Khoa Xy Dng Thy li - Thy in

B mn C S K Thut Thy Li

CHNG I:

DNG CHY U KHNG P TRONG KNH

(Uniform flow in open channel) ***
1.1
KHI NIM C BN V DNG CHY U KHNG P TRONG KNH I. Khi nim II. Yu t thu lc ca mt ct t ca dng chy trong knh 1. Cc mt ct thng dng 2. Cng thc tnh cc yu t thu lc ca mt ct t 3. Mt ct c li nht v thu lc III. Nhng bi ton c bn v dng chy u trong knh h 1.Tnh ton i vi knh bit 2. Thit k knh mi IV. Tnh knh theo phng php i chiu vi mt ct c li nht v Thu lcAGOROSKIN 1. c trng mt ct 2. c trng ca mt ct c li nht v thu lc 3. Quan h gia mt ct c li nht v thu lc v mt ct bt k 4. Xc nh R ln 5.Cch vn dng c th 6. Tnh thu lc cho dng u, khng p trong ng 7. Lu tc cho php khng xi , khng lng ca knh h

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CHNG 1

DNG CHY U KHNG P TRONG KNH

Uniform flow in open channel 1.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN V DNG CHY U KHNG P
TRONG KNH I. Khi nim: Dng chy u khng p trong knh l dng chy n nh; c lu lng, din tch mt ct t v phn b lu tc trn mt ct t l khng i. iu kin c dng u khng p trong knh: Q(x,t) = const , mt ct t uot = const dc knh i = const, h s nhm knh n = const Thng thng trong thc t, dng chy u trong knh l dng chy ri, phn nhiu khu sc cn bnh phng, nn thng dng cng thc Chezy v = c RJ tnh ton: Trong : J l dc thu lc, R bn knh thu lc, c h s Chezy v = c Ri V J = J p = i
1

v 2
2g

1-1

t w = c R (w gi l modun lu tc) th v = w i k = .c R (k gi l modun lu lng) th Q = k. i Do i kh b nn su trong knh c o theo phng trc z thng ng, v mt ct t xem nh thng ng. II. Nhng yu t thu lc ca mt ct t dng chy trong knh 1. Cc mt ct thng dng:

2. Cng thc tnh cc yu t thu lc ca mt ct t Xt knh hnh thang i xng B = b + 2.m.h , = ( b + mh ).h = b + 2 h. 1 + m 2 , R =
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h b

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b , gi l b rng y tng i th : = h 2 ( + m ) , h = h ( + 2 1 + m 2 ) Vi knh hnh ch nht B=b , = b.h = b + 2h ,R= 3. Mt ct c li nht v thu lc Theo quan im thy lc, mt ct no dn c lu lng ln nht trong cng mt iu kin ( dc y knh, nhm b knh, din tch mt ct nh nhau) c gi l mt ct c li nht v thy lc; hay ni cch khc l mt ct c din tch nh nht cho chy qua mt lu lng nh sn khi dc y knh, nhm thnh knh u cho trc. l: Q = const tm min hoc = const tm Q max Khi cho i, n, m c nh. i tm mt ct c li nht v thu lc bng cch s dng ton hc: 1 T Q = . .R y . Ri ( y c tnh theo Pavlopxki) n Nh vy khi = const th Q tng khi R tng ; = const d = 0 , th R R max , khi min (v R = ) Phng trnh vi phn tm mt ct c li nht v thy lc l: d = 0 d = 0 Xt cho knh hnh thang : d = h.db + ( b + 2mh ).dh = 0 (1.1)

Gi =

d = db + 2 1 + m 2 .dh = 0

(1.2)

b (1.3) ln = 2 .( 1 + m 2 m ) h Biu thc (1.3) l iu kin mt ct knh hnh thang c li nht v thy lc. Quan h ln = f (m ) tra bng Ch : y l mt khi nim hon ton thu lc, cn v mt kinh t, k thut v mc ch s dng th cha hn.

Th db vo (1.1) v lp =

III. Nhng bi ton c bn v dng chy u trong knh h T phng trnh c bn: Q = .c Ri , vi knh hnh thang Q = f ( b, h, m , n , i ) . Thng thng c hai vn phi gii quyt: 1. Tnh ton i vi knh bit 2. Thit k knh mi

