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Tiu lun
GII TCH 2
______________________________________________________________ NHM 5
V ANH KHOA V TRN MINH KHNG NGUYN THANH HOI NG PHC NHT TRNG HNG KHA
____________________
TP. H CH MINH 5/2011
Tiu lun
GII TCH 2
NHM 5
V ANH KHOA V TRN MINH KHNG NGUYN THANH HOI NG PHC NHT TRNG HNG KHA
____________________
TP. H CH MINH 5/2011
LI NI U
Cun sch Tiu lun GII TCH 2 ny c bin son da theo cun sch Gio trnh GII TCH 2 ca thy ng c Trng inh Ngc Thanh Phm Hong Qun, dnh cho sinh vin nm I ca trng i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, i hc Quc Gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh, sinh vin trong giai on i cng mt s trng v nhng bn c quan tm n mng kin thc ny, tham kho trong qu trnh hc tp v lm vic. Cun sch ny gm c 7 chng, trong mi chng chng ti chia lm hai phn I, II vi b cc nh sau : Phn I : Gii cc bi tp theo tng chng trong cun sch Gio trnh GII TCH 2. phn ny, chng ti s c gng a ra nhng li gii chi tit gip cho ngi c c th trau di kin thc cng nh tham kho mt s k nng trong qu trnh lm bi tp. Tuy nhin, chng ti vn khuyn khch cc bn nn dnh thi gian t gii mt s bi tp, nhm nm vng cn bn mn hc ny. Phn II : Phn ny l nhng bi tp c a vo trong qu trnh chng ti tham kho v su tm c. Chng ti mun a vo gip cho ngi c am m tm ti v khm ph thm c nhiu iu mi mn hc ny. Tuy nhin, chng ti s khng a ra li gii cho phn ny vi mong mun ngi c c th t tho lun, trao i vi bn b, ng nghip thy c ci hay trong tng bi.
Trong qu trnh bin son, do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan, cun sch ny khng trnh khi s sai st. V vy, chng ti mong c nhn cc kin ng gp chng ti hon thin cun sch ny hn. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 5/2011 Cc tc gi.
LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh bin son, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip ca thy ng c Trng, thy Trn Quc Khanh, cc bn C Nhn Ti Nng K10 (kha 2010) v mt s bn khc, vui lng nhn kim tra li, gp thm v chia s mt s ti liu tham kho khc chng ti honh thnh cun sch ny.
MC LC
Chng 1: KHNG GIAN MTRC .................................................... 1
- Bi Tp M Rng ..................................................................................... 20
(ii) Nu
bt k, ta chng minh tn ti mt s v t x sao cho Theo (*), tn ti s hu t sao cho p sao cho
Do Chn
. , ta c x v t do p hu t v .
Nh vy ta chng minh c (**). Trong phn tip theo, ta ch chng minh (i), (ii) chng minh hon ton tng t. (i) Vi x v t, theo (*) tn ti Do : . Suy ra hu t sao cho : l dy hu t hi t v x v t. .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.2. Cho l tp ng trong l s thc, chng minh rng :
Ta cn chng minh
th t tng dn ( bi v ta lun sp c th t ca cc s ), ngha l : . Khi , ta xt : . Do trong l hp ca cc khong m nn . l tp m khc rng trong th cha v l tp m. Dn n l tp ng
. sao cho : .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.3. Cho (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) l tp ng trong v l mt khng gian mtrc v , vi l tp ng trong l tp m trong . Chng minh rng :
cha trong . . .
Bi gii: (i) Ly Nu Nu Chng minh bt k . , ta c ngay . , ta u c : . ( do vi mi . (1) Ly Vi mi Suy ra Ly Vi mi V Suy ra .Vy .Suy ra . 3 Chng minh bt k . , . Ta c bt k. . ta c .(2) vi mi . . cha nn khc rng. : ) : do x l im dnh ca ,vi mi :
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc (ii) Xt mt dy Chng minh l mt tp ng trong E. trong E . chng minh . nn vi mi . cha trong | | |+ tha : | < +| | , |, . . , ta u c : . l mt tp
bt k tha mn :
, v phi s hi t v 0. Suy ra hi t v .
} ng thi l mt dy trong .
hi t v
l mt tp m cha trong
th
l mt im trong ca . . Vy l mt im trong ca .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chng minh l tp m: chng minh u l im trong. sao cho : m, ta ch cn chng minh mi im Ly V cha trong cha trong
bt k. Tn ti
Nh vy
l mt im trong ca . Ta c
l tp m. cha trong .
l tp m ln nht trong
Theo nh ngha, dnh ca . Cng t nh ngha l im dnh ca Ta c: (do Vy (v) Ta c : V v Chng minh .
va l im
va
) . l tp ng trong
l mt tp ng. .
ng nu v ch nu
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Chiu o: Gi s V Suy ra Vy, . l tp ng. l mt khng gian mtrc v ta nh ngha: Ta c .
1.4. Cho
Chng minh
l khng gian mtrc. Bi gii: l mt khng gian mtrc bng nh ngha: vi mi vi mi khi ch khi Do ta c vi mi . v . hay . nn ta lun c : khi v ch khi
(iii) Ta t
vi mi
Vy
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.5. Cho (i) l tp hp khc trng v : tha cc tnh cht:
(ii) Chng minh rng l mt mtrc trn Bi gii: chng minh l mt khng gian mtrc ta phi chng minh thm tnh cht i ta lun c l mt mtrc trn E. ta cn chng minh v . vi
xng tc l vi mi ri kt lun
Ni cch khc t gi thit (i) v (ii) ca bi chng minh mi Tht vy chng minh
Chng minh Ta c :
. Tng t ta c : Do Vy
. l mt mtrc trn .
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.6. Cho (i) t l khng gian mtrc.
Vi Chng minh rng ( l khng gian mtrc. Bi gii: (i) 1) Do , V 2) Do , 3) Ta lun c Nn Vi mi cn chng minh Vi mi . . , do - Chng minh d l mt mtrc trn Vi mi v , do : nn ta c : l mt mtrc trn .
hay nn ta c :
l mt mtrc trn
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Hay Vy d l mt mtrc trn (ii) a) . l khng gian mtrc vi .
b) Vi mi v
, ta c : khi v ch khi :
V:
(do
Vy
V Vy
(do
).
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.7. (i) Cho vi (ii) Cho vi u Chng minh (iii) Ly vi mtrc . l mt khng gian mtrc. Chng minh rng l bao ng ca .
Trong Chng minh rng , Bi gii: i) Cho . Mt khc theo tnh cht ca bao ng, ta bit . Do ta suy ra . l tp ng nh nht cha l mt qu cu ng nn l mt tp ng. D thy
ii)
v l khng gian mtrc c t nht hai phn t. Suy ra khc a ,vn theo nh ngha mtrc , ta c cha khc . 10 ch t nht mt . Nh vy, qu
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc iu ny chng t Theo cu (i) ta c , ta cn chng minh bt k ta s chng minh tho . . bng cch ch .
iii)
Nn nhn c Tht vy, ly mt ra mt dy t Khi Hn na, v vi mi Ta suy ra : = < Do mi . d thy cha trong
. Ta c nhn xt sau:
nn
vi mi .
1.8. Cho {
hi t nu v ch nu cc dy {
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc Do l dy con ca hai dy hi t v , nn v c cng gii hn. T ta suy ra: Vy hi t. l mt khng gian mtrc. Chng minh rng : v th c cc tp m v sao cho c cng gii hn.
l tp ng trong
v do
l tp ng trong . , ta c .
th vi mi phn t Bi gii:
= th s c .
l cc tp m nn vi v
th c hai tp m
Ta c iu cn chng minh. ii) Tng t 1.2. iii) Ta c Cn chng minh: Vi mi Tht vy: Cho .Ta c: Vi mi , hay . , .
