Bo co thit b ln men

DHO8VT

LI M U C ph l mt loi thc ung c t lu i v lin tc c pht trin cho n ngy nay. C ph l mt trong nhng thc ung c a chung nht trn th gii v c mc tiu th cao. Vi ngi s dng ngy cng nhiu, cng vi nhp sng hi h ca thi i cng nghip, vic pha c ph bng phin ny sinh mt s bt li, nht l v thi gian. Nm 1936, Max Rudolf Morgenthaler, ngi Thy s sng ch ra c ph ha tan v ngay sau cng ty Nestle ng k nhn hiu Nestcafe vo nm 1938. i vi ngi tiu dng, c ph ha tan nhanh chng c a chung bi v s tin li ca n. Cn i vi nh sn xut, c ph ha tan l mt hng c gi tr cao, thun li trong vic bo qun v vn chuyn nn thu c nhiu li nhun. Ngoi ra, lnh vc ch bin c ph ha tan cn tn dng cc ht c ph nhn khng cao cp nhng vn cung cp mt v nc ung chp nhn c.

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I. QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT.

C ph nhn

Lc

C c

Lm sch

Lng

Sy

Rang

Phi trn

Bao gi

Xay

Trch ly

C ph ha tan

II.MY THIT B TRONG SN XUT. II.1. Chn c ph nhn. Trn th gii c rt nhiu loi c ph nhng ch c 3 loi ging c ph sau c trng ph bin trn th gii. C ph ch ( C ph Arabica ): c ph thuc cc ging Coffea Arabica Linnaeus.

C ph vi ( C ph Robusta ): c ph thuc cc ging Coffea canephora Piere ex Froehner.

C ph mt ( C ph Liberica ): c ph thuc cc ging Coffea liberica Hiern. Tuy nhin, s dng c ph nhn Robusta trong ch bin c ph ha tan s thu hi cc cht ha tan vi nng sut cao, mi v thm ngon hn nhng im bt li l cho nhiu cht nha. C ph Robusta chim mt t trng ln, trn 50%, trong cc hp cht c ph thng phm M v Chu u. Trang 2

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II.2. Tch tp cht. y l giai on tch b t ra khi c ph nhn sng. Ngi ta thng s dng my sang rung, sng qut. II.2.1. My sng rung. II.2.1.1Cu to. Khung sng (3) c bng h l xo gn trn b my (1). Trn khung sng(3) cn gn ca trc lch tm (6). Pha ngoi truc lch tm (6), ngi ta b tr hai a (5) m vnh ca n c gn hai i trng. Vi cch lp t ny c th iu chnh bin dao ng ca sng. Trc lch tm nhn truyn ng quay qua bnh ai dn ng (7) t ng c vo. Trn khung sng c th t
(1,2) hay nhiu li sng 8 ty theo yu cu phn loi.

Khung sng c ch to t cc tm thp gc thp tm hn li vi nhau, cn khong cch ngang gia cc tm th c c nh bng cc bulng ging. Cc l xo khung sng c dng l xo nhp cong hay l xo hnh tr. B phn gy dao ng gm c phn khi lng lch tm ca trc lch tm (6), cc i trng gy rung. Khi sng lm vic, cc bnh ai chuyn ng theo sng nn b truyn ng ai thng c s dng trong my sng rung. Sng thng t nghing mt gc 15 30 . S vng quay ca trc lch tm t 500 1500 vg/ph; bin dao ng t 1 6 mm; nng sut c th t 300 m3/h.

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Hnh 1: S cu to my sng rung 1. B my 2. L xo 3. Khung sng 4. i trng gy rung II.2.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng Khi trc lch tm quay th trng lng lch tm ca trc v ca cc i trng s sinh ra lc ly tm qun tnh hng thng gc vi chiu quay. Lc ly tm c th chia thnh hai thnh phn song song v vung gc vi b mt sng. Thnh phn vung gc vi b mt sng s tc dng theo ng trc ca cc l xo v gy ra dao ng ca khung sng. Cn thnh phn song vi b mt sng s tc dng vung gc vi trc ca cc l xo v gy ra dao ng ngang ca khung sng. Do cng ca lo xo theo hai phng php khc nhau (thng theo phng song song ln hn) nn kt qu khung sng s v nn qu o hnh elip. Vt liu nm trn b mt sng c nhn dao ng truyn t chnh bn thn mt sng v tin hnh phn ly khi gp l sn. Nh c rung ng nn l sng c lm sch, tng hiu qu ca qu trnh phn ly. II.2.2. My lm sch sng qut. p dng nguyn tc kh ng cho vic lm sch, mt lung khng kh mnh c to ra do qut ly tm thi t di ln trn xuyn qua khi ht c ph ngay khi n c cung cp xung mng hng cn ht v tp cht nh hn s b thi bay i ra ngoi. 5. a quay 6. Trc lch tm ; 7. Bnh ai dn ng 8. Li sng

