3.Pt BPT Chua Can Thuc

1
Chuyen e 3
PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH
CHA CAN THC
TRNG TM KIN THC
I. Cac ieu kien va tnh chat c ban :

* A co ngha khi A > 0
* 0 > A vi A > 0
* A A =
2
&
<
>
=
0 A neu A -
0 A neu A
A
* ( ) A A =
2
vi A > 0
* B A B A . . = khi A , B > 0
* B A B A = . . khi A , B s 0

II. Cac nh ly c ban : (quan trng)

a) nh ly 1 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th A = B A
2
= B
2

b) nh ly 2 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th A > B A
2
> B
2

c) nh ly 3: Vi A va B bt k th A = B A
2
= B
2

III. Cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh can thc c ban & cach giai :

Phng php chung gii loi ny l KH CN THC bng php nng ly tha.

* Dang 1 :
A 0 (hoac B 0 )
A B
A B
> >
=

=

* Dang 2 :
2
B 0
A B
A B
>
=

=

* Dang 3 :
2
A 0
A B B 0
A B
>
< >
<

* Dang 4:
2
A 0
B 0
A B
B 0
A B
>

<
>

>
>

2
IV. Cac cach giai phng trnh can thc thng s dung :

* Phng phap 1 : Bien oi ve dang c ban

V du : Giai phng trnh sau : 0 2 1 9 3
2
= + + x x x (1)

Bi gii:

Ta c:

2 2
2 2
2
3x 9x 1 x 2 0 3x 9x 1 2 x

3x 9x 1 4 4x x
x 2

2x 5x 3 0
x 2
x 3

2 x 0

1
x
2
- + + - = - + = -
- + = - +
- - =
= -
-
1
x
2
= -

Vy tp nghim ca pt(1) l
{ }
1
S
2
= -
Bi tp t luyn:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) 5 2 3 4
2
= + x x x (
5
14
= x )
2) 7 1 2 2 = x x ( 5 = x )
3) 1 2 3 2
2
+ = + x x x ( )
3
15 3
= x
4) 3 1 7 0 x x = ( 4) x =
5)
2
1
3
8
x
x
=
+
( 1; 8) x x = =
6) 2 27 6 x x + = ( 1) x =
7) 7 5 x x + = ( 2) x =

3
* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc

V du : Giai phng trnh sau : 2x 9 4 x 3x 1 + - - = + (1)

Bi gii:
iu kin:
9
x
2x 9 0
2
1
4 x 0 x 4 x 4
3
3x 1 0 1
x
3
-
+

- -

+

-

Khi :

( )( )
( )( )
2
2x 9 4 x 3x 1 2x 9
2x 9 2x 5 2 3x 1 4 x
3x 1 4 x 2

3x 1 4 x
3x 11x 0

+ - = + + =
+ = + + + -
+ - =
- + =
- + + -
x 0

11
x
3
=

Nghim tm c tha iu kin ban u
Vy tp nghim ca pt(1) l
{ }
11
S 0;
3
=
Bi tp t luyn:
1) 1 7 2 3 = + x x ( 9 = x )
2) 3 8 + = + x x x ( 1 = x )
3) 2 1 + = + + x x x (
3
3 2 3 +
= x )
4) 4 3 1 + = + x x ( 0 = x )
5) 2 1 2 1 1 x x = ( 5) x =
6) 2 2 3 3 5 x x x + = ( 2) x =

4
* Phng phap 3 : at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh hoac he pt ai so
Phng php:
Bc 1: t n ph, nu iu kin ca n ph (nu c).
Bc 2: Chuyn PT cho v PT cha n ph. Gii PT cha n ph. i chiu vi iu kin n ph
nu tm nghim thch hp ca PT ny.
Bc 3: Tm nghim ca PT ban u theo h thc khi t n ph.