Suy ra
. 12
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.10. Cho dy hm rng = xc nh trn . Chng minh khi v hi t tng im v hm Dirichlet khi . Bi gii: + Vi . Suy ra x = ( , )
Vi
. Suy ra
Suy ra
hi t v . Suy ra .
+ Vi Ta c: Suy ra hi t v
1.11. Cho ( ) v ( (
rng dy hm (
13
T gi thuyt ta c:
Suy ra : Khi :
Hay Suy ra : .
1.12. Xt dy hm : , . v ti
14
Vy
Suy ra V:
hi t u v hm
15
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.13. Chng t rng dy hm hi t u trn on . hi t tng im nhng khng
Bi gii: - Vi Hi t tng im : : . - Vi : . - Vi :
Vy
Chn
16
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc 1.14. Tm cc im trong, im bin v xt xem cc tp hp c cho c l tp ng hay khng?
Bi gii: a. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. b. im trong: im bin: Khng l tp ng. c. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. d. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. e. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. 17
Chng 1: Khng gian mtrc f. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. g. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. h. im trong: im bin: Tp ng. i. im trong: im bin: -
Tp ng. 18
19
1.
ngha:
b. S l tp hp cc dy s thc x = =
.Ta nh ngha : , ,
2.
Cho a. b. Nu c. d.
3.
l mt nh x tha mn ba tnh cht ca mtric trn E v c thm hai tnh cht: Th tn ti mt v ch mt chun . Cho E l mt khng gian vect, hai chun . 20 . trn E sao cho: .
4. gi s
1,
trn E,
Cho E l mt khng gian vect nh chun; A,B l tp khc rng ca E; ta , cng tng t vi khi v ch khi . .
6.
7.
. Vi
, ta nh ngha:
khi v ch khi
8.
Trong
9.
Cho (E,
21
10.
Cho
ng th
11. 12.
13.
Chng t rng dy hm .
hi t tng im nhng
khng hi t u trn
22
Do :
lin tc trn .
23
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.2. Cho l mt nh x t khng gian mtrc vo khng gian mtrc nu v ch
lin tc ti
l tp m khng th b
khi v ch khi th
lin tc ti . lin tc ti .
lin tc ti
lin tc ti
tc l
hi t v hi t v
hi t v , nn tn ti vi mi l dy trong
hi t v . M ta c
lin tc ti , nn:
24
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Lc ny, hm V vy, iu kin lin tc trn nhng khng lin tc trn . l tp m khng b c.
2.3. Cho
minh rng tp hp cc im bt ng ca l mt tp ng trong . Bi gii: Ta cn chng minh Tht vy, xt dy bt k Do Suy ra: Vy hay ng trong . v . trong l mt tp ng trong . hi t v trong . Cn chng minh nn { ( .
l nh x lin tc trn
)} hi t v ( ).
l cc hm s lin tc trn khng gian mtrc . Chng minh rng v lin tc. Suy ra cc hm s v cng lin
Bi gii: Vi cc hm s c xc nh nh sau:
25
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng V vy, chng minh hai hm s trn lin tc, ta ch cn chng minh tc. t Ta c: , suy ra Do : Vy hm T y suy ra hai hm , ta s chng minh lin tc. nn lin tc trn khng gian mtrc lin tc trn lin
khng gian mtrc . lin tc trn khng gian mtrc . lin tc trn khng gian mtrc . cng lin tc.
2.5. Cho
l hai nh x lin tc t khng gian mtrc l tp con khc trng ca . sao cho
vo khng gian .
Suy ra
vi mi
26
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.6. Cho l hai khng gian mtrc v l mt nh x t lin tc trn . sao cho lin tc vi mi tp compc Trc ht ly dy . Chng minh Bi gii: trong , hi t v l tp compc. Ly Ta c nn Mt khc l ph m ca . l im trong ca ngha l tn ti ln sao cho: , dn n l tp b chn. sao cho . Ta chng minh c ph con hu hn. . Ta s chng minh rng tp
l tp m nn
Ta c Vi mi
l dy hi t v th
nn tn ti nn
Vy V
27
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.7. Cho Gi l tp ng trong . Bi gii: l th ca Ly dy Suy ra V hi t v sao cho v hi t v hi t v . hi t v , nn . hi t v . . . trong . l mt nh x lin tc t khng gian mtrc vo khng gian mtrc . l th ca . Chng minh rng th ca
lin tc nn
Mt khc: Do
c im bt ng
Gi
l nh x xc nh trn
tho :
Do : Nn tn ti
28
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.9. Cho . Bit rng l mt ng phi ngha l rng : i. ii. compc nu v ch nu compc. lin thng ng. lin thng ng nu v ch nu song nh, lin tc, v lin tc. Chng minh v l cc khng gian mtrc v l mt nh x t vo
a)
Gi s
compc, do
lin tc trn
nn t (*) ta c
compc. nn t (**) ta c
o li, gi s compc. Vy b)
compc, do
compc nu v ch nu
lin thng ng
lin thng ng th ta s chng minh: Tn ti 1 nh x sao cho: lin thng ng nn tn ti 1 nh x . lin tc (v . . lin tc) v: lin tc,
lin tc,
th
lin tc,
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Chiu o: lin thng ng lin thng ng. (Tng t chiu thun)
2.10. Cho
l mt song nh lin tc t
vo
l mt ng phi.
Bi gii: chng minh Tht vy : Xt . Vi ng trong th compc v do lin tc nn compc v do ng trong . Vy lin tc trn hay l mt ng phi. l mt ng phi, ta s chng minh lin tc trn .
2.11. Tm cc gii hn :
30
Bi gii: a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
31
h)
Trc ht ta tnh:
Ta c:
Suy ra:
M:
Nn:
Vy: 32
i)
Khi
, ta c:
t Ta c:
Vy:
33
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 2.12. Cc hm s sau c gii hn ti (0,0) khng ? a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) Bi gii: Khng tn ti gii hn ti Tht vy, vi mi a) b) c) d) Vi Vi Vi Vi v v cc cu a), b), c), d), e), f), i), j), l). xt 2 dy v nh cu a). v nh cu a). 34 nhng v cng hi t v : .
nhng
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng e) f) i) j) Vi Vi Vi Vi v v v v nh cu a). nh cu a). nh cu a). nhng
M:
Nn:
h)
Ta c:
M:
Nn:
k)
Ta c:
35
Nn:
l hm lin tc v
cng l hm lin tc (
Vi mi dy V lin tc trn
Suy ra:
hi t v
Vy
lin tc trn
2.14. Cho
v v
l mt tp m cha trong . th
lin tc ti mi im ca .
36
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng Bi gii: chng minh lin tc ti mi im ca bt k trong vi mi nn tn ti nn tn ti vi mi l dy trong hi t v vi mi hi t v hay , . lin tc ti mi im ca . (pcm) hi t v . M ta c lin sao cho sao cho: vi mi . : hi t v trong , ta s chng
minh tn ti Do Do Suy ra -
m trong trong
T trn dn n nn
tc trn Mt khc Vy
, cc tp hp
l cc tp ng. Bi gii:
i.
Vi mi Trc ht, do . Do nn
lin tc ti
, nn theo nh ngha, tn ti
37
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng . Do suy ra: Chn Nn suy ra : Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. ii. chng minh trong K hi t v trong nn suy ra . trong th l tp ng, ta s chng minh : . . M theo gi ta c : v hay .
Vi mi dy Trc ht thit,
hi t v trong nn ta c:
l tp ng. Suy ra
lin tc trn
Do vy
2.16. Tm a) b)
lin tc ti
Do trc ht ta s tnh :
38
(v M :
hay
Suy ra :
Nn
Do : khng tn ti
39
b)
Ta c :
Suy ra :
Nn :
Vy
lin tc ti
40
Vi mi Ta c: Nn:
Vy
lin tc ti
2.18. Kim tra tnh compc ca cc tp sau trong a) b) c) Bi gii: a) chng minh tp ng v b chn. ng : bt k trong cha trong . , nn nn ta c . iu ny chng t . . cha trong . sao cho . Ta s l tp compc. Ta s
chng minh
41
Ly Suy ra Nn Vy b)
b chn.
khng l tp compc, ta s
khng ng. .