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Hnh 2: My sng qut II.3. Rang c ph. Rang l cng on x l nhit cho ht c ph ti cc nhit cao, 190 230C, nhm t c cc bin i cc bin i mong mun v mu sc, hng v cng cho ht c ph rang. Rang quyt nh cht lng cht lng c ph ha tan. Rang hi chy th t l thnh phm tng nhng hng v b gim. Cc giai on rang: nhit < 50C, ta thy bc ra nhiu khi trng, ch yu l hi nc v hi dung mi, th tch ht khng bin i Trong thi k u ca cng on rang, khi nhit rang ln hn 100C, nhit lng dng lm bc hi nc c trong ht t 12%w.b. gim xung cn 2%w.b.. Khi nhit t n 150C, mt lng ln cht kh sn xut (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hi nc). Trong ht xy ra qu trnh tch kh nn th tch ht tng ln t ngt, lc ny ta nghe thy nhng ting n, ht tr nn gin v d xay xt thnh bt. Lc ny ht chuyn sang mu en nhng cha bng. Trong khong nhit 180 - 200C ht bt u rn nt v mi hng c ph c to ra. Khi nhit ln 220C, gi nhit ny trong 15 pht, lc ny th tch ht khng bin i na. Trang 5

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Nguyn l truyn nhit trong cc phng php rang: dn truyn, i lu, kt hp dn truyn v i lu. II.3.1. Trng rang c ph: (Dn truyn). p dng quy m sn xut nh hoc phng th nghim.

Hnh 3: S cu to Trng rang c ph. II.3.2. Thit b rang c ph tng si: (i lu) Thi gian rang ngn hn cc phng php rang khc, mt khong 3 pht, v t rang ng u cao nht.

Hnh 4: Thit b rang c ph tng si. II.3.3. Thit b rang kiu ng.

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Hnh 5: Thit b rang c ph kiu ng. II.4. Xay (Nghin). II.4.1. Cc lc v cc dng ph v vt liu. Ty theo tng loi sn phm m c kt cu ca my khc nhau vi cc b phn lm vic to nn cc lc ph v vt liu cn lm nh khc nhau. C th l nn p, b, ch, ct, x, p trt va p hoc do vi lc trn cng tc ng ng thi.

Hnh 6: Cc dng ph v vt liu a.Lc nn c.B . X II.4.2. Cc nguyn tc nghin. b. Ch d. Ct e. p trt g. p

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Hnh 7: Cc nguyn tc nghin a. Nguyn tc nghin kiu ba va p t do. b,c. B phn nghin (R to nghin) kiu ba va p t do. d,e,g. Ch st v h. Ct nghin. i. p dp II.4.2.1. Nguyn tc va p t do (nghin kiu ba) Vt liu nghin t thng cp liu (5) ri xung bung nghin qua ca iu chnh (6) trong trng thi ri l lng s c cc ba nghin (1) va p cc ht s v ra v c th cn bm vo phn nhm xung quanh v hai bn bung nghin, n tip tc v, cc ht bt s lt qua li sng (3). Bt c th c hng ti hoc ngi ta b tr cc b phn ph tr khc thu bt nghin nh vt ti, qut chuyn, xyclon. II.4.2.2. Nguyn tc ch xt v. Trn hnh (Hnh 7. d,e) gm hai tht c th bng , hoc bng kim loi quay vi vn tc khc nhau, c th c mt tht ng yn. Trn b mt lm vic c cc rnh hoc cc gn ni dng xng c. Mt s my kt hp nguyn tc va p v ch xt (Hnh 7. g). II.4.2.3. Nguyn tc nghin trc. Trn hnh 7 (i, h) gm mt hoc nhiu cp trc, cc trc c th trn hoc trn c nhiu dng rng, g. Hai trc trong cng mt cp quay ngc chiu, c vn tc bng nhau, hoc khc nhau ( cc cp trc c g, dng rng). Vt nghin t mng scung cp s i qua khe h gia cc cp trc v c p v. II.4.3. My nghin a (nghin bt va v mn). Trong cng nghip thc phm my nghin a uc s dng nghin bt va v mn. Do my nghin a c nng sut thp hn mt vi loi my nghin bt khc nn cng t c s dng. My nghin a lm vic theo nguyn tc ch xt v. II.4.3.1.a nghin:

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B phn lm vic chnh ca n l cp a (tht) nghin. Cc a c th lp trn trc thng ng hoc nm ngang. a trn quay hoc a di quay, mt a quay hoc c 2 a cng quay. Cc a ca my nghin a thng c ch to bng kim loi hoc bng hn hp bt v c cng hoc bng (a nghin bng thng c ch to t hn hp cc loi bt nh bt nhm, Silic, Thch anh, manhdit, Magiclorua). Do lc lin kt ca a km hn a kim loi nn phi lm thm ai thp v thng cho a lm vic vi vn tc tip tuyn l 10 m/s i vi trc quay thng ng, ti 18 m/s i vi trc quay nm ngang. a gang c (kim loi) th vn tc tip tuyn c th ln ti 28 m/s, cn a thp c t ti 68 m/s. Ch to a nghin m bo cc yu cu: b mt nghin cn c cng cao, nhm ln, c tnh ng u trn ton b mt a nghin khi lm vic th mn u, khng b st m. tng kh nng nghin ca a, tng kh nng vn chuyn bt ra khi khe nghin v tng iu kin thng gi, ngi ta thng gia cng mt a thnh cc vnh (Hnh 8: Cc vnh trn mt a nghin), cc rnh chm c profin hnh tam gic trn hai mt a (Hnh 9: Cc rnh trn mt a nghin). Cc rnh c hai loi hnh dng: cong v thng. Rnh cong c kh nng y ht nghin ra ngoi mnh hn rnh thng. V vy bt s c nghin to hn, t c bi bt. Tuy nhin, trong mt s my nghin a, trn b mt a ngi ta c c g ni dng xng c.

