v cha trn 20% Canxi Polysulphite.
- Cng dng: tc ng dit tr, dng tr cc bnh m phn, thi nu v nhiu bnh
khc trn to, u, nho, mn... Phun u khp thn l khi bnh xut hin nng 0,3-0,5%
Bom (hn hp pha ch xong c pha long thm 40-100 ln phun).
Ngoi nm bnh, thuc ny cn tr c mt s loi nhn , nhn bc, rp sp, ru, a
y...
3.9.2.2 Lu hunh hu c: (Cc hp cht Dithiocacbamat kim loi)
L nhng dn xut ca acide dithiocarbamic; c dng :
- Phun l: Ziram, Ferbam, Zineb, Maneb, Nabam.
- X l ging: Thiuram.
- X l t: Vapam.
Cc thuc ny iu kh bn iu kin bnh thng v b phn hy trong mi trng
kim. t c vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, tuy nhin c th gy kch thch da, hng, mi,
tng i an ton cho cy trng.
a. Ziram:
Cng thc ha hc: (CH3)2 N-CS-S-Zn-S-CS-N(CH3)2
Bn nht trong s cc thuc nhm dithiocarbamate, ch phn hy trong mi trng kim
v acid c, nhit cao. t tan trong nc (65ppm), tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c t
gy hi cho cy trng, tr mt s cy mn cm vi km. Tng hp vi hu ht cc thuc tr
dch hi khc, tr nhng thuc cha cc kim loi nng (Cu, Hg, Fe) v vi. Cng dng: Tc ng
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
84
Chng 3
lu tn, tr nhiu loi nm bnh trn l ca rau, cy n qu, cy cnh. Nng dng 0,15-0,25%
cc ch phm 70-90%, c th phun nga nh k vi khong cch 7-10 ngy.
b. Ferbam
- Tn gi khc: Fermate.
- Tn ha hc: St - tri (dimetyl dithiocacbamat).
- Cng thc ha hc: C9H18FeN3S6.
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
85
Chng 3
86
Chng 3
87
Chng 3
88
Chng 3
3.9.4.1 Iprodione
-
Phn t lng:
330,2
- c tnh: Iprodione k thut dng tinh th, tan tt t trong nc, tan trong nhiu loi
dung mi hu c, khng n mn kim loi, tng i bn trong mi trng axit, thy phn trong
mi trng kim. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 2000mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th):
>2000mg/kg; ADI: 0,3mg/kg; MRL: du ty 15mg/kg, x lch, nho 10mg/kg, ng cc, ht c
du 0,22mg/kg; PHI: du ty 10 ngy, x lch 14 ngy, nho 28 ngy. Thuc c i vi c;
khng c i vi ong mt.
S dng: Iprodione c gia cng thnh dng bt thm nc 50%, thuc c pha vi
nc nng 0,1-0,2% phun tr bnh Botrytis hi nho, x lch, bp ci, hoa, cy cnh; tr
nm Monilia, Sclerotium spp., Alternaria, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Rhizoctonia v Typhula
spp. hi rau, mu, cy n qu. tr bnh kh vn hi la dng 1,5-1,7 kg Rovral bt thm nc
50%/ha. C th dng Rovral hn hp vi Zineb tr bnh thi gc da hu, bp ci v hnh, ti.
3.9.4.2. Rovral TS
- Thnh phn: Iprodione 35% + Carbendazim 17,5%.
- Thng dng kh c ht ging liu lng 150-250g/kg ht phng tr nhiu
loi nm bnh (R. solani, Fusarium sp., Altemaria sp., Ticillium sp., Sclerotiana sp.).
3.9.5 THUC TR NM HU C NI HP
3.9.5.1 Thuc tr nm nhm ln hu c
* c im chung:
-Tc ng dit tr v c kh nng lu dn ln.
- Ph tc dng hp.
- t c vi ngi v ng vt mu nng.
- C th dit c mt s loi su hi.
KITAZIN, KITAZIN P, KIAN ( ZINAPHOS, IBP, IZOKITAZIN)
- Dng ch phm: 50ND, 10BR
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
89
Chng 3
90
Chng 3
c th phun 2 ln, cch nhau 5-7 ngy. phng bnh o n trn bng (thi c gi) cn phun 2
ln t lc l ng n lc tr bng (cch nhau 7-12 ngy) khi phun tr cn trng nn phun k
vo gc la, b l, nch l vo lc c cn trng xut hin.
Lu : thi k cch ly 14 ngy. Khng hn hp vi nhng thuc c tnh kim. Ging nh
Kitazin, i khi trn l xut hin nhng chm nu , nhng khng nh hng n nng sut.