, ta c
. Do
( do
chng t c)
, ta c , nhn thy
42
1.
b.
c. 2. Tm gii hn khi a. b. c. d. 3. Cho lin tc ti 0 th 4. Cho tha lin tc. tha . Chng minh nu . Chng minh nu ca cc hm s sau:
43
Chng 2: nh x lin tc, tp compc, tp lin thng ng 7. Cho , lin thng. Chng minh nu . tha mn: th lun dng hay lun m 8. Cho
tha mn v nh x
. .Trn X x Y, xt
mtrc:
. lin tc, chng minh l tp ng. l khng gian compact, chng minh
11. 12.
Chng minh quan h ng phi l quan h tng ng. Chng minh rng: a. Nu ng phi. b. Nu v l nhng php ng phi th cng lin thng. cng l mt php ng phi. l mt php ng phi th cng l mt php
13.
Chng minh nu
lin thng th
44
Chng 3:
Chng minh Ly dy Vy
Ta c : Vi Ta c : vi Vy Do hi t v . l khng gian y . .
45
vo khng gian th l
Gi s
l mt dy Cauchy trong khng gian mtrc . l mt dy Cauchy trong khng gian mtrc . sao cho vi ta u c
th
Cho Khi , vi Vy
, chn
l dy Cauchy trong
l mt song nh t v . Nu
vo
l mt ng phi, ngha l
lin tc trn
c y khng? Bi gii:
Xt nh x :
Vi nh x
nh x ngc :
vy
l mt ng phi.
cha trong
Nn
3.4. Cho
ngha l y . Bi gii:
Xt mt dy bt k Do thuc ) nn tn ti
trong thuc
Theo gi thit ta c
47
T (1) & (2) : Ta c: Vy Ngha l : sao cho Theo gi thit ta c T (3) & (4) : Suy ra Suy ra T Ta c & l khng gian y . y nu v ch nu sao cho hi t v . vi vi (4) (3) sao cho l dy Cauchy . Li theo gi thit l dy hi t trong nn . vi
3.5. Chng minh rng khng gian mtrc khng gian mtrc y . Bi gii:
l cc
i) Gi s l cc khng gian mtrc y ta chng minh l khng gian mtrc y vi mi dy Cauchy Ngha l sao cho vi trong . y . trong .
48
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach vi Vy l dy Cauchy . l khng gian mtrc y nn dy Cauchy Ngha l sao cho vi hi t v . hi t v .
l khng gian mtrc y nn dy Cauchy Ngha l Xt dy , vi sao cho bt k thuc ta c vi Vy T ii) Gi s y , chng minh Xt dy V Ngha l Ta c: Vy Mt khc Ngha l Ta c: Vy l dy hi t v y . (2) l y . l dy Cauchy .(1) l khng gian y nn l khng gian y vi mi dy Cauchy , vi N0 >0 sao cho vi y . & l dy hi t v suy ra khng gian y . . . vi
vi .
hi t v
>0 , vi
sao cho vi
49
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 3.6. Gi s minh rng v l hai dy Cauchy trong khng gian mtrc hi t. Bi gii: chng minh . Chng
hi t, ta chng minh
l dy Cauchy trong
Chuyn v ta c : Do , suy ra Mt khc, theo gi thit, Cho v sao cho: vi Chn khi ta c . Suy ra Vy dy l dy Cauchy trong hi t trong . . l dy Cauchy. vi . .
50
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 3.7. Chng minh cc ton t tuyn tnh sau lin tc v tnh chun ca n : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Bi gii:
2. Ta c :
Chng minh nh x ,
tuyn tnh : th :
51
3. Ta c :
Tnh lin tc : th .
4. T Chn Ta c : , ta c
(2)
52
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Chng minh : Ta c : lin tc trn th :
. Suy ra l nh x tuyn tnh. 3. Ta c : Tnh lin tc : th . T : Suy ra : Vy l nh x lin tc. 4. T Chn Ta c : 53 , ta c . Tnh chun : suy ra . (1) .
(2)
. :
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra 3. Ta c
Vy
T Suy ra
, ta c . (1) 54
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Chn Ta c : , Nn T (1) & (2) suy ra : . . . (2)
d) 1. Ta c : Chng minh nh x th : . :
Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c:
lin tc trn .
Chng minh nh x
tuyn tnh : , th
Suy ra
Ta c: Suy ra Vy
T Suy ra Chn
, ta c
55
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Ta c : , Nn T (1) & (2) suy ra . . . (2)
. :
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra
Ta c :
Vy
T Suy ra Chn
, ta c : . vi 56 (1)
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Ta c : . Nn T (1) & (2) ta c . (2)
. :
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra
Ta c
Suy ra Vy
T Chn
, ta c
Ta c :
57
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach . T (1) & (2) ta c . (2)
g) 1. Ta c Chng minh nh x th : :
Suy ra Vy 2. Ta c
lin tc trn .
Chng minh nh x ,
tuyn tnh : th :
Suy ra
Ta c
Suy ra Vy nh x
. lin tc . 58
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 4. T Chn Ta c: , ta c Tnh chun : , v vy . (1)
Nn Vy khi : . (2)
. Trn
trang b
. Chng
59
a) Vi mi Ta c :
bt k
Vy t Ta c :
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun
= Suy ra Hay
Do Mt khc ta c : Nn suy ra b) = .
bt k.
Vy t Ta c :
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun ) =
Suy ra Hay
Mt khc ta c : Nn .
c)
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh. : 61
2. Tnh chun
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun
62
e)
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh. :
2. Tnh chun Ta c :
. Suy ra Hay .
Do Mt khc : Vy .
63
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh . :
2. Tnh chun Ta c:
. Suy ra : Hay
Do Mt khc : Vy
g)
Vy
l nh x tuyn tnh . :
2. Tnh chun
Suy ra Hay
Do Mt khc : Vy = .
65
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach 3.9. Chng minh cc phim hm thuc ca n a) b) c) d) e) f) tm chun
Bi gii:
Chng minh -
Chng minh Ta c :
66
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach . . . . Suy ra Vy tuyn tnh .
2. Xt
Tm chun
. . . . .
. .
Chng minh
67
Chng minh Ta c :
Suy ra Vy
tuyn tnh . .
2. Xt
Tm chun
. Suy ra Suy ra Nn . . 68 .
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach Chn Suy ra Suy ra Suy ra T & ta c . . .
Chng minh -
. .
Chng minh Ta c :
69
Suy ra Vy
tuyn tnh . .
2.
Tm chun
Ta c :
70
d) 1. Ta chng minh
. .
Chng minh
lin tc : .
Chng minh Ta c : Ta c :
2. Xt
Tm chun . nn , , . . 71 .
Suy ra Chn c
Chng minh -
. .
2. Xt
Tm chun
Suy ra
Suy ra :
Nn T & ta c
. .
73
Chng 3: Khng gian mtrc y v khng gian Banach f) 1. Ta chng minh lin tc : .
Chng minh
Chng minh Ta c :
2. Xt
Tm chun
. .
Suy ra
nn
Chn
Suy ra Ta c :
Suy ra :
Suy ra T & ta c
. . 75
1.
Gi thuyt nh bi 1.4 - Gio trnh Gii tch 2 . a. Chng minh b. Gi s khi v ch khi y , chng minh . y .
2.
3.
4.
Chng minh rng : a. Nu php ng c. b. Nu v l nhng php ng c th cng l mt php ng c. c. Nu l mt php ng c th f l mt php ng phi v chiu o li ng hay sai? 76 l mt php ng c th cng l mt
5. -
Trn
, ta nh ngha :
6.
Cho
7.
Cho
. Ta ni
lin tc u.