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Hnh 8: Cc vnh trn mt a nghin A.L tip liu C. Vnh chuyn B. Vnh nhn D. Vnh nghin

Hnh 9:Cc rnh trn mt a nghin

II.4.3.2. Nguyn l lm vic my nghin a trc quay nm ngang. Ht nghin t hp cp liu 1 chy qua nam chm tch vn st 2 ri chy xung vt xon 4. Vt xon ny c nhim v y ht vo khoang nghin ca cp a nghin 6 v 7. a nghin 6 c nh cn a nghin 7 c lp vi trc quay do puli 9 dn ng. Bt nghin c cn gt 8 y vo ca tho liu. iu chnh khe nghin bng cn 5. T trc quay cn truyn ng bng ai 10 ln c cu tho liu 11 ca hp cha liu 1. Ca quan st 3 va theo di lp ht chy xung cp a nghin, va ly vn st bm trn nam chm 2 ra, m bo an ton cho cp a nghin. Ngoi kh nng nghin kh, my nghin a cn dng nghin t.

Hnh 10: Cu to my nghin a trc quay nm ngang 1.Hp cp liu 2. Nam chm 3. Ca quan st 4. Vt xon 5. Cn iu chnh khe h nghin 6. a cng 7. a quay Trang 10

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8. Cn gt 9. Puli dn ng 10. ai truyn ng 11. C cu thp

II.4.4. My nghin ba (ht lng thc v thc n gia sc). My nghin ba c th nghin ht c kch thc nh v ln ng thi. II.4.4.1. Nguyn tc lm vic chung: Qu trnh nghin ht trong my nghin kiu ba l do s va p ca ba vo ht, va p gia cc ht vo v my v do s ch xt ca ht vi ba hoc vi thnh trong ca v my. Ht s b bin dng ri v ra thnh cc thnh phn c kch thc nh hn. B phn gy ra s va p vo ht trong my l cc ba nghin 5 c treo trn cc cht (3)ca rto (2) t nm ngang. Khi rto (2) quay th lc ly tm lm ba nm v tr hng tm v d tr mt ng nng ln. Ht qua b phn cung cp pha trn vo my lin b cc ba nghin quay p vo v va chm vi cc chi tit nm trong bung nghin. Trong qu trnh va p, ba s truyn cho ht phn ng nng to ra cng ph v ht. Cc phn t tch ra t ht c kch thc b hn l li sng phn ly th lt ra ngoi bung nghin to thnh sn phm. Nhng phn t c kch thc ln hn tip tc b va p. II.4.4.2. Cu to. a. B phn np liu: B phn np liu gm: thng cha liu, ca iu chnh lng cung cp theo nguyn tc t chy, t ht hoc t cun (cp liu kiu cng bc). Hnh11: S cu to my nghin ht kiu ba trc ngang. 1.Thn my 2. Rto Trang 11 3. Cht treo ba 4. M p ph 5. Ba nghin 6. Sng

Bo co thit b ln men

DHO8VT

b. Rto my nghin kiu ba trc ngang. Rto l b phn lm vic chnh ca my. N nhn truyn ng thng qua b truyn ng ai hay khp ni trc.Trc rto c ch to t thp tt. Gi ca trc rto thng c b tr bn ngoi v my v t trn khung thp hnh. thng dng l loi lng cu hoc loi bi a cn 2 dy c kh nng t la khi c dao ng nh. Cc a lp cht treo ba c th s dng nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, ty theo s lng ba, s hng ba.
c. Cc ba nghin l b phn lm vic ch yu ca my.

Hnh dng, vt liu ch to ba c nh hng n nng sut, mn ca sn phm. N c xc nh ty theo c l tnh ca vt liu nghin cng nh kch thc ca chng. Ba nghin thng c ch to t thp mangan. Khi ch to ba, khi lng ba khng c sai lch nhiu, b mt ba khng c c vt nt hay khuyt tt khc. Ba ch nht c mt l treo ba th c hai gc lm vic, khi gc ny mn th lt mt ba dng gc kia. Ba ch nht c hai l treo ba s c bn gc lm vic. Ba c lp phi m bo cc ba qut u khp trong khng gian bung nghin v iu kin cn bng ng ca rto. Thng thng ba b tr trn rto theo ng xon c vi s bc ren k=1, 2, 3. d. Cc cht treo ba. hn ch dch dc hai u cht ba c b tr cht chn.Cc cht treo ba thng c ch to t thp. e. Li sng. Li sng dng thot sn phm ra khi bung nghin v lm nhim v iu chnh mc nghin.