V du 1 : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) x x x x 3 3 ) 2 )( 5 (
2
+ = + (1)
2) 5 ) 4 )( 1 ( 4 1 = + + + + x x x x

Bi gii:
1)
2
(x 5)(2 x) 3 x 3x + - = + (1)
iu kin:
2
x 3x 0 x 3 x 0 + -
Khi :
2 2
(1) ( ) 10 3 x 3x x (2) 3x + - + = +
t ( )
2
t x 3x t 0 = + , phng trnh (2) tr thnh:

2
t 2
t 3t 10 0
t 5 (loai)
=
+ - =
= -

Vi t 2 = ta c phng trnh:
2 2
x 1
x 3x 2 x 3x 4 0
x 4
=
+ = + - =
= -

Vy tp nghim ca pt(1) l { } S 4;1 = -
2) x 1 4 x (x 1)(4 x) 5 + + - + + - = (1)
iu kin:
x 1 0 x 1
1 x 4
4 x 0 x 4
+ -

-

-

t t x 1 4 x ( 0 t ) = + + -
Suy ra: ( )( ) ( )( )
2
2
t 5
t 5 2 x 1 4 x x 1 4 x
2
-
= + + - + - =
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh:

2
2
t 3
t 5
t 5 t 2t 15 0
t 5 (loai) 2
=
-

+ = + - =
= -


( )( )
( )( )
2
x 1 4 x 3 5 2 x 1 4 x 9
x 1 4 x 4
x 0
x 3x 0
x 3
+ + - = + + - =
+ - =
=
- + =

Vy tp nghim ca pt(1) l { } S 0; 3 =
5

V d 2 : Gii phng trnh:
3
2 3x 2 3 6 5x 8 0 - + - - =

Bi gii:
Cch 1: S dng hai n ph
iu kin:
6
6 5x 0 x
5
> s
t
( )
3 3
2
u 3x 2 u 3x 2
v 6 5x v 6 5x v 0
= =

= = >

th ta c h phng trnh:

{
( )( )
2
3 2
3 2 3
2
8 2u
v
8 2u
2u 3v 8 v 3
3
8 2u 5u 3v 8
15u 4u 32u 40 0 5u 3 8
3
8 2u
v

3
u 2 15u 26u 20 0

=

+ = =

+ = | |
+ + = + =
|
\ .

+ + =
( )( )
{
2
8 2u
v
u 2

3
v 4
u 2 15u 26u 20 0

=
=
+ + =

- Vi
{
u 2
v 4
=
=
ta c x 2 =
Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh (1) l { } S 2 =
Cch 2: S dng mt n ph
iu kin:
6
6 5x 0 x
5
> s
t
3
3
t 2
t 3x 2 x
3
+
= = . Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh

( )
{
3 3
3
2
3 2
8 2t 0
8 5t 8 5t
8 5t 2t 3 8 0 3 8 2t
9. 8 2t
3 3
3
t 4

15t 4t 32t 40 0

>

+ = =

=
+ + =
( )( )
2
t 4

t 2 15t 26t 20 0
t 2
s

+ + =
=

- Vi t 2 = ta c x 2 =

Vy tp nghim ca phng trnh (1) l { } S 2 =
Bi tp t luyn:
6
1) ( )
2
2
2 1 12 2 1 x x x = +
1 13
( ; 3; 2)
2
x x x
= = =
2)
2 2
3 21 18 2 7 7 2 x x x x + + + + + = ( ) 6; 1 x x = =
3) 4 ) 5 )( 2 ( 5 2 = + + + + x x x x (
2
5 3 3
= x )
4) 16 2 12 2 4 4
2
+ = + + x x x x (x=5)
5)
2
2 2
4 8
4
x
x x + =
5
2
x
| |
=
|
\ .

6)
3
1 1
1
2 2
x x + + =
7 1
;
2 2
x x
| |
= =
|
\ .

7)
2 2
17 17 9 x x x x + + = ( ) 1; 4 x x = =
8)
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x + =
1 5 5 1
1; ;
2 2
x x x
| |
+
= = =
|
|
\ .

9)
4 4
17 3 x x + = ( ) 1; 16 x x = =
10)
4
4
1
8 1 9 3 x
x
+ + =
1
7
x
| |
=
|
\ .