77
Chng 4:
Nh vy: b) Ta thy :
Nh vy: 78
Nh vy: d) Ta thy : Ta c: =
Nh vy:
4.2. Cho a) b) c) d) e)
79
Ta xt 3 hm
: ( l nguyn hm ca ).
80
Ta thy ta c:
Do , Ta c: . Xt hm : . . . Ta thy: Nn : .
82
4.3. Cho
Suy ra tn ti : Tng t :
Trng hp 2 :
, ta c :
Cho
, ta thy:
Vy tn ti
Tng t, ta cng c: 83
4.4. Tnh a) b)
cho cc hm sau
Bi gii: a) Ta c :
thuc
. Suy ra f
84
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Ta thy cc o hm ring ny lin tc ti mi im vi trn V: . . thuc . Suy ra f kh
. b)
85
4.6. Cho
vi
Chng minh
Bi gii: Ta c:
M:
86
Vy ta c:
4.8. Cho
vi
Vi
87
Do vy,
l mt vect bt k.
88
b)
Tng t nh cu a, ta cng c: .
4.10. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca f v kim tra rng hai o hm hn hp bng nhau, vi hm a) b) 3 c) Bi gii: a) Ta c : cho bi
Vy suy ra:
89
Vy ta thy : b) Ta c:
V:
Vy ta thy: c) Ta c :
V: 90
Vy ta thy :
vi hm ny l
o hm cp hai :
91
b)
o hm cp hai :
92
Suy ra :
Vy b)
l hm iu ho.
93
Suy ra :
Suy ra :
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho. c) Ta c :
Suy ra :
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho. d) Ta c : 94
Khi :
Suy ra:
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho. e) Ta c :
Vy ta c:
95
Vy ta c:
Ta thy:
Khi ta c:
Suy ra:
Vy hm cho l hm iu ho.
97
V :
Vy ta thy :
Suy ra, hm b) Ta c :
l hm iu ha.
V : 98
Vy ta c :
Suy ra, hm c) Ta c :
Vy ta c :
Suy ra :
99
Vy: hm d) Ta c :
l hm iu ha ba bin.
Vy ta c :
Suy ra :
Vy hm
l hm iu ha ba bin.
100
vi .
v tnh
Tn ti
101
Ni ring :
b) Ta c :
Xt
Xt
. Ta c : 102
Tn ti
Tng t , ta c :
Vy c) ring Trong v d ny
. Th vo
Bi gii: a) t Khi : Ta c: , M: ,
Do , ta suy ra :
104
Do vy ta c :
105
Vy ta c :
d) Ta c : t khi
Suy ra :
106
Vy
e) Ta c :
vi
Do vy ta c :
107
Bi gii:
Suy ra :
Tng t :
108
4.17. Cho hm
Vi
Bi gii: Ta c :
109
Tng t ta c :
Suy ra :
110
vi mi
. th
Cho
, ta c 111
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin Hay Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. b) Theo cu a ta c o hm ca Ly o hm ca theo t l
theo t, ta c :
Cho
112
4.19. Cho
vi
Bi gii: t Suy ra :
Vy ta c :
113
Tng t :
Vy ta c :
xc nh bi
Bi gii: Ta c :
Ta chia
ra lm 4 gc phn t v cc ng thng :
Chn gc phn t th I l Vi
114
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin l tp m nn tng t). Trn Do vy Do m v vi mi tha c Chng minh f kh vi trn th : sao cho
Tng t ta tnh c ti
Xt
Ly
bt k trong
Vy
v , . Suy ra kh vi trn
kh vi trn
116
Suy ra Vy
. .
v khng kh vi trn
4.22. Cho hm nu ti mi
l hm kh vi ti mi im ca th
117
vi mi Bi gii:
Ch rng
thay i theo
Xt Ta c Xt Ta c Xt Ta c
nn v nn v nn
Xt ti trc Oy: Ta c :
Ti (0,0):
Vy
vi mi
118
xc nh bi ng thc l hm kh vi.
khng kh vi ti Bi gii:
tr khi
a.
Theo bi ta c:
nn ta s chng minh
Vi
, ta c , ta c:
Tng t, vi
Khi
th
119
Do , tn ti
Xt t Nu kh vi ti
bt k. . Gi s , ta c: Ta thy
Suy ra :
Mt khc, v o li, nu ti . ,
ta suy ra
. ta d thy v do kh vi
120
khng kh vi ti
. Bi gii:
Ta c :
Vy :
xc nh bi
khng kh
sao cho
kh vi ti
Ta c :
122
Xt : Vy kh vi ti
4.28. Cho a) b) c)
l hm lin tc. Tm
, vi
Ta thy
123
Ta thy
l hm lin tc nn
kh vi nn ta c :
c) Ta c:
Ta xt 3 hm
Ta thy: hm hp ta c :
124
V Vy
l hm lin tc nn ,
kh vi nn ta c :
qua cc o hm ca cc hm
125
b.
c.
d.
e.
126
b.
c th xc nh th no
c. Tm hm
a. Xt t
th
c nh.
127
Mt khc, do Suy ra Vy v
nn vi l hng s. vi l hng s.
Bi gii: Ta c :
Suy ra :
128
Tng t cho Vy ta c :
trong
Bi gii:
Nu
129
Tng t cho Ta c :
130
Xt
Nu
ta c
vi
131
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.33. Chng t rng nu tho phng trnh Laplace th hm
(theo gi thit)
Tng t, ta tnh c :
Suy ra :
132
Suy ra :
Ta c :
V :
133
suy ra :
Tng t :
Vy :
Ta li c :
Suy ra :
Suy ra :
Chng 4: Vi phn hm nhiu bin 4.34. Cho a. Tnh b. Chng t rng nu l cc hng s. Bi gii: a. Tnh , th , trong , trong
Ta c :
Suy ra :
Tng t cho Vy ta c :
b.
135
(trong
l hng s).
trong
Bi gii: a.
b. Trng hp , ta c :
Trng hp
M ta c : 136
137
1.
, th
nhn mi
gi tr nm gia
2.
Tm hm s a. b. c.
bit rng :
3.
kh vi v a l hng s .
4.
Cho
khi v ch khi
kin Lipschitz : Suy ra iu kin hm kh vi 6. v 7. Cho v . Chng minh ng hay sai khi hm s
138
Khi
th . Ta c phng trnh:
Ly o hm 2 v ln lt theo
Khi
th:
5.2. Cho
tho
Tm
. 139
Xt :
Khi
th . Ta c 2 h phng trnh:
Khi
th
140
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.3. Tm Jacobian trong cc trng hp sau a) b) vi vi Bi gii: a. Ta c :
Do vy :
Suy ra :
b.
Ta c :
Do vy :
Suy ra :
Do v ng thi :
theo
141
Do , ta suy ra :
5.4. Cc phng trnh sau c th i thnh dng khng? Tnh dng a) b) c) Bi gii: a) Ta c : Ti th :
142
b) Ta c : Ti x th :
Khi
th :
143
sao cho
Khi th :
144
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.5. Cho l trng v hng, xc nh trn v trng vect
b.
Vi
. p dng cu a, ta c :
Mt khc :
Vy
145
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.6. Trng tnh in to bi mt n v in tch dng t ti gc vi Bi gii: Vi Ta c : . Chng t l .
Khi :
146
Suy ra :
147
Ta c :
Mt khc :
Suy ra :
b. Ta c:
Vi
Suy ra :
148
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.8. Cho Chng minh a) b) c) d) Bi gii: a. Ta c l hai trng vect, l trng v hng xc nh trn
b.
Ta c :
Suy ra :
c.
Vi
Ta c :
149
d.
Ta c :
150
Ta c :
b.
Vi
Ta c :
c.
Vi
Ta c :
d.