3.9.5.2 Thuc tr nm nhm Benzimidazol
* c im chung:
- t c vi ngi v ng vt.
- Ph phng tr rng, tuy nhin hiu lc km i vi lp nm Phycomycetes: Alternaria
sp., Helminthosporium sp., Sclerotium rolfsii ).
a. Benomyl
- Tn gi khc: Fundazol, Fundozol
- Tn thng mi: Bemyl 50 WP, Ben 50 WP, Bendazol 50 WP, Viben 50 WP, Benlate
50 WP...
- Tn ha hc: Metyl 1-(butylcacbamoyl ) benzimidazol-2-ylcacbamat
- Cng thc ha hc: C14H18N4O3
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
91
Chng 3
Fusarium spp., nng 0,2% trong 30 pht; dng 0,3kg/ha tr bnh m en trn la m, bnh
phn trng trn rau qu; nng 0,05 % phun tr bnh phn trng hoa hng; nng 0,06%
tr bnh phn trng cy n qu, nho, du ty, nng 0,1% phun tr bnh thi nhn xu ho,
bp ci, x lch, bnh thi v vt en cy cnh. liu lng 2 kg/ha thuc cn c tc dng c
ch bnh kh vn v bnh o n pht trin.
b. Carbendazim
-Tn thng mi: Carbenzim 50 WP, Carban 50 SC, Bavistin 50 FL, Derosal 50 SC,
Carosal 50 WP, Appencarb supper 50 FL...
- Tn ha hc: 2-(Methyoxylcarbolamino)-benzimidazol
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
Tn gi khc: Anvil
92
Chng 3
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, tan t trong nc (18mg/lt), tan trong
nhiu dung mi hu c. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 2189-6071mg/kg, LD50 dermal:
>2000mg/kg. Thuc c c trung bnh i vi ong mt v c.
S dng: Anvil tc dng ni hp, tr c nhiu loi nm bnh. Thuc c gia cng
thnh dng dung dch huyn ph m c 5% (Anvil 5 SC), dng du (Anvil 5 OL)... Anvil 5 SC
cha 50g a.i/lt, dng tr bnh thi qu nho, bnh phn trng hi nho (30-100 g a.i/ha), tr bnh
m l lc (20-50g a.i/ha), bnh g st c ph, m nu c ph (30-100 g a.i/ha), bnh m sc l
chui Sigatoka (30-100g a.i/ha), bnh phn trng hi rau (20-50g a.i/ha), bnh phng l ch (2550g a.i/ha), bnh g st v phn trng hi cy cnh v hoa hng (25-50g a.i/ha) v bnh lem lp
ht la, bnh kh vn hi la (50-100g a.i/ha).
b. Diniconazole
-
Phn t lng:
326,23
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng bt mu xm, tan t trong nc ( 4,01% ), tan
trong mt s dung mi hu c, bn vng di tc ng ca nh sng, nhit . Thuc thuc
nhm c III, LD50 per os: 639mg/kg. LD50 dermal: > 5000mg/kg. Thuc c i vi c.
93
Chng 3
94
Tn gi khc: Bonanza
Chng 3
Tn gi khc: Bayleton
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht th rn, tan t trong nc (260mg/kg), tan trong cc
dung mi hu c thng thng nh toluen, diclometan v.v... khng n mn kim loi. Thuc
thuc nhm c III. LD50 per os: 1000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg, ADI: 0,03mg/kg,
MRL: hoa bia 15mg/kg, du ty 0,2mg/kg, cc sn phm khc 0,1mg/kg; PHI: da chut 3
ngy, ng cc 35 ngy, hoa bia 14 ngy, nho 35 ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt, thuc
t c i vi c.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
95
Chng 3
96
Chng 3
Tn gi khc: Monceren
Tn ha hc: 1-(4-Clobenzyl)-1-xiclopentyl-3-phenylurea
Cng thc ha hc: C19H21ClN2O
Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
97
Chng 3
- c tnh: Fosetyl- aluminium (vit tt l Fosetyl-Al) nguyn cht dng khng mu,
tan trong nc (122g/lt), khng ha tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, bn vng trong iu kin
bo qun tt, phn hy trong mi trng kim v acid, oxi ha mnh di tc ng ca cht oxi
ha kh, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 5800mg/kg, LD50
dermal (th): > 2000mg/kg; PHI: rau, qu 14 ngy, nho 35 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, t c i
vi ong mt.