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Thng c lm bng thp tm dy t 1,5 3 mm c dp thnh li dng l trn hoc rnh. Kch thc l v rnh phi ph hp vi mc nghin yu cu v loi my nghin. nng cao hiu qu nghin nh, ngi ta ch to loi li sng l na elip hoc l ch nht nhng mp l v rnh phi c g st to nn mt sng nhm. Tuy nhin loi sng ny chng b mn g nhm. f. M p ph. Ngi ta b tr m p ph tng hiu qu va p, ch xt ca vt liu vo b mt trong bung nghin. M p ph thng lm bng gang c hay thp l c cc l. II.4.4.3. u, nhc im. a. u im. L my nghin vn nng, c kh nng iu chnh nh bt d dng. My c cu to n gin, gn gng, khi lng my khng ln, gi thnh r, d thay th cc chi tit b mn hay h hng. b.Nhc im. Trong qu trnh lm vic my sinh nhiu bi bt, gy tn tht v kh khn x l bi v sau. Do my quay vi vn tc ln nn gy ra ting n v chn ng, lm nh hng xu ti mi trng lao ng. Nghin cc ht do, dnh c m cao th km. II.4.5. My nghin trc. Trang 13

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Nghin nt hoc p mng cc loi nguyn liu nghin khi n i qua khe hp gia hai trc nghin. My I, II, III, IV, V: Vt liu b nghin nt mt ln. My VII, VIII: Vt liu b nghin p hai ln My X, XI: Vt liu b nghin p ba ln My IX: Vt liu b nghin p bn ln My XII: Vt liu b nghin p nm ln nguyn l cc my nghin trc. II.4.5.1. My nghin hai trc. My nghin hai trc cng c kt cu khc nhau, ty theo tnh cht ca vt liu em nghin. Hnh 12: S

Hnh 13: My nghin hai trc a. Khe h khng i b,c. Khe h thay i c Hnh 13 a. My nghin c hai trc c nh dng nghin p, cn cc loi vt liu do, nho, khng xut hin hin tng qu ti do lc p tng t ngt. Khi lm vic, chiu rng khe nghin khng i. Hnh 13 b. My nghin c mt trc di ng c khi lm vic nh c lp hai l xo chu nn gia trc v b my c nh. Loi ny thch hp nghin vt liu dng ht, cc nh.Khi qu ti lc p tng t ngt nn hai l xo gi trc di ng, l xo b nn li lm tng khong cch gia hai trc thot lp liu ang gy ra qu ti. Khi ht hin tng qu ti, lc p tr li bnh thng, hai l xo y trc di ng tr v v tr c. My nghin c mt trc di ng phng qu ti c dng rt rng ri. Hnh 13 c. L my nghin hai trc nhng c hai trc u lp l xo chu nn cng di ng c khi c qu ti.My ny thch hp vi vt liu nghin Trang 14

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cng c kch thc khng u, d gy qu ti do lc p tng t ngt. Do my c kt cu phc tp hn nn loi ny t c dng. Cc my nghin hai trc c th gm: Hai trc khc ng knh, khc s vng quay nhng c cng vn tc tip tuyn. Hai trc khc ng knh nhng cng s vng quay c vn tc tip tuyn khc nhau, to vn tc trt tng kh nng nghin. Hai trc cng ng knh cng s vng quay nhng khng to ra vn tc trt. Hai trc cng ng knh, khc s vng quay c vn tc tip tuyn khc nhau v c vn tc trt. II.4.5.2. Cu to. a. B phn cp liu. ri vt liu ln cp trc nghin thnh lp mng u, t hiu qu nghin cao, ngi ta thng dng cp trc ri liu v cc van iu chnh chiu dy lp vt liu trn trc ri liu. Cp trc ri liu v van chn liu c lp ngay di hp cp liu. Van chn liu c nhiu kiu khc nhau v c th t ng iu chnh hoc khng t ng iu chnh trong qu trnh cp liu.

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Hnh 14: C cu iu chnh khe h trc nghin. b. Trc nghin v iu chnh khe h cp trc nghin. Trc nghin c yu cu cng b mt cao, c bn un cao m bo gia cng cc loi vt liu cng. tng cng vng cho trc nghin, ngi ta thng ch to mt trc li bng thp xuyn sut qua trc nghin bng gang. Nu trong qu trnh nghin pht sinh nhiu nhit m nht thit phi lm ngui trc nghin th trc nghin c ch to rng dn nc vo lm ngui. Ngi ta cng c trc nghin rng nhng khng dn nc vo lm ngui m nhm gim khi lng trc vi iu kin l n cng vng. nng cao hiu qu nghin nh , ngoi ch to cc trc nghin c b mt nhn vi bng cao hoc nhp nh trong gii hn 0,025 0,05 m, ngi ta cn to cc trc nghin x rnh nghing 2 10 so vi ng sinh ca mt tr trc nghin. Mt s my nghin trc loi hin i c c cu iu chnh khong cch gia hai trc ph hp vi c vt liu em nghin., p ng c mc nghin cn thit. C cu iu chnh thng t ln mt trc. Loi c cu n gin thng gp l loi c cu iu chnh vt- ai c. ai c c gn cht ln thn my cn vt gn trn trc. Khi quay vt do ai c c nh vt phi dch chuyn ko theo trc lm thay i c khong cch hai trc.(hnh C cu iu chnh khe h cc trc nghin) : Trc c nh c c nh gn trn gi my.Mi ca trc di ng c mt bn treo vo gi my ti im 1, cn bn kia c t ln l xo 2, l xo ny c treo bng hai thanh ko 3 cng lp vi c cu tng 4. Qua 2 c cu tng 4 hai trc ca trc di ng, ta iu chnh c song song vi trc c nh bng cch xoay mt c cu tng 4 rt ngn hoc ko di thanh ko 3 nhm nng hoc h mt trc so vi u trc kia.