7
* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so : A.B = 0 hoac A.B.C = 0

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) x x
x
x
=
1 2 3
2 3
2

2)
2
x 2 7 x 2 x 1 x 8x 7 1 + = + + +

Bi gii:
1) x x
x
x
=
1 2 3
2 3
2
(1)
iu kin:
2
3x 2 0 x
3
- > >
Khi :

( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
(1) x 3x 2 1 x 3x 2
x 1 3x 2 0

x 1

3x 2 2 x
x 1
x 2
3x 2 4 4x x
x 1 x 1
x 2 x 2 x 1
x 1 x 6 x 7x 6
x 1
x 1 x
x 2 3 2 0
2
x
0
- + = - -
+ - - =

- = -

- = - +

= =

=

= = - + =

- - + - =

-

Vy tp nghim ca pt(1) l { } S 1 =
2)
2
x 2 7 x 2 x 1 x 8x 7 1 + = + + + (2)
iu kin:
7 x 0 x 7
1 x 7
x 1 0 x 1
-

-

Khi :
8

( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
+ =
+ =
=
= =

=
=
=
2
(1) 2 7 x 2 x 1 7 x x 1 0
2 7 x 2 x 1 7 x x 1 0
x 1 x 1 7 x 2 x 1 7 x 0
x 1 7 x x 1 2 0
x 1 7 x x 4

x 1
x

x 5
x 1 2
1

Vy tp nghim ca pt(1) l { } S 4; 5 =
Bi tp t luyn:
1) ( )
2
2 7 2 7 9 7 x x x x + + = + + ( 1 2 2) x = +
2) 2 2 15 3 2 10 x x x x + + = + +
3
( ; 23)
2
x x = =
3) 5 6 3 10 2 x x x + + = + + ( 2) x =
4)
3
4 1 3 2
5
x
x x
+
+ = ( 2) x =
5)
2 2 2 2
3 7 3 2 3 5 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + = + ( 2) x =
LU :
Ngoi cc phng php nu, ngi ta c th vn dng thm cc phng php gii sau y gii phng
trnh c cha cn thc
1) S dng bt ng thc nh gi tr mt hoc hai v ca PT.
2) t n ph c lin quan n lng gic chuyn PT sang PT lng gic.
3) S dng phng php hm s (n iu, cc tr).

9
V. Cac cach giai bat phng trnh can thc thng s dung :
* Phng phap 1 : Bien oi ve dang c ban

V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) 1 3 4
2
+ < + x x x 2) 2 ) 4 )( 1 ( > + x x x

Bi gii:
1) 1 3 4
2
+ < + x x x (1)
Ta c:

2
2
2 2
x 4x 3 0
x 4x 3 x 1 x 1 0
x 4x 3 x 2x 1
x 1 x 3
1
x 1
x 1
3
x 3
1
x
3
- +
- + < + + >
- + < + +

<
> -
>

Vy tp nghim ca bpt(1) l [ )
1
S ;1 3;
3

= +

2) 2 ) 4 )( 1 ( > + x x x (1)
Ta c:

2 2
2
(x 1)(4 x) 0
x 2 0
(x 1)(4 x) x 2
x 2 0
x 3x 4 x 4x 4
1 x 4
1 x 2
1 x 2
x 2
x 2

x 2
2
7
0 x
2x 7x 0
2
+ -

- <
+ - > -

- + + > - +
-
- <
- <
<

< <

- <

7
x
2
<

Vy tp nghim ca bpt(1) l
7
S 1;
2

= -

Bi tp t luyn:
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1) 2 6
2
+ > + x x x ( 3 s x )
2) 1 ) 1 ( 2
2
+ s x x ( 3 1 1 s s v = x x )
3) x x x < 12
2
( 4 > x )
4) x x x > + 2 6 5 2
2
( 1 10 > v s x x )
10
* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc

V du : Giai bat phng trnh sau :

x 11 2x 1 x 4 + > (1)

Bi gii
iu kin:
>
+ >

> >

>
>
>
x 11
x 11 0
1
2x 1 0 x
2
x 4 0
4
x
x
4
Khi :

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2
(1) x 11
x 11 3x 5 2 x 4 2x 1
2 x 4 2x 1 16 2x
x 4 2x 1 8 x
8 x 0

2x 9x 4 64 16x x
x 8

x
x
7x 60 0
x 8
12 x 5
12
1
x 5
4 2x +
+ - + - -
- - -
- - -

- + - +

+ -
- +
-

So vi iu kin ban u ta c 4 x 5
Vy tp nghim ca bpt(1) l S 4; 5

=

Bi tp t luyn:
1) 1 2 4 11 + > + x x x ( 5 4 s s x )
2) 1 5 5 3 > + x x ( 4 > x )
3) x x x s + + 1 2 (
3
3 2 3 +
> x )

11
* Phng phap 3 : at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so

V du : Giai bt phng trnh sau : 1 2 3 3 4 2
2 2
> + + x x x x

Bi gii:

iu kin:
2 2
3 2x x 0 x 2x 3 0 1 3 x - - + - -
Khi :