S dng: Fosetyl-Al l loi thuc tr bnh tc dng ni hp. Thuc c ch bin thnh
dng thm nc 80% (Aliette 80WP) hoc hn hp vi Captan, Thiabendazole, hn hp vi
Bendiocarb, Folpet, Mancozeb. Loi Aliette 80WP pha nc nng 0,3% phun tr bnh cht
o h tiu (Phytophthora palmivora), nng 0,25% phun tr bnh thi nn da
(Phytophthora parasitica), bnh phytophthora hi cao su, cam, qut, bi v mt s cy n qu
khc. Bnh Pseudomoperonospora, Peronospora, Bremia, Pythium hi da chut, hnh ty, cy
con thuc l.
d. Cymoxanil
- Tn khc: Curzate M8
- Tn ha hc: 1-(2-Xiano-2-methoxiiminoaxetyl)-3-etylure
- Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
98
Chng 3
99
Chng 3
- c tnh: Kasumin dng tinh th, tan trong nc (125g/lt), tan t hoc khng tan
trong nhiu loi dung mi hu c, khng bn vng trong mi trng acid v kim mnh. Thuc
thuc nhm c IV. LD50 per os: 22mg/kg, LD50 dermal 4mg/kg. PHI: cy n qu 14-21 ngy,
da chut, c chua 1 ngy, ci xanh, x lch, cam, qut 7 ngy, ch 30 ngy. Thuc khng c
di vi c v ong mt.
S dng: Kasumin c sn xut qua qu trnh ln men nm Streptomyces kasugaensis.
Thuc c ch bin thnh cc dng dung dch 2%, bt thm nc 2-5%, ht 2%, dng hn hp
vi ng oxyclorua (gi l Kasuran) vi Fthalide (gi l Kasurabcide). Ch phm Kasurabcide
(cn gi l Kasai) 21,2% bt thm nc gm 1,2% Kasumin, 20% Fthalide. tr bnh o n,
bnh m sc vi khun hi la dng Kasumin dung dch hoc bt thm nc 2% liu lng 11,5kg ch phm/ha. Cn phun lc la tr r tr o n c bng. Ch phm Kasuran c hai
loi u l dng bt thm nc v dng liu lng nh nhau. Loi cha 5% Kasumin + 75,6%
ng oxyclorua (45% ng kim loi), loi 2% Kasumin + 80,6% ng oxyclorua (48% ng kim
loi) Kasuran pha vi nc 0,1-0,15% phun tr bnh mc sng, bnh m l vi khun
(Pseudomonas syringae), bnh phn trng, bnh rm, thi nhn vi khun cho da, bu, b, c
chua, da hu, khoai ty, hnh, t... tr bnh gh l, m en, si cnh cam qut, bnh m nu,
g st, thi vi khun c ph, bnh chy l v bnh phng l ch.
3.10.2 Streptomycin: l ch phm c sn xut t s ln men ca nm Streptomyces, c tc
ng khng sinh.
-
100
Chng 3
C. THUC TR C
3.11.1 nh ngha
C di l nhng loi thc vt mc ni m con ngi khng mong mun, lm cn tr
qu trnh sn xut nng nghip.
3.11.2 c im c di
- Sinh trng nhanh: Mt ht c lng vc cn (Echinochloa colona) s cho 50 chi sau
45 ngy, la s cho 25 chi khi trng trong chu.
- Thch ng tt vi iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng:
Chu hn: C tc hnh (Digitaria sanguinalis), c tranh (Imperata
c c (Cyperus rotundus).
cylindrica),
101
Chng 3
102
Chng 3
Cch sinh sn
- Sinh sn hu tnh: hu ht c hng nin u sinh sn bng ht.
- Sinh sn va hu tnh va v tnh: c nh nin hoc a nin. Ngoi vic sinh sn
bng ht, c cn sinh sn bng thn ngm nh c ch, c g (Cynodon dactylon), rau m
(Centella asiatica).
Da vo h thng phn loi thc vt
C lng vc (Echinochloa crus-galli).
Loi : Crus-galli
Ging: Echinochloa
H
: Poaceae (Graminae)
: Poales (Graminales)
3.11.5 Thuc tr c
3.11.5.1 nh ngha
Thuc tr c l nhng ha cht nng nghip dng git cht hoc ngn tr qu trnh
sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng ca c.
3.11.5.2 Phn nhm thuc c
a. Thuc c chn lc
Thuc ch gy c cho mt s loi c ny m t hoc khng gy hi cho nhng loi cy
khc, thuc ch git vi loi thc vt trong qun th nhiu loi. V d: 2,4-D tr c l rng, c
chc, c lc; Whips tr c lng vc, ui phng
b. Thuc c khng chn lc (trit sinh)
Tiu dit mi loi c khi cht c tip xc c cy c, k c cy trng. Thuc dit tt
c cc loi trong qun th c. V d: Gramoxone 20SL (Paraquat), Basta 15SL (Glyphosinate
amonium) Glyphosan 480DD (Glyphosate), Spark 16WSC (Glyphosate).