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iu chnh th v iu chnh tinh trn c cu ny: Hai h thanh treo 3 c gn ln trc xoay 5. Trn trc 5 c hai cn 6 v 9. Cn 6 dng iu chnh th c gi cht vi trc 5 v c mc ni vi thn my. Ngoi ra, trn cn 6 cn c ai c ca vt chnh tinh 8 gn c nh vi cn 9 v dc chuyn ng t tay quay 7. Cn 9 cng c ci then vi trc 5. Khi iu chnh th khong cch khe nghin: nh mc ni vi thn my v xoay tay gt 6 sang phi hoc sang tri, cn 9 cng xoay theo cng trc 5 sang phi hoc sang tri, ko h thanh 3 ln hoc xung m rng hoc gim khe nghin. Khi t yu cu iu chnh th th gi mc ni vi thn my li. Khi iu chnh tinh: rt cht gi gia cn gt 6 vi trc 5, lc ny cn 6 c nh cn thn my nh mc ni. Quay tay quay 7 lm vt chnh tinh 8 di ng (so vi ai c lp trn cn 6 c nh) ko theo cn 9 quay lm trc 5 quay v nng hoc h h thanh ko 3 v vy dch chnh tinh c khong cch khe nghin. L xo 2 dng phng qu ti cho cp trc nghin khi c vt liu nghin qu cng hoc qu to i vo khe nghin. trnh qu ti khe nghin phi t ni rng ra nh lc n hi ca l xo 2. Sau khi ht qu ti cng chnh nh l xo 2 a trc nghin v v tr c. II.4.5.3. Mt s im lu khi vn hnh my nghin trc My nghin trc lm vic bnh thng khi: Hp cp liu phn b vt liu nghin mt cch lin tc v iu n. Cp trc ri liu m bo ri liu ln trc quay chm thnh mt lp mng theo sut chiu di trc. Sn phm nghin ra khng b nng, c mc nghin ng u ti mi v tr ca cp trc nghin. Vi cp trc nghin mt nhn phi khng xy ra hin tng ht nghin trt trn trong khe nghin v b cn dt ra. Mc nghn ca bt nghin n nh tong sut thi gian lm vic. Trang 17

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Sn phm lin tc c ly ra khi my nghin bng bng vn chuyn khng ng trong my. Khng c hin tng ngng m trn b mt cc chi tit my nghin. Cc trc khng b rung ng, nhit ca chng khng vt qu gii hn cho php v cc b phn c kh khng gy nhng ting n l. Cn c ch kim tra nh k, tra du m v bt cht li cc c hm. II.5. Trch ly. II.5.1. Mc ch v yu t nh hng hiu sut trch ly. lm giu cc cht ha tan th ngi ta cho c ph i qua mt h thng cc thp ni tip nhau bng ng dn. Trch ly thu cc cht ha tan, nhm t c hiu sut thu hi cao v gi c hng v tt, ti a ca c ph. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly v cht lng sn phm: nghin ca c ph Nhit ca nc vo thit b trch ly v s bin i ca nhit trong qu trnh trch ly. Thi gian ngm trch T l c ph/ nc Thit b trch ly. II.5.2. Nguyn tc hot ng.

Hnh 15: B trch ly c ph. 1. ng khuch tn 3. Vt ti canh trng 2. Dng chy ca nc chit 4. ng cung cp nc khuch tn Trang 18

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5. ng thu nhn nc chit

6. Khp tho 7. Vt ti

Trch ly thc cht l mt h thng khuch tn gm t 5 n 10 ng khuch tn c lp trn cng mt mt phng. tt c cc ng c thng nht ho, c hnh dng xilanh ng vi cc ca ng kn lt c v c ng y hnh nn. Phn di ca ng c ng ni np nc vo khuch tn, tho nc v ra b. Cc ng khuch tn c kt hp mt cch lin tc, dch c trch ly t phn trn ca ng khuch tn trc c cho vo phn di ca ng tip theo. thu nhn cc dch chit c nng cao cn s dng phng php ngm chit hp l. Phn cht trch ly c tuyn ban u cho vo phn canh trng mi,cn canh trng c s dng bi phn chit c nng thp th loi b. Nn ho tan c ph bng nc nng 90C, nu nhit nc qu cao s trch ly lun cc cht ho tan khng mong mun nh hng ti mi v v ca c ph sau ny. II.6. Khuy trn. L qu trnh pha hai hay nhiu thnh phn khc nhau vo lm mt nhm p ng nhu cu ngi tiu dng . Phi phi trn cc thnh phn vi nhau , sau em i khuy trn ha trn to thnh mt th thng nht. II.6.1. Khuy trn bng c kh. Khuy trn cht lng bng c kh ngha l dng cnh khuy, c nhiu loi cnh khuy khc nhau|: Mi cho: khuy trn cht lng c nht nh. Thng ha tan cht rn, c khi lng ring khng ln lm. Chn vt (chong chng): dng iu ch dung dch huyn ph nh tng. Khng th dng cnh khuy chn vt khuy cht lng c Trang 19

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nht cao hoc khuy cht lng trong c cc ht rn c khi lng ring ln. Tua bin: Dng khuy cht lng c nht cao n 5.105 cp, iu ch huyn ph mn, ha tan cc cht rn nhanh hoc khuy ng cc ht rn lng cn c nng pha rn n 60%. Cnh khuy c bit: Thng dng khuy bn nho hoc khuy cht lng c nht cao. II.6.1.1. Cu to cnh khuy: tng xo trn. a. Loi mi cho. Gm hai tm phng gn cht vo trc thng, trc quay nh b phn truyn ng t ng c. ng knh ca mi cho thng vo khong 0.7 ng knh thit b.