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1.Tnh ton i vi knh bit b h (i). Tm Q? Bit b, h, m, n, i Tnh , R, c ri tnh Q = .c Ri h0 (ii). Tm i? Bit Q, h, b, m, n b0 Q2 Tnh , R, c tnh i = 2 2 .c .R (iii). Tm h? Bit Q, b, m, n, i o o k k0 k0 k Q u tin tnh k 0 = , theo th v i k = f ( h ) . T k0 tra th tm h0 (iv). Tm b ? Bit Q, h, m, n, i Q u tin tnh k 0 = , v th k = f(b). T k0 tra th tm b0. i 2. Thit k knh mi - Da vo bn trc c a hnh, ta i xc nh tuyn knh v dc y i. - Cn c vo loi t hoc vt liu lm knh, ta i xc nh h s mi dc knh m v nhm n ca lng dn. - Vi Q cho trc, tm b, h ? Ch c mt phng trnh Q = .c Ri m cn tm 2 n, nn phi tm phng trnh th hai. C hai trng hp v phng trnh th hai b * Cho = b = .h . Khi ch c mt phng trnh 1 n l h v tr v bi ton tm h h khi bit Q, b, m, n, i. * Cho R hoc v Q Gi s bit R: th = , v = R c R .i (b + m.h )h = (1.4) Ta c 2 phng trnh hai n: ; gii tm (b, h) 2 b + 2 h 1 + m = R

Gi s bit v :
n.v 3 1 v 1 Y R=( ) 2 (ly y=1/6 theo .R ) c R = .R y + 0.5 = n n i i Manning). Bit R quay v trng hp trn v gii h (1.4) Nh vy: Vi cch trn khi tm b, h ta phi th dn phc tp (trc y) a ra phng php lp bng Agroskin.

T v = c. R .i (ly c =

IV. Tnh knh theo phng php i chiu vi mt ct c li nht v Thu lcAGOROSKIN y ta xt cho knh hnh thang 1. c trng mt ct Ta c: R =
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Trong : = h ( b + m.h ) = b .h , b l b rng y trung bnh. (1.5)

= b + 2 .h . 1 + m 2 ) = b m .h + 2 .h . 1 + m 2
= b + ( 2. 1 + m 2 m ).h = b + m 0 .h

y m0 = 2. 1 + m 2 m Vy R =
h m .h b + mo .h 1 + o b h h = R.(1 + ) Ta c th t: R = 1+

b .h

(1.6)

m 0 .h (1.7) b y c gi l c trng mt ct. m .h m (1.8) b = 0 = 0 (1 + ).R m (1.9) b = b m.h = ( 0 m )(1 + ).R Thay h tnh theo (1.6) v b tnh theo (1.8) vo (1.5) ta c: (1 + ) 2 (1.10) = .m 0 R 2 . Hay R 2 = (1.11) m 0 (1 + ) 2 T (1.9) v (1.11) ta c: m0 b m (1.12) = = 0 m hay = h +m T (1.7) v (1.12) ta thy: Nu bit th quan h gia cc yu t mt ct s c xc nh.
Vi =

2. c trng ca mt ct c li nht v thu lc Cho trc , m. Mun li nht v thu lc th R R max , nn t (1.11) ln nht cn c ln nht. (1 + ) 2

c R

1 2. d (1 + ) 2 = (1 + ) 2 (1 + ) 3 = 0 = ln = 1 d Vy iu kin mt ct c li nht v thy lc ca mt ct hnh thang l = 1

Mun th cn c: dR = 0

3. Quan h gia mt ct c li nht v thu lc v mt ct bt k Vit phng trnh c bn cho mt ct bt k v mt ct c li nht v thu lc:

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Q = .c R .i = (.c R ) ln . i hoc .c R = (.c R ) ln (5.8), ly c =

1 y R cn n

theo (1.10). Thay vo (1.11) c: R 2.5+ y . Hay

1 2.5+ y

(1 + ) 2 2.5+ y = 4R ln

R 4 = (1.13) 2 R ln (1 + ) R Xem y = const = f ( ) R ln Vy nu bit R ln s tm c R ca mt ct bt k no khi bit c trng ca n. tm c b, h. T y ta thy tnh ton thy lc cho M bit R th theo (1.6), (1.9) mt ct bt k, c th da vo mt ct c li nht v thu lc. Gi l phng php i chiu vi mt ct c li nht v thu lc. Cch lm nh sau: h R . = (1 + ) R ln R ln Kt hp (1.1), (1.3) v (1.9) c quan h sau v lp t s b m0 R = m .(1 + ). R ln R ln h b R , , theo R ln R ln R ln

4. Xc nh R ln : Dng (1.4) v ln = 1 , thay vo phng trnh c bn:

Q = (.c R ) ln . i = 4m 0 .R ln .c ln . i
2,5

(1.14)

4m 0 i 1 = = f (R ln ) (1.15). Quan h ny c cho bng tra. 2,5 Q c.R ln 5.Cch vn dng c th: a) Tm h? bit Q, b, m, n, i h b h tra ph lc. Sau tnh h = T (1.13) tnh R ln , ri lp R R ln . R ln R ln ln b) Tm b? bit Q, h, m, n, i b h b tra ph lc. Sau tnh b = T (1.13) tnh R ln , ri lp R .R ln . R ln R ln ln