103
Chng 3
c. Thi im p dng
- p dng trc khi gieo trng: Glyphosate (Touchdown 48SL, Roundup 480SC,
Glyphosan 480DD), Paraquat (Gramoxone 20SL), Metolachlor (Dual 720ND).
- Tin ny mm (Pre-emergency herbicide): Thuc c tc dng dit c trc khi ht
c sp ny mm hay ngay khi c ang ny mm. iu kin thnh cng ca bin php ny l t
phi bng phng, m . Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua r mm v l mm nh Meco 60ND
(Butachlor), Sofit 300ND (Pretilachlor).
- Hu ny mm (Post-emergency herbicide): Thuc c tc dng dit c sau khi c
v cy trng mc. Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua l v mt phn qua r. Whips 75 EW,
Saviour 10 WP (Cyclosulfamuron), Butanil 55EC (Propanil 27,5% + Butachlor 27,5%),
Butachlor (Michelle 62ND, Echo 60EC, Vibuta 62ND), Sindax 10WP (Londax 8,25% + Ally
1,75% ), Anco 720ND (2,4-D).
-3
Thuc tin ny mm
Meco, Sofit
Echo
25 ngy
10
+3
Ngy
gieo
s
Hu ny mm sm
Sirius, Bandit,
Sunrice, Saturn,
Butanil, Saviour
Thuc hu ny mm mun
2,4-D, Wham, Whips
Sindax, Ally, Ankill A, Solito,
Nominee, Clincher
d. Da trn cch tc ng
- Thuc tr c tip xc: Thuc c tc dng git cht m thc vt ti ch hay gn ni
tip xc vi thuc. Gramoxone 20SL (Paraquat), Butanil 55EC (Propanil 27,5%+ Butachlor
27,5%).
- Thuc tr c ni hp: thuc lu dn i xa cch ni tip xc vi thuc. Hin nay a s
cc lai thuc dit c u c tnh ni hp (lu dn). Glyphosate (Touchdown 48SL, Roundup
480SC, Glyphosan 480DD), 2,4-D (Anco 720DD, Vi 2,4-D 700DD).
e. Da trn thnh phn ha hc
Thuc c v c: Thuc nhm ny hin nay rt t ph bin, do thuc chm phn
hy, lu tn lu trong mi trng.
- Cyanamid calcit Ca(CN)2
- Chlorat natri NaClO3
- Sulfat ng ngm nc CuSO4 . nH2O
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
104
Chng 3
mc.
105
Chng 3
6. Triazine
- Ametryne (Gesapax 500DD), Atrazine (Gesaprim), Simazine (Visimaz 80BTN).
- Tc ng phn ng Hill ca qu trnh quang hp, c ch vn chuyn in t.
- Chn lc, ni hp qua r v l.
- Hiu lc i vi c mt v hai l mm.
7. Bipyridylium
- Paraquat (Gramoxone 20SC), nng dn thng gi l thuc c chy.
- Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ph hy lc lp.
- Tip xc, mt phn ni hp qua l.
- Khng chn lc.
- Tr c nht nin, nh nin v c a nin.
8. Ln hu c
- Glyfosinate ammonium (Basta 15DD), Anilofos (Ricozin 30EC).
- Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr s chuyn ha NH3, gy c
cho cy.
- Tip xc v bn lu dn, hp thu qua l, t qua r.
- Khng chn lc, hiu qu i vi c ha bn v c l rng trong vn.
9. Glycines
- Glyphosate (Glyphosan 480DD, Roundup 480SD, Vifosat 480DD, Spark 16SC).
- Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr sinh tng hp cc amino acid, m, lm
thay i cu trc lc lp.
- Tip xc v lu dn, hp thu qua l v r.
- Khng chn lc, tr c ha bn, c l rng trong vn cy n tri.
10. Aryloxy-phenoxy-propionates
- Phenoxaprop - P- ethyl (Whips 7,5EW), Fluazifop - P- butyl (Onecide 15EC),
Cyhalofop - butyl (Clincher 10EC).
- c ch sinh tng hp cht bo.
- Chn lc, ni hp qua l v thn.
- Hu ny mm, tr c ha bn, c chc, c lc, c l rng...
------oOo------
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Phn loi thuc tr su theo nhm gc ha hc?
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
106
Chng 3
107
Chng 3
108