Hnh 16: Cnh khuy mi cho

Nu s vng quay nh th cht lng s chuyn ng vng trn trn mt phng nm ngang trng vi mt phng ca cnh khuy, v khng c s khuy trn cht lng cc lp khc.

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Khi khuy trn mnh s xut hin dng chuyn ng ph, khi cht lng chuyn ng xoy. Dng chuyn ng ph ny xut hin do lc li tm gy nn lm cho cht lng vng t tm ca thit b ra ngoi thnh, ng thi p sut tm s gim xung v ht cht lng nm bn trn v bn di cn khuy. Do trong cht lng xut hin dng tun hon theo mi tn ch ca hnh di y: Dng chuyn ng ph lm tng cng ca khuy trn. Ngha l tng s vng quay nhng ng thi nng lng tiu hao tng. Hnh 17: Chiu chuyn ng ca cht lng

Khi cht lng chuyn ng vng th do tc ng ca lc li tm nn trn b mt ca cht lng c dng hnh phu ( Hnh 18). Chiu su ca phu cng tng khi s vng quay tng. S xut hin phu cht lng s dn ti lm gim th tch s dng ca thit b. tng s khuy trn cht lng thng ngi ta dng cnh khuy mi cho hnh khung. Loi ny c phn y cong tng ng vi bn knh cong ca y thit b. i khi ngi ta gn vo thnh thit b cc tm ngn lm xo trn cht lng. Cu to n gin d gia cng, thch hp vi cht lng c nht nh. Nhng hiu sut khuy thp i vi cht lng nht, khng thch hp vi cc cht lng d phn lp. b. Loi chn vt (chong chng). tng s tun hon cht lng ngi ta thng dng cnh khuy loi chn vt (chong chng). Loi ny thng gm ba cnh, mi cnh un cong mt gc , gc ny thay i dn t 0 Trang 21

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n 90 cui cnh.

Hnh18: Cnh khuy chn vt

Cnh khuy gn trn trc, s chong chng trn trc c th nhiu t khc nhau ph thuc iu kin khuy trn v chiu su mc cht lng khuy. B mt cnh khuy nghing bn phi, trc quay theo chiu kim ng h, cht lng chuyn ng dc theo trc theo hng t di ln, tun hon nh hnh v (hnh bn phi). Nu cnh khuy nghing bn tri, th trc quay theo chiu ngc kim ng h. ng knh cnh khuy chong chng vo khong 0.25 0.3 ng knh thit b, s vng quay vo khong 200 1500 vng/pht. tng s khuy trn ngi ta lm thm b phn hng cht lng, b phn ny c th l ng hnh tr hay hnh nn ct, trong t cnh khuy. Ngoi ra nu th tch thit b khuy ln, ngi ta c th t cnh khuy lch tm hoc nghing mt gc 10 - 20 so vi trc thng ng. u im: cng khuy ln, nng lng tiu hao nh k c khi s vng quay ln, gi thnh h. Nhc im: khi khuy cht lng nht cao th hiu sut thp, th tch cht lng c khuy mnh lit b hn ch. c. Cnh khuy tuabin. Cnh khuy tuabin lm vic ging nh bm ly tm, ngha l cng c gung quay, ty theo cu to ca gung ngi ta phn loi ra loi cnh khuy tuabin h hay kn.

Cnh khuy tuabin h gung ng c nhng cnh thng (hnh a) hoc cnh cong (hnh b) lm vic nh cnh khuy mi cho.

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Hnh 19: Cnh khuy tuabin h

Cnh khuy tuabin kn gung ng gm hai hnh vnh khn, c ni vi nhau bng nhng cnh nh, gia hai cnha to thnh rnh. Gung ng thng t trong mt b phn hn cht lng ng yn.Khi cnh khuy tuabin kn lm vic, cht lng i vo theo l tm ca gung, ri ra ngoi theo hng tip tuyn vi cnh gung. Ta thy cht lng chuyn ng t hng thng ng n hng nm ngang theo bn knh v ra khi gung vi tc ln.

Hnh 20: Cnh khuy tua bin kn Trong mt n v thi gian lp i lp li nhiu ln nh th lm cho cht lng b khuy mnh lit ton b th tch trong thng. Trang 23

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Loi cnh khuy tuabin, ng knh d ca n ph thuc vo ng knh ca thit b D. u im: hiu sut cao, ha tan nhanh, thun tin cho qu trnh lin tc. Nhc im: cu to phc tp, gi thnh t. d. Cnh khuy c bit thng khuy. Gm mt thng c cnh khuy . Loi ny dng to huyn ph nh tng, hoc tng phn ng ha hc gia kh v lng. T l ng knh ca thng khuy v ca thit b: 1/4 1/6 T s chiu cao mc cht lng vi ng knh thng khuy khng nh hn 10. II.6.2. Khuy bng kh nn. Dng khuy cht lng c nht thp. Kh nn thng l khng kh c nn qua mt ng cc l nh. ng ny t tn y thit b. Khng kh chui qua l to thnh nhng bt nh, ri qua lp cht lng lm cho cht lng b khuy. khuy c u, ngi ta lm ng ng kh thnh vng, hoc xon c, i khi lm mt dy ng thng t song song nhau.