Vi
Ta c :
151
Ta c :
Suy ra :
152
Khi :
Suy ra : (pcm) c. Vi , v
Ta c :
* Chng minh :
Vi :
153
Suy ra :
Chng minh :
Chng minh :
d. Vi Chng minh :
154
Chng minh :
e. Chng minh :
Ta c :
Ta c:
Chng minh :
155
5.11. Kho st cc tr ca cc hm a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) +
vi
vi * Ti :
th
Vy * Ti
t cc tiu ti :
vi Khi
th
Vy c.
khng t cc tr ti
Suy ra :
Ti Ta c . Ti Ta c . Ti . e.
th v nn khng t cc tr ti
th v nn khng t cc tr ti t cc tiu ti
th
nn
hoc
Ti ti Ti Ta c . f. .
th
nn
t cc i
th v nn khng t cc tr ti
158
Ti Ta c . Ti
th v nn khng t cc tr ti
th .
nn
t cc tiu ti g.
hoc
Ti Ta c : ti Ti .
th v nn khng t cc tr
th nn t cc tiu ti .
h.
Ta c :
159
Ti Vy i.
th t cc tiu ti .
Ta c :
Ti Ta c Vy j.
th v khng t cc tr ti .
Ta c :
Ti
th
160
vi Ti Khi
th th
Vy
khng t cc tr ti
161
Ta gii h
Vy
c 2 im dng trn
Suy ra b. v
t cc i tai
,v cc tiu ti v
Ta gii h
162
Vy
c 6 im dng trn
Mt khc :
l tp compc
163
Suy ra c.
t cc i ti
v cc tiu ti v
Ta gii h :
hoc
Vy
c 2 im dng trn
, l tp compc nn tn ti min,max
Suy ra
t cc i ti
v cc tiu ti
164
Ta gii h
Nu th Vi , ta c
l tp compc trong
165
e.
Ta gii h
Vy
c 1 im dng trn
(1)
Ma trn Hesse
Vi
,ta c vi (1) ta c
Vi Vi Vy f. t
th th khng c cc tr.
Ta gii h
166
Vi
ta c
Vy Vi
l tp compc
ti
167
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.13. Chng minh rng tn ti khong cch ngn nht t mt im n mt mt (hay mt ng) v tm khong cch trong cc trng hp sau a) b) c) d) n n n n . Bi gii: Ta chng minh tn ti khong cch ngn nht t mt im n mt ng Ly mt im c tnh bi cng thc minh tn ti khong cch ngn nht t im tn ti GTNN ca n ng .Khong cch t a n mt im Vy chng ta cn chng minh . . .
trn tp hp
bt k. t
v l mt tp con ng
nh x
trong tp compc
sao cho
vi w xc nh nh trn,ta c Tht vy,v nu hp a. t th Ta cn tm GTNN ca hm s trn tp hp , theo nh ngha ta c ngay ;cn trong trng
v 168
. Khong cch t
Vy
l im dng ca . n l t c ti
c.
Xt h
169
hoc
l , t c ti
d.
Ta gii h
Gii h trn ta c
Vi 4 im dng trn n ng
170
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.14. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s sau trn tp hp c cho a) b) c) d) e) f) trong hnh vung vi cc nh trong min trn mt phng. trong min trong min trong min Bi gii: a) Do t . Min trn th . l , t c khi v ng thc xy ra khi , t c khi l compc trong . .
trn min
. Min
l compc
Trc ht ta s tm im dng ca hm . Ta c
171
Suy ra
Nu (
hoc
hoc
. Do vy,
nm trn bin.
Do
hoc Ta c
hoc
Vy GTLN ca d) Min t
l ti
ti
nn trong min ny
s c GTLN, 172
Ta c Vy trong min Ta kho st Ta c hay trn ngha l khi nn . Suy ra : . Ta c nn , hm khng c im dng.
Vy GTLN ca e) Min t
ti
l ti
nn
c GTLN v GTNN. . Ta c
Ta tm im dng ca
trn min
173
Vy GTLN ca f) t
ti .
v GTNN ca
ti
Trc ht ta s tm im dng ca hm Ta c
. Khi ta c
nn nn
Do min xc nh ca
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.15. Chng minh hm hai v nu m th l hng s. s khng ph thuc bin th
Nu Ta s chng minh Ta c :
0 th
l hng s
Suy ra
5.16. Cho a) Chng minh rng nu hm hng s. b) Tm hm sao cho nhng li ph thuc bin th hai. tho th l
175
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr Bi gii: a. Ta chng minh : Nu trn th l hng s trn . hay
iu kin : Vi :
ph thuc vo bin y
5.17. Cho
Vi
v nu
th
Nhng
hay
u khng tha
. Vy
Ly o hm 2 v theo ca
177
Vi
, ta suy ra
Xt hm
Ta c Ly o hm ca theo
ca
quanh
Bi gii: a)
Trong
178
b)
179
c)
Ta c :
180
Tng t ta c :
Suy ra : Cc o hm hn hp bng 0.
v v hm
Gi s ngc li
Vi
, ta c : 181
.Vy
. (tri vi gi thit)
Vy bi ton c chng minh. 5.20. Xt bin i a. Vit cng thc cho bin i o. b. Tnh Jacobi ca hai php bin i nu trn. Bi gii: a. Ta c :
b.
Ta c :
Nu
c v
182
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.21. Xt php bin i minh rng bin i o tho vi Jacobi Chng
Mt khc ta li c
hay
183
Chng 5: Cng thc Taylor Hm n Hm ngc Cc tr 5.22. Xt bin i . Chng minh rng bin i o tho vi Jacobi
ta c :
184
Suy ra
Tng t ta cng c
185
Ta chng minh c
186
1.
2.
3. vi 4.
Gi s
ti
5. nhng
Chng t rng hm v
187
Chng 6:
Bi gii: Nu hi t th : Vi mi hi t v ,
hi t th : Vi mi hi t v
T (1) & (2) ta c iu phi chng minh. Hn na, khi chng cng hi t th :
Nhn xt: Nh vy, tnh hi t hay phn k ca mt chui khng thay i khi ta thay i ch s xut pht, nhng tng (khi chui hi t) c th bin i. Do , thay v kho st tnh hi t ca chui chui . , ta c th kho st tnh hi t ca
188
hi t th
v . Chng minh
, cng hi t c tng ln lt l
Chui
hi t v :
189
hi t nn
hi t v c tng l
sao cho
Do chui
hi t v c tng l . : khi hi t v
(do Do vy, vi mi th
).
190
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Do l dy tng ngt cc s t nhin nn cng l dy tng ngt cc cng
s t nhin. Suy ra hi t v . Do , hi t v hay cng hi t v c tng l . Ta c iu phi chng minh. l dy con ca . M hi t v nn suy ra
th ta c Bi gii:
Ta c : Ta t :
, suy ra
Khi
ta c :
Nn
V ta c :
Nn
191
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Vy ta c iu phi chng minh . c gi l mt cp s cng khi tn ti
6.6. Dy s
sao cho . Chng minh rng gm ton cc s 0. sao cho . Chng minh rng
. Khi c gi l cng sai ca cp s cng nu l mt cp s cng th Dy s . Khi nu v khi phn k tr khi dy c gi l mt cp s nhn khi tn ti c gi l cng bi ca cp s nhn th
hi t nu v ch nu
Gi s dy
Theo tnh cht ca cp s cng, ta thy Mt cch tng qut th Suy ra, tng ring phn th ca chui .
= chui ta nhn thy hi t, ta phi c dy hi t khi v ch khi , Gi s dy s l dy gm ton cc cha s 0. hi t. T cng thc xc nh nh trn,
. Khi , do
l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi . Mt
192
s hi t trong
khi v ch khi
, v
s hi t nu v ch nu
. Khi :
193
Bi gii: Lu rng tt c cc chui s trong bi tp ny u l chui s dng . 1) Xt chui V Theo nh l v chui iu ha th Nn chui 2) Ta c : phn k. v : l chui phn k .
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Suy ra Nn chui 5) Xt chui t Ta thy : phn k . hi t.
phn k.
hi t.
hi t .
195
l nh x lin tc,dng v gim. Do theo tiu chun tch phn ca v tch phn suy rng s cng
hi t .