T (1.14)

c) Tm b, h bit Q, m, n, i v =

b h

Tm R ln nh trn, t (1.7) tnh , c tra ph lc tm trn. d) Tm b, h bit Q, m, n, i v R hoc v i tm R ln nh trn

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h b ri tnh b, h nh , R ln R ln

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Tnh R, lp

b h R tra ph lc tm ri tm b, h nh trn. , R ln R ln R ln

Bit v tnh R theo cng thc v = c R .i , c R ri tip tc tnh nh trng hp bit R. Phng php tra bng y ch c nghia lch s; hin nay ngi ta s dng cc phn mm tnh ton thit k knh tin li hn rt nhiu (v d phn mm FLOWMASTER). 6. Tnh thu lc cho dng u, khng p trong ng Ngoi dng chy u trong knh h, trong thc t nhiu lc cn gp loi chy u khng p trong cc ng kn. Chng hn dng chy trong cng ngm thot nc thnh ph, ... nn ngi ta lp th tra tnh. y vic tnh ton ( K, ) tng i phc tp Gi H l chiu cao bn trong ca ng, h l chiu su dng chy. Ta c: K 0 , 0 l mun lu lng v mun lu tc khi h = H; K, l mun lu lng v mun lu tc khi h < H. K Ta t: = A, = B ch ph thuc vo su tng i: K0 0 h a= H H h K A= = f 1 (a ) K0 , lp biu quan h ny Vy B = = f 2 (a ) 0 7. Lu tc cho php khng xi , khng lng ca knh h : iu kin lm vic l tng nht ca knh l m bo s n nh ca mt ct ngang v dc v phng din xi v bi. khng gy ra xi l lng dn nc, lu tc tnh ton hoc lu tc thc t trong knh cn nh hn lu tc cho php khng xi, v < v kx i vi cc dng chy c mang theo mt s lng nht nh v cht l lng, ngoi vic bo m lng dn khng b xi cn cn chn lu tc tnh ton sao cho khng bi lp knh. Ta gi [v kl ] l lu tc gii hn khng lng. Nh vy mun cho knh khng b bi lp cn tha mn iu kin sau: v> [v kl ] Nh vy: iu kin thit k knh n nh v mt xi v bi: [v ]kl < v < [v ]kx

Cu hi: 1. Nu iu kin c dng chy u trong knh. 2. nh ngha mt ct li nht v thy lc. 3. Vn tc trong knh phi tha mn iu kin g? 4. Cc bi ton v thit k knh mi. 5. Cc bi ton v knh sa cha. 6. Ti sao trc y ngi ta dng bng tra c thit lp sn v: Tnh thu lc knh chy u theo phng php i chiu vi mt ct c li nht v thu lc ca Agroskin ? Nu khng c bng tra ny, ngi ta c th tnh ton n c khng ? Hin nay c cng c g thay th cc bng tra ny ?
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7. Hy cho bit hin nay c nhng phn mm no dng cho tnh ton kim tra, thit k thu lc knh ? 8. i vi knh c mt ct bt k (v d hnh qu trng), ngi ta lm th no tnh ton ?

Bi tp: Bi s 1. Mt rnh dn nc c mt ct ngang hnh tam gic, t nghing vi dc i=0,001 o trong t (n=0,025), gc y rnh =90o. Lu lng nc Q=15,4l/s. Xc nh su h? p s : h=0,268m Bi s 2. Mt ng dn nc hnh trn ng knh d=3,0m tho qua lu lng Q=5,0 (m3/s). Tnh chiu su nc trong ng, nu n=0,02, i=0,001. p s : h=1,60m Bi s 3. Xc nh cc kch thc (b, h) ca knh hnh thang tho lu lng Q=10
(m3/s), nu m=1,25; n=0,0225; i=0,0004. T s = thut). p s : b= 5,85m ; h=1,43m
b = 4,1 (ly theo iu kin kinh t k h

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Nguyen Canh Cam & al., Thuy luc T2, NXB Nong Nghiep 2000. 2. Nguyen Tai, Thuy Luc T2, NXB Xay Dung 2002. 3. Edward J. Shaughnessy et al., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Oxford University Press 2005. 4. Frank M. White, Fluid Mechanics, McGrawHill 2002. 5. R. E. Featherstone & C. Nalluri, Civil Engineering Hydraulics, Black well science 1995. 6. M. Hanif Chaudhry, Open - channel flow, Springer 2008. 7. A. Osman Akan, Open - channel hydraulics, Elsvier 2006. 8. Richard H. French, Open - channel hydraulics, McGrawHill 1986. 9. Ven-te-Chow, Open - channel hydraulics, Addition-Wesley Pub. Compagny 1993. 10. Hubert Chanson, The hydraulic of open channel, McGrawHill, Newyork 1998.

Website tham kho:

http://gigapedia.org http://ebookee.com.cn http://dspace.mit.edu http://ecourses.ou.edu http://www.dbebooks.com

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