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Hnh 21: Khuy bng kh nn

II.7. Lng Lc trong. Ch to cc thit b lng l to iu kin thun li cc phn t pha - phn tn chuyn ng nhanh hn v tch ra khi pha lin tc. gim thi gian lng, ngi ta thng kt hp cc phng php sau:

Cho dng chy chuyn ng vi mt vn tc thch hp v nu yn dung dch huyn ph trng thi tnh, di tc dng ca trng lc cc ht rn chuyn ng xung di vi vn tc lng w 0 do nng sut thp, thi gian lu, thit b cng knh chim nhiu din tch.

Thay i hng cng nh phng ca dng chy nhm lm tng thi gian lu ca pha phn tn trong thit b, to ra lc qun tnh => tng cng qu trnh lng.

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Trong qu trnh thit k th phi lun ch trng n khu ly cn. II.7.1.Thit b lng . II.7.1.1. Thit b lng bn lin tc. Cc khu nhp liu v tho nc trong u c thc hin lin tc cn ly cn th c ly ra theo chu k. Ngi ta a huyn ph vo thit b, bn trong thit b c t cc tm ngn nm nghing mt gc khong 45 - 600 nhm tng thi gian lu, to lc qun tnh, ng thi tho cn c n gin hn.

Hnh 22: Tm nghing trong thit b lng bn lin tc Nhc im: thit b gin on, nng sut thp, thi gian vn lu v thit b chim nhiu din tch.

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khc phc nhc im trn, ngi ta ch to thit b lng huyn ph loi ng c tm nghing hnh chp xp chng ln nhau:

Hnh 23: Thit b lng huyn ph loi ng c tm nghing hnh nn xp chng ln nhau. u im ca thit b khi cc tm xp chng ln nhau l nng sut ln, thit b gn hn, tit kim din tch. Huyn ph vo trong thit b theo cc rnh gia hai chp, pha phn tn lng trn b mt chp v trt xung di. Nc trong Trang 27

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theo ng tm i ra ngoi. vic tho cn dc d dng hn, ngi ta ch to thit b lng bn lin tc dng kh nn tho cn. Tuy nhin phng php ny tn nhiu chi ph hn (chi ph u t ban u v chi ph vn hnh). II.7.1.2. Thit b lng lin tc.

Hnh 24: Thit b lng nhiu tng lm vic lin tc. Vic nhp liu, thu nc trong v tho cn c thc hin mt cch lin tc. u im: So vi thit b bn lin tc, ngi ta c gi ha vic tho cn bng cch dng co gt ly bn ra. Thit b: B lng xung sn ca mi tng c co dn vo tm v cha trong hp ng b nh b phn cnh gt bn chuyn ng thng qua mot. Nc trong c ly ra t nh ca mi tng. II.7.2. Lc. Lc l mt qu trnh c thc hin phn ring hn hp nh vch ngn xp. Vch ngn xp c kh nng cho mt pha i qua cn gi pha kia li nn c gi l vch ngn lc.

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Cho huyn ph vo mt bn vch ngn ri to ra trn b mt lp huyn ph p sut p1. Di tc dng ca p sut, pha lin tc xuyn qua cc mao dn trn vch ngn chy qua pha bn kia gi l nc lc, cn pha phn tn b gi li trn gi l b lc. Hnh 25: Nguyn l lc

Tng ng lc qu trnh lc bng hai phng php.

Tng p1 bng cch dng bm hay my nn a huyn ph vo. Phng php ny gi l lc p lc.

Gim p2 bng cch dng bm chn khng ht khng kh trong thit b. Dng phng php ny gi l lc chn khng. Trong sn xut c ph, ngi ta thng dng my p lc khung bn di tc dng ca p sut c a qua rnh ca bn ri theo van ra ngoi, cn cc ht rn b gi li to thnh lp b cha trong khung. u im: thc hin nhiu qu trnh vi vt liu c huyn ph cao, d lp rp, d vn hnh. Nhc im: kh t ng ha v lao ng nng nhc, nguyn liu c lc bng vi mn d rch. II.7.2.1.Cu to. Thit b ny gm nhng khung bng gang v nhng tm bn dy c nhng ng rnh trn mt khung. Nguyn liu lc l nhng tm vi th dy bng bng hay bng si nhn to.

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Cc khung v tm bn c p li vi nhau nh mt trc vt gia. Khung v bn c dng hnh vung. S bn t hn s khung mt ci, mt u my lc p c mt tm c nh. Phn trn mi khung c mt l trn, khi cc khung ny xp li vi nhau th cc l trn ny s to thnh mt ng dn dch c ph i vo my lc. Trn mi gc pha trn v mt gc pha di ca mi khung, bn c mt l trn, khi ghp li th s to thnh 2 ng dn, 2 ng ny c ni lin vi nhng ng rnh trn b mt tm bn to thnh ng dn dch sau khi lc. II.7.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng. Bm dch c ph v thu dch lc: Dch c ph c bm vo theo ng to nn pha trn cc khung. Vn tc bm dch chm dch c ph phn u vo cc khoang. Nu bm qu nhanh d gy tc my lc, p sut tng v thi gian lc b ko di. Dch lc u chy ra trong qu trnh bm dch c ph vo, khng c thi gian ngh khi lc dch. B c gi li trong khung do b vi lc cn li, cn dch trong th thm qua vi lc, chy qua cc khe ca bn v chy vo ng dn to bi cc khung bn nm gc bn trn v bn di khung bn. p lc khi bm lc l 0,85 Bar. Ra b v ly dch ra. Nc ra 78C c bm vo theo ng to thnh pha di khung chy qua vi lc ri qua b trong khung v ra ngoi theo ng trn tm bn sau . Tho b.