( )
2 2
(1) 3 1 2 6 x 2x 3 x ( ) 3 2 2x - - + - - - + > +
t
2
t x 2x 3 (t 0) = - - + , bt phng trnh (2) tr thnh

2 2
5
3t 2t 5 2t 3t 5 0 1 t
2
> - - - < - < <
Do t 0 nn ta ch nhn
5
0 t
2
<
Vi
5
0 t
2
< ta c bt phng trnh:

( )
2 2 2
5
x 2x 3 4 x 2x 3 25 4x 8x 13 0 x
2
- - + < - - + < + + > "
So vi iu kin ban u ta suy ta tp nghim bpt(1) l [ ] S 3;1 = -

V du : Giai bt phng trnh sau :
( )
2
x x
1
1 2 x x 1
>
+
(1)

Bi gii:
iu kin:
( )
2
2
x 0
x x 1 0 x 0
2 x x 1 1
>
+ > >
+ =

Do
( )
2
2
1 3 3
1 2 x x 1 1 0 2 x 1
2 4 2
(
| |
+ = + s
(
|
\ .
(
<
nn
( ) ( )
2
x x 1 2 x x 1 (2) 1 s +
t ( ) t x t 0 = > , bt phng trnh (2) tr thnh:
12

( )
( )
( )
2
4 2 2
2
4 2 2
4 3 2
2
2
2
1 5
1 5
1 t t 0
0 t
0 t
2 t t 1 1 t t
2
2
2t 2t 2 1 t t
t 2t t 2t 1 0 0
1 5
0 t 1 5
1 5
t t
0 t
2
t
2
1 5 2
t t 1 0
t
2
1
+
+ >
s s
s s
+ s +

+ s +

+ + s s
s s +

+
s s
=

+ =
=
+

- Vi
1 5
t
2
+
= ta c
1 5 3 5
x x
2 2
+
= =
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
3 5
S
2

=
`

)

Bi tp t luyn:
1) x x x x 2 7 1 10 5
2 2
> + + ( 1 3 > v s x x )
2) 28 5 5 ) 4 )( 1 (
2
+ + < + + x x x x (-9<x<4)

13
* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so hoac thng

V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) 0 2 3 2 ) 3 (
2 2
> x x x x 2)
1
4
3 5
<
+
x
x

Bi gii:
1) 0 2 3 2 ) 3 (
2 2
> x x x x (1)
iu kin:
2
1
x
2 2x 3x 2 0
x 2
-
- -

Trng hp 1: Vi
1
x x 2
2
= - = th (1) tha mn. Suy ra
1
x x 2
2
= - = l nghim ca (1)
Trng hp 2: Vi
1
x x 2
2
< - > th

2
(1) x 3x 0 x 0 x 3 -
So vi iu kin ang xt ta c
1
x x 3
2
< -
Vy nghim ca bpt(1) l:
1
x
2
x 2
x 3

2)
1
4
3 5
<
+
x
x
(1)
iu kin:
x 5 x 5 0
x 4 x 4 0
- +

-

Trng hp 1: Vi x 4 > th

2
2
(1) x 5 3 x 4 x 5 x 1
x 5 x 2x 1
x 3x 4 0
x 1 x 4
+ - < - + < -
+ < - +
- - >
< - >

So vi iu kin ang xt ta c nghim l x 4 >
Trng hp 2: Vi 5 x 4 - < th
14

2
2
(1) x 5 3 x 4 x 5 x 1
x 1 0
x 1 0
x 5 x 2x 1
x 1
x 1
x 3x 4 0
x 1
x 1
1 x 4
+ - > - + > -
- <

+ > - +
<

- - <
<

- < <
x 1
x 4
1 x<4

<
<

So vi iu kin ang xt ta c nghim l 5 x 4 - <
Vy nghim ca bpt(1) l: 5 x 4 x 4 - < >

15
CC BI TON RN LUYN

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
2x 6x 1 x 1 + + = +

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh: 4 3 10 3x x 2 - - = -
( ) ( )
2
x x 1 + x x+2 =2 x -

( ) ( )
2 3 2
3 x 2 x 1 2 x 3x 3 8 0 - + + - + - =

2
2x+3+ x+1=3x+2 2x 5x 3 16 + + -

Bi gii

2
2x 6x 1 x 1 (1) + + = +

Ta c:

2 2
2 2
2 4 2
4 2
x+1 0
(1)
2x 6x 1 x 2x 1
x 1

6x 1 x 1
x 1

6x 1 x 2x 1
x 1
x 1 x 0
x 0

x 2
x 4x 0
x 2

+ + = + +
+ = +
+ = + +
- =

=

=
- =

=

Vy phng trnh (1) c hai nghim l x 0 x 2 = =

16

4 3 10 3x x 2 (1) - - = -

Bi gii:
Ta c:

( )( )
( )
2 2
2
2 3 4 4 3 2
2
x 2 0 x 2
(1)
4 3 10 3x x 4x 4 3 10 3x 4x x
x 2
x 2
4x x 0 0 x 4
90 27x 16x 8x x x 8x 16x 27x 90 0
2 x 4
2 x 4
x 3

x 3 x 2 x 7x 15 0
x 2
-

- - = - + - = -

-

- = - + - + + - =

- + - + =
= -
x 3

Vy phng trnh (1) c mt nghim l x 3 =

Bi 3: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2
x x 1 + x x+2 =2 x (1) -

Bi gii:
iu kin :
( )
( )
x 2
x x 1 0
x 0
x x+2 0
x 1
-

=

Khi :

( )( )
( )( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 4 3 2
3 2
(1) 2x x 2 x x 1 x 2 4x
2 x x 1 x 2 2x x
2x x 0

4x x x 2 4x 4x x
1
x 0 x
1 x 0 2
x 0 x
x 0 2

9
x
8x 9x 0
9
8
x
8
+ + - + =
- + = -
+ - = - +
=

=

=

- =

=

Vy phng trnh (1) c hai nghim l
9
x 0 x
8
= =
17

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )
2 3 2
3 x 2 x 1 2 x 3x 3 8 0 (1) - + + - + - =

Bi gii:
t
3 2
t x 3x 3 (t 0) = - + , phng trnh (1) tr thnh

2
t 1
3t 2t 5 0
5
t (loai)
2
=
+ - =
= -

( )
( )
3 2 3 2 2
x 1
x 3x 3 1 x 3x 2 0 x 1 x 2x 2 0
x 1 3
=
- + = - + = - - - =

=

Vy phng trnh (1) c ba nghim l x 1 x 1 3 = =

2
2x+3+ x+1=3x+2 2x 5x 3 16 (1) + + -

Bi gii:

iu kin:
3
2x 3 0
x
2 x 1
x 1 0
x 1
+
-

-

+
-

t t 2x 3+ x+1 (t 0) = + , phng trnh (1) tr thnh

2
t 5
t t 20 0
t 4 (loai)
=
- - =
= -


2
2 2
2
2x 3 x 1 5
2 2x 5x 3 21 3x
x 7
8x 40x 12 441 126x 9x
x 7
x 7
x 3
x 3
x 146x 429 0
x 143
+ + + =
+ + = -

+ + = - +

=
=

- + =

=

Vy phng trnh (1) c mt nghim l x 3 =

18

CC BI TON T LUYN

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) x 1 x 6 x 9 - - - = -
Kt qu: x 10 =
2) ( )
2 2
2x 8x 6 x 1 2 x 1 + + + - = +
Kt qu: x 1 =
3) ( )( ) 2 x 6 x 2 x 6 x 8 + + - + + - =
Kt qu: x 2 =
4)
2 2
4 1 3
x
x x x x x x
=
+ + +

Kt qu:
9
x 1 x
16
= =
5)
2 2 2
3x 6x 7 5x 10x 14 4 2x x + + + + + =

Kt qu: x 1 = -

Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1) x 1 x 6 x 9 - - - -
Kt qu: 9 x 10
2)
( )
2
2 x 16
7 x
x 3
x 3 x 3
-
-
+ - >
- -

Kt qu: x 10 34 -
3)
2
51 2x x
1
1 x
- -
<
-

Kt qu:
1 52 x 5
x 1
- < -
>

4)
3
2 x x 1 1 + >
Kt qu: 1 x 2 x 10
5)
2 2 2
x 8x 15 x 2x 15 4x 18x 18 + + + > +
Kt qu:
17
x
3
>

------------------------Ht-----------------------

3.Pt BPT Chua Can Thuc

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