. hi t .
196
hi t . Bi gii:
Vi mi
th :
Do :
Vy y l chui s dng . Xt : Vi mi
Suy ra, vi mi
M chui
hi t .
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.9. Tm 1) 2) sao cho hi t hi t Bi gii: 1) Ta xt cc trng hp : Vi th vi ta c : . Nn :
M chui
phn k nn
phn k. phn k.
Suy ra Ta thy : Nn Xt :
hi t .
t Suy ra Khi : Vy
2) -
Ta xt cc trng hp : Vi th vi ta c : . Nn :
phn k . phn k . :
: Xt chui
phn k .
Nn chui ii. Do
Nn
Suy ra Vy
phn k . hi t .
199
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.10. Xt tnh hi t ca cc chui 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Bi gii: 1) t Xt hm .
Suy ra Hay V
gim trn
. Ta c :
l dy dng gim.
Vy chui
hi t .
2) t Xt hm 200
Suy ra Suy ra
gim trn
. .
l dy s dng, gim v hi t.
Vy chui 3) t Xt chui Xt hm
Suy ra Suy ra
gim trn vi
. l dy dng gim v :
Ta c Vy chui 4) t Ta c : Vy chui
hi t. hi t theo bi 6.1 .
hi t . 201
6.11. Cho
. tho iu kin .
Ta c : M ta c : V
vi mi hi t
Do vy chui Suy ra
hi t v 1. hi t. ng thi, ta c :
Chng minh :
khi v ch khi
Nh ta chng minh Nu th
202
Mt khc vi mi , Hn na ta c :
Do vy :
) v ( v ,
Chng t rng
Ta c th vit li cc dy nh sau :
t :
Suy ra :
t : 203
Xt :
6.13. Cho
sao cho
Bi gii: Ta k hiu : Vi mi , ta t : v v . .
204
Do
Nn
nn suy ra :
T :
Vy hai dy Hn na : Do Ta c : Suy ra : Nh vy :
nn ta c : , do :
, v
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Khi , chn Ta c : v vi mi , l ch s thp phn th ca .
Nh vy : Tn ti dy ch s thp phn
sao cho
6.14. Cho
l mt s v t nu v ch nu
c mt
sao cho tn
206
Theo bi 6.4, ta c :
Do vy
Vi nhn xt rng -
u l cc s hu t, ta suy ra
hu t.
Ta chng minh nu
hu t th c mt biu din thp phn tun hon. sao cho . Khi , tn ti mt s t nhin
207
. Theo iu gi s,
s ny u khng phi l bi s ca
. Do , khi thc hin php chia chng cho , ta ch c th thu c nhiu nht s d l . Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti t nht hai trong s ny s cho ra cng s d khi chia cho . Hiu ca chng khi s chia ht cho . Ta c
chia ht cho . Do
chia ht cho .
, suy ra
Gi s : ca v
s l mt s t nhin gm ton ch s 9. Ta c :
Nh vy,
c th c vit di dng
. Vy c nhiu nht l
vit li
Th vo
ta c :
208
6.15. Chng t rng 0,1010010001000010, trong ch s 0 gia hai ch s 1 lin tip tng 1 sau mi ln xut hin, biu din mt s v t. Bi gii: t Gi s , ta s chng minh hu t, theo bi 6.14, c dng v t.
Trong ,
209
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach c. Gi l di ln nht m chui con ton 0 trong c th t c. Ta suy ra di ln nht m chui con ton 0 trong biu din ca c th cha mt chui con ton 0 vi di tu . Gi l di ln nht m chui con ton 0 trong c th t
iu ny mu thun v Vy .
trong
nu
l s nguyn t,
khng l s nguyn t biu din mt s v t. Bi gii: c mt biu din thp phn tun hon, ngha l tn ti sao cho l cc s nguyn t. s l s nguyn t. ) .
Gi s
sao cho tn ti Nu
Do tp hp cc s nguyn t l v hn, ta c (v l v : Suy ra Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. chia ht cho biu din mt s v t.
210
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.17. Cho . Chng minh phn k. Bi gii: Xt chui phn k .
Ta c :
nn
phn k.
6.18. Chng minh rng dy tng ring phn ca mt chui s dng l mt dy tng. Bi gii: Xt chui s dng Vi Ta c : , . c dy tng ring phn l
Hay Suy ra
. l dy tng. 211
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.19. Cho l mt h khng rng cc s , ngha l . Xt l tp hp cc tng hu
hn cc phn t ca
th tp cc ch s
sao cho
l tp qu
Th chui
Ta c mnh sau : Mt tp hp gi l qu lm m c khi v ch khi tn ti mt dy tng Chng minh : Chiu thun : Do qu lm m c nn tn ti mt tp con . , vi . ca v cc tp con hu hn ca m hp bng .
mt song nh Nu Nu
hu hn th hu hn, nn ta chn
Vi
l mt tp
con hu hn ca v -
Nu tn ti
, vi mi
th
Nu ngc li khi loi i nhng phn t lp li c th c trong quy v trng hp mt dy thuc thu c mt song nh t
Vi mi Gi s tn ti
Mt khc : Vi mi . Ta c :
qu lm m c. l tp con hu hn ca ,
V suy ra rng
hi t v
T ta c :
Vy ta c
hi t v
6.20. Cho
l mt h khng rng cc s
vi tng
v khi hi t v c tng l
lm mt phn hoch ca , ngha l v . Bi gii: Cho l mt tp con hu hn ca . Tn ti mt tp con hu hn , ta c : ca . Chng minh rng chui
sao cho
Suy ra :
214
Nh vy ta c :
Nn chui
hi t v c tng l
Do : tn ti Suy ra M
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach b) V vi mi Suy ra V . phn k nn phn k. . nn chn sao cho tn ti sao cho
6.22. Cho
l chui hi t, trong
v Bi gii:
Ta c :
Xt chui Ta c Suy ra Xt chui Ta c Suy ra nn hi t . (2) hi t. hi t (chui hnh hc). nn hi t (chui hnh hc). hi t . (1)
216
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.23. Chng minh rng cc hng s trong tiu chun t s ca dAlembert v v
tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy c th ln lt thay bng . Bi gii: i) Thay hng s trong tiu chun t s ca dAlembert bng th : Nu : nn ta chn Suy ra Do : M chui Nu : , suy ra tn ti dy con . Suy ra Nn Nu Nu Vy ii) l dy dng v tng nn khng th hi t v khi . phn k. . ca sao cho hi t vi , nn ta c hi t. . th , ta c :
l dy hng th hin nhin chui hng v dng l dy tng th phn k. Thay hng s ca tiu chun cn s ca Cauchy bng th : khng th hi t v .
Nu
: 217
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach nn chn . Suy ra M chui Nu hi t (vi : , suy ra tn ti dy con vi Do : Nn Vy khi phn k. l mt dy s dng gim v ln. vi ln. . ca sao cho ) nn hi t. th sao cho
6.24. (nh l Albel hay Pringsheim) Nu hi t th . Bi gii: Theo bi 6.2, ta c th thy : Chui Do hi t dn n dy s tho
hi t v .
l cc dy s dng v gim nn ta c : .
Do vy : M
V th ta ch cn chng minh Do
M ta c :
v 218
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach Nn suy ra Khi dn ti T (1) & (2) ta suy ra .
6.25. Cho
. Kho st theo
s hi t ca chui Bi gii:
Ta xt cc trng hp sau : Nu th ta c : Vi mi :
M Do vy, chui Nu
nn chui hi t . th ta c
hi t .
. Do vy chui
phn k.
M ta c :
Vy chui
phn k.
l mt dy cc s dng, gim v
hi t . hi t. 219
Dn n
Nh vy :
Hay
Ta chng minh : Vi mi
Tht vy , vi mi
tn ti
sao cho
. Do :
hi t . hi t.
l dy cc s dng gim nn ta c, vi mi
220
Do :
hi t hay chui
hi t.
hi t th cc chui
cng hi t. Bi gii:
(a)
Do
hi t. . hi t.