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Ngay khi dch ra b chy ra ht c th tin hnh tho b. Khi tho ri khung v bn, b ri xung mng pha di c vt ti a vo bn cha cn c ph.

II.8. C c.

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Hnh 26 :Thit b c c. II.9. Sy. Sy phun trong cng nghip c s dng sy kh cc cht c c. nng cht sy kh trong dung dch em sy phi ln hn 10%. Phng dng sy c lm bng thp khng r. Chng c th c y phng hay y nn. Loi y phng phi c c cu tho sn phm kh. Cn loi y hnh nn th thnh phm dng bt c y ra di tc ng ca lc ly tm. II.9.1. Cc phng php sy dch c ph.

Sy phun: Dch phun thnh git lng vo mi trng c cp nhit bng khng kh nng. Nhit kh nng i vo khong 200 - 2600 C, v nhit ca khng kh ra l 107 - 1210 C t yu cu cht lng v v. Sn phm c ph thu c y ca thit b sy phun. Sy theo phng php ny thnh phm c dng ht rt nh , rng rut gi l bt nh, t trng nh nhng cng d ha tan, hnh dng bt kh u n.

Sy chn khng: Dch c c ph a n bung bc hi chn khng nhit thp. Dung dch c dn mng trn cc trc ln c hi nng i trong trc. Bt kh thnh nhng mng mng quanh ng . Khi c b phn c gii co ra ri tn nh. Bt sy theo kiu ny ha tan c nhanh, tt Sy bng phng php thng hoa v hng ngoi: a dung dch c c ph lm lnh, sau dng tia hng ngoi sy t ngt. Tinh th thu c d tan, hng m bo, cht lng tt.

II.9.2. Sy phun. Trong sn xut c ph thng dng nht l phng php sy phun.

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Hnh 27: Thit b sy phun kiu a ly tm. 1. B dn ng a 2. Hp phn phi gi 3. Ca nhn 4. V thit b 5. Ca 6. ng thot kh 7. y trn 8. Tm qut 9. y di 10. Phu cha sn phm 11. B phn dn ng cc tm qut sn phm
II.9.2.1.Cu to.

Trong thit b ny ngi ta s dng vi phun a ly tm phun vt liu sy. Vi phun b tr gia trn bung sy. ng thi kh nng b tr pha trn, cn ng thot kh (6) pha di. pha di ca bung sy ngi ta b tr (2) y hnh phu (7) v (9) ngc nhau hng vt liu, bn trn phu l h thng tm qut (dn ng bng ng c in) co sn phm sy ri xung phu cha (10) nn b mt tip xc gia vt liu v mi cht sy rt ln nn cng sy cao, thi gian sy ngn.
a.

Vi phun. Vi phun c kh.

u im:

Tiu hao in nng t (4 10 kWh/ 1 tn dung dch) Sn lng cao (n 4500 kg/h) Khuyt im: Trang 33

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Khng dng c cho dung dch qu nht Rt nhy bn v tp cht v vy ng knh l phun khng nh hn 1 mm. Khng iu chnh c cng sut vi Vi phun a ly tm. a chuyn ng vi tc 4000 20.000 vg/pht, cht lng theo cc rnh trn a vng ra ngoi thnh ht lng. Tc trn vnh a cao (130 200 m/s). i quay nh ng c in. Cht lng c a ti a nh bm c chnh p khng i v iu chnh t ng.

Vi phun kh ng.

Trong vi phun kh ng, dng khng kh phun dung dch.Trc ht khng kh qua ng phun tng tc ri phun ra ming phun, dng bm a dung dch n ming vi. Khng kh c tc cao s thi dung dch vng ra thnh ht nh. Tc kh ra khi ng phun ph thuc vo t s p sut trc v sau ng phun u im: Kh nng ng dng vi tt c cc loi dung dch, c kh nng iu chnh lu lng v c ht. Khuyt im: Tiu hao nng lng ln so vi cc vi phun khc, thng l 50 60 kWh/ tn dung dch. b. Cc kiu bung sy phun. Mi cht sy v vt liu c th chuyn ng cng chiu, ngc chiu hay hn hp.S dng rng hn c l bung sy kiu cng chiu, v c u im l c th s dng mi cht sy c nhit cao m khng s sn phm b qu nhit nh tc bay hi ln v thi gian sy ngn. V cng chiu nn sn phm kh tip xc vi mi cht sy c nhit thp hn nhiu so vi nhit mi cht vo bung sy.

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Hnh 28:Cc kiu bung sy phun. II.8.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic. Cc git cht lng khi ri vo dng khng kh nng, hay khi chng b cht ti nhit bao ph ly mi hng v trong mt vi giy m bc ht, sn phm lng xung y phong dng bt. Sn phm c chuyn ra nh co v ra khi my sy nh vt ti hay nh c cu vn chuyn khc. Tc nhn sy c ht lin tc nh qut. III. KT LUN.

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