221
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.28. Chng minh rng nu ra khi mi l cng du. Bi gii: Ta c : hi t nn dy tng ring phn b chn trn, ngha l : hi t th v ng thc ch xy
l :
Hay
hi t . .
ng thc xy ra khi
khi v ch khi mi
l cng du .
, hi t tuyt i khi .
, hi t
1)
Khi
Xt chui
222
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V vi mi M Nn chui 2) Khi hi t . hi t hay chui tng qut trn hi t tuyt i . th chui hi t c iu kin . hi t tuyt i khi hi t khi . .
Suy ra
gim trn
. Ta c
l dy dng gim v :
Vy chui 3) Khi
223
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.30. Chng minh rng cc chui chn tr trng hp l bi s ca Bi gii: Ta xt : v c dy tng ring phn b trong chui th nht.
Nh vy, ta c :
Suy ra :
V :
224
Suy ra :
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. 6.31. Xt i khi theo v . Chng t rng, tng qut cc chui ny hi t tuyt v phn k khi . Kho st
, hi t c iu kin khi
225
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V chn khi vi Xt chui . l dy dng, gim v hi t v 0 v chui (theo bi 6.30) nn c tng ring phn b
Ta ch cn kho st Vi . Vi : : Chui
Vi mi , chn Do : Suy ra :
sao cho v .
Do :
Vy chui Vi Gi s : Ta c : Vi mi Suy ra : .
phn k .
. :
226
Ta li gi s : . Ta c :
. S dng :
. Ta c :
. nn khi , mu thun vi
v : v
Chui Xt chui
hi t .
: V
227
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 6.32. Chng minh rng nu chui hi t khi . Bi gii: bi ny ta hiu 1) Xt : Nn chui 2) hi t khi hay . hi t. Ta chng minh hi t th hi t. hi t hay c tng ring phn b chn th
Ta chng minh
l cc dy dng gim th
228
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 3) (nh l Abel v chui tch) Cho v . Nu hi t th, l chui tch ca hai chui hi t
Bi gii: 1) V : t . Khi :
Do
hi t nn
. Khi :
Hn na, do
nn
. p dng kt qu trn, ta c :
Nh vy, ta c : Do
Ta c : Vi mi
T , ta ly tng theo
, ta c : 229
Khi :
Ta c :
hi t v c tng l
nn
khi
. p dng kt qu cu trn, ta c :
Ta c : Nn tn ti
Mt khc :
Nn Suy ra :
Nn
6.34. Cho
vi
2) Kho st s hi t ca
. Bi gii:
1)
Ta c :
2)
Ta c : 231
Ta c :
Suy ra :
Nn
, c mt
Ta k hiu : Vy ta c Do nh Vi Vi v
v . v
hi t c iu kin, cc tp hp v , k hiu ,
ng bin ngt .
232
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach V ). Do cc tng ring phn ca chng c gii hn Ta k hiu . hi t c iu kin nn cc chui v phn k (v c cc s hng
l nhng s nguyn
Th ta c vi mi
233
Khi , vi mi
, ta c :
Do Do : Suy ra
hi t nn v v
Nh vy, ta c :
Khi , ta k hiu
l hon v ca
cho bi :
V cc s hng
v Do :
Vy chui hon v
hay
hi t v c tng l
234
1.
Vi mi
2.
Cho
l nh x lin tc tha mn : .
hi t. hi t. l chui hi t tuyt i,
3.
l chui
hi t. Vi
Vi
sao cho
, ta k hiu :
a.
Chng minh :
b.
T suy ra :
khi
235
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 4. Chng minh rng: Nu , chui v hi t tuyt i . l chui s dng tha mn : . Chng minh rng hi t. hi t tuyt i, th vi mi
5.
Cho
6.
hi t v
phn k, th
phn k.
7.
v vi mi
a. b.
hi t th phn k v
hi t . b chn trn th
phn k.
8. mn :
Cho
tha
hi t th
hi t .
236
Chng 6: Chui trong khng gian Banach 9. V v l nhng khng gian mtrc y nn mi chui hi t tuyt i th hi t. Nhng nu E khng y th iu trn sai. Ta c v d sau:
Cho
vi chun
l dy nhng phn
t ca E xc nh bi :
gi l affine nu : m
Th
237
DY HM V CHUI HM
7.1. t Tm v . Chng minh rng khng hi t u v Bi gii: u tin ta i tm Ta c : . trn .
Nn
Vy Tm li hm s
khi c xc nh nh sau : nu nu nu
Chng minh Ly dy s
khng hi t v trong
trn .
c xc nh nh sau:
Ta c : v
238
Do
khng hi t v
nn
khng hi t u v
trn .
239
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
3) Ta c : hi t hoc Khi : hi t
4) Ta c : hi t
240
5) Ta c :
241
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.3. Chng minh khng hi t u trn . Bi gii: Chng minh t Ta thy suy ra hi t u v trn . hi t u trn vi nhng
Vi
th ta c :
Suy ra vi
th
Vy u v trn . th
. M
hi t
khng hi t u v
trn
xc nh bi :
242
Vy
khng hi t v
nn
khng hi t u v
trn on
Hi t u trn khong ng bt k khng cha 1,2, Bi gii: Xt khong ng C Do Ta c : sao cho khi , c khng cha 1,2, . sao cho
Lc :
Ta c chui
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
hi t u trn
Hi t u trn
nu
. Bi gii:
Vi mi
ta c:
Vi
th
hi t u trn
244
a) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn b) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn c) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn d) Chng minh rng chui trn hi t u trn Bi gii: a) Vi mi ta c trong trong trong
M chui u trn b) Vi mi .
hi t nn theo nh
hi t
, ta c
Do Nn
nn c
sao cho vi mi
hay
Do chui
hi t nn theo nh
1 3 trang 164 ta c
hi t u trn
c)
t 245
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Theo cu a) ta c mt
Theo cu b) ta c mt
sao cho
suy ra
d) Do Nn
Vi mi nn c
246
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Do chui trn .
hi t nn theo nh
1 3 trang 164 ta c
hi t u
7.7. Nu
Bi gii: Xt :
Ta c :
V chui
hi t nn suy ra chui
hi t u v hm
trn
247
kh tch trn Do :
7.8. Nu
Do nn
nn .
. Vy ta c :
248
. Khi r rng
Do ta c :
Suy ra
khng hi t u v
trn
Chng minh
Tht vy, do
nn
Mt khc,
M ta c :
249
Vi
th
Vy V nn
Tm Ta c :
250
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Do :
Dy Tht vy.
khng hi t u v
trn
Ta xt dy
. Khi r rng
Do ta c :
Suy ra
khng hi t u v
trn
th
Chui ny hi t vi mi
251
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm t
Khi
Theo H qu
th
kh vi trn
Tip tc p dng H qu
, ta c
kh vi trn
vi mi
7.11. Cho
Tnh
nu c . Bi gii:
trong xc nh.
252
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta c :
m chui Tnh Ta c : .
hi t, t ta c
hi t u trn
Do
. C bn knh hi t l , kh vi trn v .
253
Tnh
nu c . Bi gii:
trong
nu
l v
nu n chn.
Nn suy ra chui
c bn knh hi t l
Do theo h qu
kh vi trn
Do :
254
+ Bn knh hi t + Min hi t . Xt :
. Chui tr thnh
255
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta c
Nn Vy
Theo trn ta c
khng hi t v
phn k.
256
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta c :
Ta c :
Nn Vy
Chui tr thnh
257
+ Bn knh hi t + Min hi t : Xt
. Chui tr thnh
Ta c :
258
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Suy ra :
hay
Nn
l dy dng gim v
Suy ra Vy min hi t 4)
hi t.
259
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Ta c :
Vy min hi t l 5) Ta c
t C , l hm gim v
Vy Xt
Ta c :
Xt khi
. , chui ny phn k.
Mt khc
tng ng vi 261
hay
hay
262
Lc :
Ta c :
Cho
ta c :
Nn theo nguyn l kp ta c Vy ta c hi t im v hm .
khi
263
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Suy ra :
7.15. Cho
l mt dy hm hi t u v hm
trn ,
. Gi s
. l dy hi t v
Bi gii: Chng minh Ta s chng minh hi t. Cauchy. Tht vy, vi , c sao cho
Xt
bt k, do v
Nn
264
sao cho
Gi C Ly sao cho v . Ta c :
Ta c iu phi chng minh. 7.16. (nh l Dini) Cho lin tc trn hi t u trn l mt dy hm lin tc, hi t tng im v hm s , , , th
Ta chng minh bng phn chng. Gi s . Nn , , tn ti mt v mt sao cho khng hi t u v , th , , sao cho
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm c s c s ... Dy Do Ta c trong khi nn nn c dy con nn c hi t v ln sao cho , . v sao cho v sao cho
Mt khc ta li c c :
. Cho
, ta
R rng
7.17. Cho v t
sao cho
khi
l hm lin tc trn
Bi gii: Nhn thy hm tun hon chu k nn ta c nn lin tc trn lin tc trn . . Mt khc l
266
nn
hi t u v
u tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau: th bt ng thc hin v ta c (chn v . ) nn ta t ), bt ng thc cn chng
Tht vy, v nhin ng. Ta xt khi V lun tn ti sao cho ( minh tng ng vi: Nu
nn nu . Gi s
, ta c
Nu . Suy ra
th
, ta c
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Xt dy
Suy ra
Kh nng (1.b): V nn ta c :
vi
268
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Suy ra
Suy ra
Kh nng (2.b): V nn ta c :
vi
Suy ra
269
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Vy ta c :
Mt khc ta cng c
. Suy ra
(V vi
th do
270
khng b chn. iu ny gy mu thun v kt thc chng minh. l hai dy hm hi t u trn . Chng minh rng
7.18. Cho
cng hi t u trn . Hn na, gi s thm rng hm v l hai dy hm b chn. Chng t rng dy cng hi t u trn .
Suy ra
Chng t rng dy hm Do v
l hai dy hm b chn nn c
Cho
, c
sao cho
271
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Lc , ta c :
Nn c C
t max
. Vi mi
ta c :
Nn ta c Vy hi t u v trn .
7.19. Xt khi khi khi Chng t rng hi t tng im nhng khng hi t u v mt hm lin tc. Bi gii: Chng minh Vi Vi , c hi t tng im : nn sao cho hi t.
272
Chng minh Ta c :
khng hi t u v hm .
iu ny suy ra
khng hi t u v hm .
M chui
Nn
273
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm khng hi t tuyt i ti mi im Chng minh chui hm hi t u trn mi khong b chn Gi , .
Ta c t
v nn ta c
Nn
khi
7.21. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier cc hm trn on . Bi gii: Khai trin hm Ta c : trn on .
v vi v
274
Vy suy ra:
Nn
Khai trin hm
trn on
Ta c:
v vi v
275
Vy suy ra :
Nn
Khai trin hm Ta c:
trn on
v vi
276
Vy suy ra: v Nn
277
(*). Nn
lin tc trn
(Do Nn
Vy c s Ta c :
sao cho
vi mi
278
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
hi t nn
hi t u trn mi khong
c o hm lin tc
Gi s hm s c o hm lin tc cp ,
v Ta c :
hi t u trn mi khong
Tng t nh trn, xt mt
Nn c s
sao cho
vi mi
l chui hi t nn
hi t u trn mi khong
279
xc nh v thuc lp
trn min
. Bi gii:
Chui Vy t
hi t nn xc nh. th
hi t.
th
280
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm hi t tuyt i trn mi khong Tht vy, vi mt Ta c ). Nn c t sao cho ta c , c , sao cho . .
M chui
hi t nn
hi t tuyt i trn
7.24. Vi nhng gi tr no ca a) Dy hm b) Dy hm
a)
Ta chng minh vi mi
th dy hm
hi t tng im trn
Tht vy. Vi Vi th , ta c
Nu
th hin nhin
281
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Nu , ta c v
M Do :
khi
nn theo nguyn l kp th
khi
Vy vi mi b)
th
. khi v ch khi . .
Bi v vi Do :
Nn
khng hi t u trn
khi
. hi t u trn . Tc l
th dy hm
khi
Xt hm Do hm
. Ta c ng bin trn
. Suy ra
. 282
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Nn ta c Ta chng minh Nn khi Vy vi mi 7.25. Cho v c tng Hn na, nu v c tng Bi gii: Khi Ta c M chui l chui hnh hc hi t do . hi t, chng minh rng hi t khi th th dy hm . Chng minh rng hi t u trn .
hi t khi
Nn chui Ngoi ra ,
Cho
th ta c :
283
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Khi Ta c Nn Khi
hi t
hi t
Cho
th ta c :
Vi
Nn ta c :
284
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.26. Cho chui s dng hi t tuyt i khi Bi gii: Ta c Nn chui hi t theo tiu chun so snh do hi t. . Chng minh rng hi t
Vy
hi t tuyt i khi
Xt chui s sau:
Ta thy
hi t vi mi
tha
Nn ta cng c :
285
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
, ta c:
Ta c :
286
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
Vy ta c
. t
, ta c :
, ngha l
7.28. Cho
287
Suy ra Vy b) t v
khi
Ta c :
288
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
289
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm t
Th
Ta c :
290
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm Nn phi chng minh. c) Theo cu b) ta c v nn (*) thnh: (*). Mt khc khi v ta c iu
nhn thy
Mt khc, theo cu d) , ta c
. Suy ra:
Chng minh tng t, ta c Vi bt k, nu c mt s khc , hoc , ta suy ra ngay iu phi chng minh. Ngc li, nu c T ng thc b) ta cho
, theo cu d) ta c , ngha l .
nn . Vy ta cng
291
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm 7.29. Tm min hi t ca chui hm a) b) c) d) e) f) Bi gii: a) Ta c Vy chui hi t khi v ch khi b) Theo nh l chui iu ha (trang 145), chui s trn hi t khi v ch khi . c) Khi Xt , hin nhin chui s hi t . Ta c : hay .
292
e) - Vi th
Nn chui ny khng hi t. - Vi , t vi , ta c
nn ta cng c
khi
khi . Nn , suy ra . Nh vy ,
mu thun vi Vy vi - Vi
293
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
M Nn chui cng hi t. Vy min hi t ca chui cho l f) Ta c : . hi t. Do theo tiu chun so snh ta suy ra chui
Ta c chui hi t vi mi .
294
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
1.
Cho
hi t u v
2.
3.
Cho
c o hm lin tc
trn
vi
4.
V hm
295
Chng 7: Dy hm v chui hm
5. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
6. a. b. c. d.
296
1. ng nh ng, Nhp mn gii tch, NXBGD, 1998. 2. ng c Trng - inh Ngc Thanh - Phm Hong Qun, Gio trnh gii tch 2, NXBHQGTP.HCM, 2008. 3. Nguyn nh Tr - T Vn nh - Nguyn H Qunh, Ton hc cao cp (Tp ba), NXBGDVN, 2009. 4. Dng Minh c, Gio trnh ton gii tch I, 2002. 5. T L Li, Gii tch 2 (Gio trnh), 2008. 6. L Th Thin Hng - Nguyn Anh Tun - L Anh V, Bi tp ton cao cp (Tp I), NXBGD, 1999. 7. Nguyn Bch Huy, Gii tch (C S), 2004. 8. Jean - Marie Monier, Gii tch 3-4 (Bn dch), NXBGDVN, 2010. 9. Robert A. Adamsm, Culeulus, Acomplete cousse, 1990. 10. E. Kreszig, Advanced Enginnering Mathematics, 1988.
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